Weeks 1-3

To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of those around LaShanda Calloway to help her?

*Bystander effect*: Less likely for one to help others when number of observers in the vicinity increases. *Diffusion of responsibility*: One fails to take responsibility for one's actions/inactions because of the presence of others who are *seen to share the responsibility*.

What does Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs illustrate?

*Classical Conditioning". Neutral stimuli can be used to replace unconditioned stimuli (to become conditioned stimuli) to illicit a conditioned response. It illustrates that *learning can be objectively studied in labs*. This was continued later on by John Watson in the 1920s.

Which theory is social categorisation is based on?

*Implicit Personal Theory.* The *sets of assumptions* about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other. Chapter 12.7: Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behaviors Clash, Implicit Personality Theories. p.489 (510 pdf)

Name the 2 sub-structures that make up the whole brain and the structures within each sub-structure.

*Limbic system*: THHAC. *Cerebrum*: 2 cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere has 4 lobes (FPTO).

The autonomic nervous system can be divided into 2 divisions. Name them and their general effects on the human body.

1. Sympathetic > *arousing* 2. Parasympathetic > *calming* Note: Works differently for penis and clitoris > para. NS arouses!

Which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer's patients?

Acetylcholine.

Are adrenal glands sympathetically or parasympathetically innervated? Explain your answer.

Adrenal glands. *Adrenal medulla* release *epinephrine* & *norepinephrine* > linked to increased HR *Adrenal cortex* > release *30 different corticoids/steroids* to control most things in the body: - cortisol: released when body experiences physical/psychological stress - angiotensin: salt retention - vasopressin: water retention

Which part of the brain is largely involved in the Klüver-Bucy Syndrome?

Amygdala. Amygdala is largely involved in *fear responses* & *memory of fears*. Chapter 2-7: Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System, Amygdala. p. 83 (104 pdf)

Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the A) glial cell. B) reuptake inhibitor. C) synapse. D) neuron.

Ans: C

The gold stars system in pre-schools is an example of: A) biofeedback. B) shaping. C) a token economy. D) negative reinforcement.

Ans C A: extracting *biological information* of a person to create a *state of relaxation*. B: reinforcement via *simple steps* of behaviour.

Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a(n) A) mechanical solution. B) heuristic. C) rule of thumb. D) algorithm.

Ans: A

Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness? A) behaviourism B) psychoanalysis C) Gestalt D) functionalism

Ans: A

Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle? A) acetylcholine B) serotonin C) endorphin D) GABA

Ans: A B: 5-HT is associated with *sleep, mood & appetite*. C: regulators of our *pain response*. D: high amounts released when drinking alcohol (the NT causing us to be drunk!) Chapter 2.3: Neurotransmission, Neurotransmitters: Messengers of the Network. P.67-69 (88-90 pdf)

Which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics? A) evolutionary B) behavioural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic

Ans: A B: B. F. Skinner, operant conditioning C: focus on the unconscious mind & early childhood experiences. Positive reinforcement. D: "third force" of psychology, people have *free will* & strive for *self-actualisation*.

What is the first guideline for doing research with people? A) The rights and well-being of the participants must come first. B) Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings. C) Data must always remain confidential. D) Participants have to give informed consent.

Ans: A B: Wrong; deception must be *justified*. 3rd guideline. C: 7th (and last) guideline. D: 2nd guideline. Chapter 1.11: The Guidelines for Doing Research with People, p. 53-54 (74-75 pdf)

Leo was chased around by a goose when he was little, Now, he finds all sorts of birds scary. This is an example of _____. A) stimulus generalisation B) extinction C) stimulus discrimination D) higher-order functioning

Ans: A B: if more of CS is presented in *absence of UCS*, the Conditioned Response *decreases*. C: reacting to different stimuli in different ways. D: strong CS paired with new neutral stimulus and becomes 2nd CS

According to Calvin Hall, what are most dreams centered around? A) everyday life B) frightening events C) past childhood D) unfulfilled fantasies

Ans: A C & D are Freudian theories of dreams! Chapter 4.8: What Do People Dream About? p.170 (191 pdf)

When you close your eyes and raise your hand above your head, you know where your hand is due to information from A) proprioceptors. B) horizontal canals. C) semicircular canals. D) otolith organs.

Ans: A C: responsible for stimulating body when body is *rotating*. D: tiny sacs just above the cochlea that determines whether we are moving forward/backward/sideways. Chapter 3.13: Body Movement and Position. p. 132-133 (153-154 pdf)

Which of the following is not a function of a glial cell? A) generating action potentials B) cleaning up the remains of dead neurons C) getting nutrients to the neurons D) generating myelin

Ans: A Ions inside and outside of neuron membranes are in charge of generating APs.

