Weekly Review 1 History
What did the classical Maya invent?
A writing-system based on hieroglyphs, or symbols that represented syllables. The Maya also invented a numerical system based on multiples of 20. They used hieroglyphs and numbers to calculate specific dates in a calendar of 260 days that they used for divination, and a calendar for other practical matters, such as the seasons to cultivate and harvest. They also recorded myths and stories of their kings in rock carving and folded books, known as codices.
Give an example of Cultural linguistic groups expanded across regions?
Algonquian tribes in U.S. Northeast and mid Atlantic.
How was Europe before 1492?
Before 1492, the most prominent monarchies and states in Western Europe were the Italian city states of Genoa, Venice, Florence, Naples, and the Papal States. Larger territorial nations with strong monarchies included France, England, Portugal and Spain.
The first agricultural communities in the Americas appeared in A.North America, in what today is Canada and the United States. B.Central Mexico C.The Amazonian Rainforest of South America. D.The large Caribbean Islands of what later would be Hispaniola and Cuba. E.None of these choices.
B. Central Mexico
Which of the following pre-Columbian peoples lived in North America, in what today is the United States? A. Mayan, Zapotec, Tarascan, and Aztec. B. Iroquois, Algonquian-speaking tribes, Cherokee, and Pueblos. C. Arawak, Yanomami, Wayuu, and Chibcha. D. Aymara, Quechua-speaking tribes, Tupi-Guarani speaking tribes, and Mapuche.
B. Iroquois, Algonquian-speaking tribes, Cherokee, and Pueblos.
All of the following are true of European travels of exploration in the 15th Century, except A.Improved instruments, technology and scientific knowledge of navigation that were developed during the Renaissance. B.Previous knowledge of the Americas and the westward route to China among Iberian sailors. C.The Spanish began to conquer and colonize the Canary Islands much earlier than Columbus' discovery of the Americas. D.The Portuguese claimed islands off the West African coast as early as the 1420s.
B.Previous knowledge of the Americas and the westward route to China among Iberian sailors.
Which of the following is true of the Americas before Columbus' arrival? A.The Americas were sparsely populated, with probably no more than 5 million people throughout the continent. B.The Americas were densely populated, some estimates going as high as 100 million people. C.The Americas became highly populated only after Europeans began to colonize it in the 16th Century. D.None of these choices.
B.The Americas were densely populated, some estimates going as high as 100 million people.
Which one was NOT true about West Africa before 1492? A.The Trans-Saharan trade route made possible trade between the Mediterranean and West Africa. B.Trade goods from West Africa included palm oil, ivory, gold, salt, and slaves C.African slavery consisted mainly on war captives that with time gained limited rights and were adopted within the family that held them. D.Slavery was unknown in West Africa until the Portuguese began to raid villages, captured slaves and began to ship them to Europe.
C.African slavery consisted mainly on war captives that with time gained limited rights and were adopted within the family that held them.
Most of the black slaves that were brought to the Americas, were from A.The northern regions of Africa. B.The Western sub-Saharan regions of Africa where the Muslim Mali and Songhai Empires flourished. C.The Lower Guinea region of West Central Africa, including what today is South Nigeria, Congo and Angola. D.All of these choices. E.None of these choices.
C.The Lower Guinea region of West Central Africa, including what today is South Nigeria, Congo and Angola.
Which of the following was an influential society in West Africa before 1492? A.The Aksum Kingdom of Ethiopia. B.The Great Zimbabwe Civilization. C.The Malian Empire. D.The Ottoman Empire.
C.The Malian Empire.
Which of the following are theories behind the first settlement? A.Large-mammal hunters from Asia crossed from Siberia to Alaska during the last Ice Age. B.The possible crossing of the Pacific Ocean by early seafarers. C.The first humans evolved in the Americas and were the first indigenous peoples. D.Both A and B. E.None of these choices.
D. Both A and B
The most advanced civilized societies in the pre-Columbian Americas appeared A.In the Caribbean Islands B.Along the settlements of the Orinoco River in South America C.Along the settlements of the Mississippi River in North America D.In Mesoamerica and the Andean Mountain range
D. In Mesoamerica and the Andean Mountain range
Which of the following explain the emergence of strong national monarchies in Western Europe? A.The decline of the feudal order made monarchs rely less on the landed nobility. B.Powerful merchant and banking families provided a source of support and finance for monarchs. C.Kings could finance professional armies, instead of relying on the loyalty of nobles and their knights. D.All of these choices. E.None of these choices
D.All of these choices.
