Weeks 1 - 9

spine

(vertebral column or backbone) composed of a series of bones that extend from the base of the skull to the pelvis. It is formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae, singular: vertebra) and connective tissue in such a way that a flexible, curved structure results. Is divided into sections corresponding to the vertebrae located in the spinal column. These divisions are as follows: • Cervical (neck) • Thoracic (chest) • Lumbar (loin) • Sacral (lower back) • Coccyx (tailbone)

Bacteri-um (singular)

-a (plural)

Gangli-on (singular)

-a (plural)

Thor-ax (singular)

-aces (plural)

Pleur-a (singular)

-ae (plural)

Diagnos-is (singular)

-es (plural)

Bronch-us (singular)

-i (plural)

Ap-ex (singular)

-ices (plural)

Append-ix (singular)

-ices (plural)

Deformit-y (singular)

-ies (plural)

Lum-en (singular)

-ina (plural)

Carcino-ma (singular)

-mata (plural)

regurgitation

A backward flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

Helicobacter pylori

A bacteria which commonly cause PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease is the erosion of the protective mucous membrane caused by infection with bacteria. As the mucous membrane erodes, it exposes the tissue beneath to the strong acids and digestive enzymes of the stomach, and eventually, an ulcer forms)

A antigen

A blood contains this on the surface of the RBC

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces

asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

active immunity

A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.

Granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Agranulocytes

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei (lymphocytes, monocytes)

diaphragm

A large muscular partition, lies between the chest and abdominal cavities?

epiglottis

A leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx, it seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing?

Stomach

A saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity, serves as a food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion.

Gallbladder

A saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver, serves as a storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the sigmoid colon where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

Epiglottis

A small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus.

sinoatrial (SA) node

A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart?

autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands?

cardiovascular system

A system composed of the heart and blood vessels?

natural killer cells

A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs microbes by phagocytosis (ingest & destroy)

inferior vena cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

superior vena cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

phagocyte

A white blood cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing them and breaking them down

ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen

pleural effusion

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs

edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs

thrombosis

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

thrombocytopenia

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver

Adhesion

Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated

abnormal breath sounds

Abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition; also called adventitious breath sounds

tachycardia

Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute

fibrillation

Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

Bradycardia

Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

pulmonary edema

Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure

diuretics

Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

corticosteroids

Act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions

infectious mononucleosis

Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits; also called mono and kissing disease

coryza

Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis

influenza

Acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs; also called flu

pertussis

Acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough

Pharynx

Air passes from the nasal cavity to the throat, a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air. The throat is also called the?

urticaria

Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives

Hypodermis

Also called a subcutaneous layer, this is a layer of *fat located under the dermis of the skin. Helps to insulate the body and protects underlying muscles and other structures.

antifungals (itraconazole; terbinafine; fluconazole)

Alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death

thymus

An immune organ located near the heart. Is the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents.

albino

An individual who cannot produce melanin?

spleen

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.

aortography

Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow

ACE

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (Inhibitor)

ARB

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium is called?

hemoglobinopathy

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

coagulation disorders

Any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding

immunotherapy

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body's own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy

mycosis

Any fungal infection in or on the body

lymphoma

Any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue

non-Hodgkin (NHL)

Any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells

purpura

Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae

allergy skin test

Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient's sensitivity to it

moderate (stages of COPD)

Apparent limitation in airflow, Possible shortness of breath, Patient possibly seeking medical intervention at this level

palatine tonsils or tonsils

Are located in the oropharynx. They protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route?

Peptic ulcer

Are one of the most common ulcer types that occur in the digestive system. They primarily develop in the stomach and duodenum but may also occur to a lesser extent in the lower esophagus

Olfactory neurons

Are receptors for the sense of smell. They are covered with a layer of mucus and located deep in the nasal cavity, embedded among the epithelial cells lining the nasal tract.

Splenic flexure

Area of the colon that bends downward near the spleen

oxygen (O2)

Arterial blood (except for that found in the pulmonary artery) contains a high concentration of? (appears bright red in color)

Descending colon

As the transverse colon turns downward, it becomes the

papilla

At the bottom of the hair follicle is a loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering called the?

alveoli (singular: alveolus)

At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called? (resembles a small balloon because it expands and contracts with inflow and outflow of air)

ileocecal valve

At the terminal end of the small intestine, a sphincter muscle is called the

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure

deep

Away from the surface of the body (internal)

regurgitation

Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

impetigo

Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

Ba

Barium

Right and left hepatic ducts

Bile is also drained from the liver through which two structures, and they eventually form the hepatic duct?

antihistamines

Block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues Histamines cause sneezing, runny nose, itchiness, and rashes. Are commonly combined with decongestants, antitussives, or analgesics for cold and flu symptom relief.

calcium channel blockers

Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

topical anesthetics (lidocaine; procaine)

Block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes

beta blockers

Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate

pulmonary embolism

Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body.