Sleepwalking occurs in stage ___ sleep, whereas nightmares occur in stage ___ sleep. A) N3, REM B) REM, N3 C) N2, N1 D) N1, N2

Ans: A N1, Light Sleep: Theta waves appear, alpha waves fade away. People won't believe they're asleep. Might experience *hypnogogic images/hallucinations* or even the famed *hypnic jerk*. N2, Sleep Spindles: *Body temp drops*. Brief bursts of activity is believed to *stimulate memories*. N3, Delta Waves: *Delta waves appear*, from 20% to 50% of total brain activity. Growth hormones are released from the pituitary gland and reaches its peak. REM: believed to be in between *N2* & *N1*. Associated with *dreaming* and is considered a form of *light sleep*. Chapter 4.5: The Stages of Sleep. p.159-162 (180-183 pdf)

According to Stenberg, a couple whose love is based on intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called _____ love. A) romantic B) affectionate C) consummate D) companionate

Ans: A *Intimacy* + *passion*. C: When *all 3* aspects of love are present. D: *Intimacy* + *commitment*. Chapter 12.13: Love Is a Triangle-Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love. p.500-501 (521-522 pdf)

Milo asks his father for the biggest toy in the toy shop. When his father said no, Milo asks him for a smaller one and gets it. Milo used the _____ technique to gain compliance. A) door-in-the-face B) lowball C) double request D) foot-in-the-door

Ans: A *Large request first* > rejection > *smaller request* follows up. B: Once commitment is made, cost increases exponentially. D: *Small request first* > larger request follows

Kelvin is excited to learn French but during the language class, he realises that his knowledge of Spanish hinders his learning of French, His difficulties in learning French is likely due to: A) proactive interference B) decay theory C) encoding failure D) retroactive interference

Ans: A *Old information* interferes with attempts of learning new ones. B: aka *Memory trace decay theory*. Over time, if traces of information are not used, they *decay*. C: Information/Memories just failed to be encoded into the brain, not registering in the first place. D: *New information* interferes with attempts of retrieving old ones. Chapter 6.11: Reasons We Forget. p.264-265 (285-286 pdf)

Dr Wong relies on treating patients with appropriate techniques based on a combination of several psychological perspectives. We can say that Dr Wong is using the _____ approach. A) eclectic B) esoteric C) humanistic D) biological

Ans: A A perspective that uses *"bits and pieces"* of several psychological perspectives to best fit a particular situation. B: no such thing in the tb. C: focuses on free will and self-actualisation D: no such thing. Should have been "biopsychological", which is the influence of genetics, disorders and activity of NS on human and animal behaviour Chapter 1.2: Modern Perspectives, Table 1.2: The Seven Modern Perspectives in Psychology. p.32 (53 pdf)

Adam is meeting his to-be brother-in-law for the first time. During their meeting, Adam asks him about the company he works for but is unable to recall the name later when inquired by his wife. What amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory? A) usually no more than 3 seconds to ¼ of a minute. B) approximately 1 hour to 1 day. C) typically between 12 and 30 seconds. D) typically between 20 seconds to 30 minutes.

Ans: A Adam didn't rehearse the company's name, so unlikely it'll stay in his STM. C: *With maintenance rehearsal*, information can only stay in the short-term memory for max *12-30 seconds*! Chapter 6.4: Short-Term Memory. p 242-243 (263-264 pdf)

The public-service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which attitude formation? A) direct instruction B) vicarious conditioning C) observational learning D) direct contact

Ans: A By *someone*, usually someone with *higher authority* (e.g. teacher, parent) B & C: Are the *same thing*. Paraphrases of each other. Leaning via *observation. D: Must have *contact with the item*. In this case, if the child is in direct contact with drugs, D is the ans.

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex? A) thalamus B) reticular formation C) pons D) hypothalamus

Ans: A In fact, thalamus relays all sensory information! B: in charge of keeping the brain alert C: coordinates movements of left and right sides of body D: controls the *pituitary gland*

Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function? A) right: processes information sequentially B) right: controls facial expressions and melodies C) left: controls logical thought and language D) left: can verbalise information if only presented to the left

Ans: A Right side processes information *globally* (i.e. can process information *simultaneously*). Chapter 2.10: The Cerebral Hemispheres. p.89-90 (110-111 pdf)

When you take a final exam, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question? A) semantic B) episodic C) declarative D) nondeclerative

Ans: A Semantic knowledge stores your *facts & knowledge*. B: stores *episodes & memories* of your life. C: Not specific enough. Semantic & episodic knowledge are both declarative memories. D: stores your *learned skills*. Nothing to do with fact retrieval. Chapter 6.5: Long-Term Memory. p.245-248 (266-269 pdf)

