Week 6 - social mind (cb)

Schema

an internal representation of the world. a collection of basic knowledge about a category of information; serves as a means of organization and interpretation of that information. ex- meet new female, bring assumptions based on 'idea of females', behave the way we've learned. use as 'a good start'.

symmetry

bilateral _____________ in face and body are considered beautiful. this may be why averaged faces are considered more beautiful, the averaging makes them more symmetrical.

just world hypothesis

claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

solomon asch

conformity test by _____________; showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect ; in a famous study in which participants were shown cards with lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length

Muzafer Sherif

created study at boys' summer camp in Oklahoma, found that a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together and thus reduce competition and enhance cooperation (Robber's Cave experiment)

exemplar

excellent examples of. ________ = example

pupils

in our faces bigger ______ are considered attractive

transfer responsibility

in the milgram study- 2/3 of people would do it if an authority figure was standing over their shoulder. Why? because we _____________ to them. we don't feel as personally responsible. also don't feel same amount of guilt or inhibition. like it's their fault.

solomon asch

in this persons study he found two types of answers to 'why?' - I really started to doubt my senses. everyone else thought it was something else. - I knew I was right, I knew they were wrong, but I felt odd and uncomfortable & said what they said because it was easier. I certain situations, even when we think we're right, we don't like to stand out.

first impressions

initial thoughts and perceptions we form about people, which tend to be stable and resilient to contrary information. studies show that ______________ are, yes, quite important

how good people turn evil

milgram- authority figure standing over you Zimbardo- prison context if context encourages, everyone around you is okay with that, & even encourages it, 'evil' may come out. note- put them together, authority + evil context, them maybe you get a picture that explains Nazi concentration camps.

eagles and rattlers

name of groups in Robber's Cave Experiment

Generalize

the ability to ______________ is extremely useful because it means we don't have to learn things from scratch every time. allows learning to transfer. allows behavior to be much more guided.

random

the important part of _________ selection in an experiment, if really ________ there won't be any systematic differences. that it creates two groups of people who aren't really systematically different in any other way. So if we see differences we can assume those are due to experimental context.

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate. feel like a passenger.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate. feel like leaders, or at least in command of their life. - important thing to have.

push pull

we want to be an individual and yet we want to be part of the group. that's the __________ of individuation and conformity.

7/10

what is the waist to hip ratio men like?

65

what percentage of the participants went to the end in the original Milgram study?

wwII and hitler

what was the Milgram study inspired by?

pupils

when fascinated by something you focus on it and your _____ enlarge. we can sense that unconsciously when looking at someone with large ______. it may be a facet of sensed 'chemistry'. we like people who like us.

confederates

"fake subjects" that look & behave like real subjects in study.

milgram experiment

- teacher (participant) was asked to make the student (confederate) learn a list of words and administer an electric shock whenever the student made a mistake - greater proximity between teacher and student increased likelihood of shocking - less likely to deliver shock if received orders by telephone, location was moved from Yale to warehouse, an assistant teacher refused to obey

stanford prison experiment

-random selection - guards given uniforms and mirrored sunglasses -police arrest 'prisoners' at their homes - brought to' stanford jail' in basement of psych building - prisoners given shirts w/ numbers - Zimbardo superintendent, but hands off - roles= guards keep order, prisoners are prisoners -at first not too serious - thenn one guard gets 'tough' -others start to follow lead - they make them count, push ups, sit ups, no bed sheets, closet became hole - out of hand, made them strip naked with bag over head, only respond to numbers - after 2 days prisoners started to have nervous breakdowns - Zimbardo's girlfriend came, saw it was immoral, hecame to his senses and stopped the experiment. ended 6th day

themself

A person suffering from depression will often attribute the source of failures to _________.

prison context

According to Zimbardo, what is the likely cause of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib?

nothing

According to the Bystander Effect, what is a person likely to do when he or she witnesses an assault while walking down a crowded street?

comply with

According to the Milgram study, most ordinary people will ___________ authority figures who ask them to behave unethically or immorally.

more

Although you might suspect that one would act responsibly when another person's reputation is on the line, quite often a lack of personal responsibility can lead to the production of immoral behaviours. we are _______ likely to engage in unethical or immoral behaviours. This idea was exemplified in the Nuremberg trials in which Nazi officers who committed egregious acts of cruelty claimed that they were "just following orders" and ,thus, they were not responsible for the harm they caused.

prejudice

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. __________ generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to negative discriminatory action.