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis

plasma

Blood is connective tissue composed of a liquid medium called (suspended solid components are found here also)

cardiac biomarkers

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test

Arteries

Blood vessels (that carry blood away from the heart)

veins

Blood vessels (that carry blood back to the heart)

inflammation

Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function

Oste/o (combining form)

Bone

Homeostasis

Breathing helps regulate the pH (acidity/alkalinity) of the blood, thereby helping maintain a stable internal environment of the body called?

complete blood count (CBC)

Broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases

Cheeks

Bucca also known as

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue

carcinogens

Cancer causing agents

organelle

Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion) (The membranes of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions.)

chemical peel

Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chemabrasion

cytokine

Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells (are important chemical communicators in the immune response, regulating many activities associated with immunity and inflammation)

Cytokines

Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain.

angina

Chest pain (tightness) caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris

ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into the entire colon

eczema

Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritus); also called atopic dermatitis

Psoriasis

Chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis

Pernicious anemia (PA)

Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development -Commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach essential for absorption of vitamin B12

pyloric sphincter

Chyme slowly leaves the stomach through this sphincter and regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits backflow

Sphincter

Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

pulmonary circulation

Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

atelectasis

Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

Combination of endoscopy and ultrasound that examines and obtains images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissues and organs

croup

Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages and sometimes involving the lungs

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months; also called crib death

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient's organs, commonly severely enough to cause death

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

hemophilia

Congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder's disease

decongestants

Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways

Scabies

Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains part of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Contains part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Contains the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines

rhonchus

Continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring

systole

Contraction of the heart?

antidiarrheals

Control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

antacids

Counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach

protectives (lotions; ointments)

Cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin

sepsis

Dangerous infection of the blood

melena

Dark, tar like feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach

eschar

Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn

gangrene

Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection

antispasmodics

Decrease gastrointestinal (GI) spasms by slowing peristalsis, motility throughout the GI tract and relieves cramping.

corticosteroids (hydrocortisone; triamcinolone)

Decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system's inflammatory response to tissue damage

immunosuppressants

Decrease inflammation by suppressing the body's natural immune response

cardioversion

Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart's rhythm back to its normal pattern

keratolytics (salicylic acid; urea)

Destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed

antimicrobials

Destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle

antibiotics

Destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting their membranes or one or more of their metabolic processes

Hemolytic

Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice -Associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions

Inguinal hernia

Develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs

plasmapheresis

Dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient's plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor

Cellulitis

Diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

pancreas and liver

Digestion is completed in the small intestine with the help of additional enzymes and secretions from the

nitrates

Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart

cardiomyopathy

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

apnea

Disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air; also called sleep apnea

heart failure (HF)

Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

deviated nasal septum

Displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleed

thrombolytics

Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands

M(X)

Distant metastasis that cannot be evaluated

Asymptomatic

Does not manifest symptoms

stress test

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

bronchioles

Each bronchus divides into smaller and smaller branches, eventually forming?

hypertension (HTN)

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

angioplasty

Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow

verruca

Epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus

obesity

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight

hyperlipidemia

Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

open appendectomy

Excision of a diseased appendix through a 2" to 3" incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen

appendectomy

Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure

pneumonectomy

Excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer

polypectomy

Excision of a polyp

pleurectomy

Excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura

empyema

Exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax

leaflets

Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood

Peristalsis

Food is propelled through the entire GI tract by coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions called

Crohn disease

Form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis

oral leukoplakia

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

synthesize

Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements (Skin synthesizes vitamin D (needed by bones for calcium absorption))

halitosis

Foul-smelling breath

macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

tinea

Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm

Distal

Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body

flatus

Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus

inspection

General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

androgen

Generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics (also regulates the production of sebum)

Palpation

Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct (outer surface)

liver function tests (LFTs)

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract

bariatric surgery

Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems

febrile

Having or showing symptoms of a fever

hemosiderin

Hemoglobin breaks down into an iron compound called (also into several bile pigments)

ultrasonography (US)

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

stridor

High-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma

HL

Hodgkin's lymphoma

perforation

Hole that completely penetrates a structure

computed tomography (CT)

Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

compound tomography (CT)

Imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

Acquired Immunity

Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.

pacemaker insertion

Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

fibrinogen

In the final step of coagulation, a soluble blood protein becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells

Folic-acid deficiency anemia

Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) because of the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis -Caused by insufficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children)

severe (stages of COPD)

Inadequate airflow, Increase in shortness of breath with activity, Patient experiencing diminished quality of life

incision and drainage (I&D)

Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Infectious disease caused the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals (opportunistic infections)

pediculosis

Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear

phlebitis

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection

dysentery

Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea

pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas

peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi

pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis

decubitus ulcer

Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons; also known as pressure ulcer

acne

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and are usually associated with seborrhea; also called acne vulgaris

transfusion

Infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant

Sickle cell anemia

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle shaped when oxygen levels are low -Caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis

Antihistamines (diphenhydramine; hydroxyzine)

Inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine

Suppressor T cells

Inhibit function of T cells and B cells

histamine-2 (H2) blockers

Inhibit secretion of stomach acid from the gastric cells by blocking the H2 receptor. Treats acid reflux and gastric or duodenal ulcers.

anticoagulants

Inhibit the body's natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels

nasogastric intubation

Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

Organelles

Inside the cytoplasm are specialized structures called?

heart block

Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

crackle

Intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale

Viscera

Internal organs

embolism

Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations

lymphoscintigraphy

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

Arythmia

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

Ulcer

Is a circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

Small intestine

Is a coiled tube approximately 20 feet long that begins at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the large intestine. It consists of three parts: (1) the duodenum, the uppermost segment, which is approximately 10 inches long, (2) the jejunum, which is approximately 8 feet long, (3) the ileum, which is approximately 12 feet long.

Diverticulosis

Is a condition in which small, blister like pockets (diverticula) develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall.

Hernia

Is a protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained

Umbilical hernia

Is a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel. It occurs more commonly in obese women and among those who have had several pregnancies.

Pancreas

Is an elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach. It performs endocrine and exocrine functions. As an endocrine gland, secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Large intestine

Is approximately 5 feet long. It begins at the end of the ileum and extends to the anus

trachea

Is connected to the pharynx by the larynx and is composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of cartilage, which provide rigidity to keep the air passage open.

Nucleus

Is responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction. It also carries the genetic blueprint of the organism?

Gastroenterology

Is the branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases

KS

Kaposi sarcoma

antiparasitics (lindane; permethrin)

Kill insect parasites, such as mites and lice

culture & sensitivity (C&S)

Laboratory test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organism responds (sensitivity)

blood chemistry analysis

Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions

ischemia

Lack of blood supply (localized tissue anemia

Iron-deficiency anemia

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs -Caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron

anorexia

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

aorta

Largest artery in the body

pulmonary capillaries

Lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood within this and enters the alveolar spaces, and O2 from the alveoli diffuses into the blood

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas

defibrillation

Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart

Auscultation

Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds

hepat/o (combining form)

Liver

anuerysm

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

abscess

Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection

vitiligo

Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

hypotension

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)

statins

Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

aerosol therapy

Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways

supine

Lying horizontally on the back, face up

prone

Lying on the abdomen, face down

thoracic duct

Lymph from all other areas of the body enters the

right lymphatic duct

Lymph vessels from the right chest and arm join at the

Hodgkin (HL)

Malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and the spleen and sometimes to the bone marrow; also called classical Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease

multiple myeloma

Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue

Pancreatic carcinoma

Malignant tumor usually arising out of the pancreatic duct and causing pancreatic obstruction.

Bolus

Mass of masticated food ready for swallowing

paroxysmal

May be sudden and violent

sweat test

Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

serum bilirubin

Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

intestinal obstruction

Mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel

Hg

Mercury

postural drainage

Method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs to make breathing easier

sputum culture

Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias

normal flora

Microorganisms that reside in or on the body without causing disease

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels

computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

Minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries

Cilia

Minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell. (Are in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, a mechanism called the _____ escalator. Habitual smoking destroys the _____ escalator)

petechia

Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides

Pylorus

Most digestion takes place in the funnel-shaped terminal portion of the stomach

malignant melanoma

Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised.

Abduction

Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts

Adduction

Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body

metastasizes

Moves and spreads (cancer)

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart (tomography)

coarctation

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

vasoconstriction

Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes

epistaxis

Nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed

Proximal

Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

antifibrinolytics

Neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test

oximetry

Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry

monospot

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan

Nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs; also called V-Q lung scan

Villi

Nutrients in chyme are absorbed through microscopic, fingerlike projections called

morbid obesity

Obesity in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 40, and generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight

Bilirubin

Orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces Elevated in the blood produces yellowing of the skin (jaundice). It also indicates liver damage or disease.