Which of the following techniques analyses blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain? A) fMRI B) CT C) PET D) EEG

Ans: A Tests for *blood supply*. Can be inferred that increased blood supply = increased blood oxygen levels. Can use Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS/fNIRS) as well! - NIRS uses near-infrared light to *measure cortical changes* in the concentrations of oxygenated/deoxygenated Hb in brains. B: Computed Tomography records *"slices"* of the human brain. C: injected with *radioactive glucose* to detect activity of brain cells that make use of the glucose. D: *Electroencephalogram* records electrical activity of the *cortex* Chapter 2.5: Neuroimaging Techniques, Mapping Function. p. 75-77 (96-98 pdf)

Research has found that taste information is sent to the A) insula and frontal operculum. B) suprachiasmatic nucleus. C) cerebellum and parietal lobe. D) pons and medulla.

Ans: A These are the structures that contain the *gustatory cortex*! Chapter 3.10: Gustation: How We Taste The World, The Five Basic Tastes. p.127 (148 pdf)

In a _____ study, the participants and the experimenter do not know who is in the control group or the experimental group. A) placebo B) double-blind C) single-blind D) triple-blind

Ans: B A: Placebo effect. Participants' beliefs are the cause(s) of the experiment's results, not the independent variable(s). B: Only the participants don't know. Experimenter knows. D: no such thing. Chapter 1.10: Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects, p. 49-50 (70-71 pdf)

Mike wants to measure how levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, affects mood. Which of the following techniques should he use? A) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) B) MRI spectroscopy C) magnetoencephalography (MET) D) positron emission topography (PET)

Ans: B A: images white matter tracts > measures *connectivity* in brain *B*: allows *estimates of NTs in the brain C: measures *small magnetic fields* generated by electrical activity of neurons. Allows direct identification of areas of brain activation D: radioactive glucose injected, computer detects which brain areas are using up the glucose Chapter 2-5: Neuroimaging Techniques. p. 74-77 (95-98 pdf)

The venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n) _____ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. A) protagonist B) agonist C) antagonist D) glial cell

Ans: B Agonist: a substance that *mimics*/*enhances the effects* of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of a cell.

What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning? A) shallow lesioning B) neuroplasticity C) neurogenesis D) deep lesioning

Ans: B C: the *formation of new neurons*. Occurs primarily at prenatal development but occurs lesser during adulthood. Chapter 2.11: The Central Nervous System: The "Central Processing Unit", Damage to the CNS, Neuroplasticity, and Neurogenesis. p.94-95 (115-116 pdf)

A researcher finds that over the years as people started wearing more seatbelts, the number of deaths in car accidents decreased. This is an example of _____ correlation. A) positive B) negative C) direct D) zero

Ans: B Just because the results is good news doesn't mean it's a "positive" correlation! y-axis: number of deaths in car accidents (-) x-axis: number of people wearing seatbelts over the years (+) Downward slope indicates *negative* correlation!

To a dog, _____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. A) dog food, a Frisbee B) dog food, dog treat C) a gold star, candy D) a paycheck, money

Ans: B Primary reinforcer: satisfies *biological* needs. Secondary reinforcer: *closely related* to primary reinforcer. If the qn was abt a human, D would've been the answer.

Which of the following tests came first? A) the Wechsler tests B) Binet's mental ability test C) the ACT D) the Stanford-Binet IQ test

Ans: B *Alfred Binet* & *Theodore Simon* came up with a test that set apart fast & slow learners, in *different age groups*. A: made by *David Wechsler*, it targeted different age groups (e.g. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WAIS) D: came right after Binet & Simon's tests. Chapter 7.7: Measuring Intelligence. p.291-292 (312-313 pdf)

The steps to memory can be best described as follows: A) finding it, using it, storing it, using it again B) putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out C) a series of passive data files D) sensing it, perceiving it, remembering it, forgetting it

Ans: B *Encoding, storage, retrieval*.

Which of the following is characteristic of stage N3, or slow-wave sleep? A) presence of theta waves B) deepest level of sleep C) increased body temperature D) paralysis of voluntary muscles

Ans: B - *delta waves activity* increases 20% > 50% A: characteristic to N2 stage C: characteristic to REM stage. N1 to N3 temp drops. D: characteristic to REM stage

According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence would most likely be present in psychologists, psychiatrists and managers? A) visual/spatial B) interpersonal C) existentialist D) naturalist E) intrapersonal

Ans: B Ability to manage the emotions *between other people*. A: astronaut, artists, pilots C: philosophers, various careers D: botanists, farmers, landscapers E: Ability to manage the emotions *within oneself*.