first impressions

Research has shown that ____________ do play a critical role in how a person will be perceived. When a person is introduced with positive descriptors they will be seen more positively, while if they are introduced with negative descriptors, then even subsequent exposure to positive descriptors will not be sufficient to change the initial impression.

more

Research suggests that a face generated by averaging 10 faces together will be seen as ________ attractive compared to a face generated by averaging 5 faces together.

first impressions

Solomon Asch did an experiment about this. used - positive firsts : intelligent, friendly, unfashionable, boring. - positive lasts: boring, unfashionable, friendly and intelligent. people shown a photo & the positive first were more likely to say they might 'like' someone then when they're shown the positive lasts.

discrimination

when going to restaurants, if familiar with fast food restaurants and fine dining you can hold an idea of restaurants (as places other people cook food you pay for) with the ability to apply ____________ between those two types. you can generalise a schema for all fast food, and all fine dining, while discriminating between the two.

waist to hip ratio

The ratio of the width of the body at the waist to the width at the hip ( women like men with .9 and men like women at .7). men prefer a 7/10's _____________ regardless of overall size

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute success to our own actions or characteristics, while attributing failures to context and circumstance, is referred to as the ___________. Most of us engage in this to some degree as it is an important mechanism for defending our sense of self worth and protecting our self confidence.

Prejudices can be created amongst equal peers

What did the "Robber's Cave Experiment" show?

Generalization

What is it called when a person attributes a property of a small group of people or objects to a larger group of people or objects?

individuation

What is it called when you do something to make yourself stand out from other members of a group?

First Impressions

What is the effect that causes a person who is described as "boring and attractive" to be rated as less likeable than when he or she is described as "attractive and boring"?

Schema

What is the term for a cognitive script that you follow when entering into a familiar or similar situation?

Self-Serving Bias

What is the term for a person's tendency to attribute successes to their own actions and failures to their context or other people?

Diffusion of Responsibility

What principle predicts that the more people available to help in a given situation, the less likely it is that any single person will actually help?

stanford prison experiment

What was the experiment where Philip Zimbardo's studied the effect of roles on behavior? Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty. Proved that situational forces can lead ordinary people to exhibit horrendous behavior.

Diffusion of Responsibility

When large groups of people are available to help, any single person is less likely to take responsibility for a given situation than when only a few people are present. The idea is that responsibility for the situation diffuses across the group of people to the point where no one is willing to take action. Thus, this principle is referred to as a ________________.

average

While it is commonly thought that "exotic" is attractive, research has shown that _________ faces are actually perceived as more attractive. In fact, the more faces that are averaged together the more attractive the resultant face will be rated. Thus, 10 faces averaged together will often be regarded as more attractive than 5 faces averaged together.

more

While it is commonly thought that "exotic" is attractive, research has shown that average faces are actually perceived as more attractive. In fact, the more faces that are averaged together the more attractive the resultant face will be rated. Thus, 10 faces averaged together will often be regarded as _______ attractive than 5 faces averaged together.

depression

While most people will often attribute failures to external sources, persons suffering from ___________ will often attribute failures to their own actions or characteristics. On the flip side, they will often view their successes as mere "luck" or "chance" events and not a product of their own actions.

Muzafer Sherif

who created the "Robber's Cave Experiment" ?

Philip Zimbardo

who created the stanford prison experiment

waist to hip ratio

women with a 7/10 _________________ have all sorts of health benefits- lower rates of cancer, cholesteral, heart problems and both them and their children are more likely to survive child birth.

Kitty Genovese

In 1964 a young women named _______________ was attacked outside her NY apartment late at night . Despite fighting and shouting for help. No one came to her rescue and she was murdered. At least 40 neighbors heard he screams for help but nobody came to her aid. No one even called the police. This process is called diffusion of responsibility.

speak up

In a context where people are folllowing authority if you speak up the model you set makes other more likely to __________

diffusion thru distance

In diffusion of responsibility- -high guilt in hand to hand combat -less guilt as a sniper -even less guilt if in a bomber plane. -the further you are the less responsible you feel. More distance = less likely. - more likely to help someone you know, closer.

group absolution

In diffusion of responsibility- if 40 of us 'could' help it's not so urgent 'I' help. the responsibility is diffused among all those people

authority absolution

In diffusion of responsibility- if 40 of us are watching there's probably someone more qualified then me. someone who knows first aid if a person's hurt, or karate if someone's being attacked.