Spleen

Organ beneath the transverse colon is the

Triglycerides

Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

epidermis

Outer layer of skin (is relatively thin over most areas but is thickest on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet)

thrombocythemia

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations

O2

Oxygen

ox/o

Oxygen (O2)

hypoxemia

Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia

hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis

spirometry

PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs

hepatitis panel

Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus—hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), or hepatitis C (HCV)—that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

oropharynx

Part o the pharynx and lies posterior to the mouth

nasopharynx

Part o the pharynx and lies posterior to the nose

laryngopharynx

Part o the pharynx and lies superior to the larynx

syncope

Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

alopecia

Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness

cardiac catheterization (CC)

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

diapedesis

Passage of white blood cells through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules

Lateral

Pertaining to a side

Medial

Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

Palmar

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

plantar

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

visceral

Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs

cachexia

Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer; also called wasting syndrome

chloasma

Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish-brown patches or spots

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

PCP

Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician

immunocompetent

Possessing the ability to develop an immune response

tuberculosis (TB)

Potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats

pneumothorax

Presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of a thoracic surgery

sepsis

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

cholelithiasis

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

anticoagulants

Prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis

antiretrovirals

Prevent replication of viruses within host cells

antiarrhythmics

Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart

lithotripsy

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

cardiac ablation

Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia

endotracheal intubation

Procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway

photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

angiography

Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium

Holter monitor test

Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- to 48-hour period; also called event monitor test

paracentesis

Procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through the belly; also called abdominocentesis

graft rejection

Process in which a recipient's immune system identifies the transplanted graft as "foreign" and attacks or destroys it

suppuration

Process of forming pus

memory b cells

Produced during a B cell response, but are not involved in antibody producing during the initial infection; are held in reserve for the rest of your life in case you encounter that pathogen again.

Appendix

Projecting downward from the cecum is a small, wormlike structure with no apparent function

antibody

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen (combine with antigens to destroy or neutralize them)

hernia

Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)

Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow

lower gastrointestinal series

Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum; also called lower GI series or barium enema

oral cholecystography (OCG)

Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

chest x-ray (CXR)

Radiographic test that aids in identifying lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs

erythr/o (combined form)

Red

erythema

Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

acne agents (benzoyl peroxide; tretinoin)

Reduce acne through multiple mechanisms

N(X)

Regional lymph nodes that cannot be evaluated

diastole

Relaxation of the heart?

antitussives

Relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain. They alleviate nonproductive dry coughs and should not be used with productive coughs.

memory T cells

Remember antigen and quickly stimulate immune response on reexposure

ablation

Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)

biopsy (bx)

Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

bone marrow aspiration

Removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle

lymphadenectomy

Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer

débridement

Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents

sentinel node excision

Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

immunity

Resistance to disease

Diaphragmatic or Hiatal hernia

Resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm

Papillae

Rough projections on the surface of the tongue and contain taste buds

RGB

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

dermabrasion

Rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis

borborygmus

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

cirrhosis

Scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease

curettage

Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Chyme

Secretions from these glands coupled with the mechanical churning of the stomach turn the bolus into a semiliquid form called

palpitation

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

assessment techniques

Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient

lipid panel

Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

complete blood count (CBC)

Series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments

Aplastic (hypoplastic)

Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. -Commonly caused by some autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve

very severe (stages of COPD)

Severe airflow limitations, Significant impairment in quality of life, Possible life-threatening exacerbations, Possible development of complications, such as respiratory or heart failure

anaphylaxis

Severe allergic reaction

septicemia

Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning

obstipation

Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

epiglottitis

Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years

ecchimosis

Skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise

patch (test)

Skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response

scratch (test)

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture test or prick test

intradermal (test)

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction

lentigo

Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

bruit

Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

Special MRI technique that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct

electrophysiology study (EPS)

Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient's heart

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI)

Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

natural killer (NK) cells

Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out (are components of the innate immune system and do not require prior sensitization to engage in cell destruction)

coronary angiography

Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

dendritic cell

Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system

TI, T2, T3, T4

Stage II; Primary tumor size and extent of local invasion, where T1 is small with minimal invasion, and T4 is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues

NI, N2, N3, N4

Stage III; Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes, where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading, and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading

MI

Stage IV; Presence of metastasis

homeostasis

State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in the external environment (encompasses the regulatory mechanisms of the body that control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food, and waste products.)

gastr/o (combining form)

Stomach

pyloric stenosis

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

Chromatin

Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins (Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.)