Instead of using a ladder, Ali took off his slipper and used it to knock down a close-hanging mango. What has Ali overcome by using his slipper to bring down the mango? A) confirmation bias B) functional fixedness C) mental bias D) confirmation fixedness

Ans: B Attributing to objects to their *typical uses*. A: tendency to look for evidence that reinforces a preconceived judgement. C: tendency to persist in using patterns that have worked in the past. Chapter 7.4: Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making. p.284 (305 pdf)

What type of memory is most likely linked to infantile amnesia? A) nondeclarative B) declarative C) working D) functional

Ans: B Declarative memories are also known as *explicit* memories! Has 2 parts: *semantic* (general knowledge, facts) & *episodic* (episodes, scenes from childhood). A: *Implicit* memories, aka *skills* that the person has. Chapter 6.5: Long-Term Memory, Types of Long-Term Information. p.246-248 (267-269 pdf)

Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia? A) psychodynamic B) biopsychological C) humanistic D) behavioural

Ans: B Events of the body (hormones, brain chemicals, tumors, diseases) are *direct causes* to explain human behaviour.

What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom? A) tip-of-the-tongue effect B) encoding specificity C) automatic encoding D) serial position effect

Ans: B Has *context-dependent* (physical surroundings) and *state-dependent* (physiological state) learning. A: demonstrates the "What?" concept. C: tendency for information to be encoded *without much effort*. Think death of Michael Jackson. D: retrieval is *better* for information that is at *beginning*/*end* of a list.

A realistic goal for all test developers is to _____ cultural bias in their intelligence tests. A) maximise B) minimise C) hide D) eliminate

Ans: B Impossible to completely eradicate cultural bias in any intelligence test! If qn asks for *"ideal"* goal, then ans is *D*.

Elene admits that she conforms as it grants her acceptance in society. Elene's belief is an example of: A) compliance B) normative social influence C) groupthink D) informational social influence

Ans: B Individual conforms to feel *approved* in a group. A: Doing an action that was requested by someone, usually from a person with *equal authority* C: *Extreme form* of conformity. Usually applied in *group* settings. (Think invulnerability and cults). D: Individual conforms to *extract information*.

Which theory states that sleep is a product of evolution? A) REM theory B) adaptive theory C) reactive theory D) restorative theory

Ans: B It states that sleep has evolved to avoid the *active time of predators*. D: suggests sleep is *vital to physical health*.

Which of the following philosophers is known to have written the first known text in the history of psychology? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) Hippocrates

Ans: B Known for *"Para Psyche"*. True believer in *nurture*. A: First person to come up with the *theoretical structure* of the human mind. C: known as the *"Father of Medicine"*. First person to attempt to integrate medicine and psychology.

In gate-control theory, substance P A) closes the spinal gates for pain. B) opens the spinal gates for pain. C) is similar in function to endorphins. D) is unrelated to pain.

Ans: B Pain stimulation > release of substance P into *spinal cord* > travels up into thalamus, somatosensory complex, areas of frontal lobes and limbic system > brain interprets info further and decides whether to open/close spinal gates for pain. Note: - P stands for *"peptide"*, not pain. Chapter 3.12: Somesthetic Senses, Pain: Gate-Control Theory. p.131 (152 pdf)

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of memory? A) Everything that can be heard in 1 minute. B) Everything that can be sensed in 1 second. C) Everything that can be seen at one time. D) Everything that can be perceived in a lifetime.

Ans: C

In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes means: A) outward or overt actions and reactions. B) unconscious processes. C) internal, covert processes. D) only human behaviour.

Ans: C

Which of the following techniques involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structure without damaging them? A) magnetic resonance imaging B) electroconvulsive tomography C) electrical stimulation of the brain D) deep brain lesioning

Ans: C

Which early psychologist was the first to try to bring objectivity and measurement to the concept of psychology? A) William James B) John Watson C) Wilhelm Wundt D) Sigmund Freud

Ans: C A: *Functionalism*, based on Darwin's ideas B: *Behaviourism* D: *Psychoanalysis*

Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of long-term declarative memories and is often linked to Alzheimer's disease? A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) hippocampus D) amygdala

Ans: C A: triage nurse that relays all sensory information (except olfactory bulbs) B: controls the pituitary gland, related to hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, sleeping and waking and emotion.

Which of the following is an ethical consideration when using animals in research? A) Animals cannot be killed from the beginning to the end of the experiment. B) Animals must not experience any pain during the experiment. C) Causing unnecessary pain to the animals during the experiment must be avoided. D) There are no such ethical considerations when using animals in experiments.

Ans: C B: wrong. D: DEAD wrong.

Which of the following scenarios will NOT result in the bystander effect? A) You see someone pass out at a concert. B) You drive past an automobile accident where a crowd has gathered. C) You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone. D) You come across someone lying on a busy sidewalk in a large city.