What is the Land Bridge Hypothesis?
First humans into the Americas crossed the Bering Strait connecting the American and Asian continents by around 12,000-11,000 BCE. They traveled through today's Canada and United States, and ended up on the southern end of South America.
What is the Coastal Migration Hypothesis?
First peoples sailed to the Americas from Asia and the Pacific around 14,000-13,000 BCE. (However, there were human remains in the Americas before than this crossing would of happened).
Where other tribes as advanced as the Incas?
Other indigenous societies in South America and the Caribbean did not become as advanced as the Incas and other Andean civilizations. They included semi-sedentary tribal peoples, such as the Caribs and Arawaks in the Caribbean basin, and Tupi Guarani peoples in the Amazon basin.
What is polytheism, totemism, and shamanism?
Polytheism is believing in one God, totemism is believing a human has a spiritual connection with a animal or plant. Shamanism is •a form of community magic practiced by a shaman, who communes with the spirits of the tribe and heal the sick.
What are Paleo Indians?
Refers to humans in the Americas that lived in nomadic groups and that hunted large mammals before 8,000 BCE.
What is Mesoamerica?
Refers to the pre-Columbian areas of Mexico and Central America in which civilizations with cities, monumental stonework, long-distance trade, and writing emerged.
What was one of the largest cities of the world at its time (150-700 CE)?
Teotihuacan
What are Longhouses?
The Algonquian-speaking Wampanoag and Powhatan, and the Iroquois tribes of the Northeast, built their villages and houses in this fashion.
GIve an example of Chiefdoms sometimes were organized in alliances?
The Iroquois Confederacy, in the U.S. Northeast.
What are Pueblos?
The Spanish called Southwest Hopis and Zunis in the late 16th century "Pueblos" because of their distinctive building style.
Name facts about Native americans in Pre-Columbus North America? (3)
There were hundreds of tribes, many speaking their own language, distributed across North America's main geographical areas: Mid-central and Eastern woodlands, the Great Lakes the Atlantic Coast, the Mississippian Basin, the Southwestern desert, the Great Plains, the mountainous and coastal Pacific Northwest. •The highest population estimate in the United States prior to 1492 is 12,000,000. •Cultivation of maize arrived from Mexico into North America perhaps as early as 2000 BCE. Groups engaged in large scale agriculture, long-distance trade and sophisticated architecture
Name facts about the Missisipian Culture
Was in Mississippi Basin, 700-1400 CE •Cahokia, Missouri - It was the largest settlement in the pre-Columbian United States.
Name facts about the Anasazi Culture
Was in Southwest of the United States, 900-1200 CE •Mesa Verde, Colorado •Chaco Canyon, New Mexico •The Zuni and Hopi of the Southwest, called "Pueblos" for their distinctive adobe architecture, are inheritors of the Anasazi cultures.
What is a slave castle?
West African kingdoms, and European traders would create slave markets on coastal towns until the end of the Transatlantic slave trade in the 19th Century
What are some things that were traded in the Trans-Saharan trade?
ivory, palm oil, salt, gold and slaves
What was feudalism?
kings relied heavily on a hundreds-years-old strict social hierarchy that consisted of the loyalty and services of vassals, including noble lords, knights, artisans and peasants.
What was the Black Plague in 1346?
•A third of European population died. •Mass exodus of people into towns and cities followed, depopulating the countryside and undermining the manorial system of landholding that supported feudal lords.
Give examples of European societies rise of absolute monarchies before 1492?
•Absolute monarchs relied more on professional gunpowder armed soldiers, while knighthood became obsolete. •Absolute monarchs found new allies in powerful banking and merchant families.
What was the hundred years' year?
•Contributed to the rise of gunpowder-based soldiery that outdated feudal knighthood. It also increased the naval capabilities of Iberian kingdoms.
What were some leading states in the Trans-Saharan trade?