prejudice

In the Robber's Cave experiment, 5th grade students were made to form ___________s favourable to their own group and unfavourable to a competing group simply by creating group-specific identifiers, such as flags, and having them engage in repeated competitions. Because the groups were created through random assignment each group was composed of "equal" peers and there was no true basis to the _____________ the students formed: much like a professional sports team, __________s were formed by the mere presence of arbitrary groupings and participation in competitive activities.

individuation

Making yourself stand out amongst others is called ___________. While __________ can be accomplished by making just about any element of your appearance or behaviour distinct from other members of your group or from the larger population, it is most commonly accomplished through variations in clothing.

comply with

Milgram showed that most people will _________ unethical or immoral requests by authority figures. Interestingly, he found that this effect varied with the proximity of the authority figure such that people were less likely to perform an immoral act when the figure was far away (i.e., in the next room), whereas they were extremely likely to perform the act when the authority figure was physically close (i.e., sitting next to them).

Kitty Genovese

Murdered outside apartment- prompted research on bystander effect due to diffusion of responsibility

Robber's Cave Experiment

Muzafer's experiment

in

People who share the same taste in music would be considered part of the same ______ group.

self-serving bias

People's tendency to ascribe their positive behaviors to their own internal traits, but their failures and shortcomings to external, situational factors.

in

___ groups and out groups are a fundamental feature of human social interactions and organization. An ___ group can be formed by any similarity between two or more people and, similarly, an out group can be form through any arbitrary distinction.

stanley milgram

___________ created an experiment to test obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

Schema

_______s are cognitive frameworks generated from generalizations of repeated encounters with a given context or situation. For example, after going to many fast food restaurants you may have developed a _______ that includes behaviours such as waiting in line, looking at the menu, and specific phrases you will use to place your order.

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. can be good in aiding method of dealing with people, can be bad if based on false info.

preserve our self esteem

a self serving bias helps_________________________ when things go wrong. because we feel it wasn't really our fault.

milgram experiment

an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure

conformity

Dressing in the clothes that another person or group tells you to wear is an example of ___________.

conformity

Engaging in any behaviour because another person or group of people tell you to is an example of ___________. ___________ has both a positive and negative side. On the positive side, it fosters social cooperation and allows a group of individuals to act towards a larger goal. On the negative side, it can lead to a diminished sense of self and the engagement of unethical or immoral behaviours.

prison context

Following from the results of the Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo views prisoner abuse as the product of the ____________. While a few guards were singled out and punished for inciting the abuse, Zimbardo showed that regular "good" people can turn "evil" when put into a context that promotes authority roles and negative or even abusive behaviour.

more

If another person takes on the responsibility for our actions, we are _______ likely to engage in unethical or immoral behaviours.

decreases

If there is an assault and large groups of people are present, the likelihood that any single person will step in and take responsibility for the situation ___________. In contrast, if the street was relatively empty, the person would feel more personally responsible for the situation and the victim's outcome, which causes the probability that he or she will engage the situation to significantly increase. The more people that could help the less likely that anyone will.

just world hypothesis

Some people believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people, "you deserve this misfortune". blame the victim- rape 'she dressed provocatively'. homeless - 'he's lazy', storm victim- 'you shouldn't live a in tornado area'. makes people feel better about the world, that it's not just chance and that we have some control. makes us feel more secure.

context

The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrates the power ___________ has in shaping our behaviours.

context

The Stanford Prison Experiment was a powerful demonstration of how social ________ can shape behaviours. Within two days, average people -- randomly assigned as prisoners or guards -- began to engage in behaviours consistent with their roles. The experiment was short lived as the guards became so consumed by their role that they began to engage in abusive behaviour that resulted in some cases of psychological trauma.

Generalization

The attribution of properties from a small group to a larger group is called ________________. It can be useful for guiding behaviour in novel, yet similar, situations. However, it can also lead to the formation of stereotypes and prejudices.

locus of control

The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.

Bystander Interference

The likelihood someone will help you if you are in trouble is directly related to how many people are around you. If there is only one person, chances are high, but the more people around your chances decrease. People assume someone else will help, someone more capable, also conformity plays a roll.

Robber's Cave Experiment

name of this experiment stage 1- create in-group identity. names, flags, in-group activities. stage 2- add in group competition. steal the flag, canoe races. prejudice emerges! boys said bad things about out-groups, good things about in-groups. stage 3- have group join forces to defeat a common enemy- lack of water, challenges they had to do together. after stage three there were more out-group friendships.

conformity

solomon asch's famous test was about __________