Ans: C Bystander effect: *less likely to help* if number of observers in the vicinity *increases*. Chapter 12.15: Prosocial Behavior. p. 506-508 (527-529 pdf)

Which step of the scientific approach is derived from the goal of description? A) reporting your faults B) drawing conclusions C) perceiving the question D) forming a hypothesis

Ans: C Chapter 1.6: The Scientific Approach, Steps in Scientific Approach. p. 39 (60 pdf)

The circadian rhythm typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the _______. A) pituitary gland B) cerebellum C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) frontal lobe

Ans: C SCN resides in the *tiny hypothalamus* and controls the *secretion of melatonin*, the hormone that suppresses the neurons in the brain that keeps us awake and alert. The *pineal gland* is the structure that produces melatonin. Chapter 4-3: The Biology of Sleep. p. 155 (176 pdf)

Aside from the lens, damage to the ______ can affect the eye's ability to focus light. A) iris B) pupil C) cornea D) retina

Ans: C *Clear liquid* that helps to focus light into the eye. Works with the lens for the same purpose. A: *muscle* that changes the size of the *pupil* to control amount of light going into the eye.

In Japan, when people are instructed to imagine a scrumptious meal, they imagine a bowl of ramen. In this example, they are using ramen as a A) natural concept B) mental image C) prototype D) formal concept

Ans: C A *mental image* that embodies most of the characteristics of the concept!

Matt's teacher gives him a golden star every time he performs well on a test. This makes Matt very happy and motivates him to study hard for future tests. Which of the following theories would best explain why Matt acts this way? A) Bandura's social learning theory B) Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning C) Thorndike's law of effect D) Kohler's theory of insight learning

Ans: C Action followed by pleasant encouragement > repetition. Action followed by unpleasant encouragement > not repeated. A: People learn by *imitating* others. B: UCS, CS, CR and all that. C: Animals can learn by *insight*.

How often are olfactory receptors replaced by new olfactory receptors? A) every 12-24 hours B) every 5-8 days C) every 30 days D) every 2-3 weeks

Ans: C Actually most accurate answer would be *5-8 weeks*. Chapter 3.11: The Sense of Scents: Olfaction, Olfactory Receptor Cells. p.128 (149 pdf)

Which is considered the most common type of permanent hearing loss? A) psychological hearing loss B) conductive hearing loss C) sensorineural hearing loss D) frequency-based hearing loss

Ans: C Aka nerve hearing impairment. Classic smokescreen qn.

In soldiers, as they do more and more night watches, they are trained to ignore the unchanging night sounds but react quickly and become alert to a moment's notice. Which part of the soldier's brain is expected to be more developed than the normal civilian? A) medulla B) cerebellum C) reticular formation D) pons

Ans: C Aka the *reticular activating system*. A: in charge of *maintaining life* B: in charge of all *involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement* D: coordinates movements of left and right sides of body Chapter 2.6: The Hindbrain. p.80-81 (101-102 pdf)

What type of amnesia do you have when you cannot remember things that happened before a traumatic accident? A) anterograde amnesia B) psychogenic amnesia C) retrograde amnesia D) infantile amnesia

Ans: C Loss of memory from point of injury & *backwards*. A: Loss of memory from point of injury & *forwards*. Patient H.M. (Henry Gustave Molaison) is a classic study. D: Memories *before age of 3* are likely *implicit*, not explicit. Chapter 6.13: When Memory Fails: Organics Amnesia. p. 268-269 (289-290 pdf)

Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness? A) +1.04 B) -0.89 C) +0.05 D) +0.89

Ans: C The close the number is to 0, the weaker the relationship!

The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present is called: A) just noticeable difference. B) sensation. C) absolute threshold. D) sensory adaptation.

Ans: C. A: *smallest difference* between the 2 stimuli that's detectable 50% of the time.

Which of the following substances does not have an excitatory effect on the human body? A) dopamine B) glutamate C) acetylcholine D) endorphins

Ans: D A (DA): excitatory or inhibitory; control of movement & sensations of pleasure B: major excitatory; learning, memory formation, NS development C (ACh): excitatory or inhibitory; arousal, attention, memory, muscle contractions (think cardiac VS skeletal muscles) *D*: major inhibitory; pain relief Note: - Excitatory/Inhibitory: ACh, DA, Serotonin (5-HT) - Mainly excitatory: NE, glutamate - Mainly inhibitory: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), endorphins Chapter 2.3, Table 2.1: Some Neurotransmitters and Their Functions. p. 68 (99 pdf)

What is the biggest reason animals are used in research? A) Animals behave simpler as compared to humans. B) Animals have shorter lifespans than humans. C) Animals are easier to control than humans. D) Animals can be used in ways that researchers cannot use humans.