•Kingdom of Ghana, 900-1200. •Empire of Mali, 1200-1500 •Islamic empire, with cities like Timbuktu, the largest center of trade and learning in Sub-Saharan Africa at the time. •The areas controlled by Mali were among the largest deposits of salt and gold in the world. King Mansa Musa (14th Century) gave away so much gold on his pilgrimages to Mecca that they devalued gold in international trade. •Empire of Songhay 1500-after - Another powerful Islamic Empire that wrested control of west Africa from Mali. •Europeans, however, focused more on trading with the smaller non-Muslim kingdoms of the Lower Guinea region south of the Niger River.
What happened in the Archaic Era, 8,000- 1,500 BCE?
•Large mammals went extinct and humans turned to smaller game for hunting. •Sedentary existence started thanks to hunter-gathering traditions. •Agriculture and maize were first developed in Central Mexico between 6,000-4,000 BCE.
What are some major Mesoamerica civilizations?
•Olmec, 1200-900 BCE •Classical Mayan, 150-800 CE •Teotihuacan, 150-700 CE •Toltecs, 800-1200, CE •Aztecs, 1325-1521
Facts about the Lower Guinea Region
•Region in Southern Mali home to small independent kingdoms. These kingdoms did not convert to Islam but retained tribal traditions and some converted to Christianity after contact with Europeans between the 15th and 16th Centuries. •Kingdoms of Benin and Congo •Most African slaves traded to Europe and to the Americas by the Portuguese and other Europeans originated from the Lower Guinea region of West Africa.
GIve examples of Spain before 1492
•The Castilian Kingdom conquered and colonized the Canary Islands throughout the 15th Century (1402-1496). The native Guanche population was reduced to slavery and the islands were repopulated with Castilian settlers. •Spanish Kings of Castille and Aragon, Ferdinand and Isabella finalized "Reconquista" by conquering Granada, the last Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula in January of 1492. •The Spanish Kings agreed to sponsor Christopher Columbus expedition across the Atlantic to reach China and India.
What did the Incas do?
•The Incas, like the Aztecs, inherited civilized culture from other societies before them. They thrived in the 15th-16th Century •The Incas built the largest empire of the Americas, stretching across the Andean Mountains range. They called their empire, "Tiwantinsuyu," or "The Land of the Four Regions," in the Quechua language. •They developed thousands of miles of road, advanced metalwork, stonework, masonry, pottery and textiles; terrace agriculture, efficient food administration and sophisticated imperial government.
Give examples of European societies major advances in science and technology before 1492?
•The Italian Renaissance transformed art and science in Western Europe. •New forms of navigation and cartography were available. •Portugal became the western European nation that made the most advances in navigation in the 15th Century.
What was the expansion of trade in the late middle ages?
•The religious wars known as the crusades, increased trade in the Mediterranean that increased the wealth of Italian city states and the European merchant class. •Rise of mercantilism shifted wealth and power to the cities. Rise of merchant and banking class.
Give examples of powerful national kingdoms that emerged before 1492?
•Tudor Dynasty in England •Valois Dynasty in France •Hapsburg Dynasty in Spain
Facts about Slavery in West Africa
•West African societies, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, practiced different forms of slavery. Slavery was not racially based, however, and slaves were not expected to serve for life. They were regarded as servants in charge of domestic household and farming responsibilities. Some were artisans, and even soldiers. •Portuguese contact and trade with the Lower Guinea kingdoms of coastal West Africa established a profitable transoceanic slave trade as early as the mid-15th Century.
What did North America consist of?
•a combination of nomadic and sedentary societies of varying degrees of cultural development, but none attained the size of the Mesoamerican civilizations.
GIve examples about Portugal before 1492 and Prince Henry the Navigator
•sponsored maritime science, navigation, ocean travels, Portuguese explorers established trade routes around Africa and India, 1420-1500. •Portugal claimed the Madeira Island archipelago as early as 1420. •Portuguese sailors also discovered and settled the Azores Islands in the Atlantic from the 1430s-1460s. •The Portuguese established slave trade in Africa, mid 15th Century. •Vasco da Gama arrived in India, 1498. Portuguese established spice trade with India.
What is the Wampum belt traditions?
•woven beads belts used by Northeastern and Great Lakes tribes to trade and symbolize alliances.