Ans: D A, B, C are all accessory reasons of why animals are used in research. Chapter 1.12: Animal Research. p. 55 (76 pdf)

According to Stenberg, "book smarts" is another way of talking about which kind of intelligence? A) practical B) creative C) emotional D) analytical

Ans: D A: "street smarts" B: ability to deal with new problems and find new solutions to them Rmb *ACP*!

An "Aha!" moment is an example of A) a heuristic B) a mechanical solution C) an algorithm D) an insight

Ans: D A: An *educated guess* that's based on previous experiences. Supposed to fit all situations. B: *Trial-and-error*, not the ans we are looking for. C: A specific, *step-by-step* method that leads to one answer.

Single-blind studies control for: A) placebo effect and experiment effect B) experiment effect only C) extrinsic motivation D) placebo effect only

Ans: D A: controlled by *double-blind* studies

What is another name for somnambulism? A) insomnia B) sleep apnea C) narcolepsy D) sleepwalking

Ans: D A: having trouble falling/staying asleep B: basically snoring C: chronic neurological disorder

Kate loves swimming. When she first dives into the pool, the water seems cold. However, it doesn't feel cold after staying in the water sometime. What is the most likely explanation for this? A) transduction B) habituation C) sublimation D) sensory adaptation

Ans: D A: process of *converting outside stimuli into neural activity*. B: *behavioural learning effect* of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.

The creation of inaccurate memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis, is also known as A) hindsight bias. B) constructive processing. C) misinformation effect. D) false memory syndrome.

Ans: D A: tendency to alter old memories to justify that one could've predicted an outcome correctly all along. ("I knew it all along!") B: retrieval of memories, but memories are *altered, revised, or influenced by newer info*. C: adding inaccurate information into actual memory (Elizabeth Loftus, John Palmer 1974. Think witnesses during court trial). Chapter 6.9: The Reconstruction Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? p. 257-259 (278-280 pdf)

Kairos has trouble sleeping at night and keeping awake in the day. This causes her to feel fatigued all the time and has affected her work performance. Kairos might have an issue in the _____ gland of her endocrine system. A) pituitary B) thyroid C) pancreas D) pineal

Ans: D Pituitary: Master of all the ES. Mainly in charge of secreting growth hormones in children & oxytocin in pregnant women Thyroid: releases *thyroxin*, hormone that regulates *metabolism* Pancreas: secretes *insulin* & *glucagon* to monitor body's sugar levels. Think diabetes/hypoglycemia. Pineal: secretes *melatonin*, linked to several *biological rhythms*. Chapter 2.14: Other Endocrine Glands. p. 101 (122 pdf)

MCQs typically rely on_____, while essay questions rely on_____. A) rehearsal, recall B) relearning, rehearsing C) recall, recognition D) recognition, recall

Ans: D Recall: retrieving info with minimal to no cues. Recognition: attributing stimulus with stored info. Easier to retrieve than recall. Chapter 6.7: Recall or Recognition. p.253-255 (274-276 pdf)

Nathan developed a strong belief in palmistry after he visited a palmist and showed him satisfactory reviews of some customers. He was impressed by the accuracy of his readings as had been pointed out by other customers in their reviews. Which criterion of critical thinking is most clearly being violated by Nathan? A) Expertise doesn't always guarantee truth B) Keeping an open mind C) Very few truths need not be subjected to testing D) Not all evidence is equal in quality

Ans: D All evidence *should be evaluated* for quality, potential biases, and applicability. A: *experience and expertise*, although important, are *not sufficient*. B: balance between *openness to possibilities* and *skeptical acceptance* C: anecdotal/empirical evidence is *mandatory*

In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers? A) intellectual intelligence B) heredity studies C) stress surveys D) emotional intelligence

Ans: D Awareness of and ability to *manage one's emotions, self-motivation, empathy & social skills*. Chapter 7.9: Individual Differences in Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence. p.302 (323 pdf)

Lisa used to feel that dreams have hidden meanings. Now, she believes that her dreams are nothing but random images. Lisa's current belief aligns with the _____ theory of dreams. A) activation information model B) Freudian theory of dreams C) dreams for survival theory D) activation-synthesis hypothesis

Ans: D Dreams are *random signals* generated by activity of the *pons*. Another "thinking" that occurs during dreams. A: Seeks to *give more meaning* to D. *Information accessed* in the waking world might have influence over dream synthesis. Chapter 4.7: Why Do We Dream? p.168-170 (189-191 pdf)

Which of the following is the best way to encourage divergent, creative thinking? A) Stare at a blank sheet of of paper until new, innovative solutions come to mind. B) Engage in many activities simultaneously. C) Force yourself to think of something new and creative. D) Go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity.

Ans: D Key word for divergent thinking is *"automatic"*.

Which theory cannot adequately account for pitches above 1000 Hz? A) place B) volley C) adaptive D) frequency

Ans: D Neurons at hair cells cannot fire as fast as the basilar membrane for frequencies *above 1000 Hz*. A: Works only if frequencies are *above 1000 Hz*. Opposite to freq theory. C: theory to prove that sleep is an evolutionary mechanism. Discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3.8: Perceiving Pitch. p.124 (145 pdf)

Jake fell off his bicycle and hurt his right ear. The doctors found that some parts of his outer ear have been damaged. Which of the following treatments might help Jake? A) a cochlear implant. B) a cochlear implant and a hearing aid. C) no treatment can help him. D) a hearing aid.

Ans: D Outer ear damage > *conduction* hearing impairment. A: *Inner ear* damage > *nerve* hearing impairment. C: man, that's cold... Chapter 3.9: Types of Hearing Impairments. p.125 (146 pdf)

Although oxytocin has been tied to a variety of prosocial behaviors such as "love" and "trust", some researchers believe that in humans, it may actually work to increase ___________. A) heart rate and empathy B) the importance of some social stimuli C) social loafing D) negative pair bonding

Ans: D Oxytocin has been shown to increase *aggressive responses*. C appears later in Chapter 12, so not really relevant as of 28 Oct 22.

Touching a hot stove and quickly withdrawing your hand without even being conscious of it is caused by the body's ______. This feature is mainly controlled by the ______. A) motor pathway, somatic nervous system B) sympathetic division, autonomic nervous system C) sensory pathway, somatic nervous system D) reflex arc, spinal cord

Ans: D This pain response *skips the brain* entirely to save time.

What is the main difference between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia?

Broca's aphasia: *cannot correctly pronounce words*, can understand others well. Wernicke's aphasia: *can pronounce words correctly*, but *cannot use the correct words*. Chapter 2.9: The Association Areas of the Cortex. p. 87 (108 pdf)

What is the distinctive feature between myelin of the central NS and myelin of the peripheral NS?

CNS (brain + spinal cord): - Produced by *oligodendrocytes* - once damaged, neurons are considered permanently damaged PNS (somatic + autonomic NS): - Produced by *Schwann cells* - can serve as tunnel where damaged nerve fibers can reconnect and repair Chapter 2.1: Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System's Building Block. p. 63 (84 pdf)

This part connects the 2 brain hemispheres together.

Corpus callosum.

What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the "rind" or outer covering?

Cortex. Made of tightly packed neurons, about ⅒ of an inch thick on average. Chapter 2.8: The Cortex. p.84 (105 pdf)

Chinese landlords have been reported of rejecting applications from Indian individuals. Is this an example of prejudice or discrimination?

Discrimination. An *unjustifiable behaviour* has been committed (i.e. rejecting the application). If the landlord merely made judgements, it is prejudice. Chapter 12.10: Prejudice and Discrimination. p.493-494 (514-515 pdf)

Gonads control all human sexual behaviour. True or false.

False. The brain (by extension, the pituitary gland), is the main controller of sexual behaviour: *psychological factors* (e.g. attractiveness) affect human's sexual behaviour! Note: - this is what sets us apart from animals. Animals have sex whenever, wherever and with which ever mate they want to; humans can control when, where and who they have sex with.. Chapter 2.14: Other Endocrine Glands, Gonads. p. 101 (122 pdf)

Name the structures that make up a neuron.

From receiving to transmitting info: - Dendrites: branch-like structures, transmits information to cell body - Soma: "body" of cell, contains nucleus - Axon: tube-like extension, transmits information to other neurons (inside myelin sheath) - Axon terminal: end of an axon - Myelin sheath: fatty insulation around axons, *speeds up neural impulses* Note: - glial cells are NOT part of a neuron. They hold neurons tgt + nourish, insulate and protect neurons. Chapter 2.1: Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System's Building Block. p. 62 (83 pdf)

Name the types of neurons that are present in the spinal cord.

Hint: AEI Afferent, efferent, & interneurons. Note: - "*Afferent neurons access the spinal cord* (carries info from senses), *efferent neurons exit* (to muscles and glands)." - Interneurons connect A & E neurons.

Name the 4 elements of observational learnin.

Hint: AMID *Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire.* These 4 elements must be present for OL to be any effective. Note: - Lect notes say it as ARRM: "Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation". Chapter 5.14: The Four Elements of Observational Learning. p,229 (250 pdf)

What are the 4 main goals of psychology?

Hint: DEPC Description, explanation, prediction, control.

Name the parts of the limbic system.

Hint: Damn...that girl is *THHAC*! Thalamus ("inner chamber", triage nurse) Hypothalamus Hippocampus ("seahorse"): located within the *medial temporal lobes* Amygdala ("almond"): near hippocampus Cingulate cortex Chapter 2-7: Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System. p. 82-83 (103-104 pdf)

What are the main brain structures?

Hint: Homeo Malus Fortissimus 1. Hind-brain: *maintains life* 2. Mid-brain: *connects* hindbrain to forebrain, impt to *sensory & motor* functions 3. Fore-brain: *higher functioning* e.g. thinking, decision-making

Name the descriptive data collection methods.

Naughty Ladies Caught Staring! Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation Case studies Surveys

What theory best explains afterimages?

Opponent-process theory. Chapter 3.6: Perception of Colour, Opponent-Process Theory. p.119-120 (140-141 pdf)

Which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller?

PCP: Phencyclidine.

The psychologist _____ believed that language helps develop concepts, whereas _____ believed that concepts must be developed first if language is to follow.

Piaget (linguistic relativity), Rosch-Heider (cognitive universalism) Chapter 7.13: The Relationship between Language and Thought. p. 310-311 (331-332 pdf)

What happens when the result of a study creates an undesirable outcome for the participant?

Researcher must *find some way to help the participant* deal with the negative impact.

This scientist was a pioneer to the field of brain sphere specialisation. Name the scientist and his famous research that won him a Nobel peace prize.

Roger Sperry. Split-brain research. Chapter 2.10: The Cerebral Hemispheres, Split-Brain Research. p.89-90 (110-111 pdf)

______ is a tranquilizer that is also known as the "date rape" drug.

Rohypnol Xanax is not; it's a benzodiazepine (think MJ's death).

Out of the five senses, why does the thalamus not process smell?

Signals received from the neurons in the sinus cavity go straight into the *olfactory bulbs*, which are located just posterior to the front part of the brain. They DO NOT pass through the thalamus like the rest of the senses. Note: 5 senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch

What is colloquially known as the "second communication system of the body and how do they transmit these information?

The *endocrine system*. They transmit information via *hormones* secreted by endocrine glands.

Describe how do neurons communicate with each other.

Within a neuron, *electrical* process occurs. - neurons have a natural charge difference (*negative* on the inside, *positive* on the outside) - *depolarisation* occurs: voltage-gated (sodium) channels open to let some (Na+) ions from outside into the cell. - explosion caused by a depolarising current = *action potential* Between neurons, *chemical* process occurs. - AP reaches *synaptic vesicles* > vesicles release *neurotransmitters* into synaptic gap > *receptor sites* on next neuron's dendrites receive NTs *Re-uptake* - sending neurons absorb NTs back into them Chapter 2.3: Neurotransmission. p. 66-67, 69 (97-98, 100 pdf)

In terms of light wave, its brightness is affected by the wave's _____, its hue is affected by the wave's _____, and its saturation is affected by the wave's _____.

amplitude, wavelength, purity

The malleus, incus and stapes are _____ of the middle ear and are also known as the _____. The beginning and the ending of the middle ear is marked by the ________ and the _______ respectively.

bones, ossicles, tympanic membrane, oval window Note: Oval window belongs to the *inner ear*.

Taste is often called a_______ sense because it works with the molecules of foods that people eat.

chemical

MMA fighters and boxers suffer from this progressive degenerative disease called ______ ______ _____ due to a severe head blow or repeated blows to the head.

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine Note: recall that dopamine is associated with *sensations of pleasure*, learning, movement.

Motion sickness often results from conflicting signals sent from the _____ and from the _____.

eyes, vestibular organs (i.e. semicircular canals)

In classical conditioning, behaviour is typically _____, whereas with operant conditioning, behaviour is typically_____.

involuntary, voluntary Note: Both have reward and punishment, and both may be biological responses!

Broca's area is located in the _____ lobe and is in charge of _____ and _____ of speech.

left frontal, movement, planning Note: Wernicke's Area is located in the *left temporal* lobe! Recall the difference between the two.

As a boxer fights, his _____ lobes help her sense her spatial awareness, his _____ lobes help help him see his targets, and his _____ lobes help him to guide his hand and arm to land the punch.

parietal (somatosensory cortex), occipital (visual information), frontal (motor cortex) Chapter 2.8: The Cortex. p.84-85 (105-106 pdf)

The retinal photoreceptors, also known as _____ and _____, are located in the _____ and help with the process of _____ of light.

rods, cones, retina, transduction

The pineal gland receives instructions from the __________ to release __________.

suprachiasmatic nucleus, melatonin