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

bile pigment

Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver (Interference with the excretion of bile may lead to jaundice)

antigen

Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

rupture

Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

metabolism

Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism (includes the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents.)

proton pump inhibitors

Suppress basal and stimulated acid production by inhibiting the acid pump in the gastric cells. They treat gastric and duodenal ulcers and acid reflux. These drugs are more potent acid inhibitors than the H2 blockers.

ileorectal anastomosis

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

intestinal anastomosis

Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines

anastomosis

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

colostomy

Surgical procedure in which a surgeon forms an opening (stoma) by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place

tracheostomy

Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted

open heart surgery

Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

revision

Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

thoracentesis

Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis

septoplasty

Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures

lymphedema

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

hemorrhoids

Swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal

pH

Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. (Increasing acidity is expressed as a number less than 7; increasing alkalinity is expressed as a number greater than 7; 7 indicates a neutral substance)

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon

malabsorption syndrome

Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

percussion

Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism. (The blood carries this to the lungs, which then exhale it)

oxygen (O2)

Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration

nuclear scan

Technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures

fluoroscopy

Technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion

radiography

Technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

ultrasonography (US)

Test in which high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

polysomnography

Test of sleep cycles and stages using electroencephalograms (EEGs), which are continuous recordings of brain waves, as well as electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and, sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera

stool guaiac

Test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult (trade name of a modified guaiac test)

antinuclear antibody (ANA)

Test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual's own body cells (autoantibodies)

arterial blood gas (ABG)

Test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

blood culture

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

stool culture

Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection

prothrombin time (PT)

Test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time

throat culture

Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci

Deglutition

The act of swallowing

Hepatic flexure

The bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon.

Nasal Cavity

The breathing process begins with inhalation, as air is drawn into the? (A chamber lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs called cilia)

Transverse colon

The colon continues across the abdomen to the left side as the

Sigmoid colon

The descending colon continues until it forms the

Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

The development of blood cells into their mature forms is called

Cecum

The first 2 or 3 inches of the large intestine comprise of a small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine

innate immunity (innate immunity system)

The first type of immune defense, includes barriers designed to keep the pathogens from gaining entry into the body

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

The granulocytic leukocytes are further classified as

hair follicle

The hair root, together with its coverings, forms the?

lunula

The half-moon-shaped area at the base of the nail

pericardium

The heart is enclosed in a sac called the? (composed of three distinct layers)

Organism

The highest level of organization

mucous membrane

The inner walls of the trachea and bronchi are composed of (This is also the lining of various body cavities, including the nose, ears, and mouth)

Rugae

The interior lining of the stomach is composed of mucous membranes and contains numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds called

thrombus, blood clot

The jelly like mass of blood cells and fibrin

Body

The large central portion of the stomach and mainly a storage area

Cecum, colon and rectum

The large intestine has three main components:

Liver

The largest glandular organ in the body. Produces bile, which aids in the digestion of fat. Removes glucose (sugar) from the blood to synthesize glycogen (starch) and retain it for later use

Anus

The last part of the GI tract, terminates at the

breathing

The lungs and airways transport oxygen-enriched air from the atmosphere to the lungs and carry waste CO2 from the lungs to the atmosphere by a process called?

lymph

The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called

lymph vessels

The lymphatic system consists of a network of transporting vessels called

visceral pleura

The membrane lying closest to the lung is the?

Oral Cavity

The mouth, also known as the

nasal septum

The nasal cavity is divided into a right and left side by a vertical partition of cartilage called the?

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs, polys)

The nuclei of mature granulocytes are so deeply lobed, especially in neutrophils, that these cells appear to have multiple nuclei, providing an alternative naming classification as

Pancreatic duct

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the

nasopharynx (posterior to the nose), oropharynx (posterior to the mouth) and the laryngopharynx (superior to the larynx)

The pharynx consists of three sections?

Gastroenterologist

The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorders is known as

antibody immunity

The production of antibodies by B cells in response to an antigen.

biopsy

The removal of a small piece of tissue for examination

oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of?

acquired immunity

The second type of immune defense, identifies and specifically destroys pathogens once they have gained entry to the body

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes)

The solid components of blood include the following:

mediastinum

The space between the right and left lungs is called?

pleural cavity

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is? (It contains a small amount of lubricating fluid, which permits the visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing)

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

pulse

The surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart is referred to as a?

Gums (gingiva)

The teeth are embedded in pink, fleshy tissue known as

Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

The terminal portion of the esophagus composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach

Diaphragm

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by a muscular wall called

left subclavian vein

The thoracic duct empties into the

bronchi (singular: bronchus)

The trachea divides into two branches called? (One branch leads to the right lung and the other to the left lung)

lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Fundus

The upper portion of the stomach and mainly a storage area

larynx

The voice box which contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible?

keratosis

Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)

viscosity

Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing (A solution that high in this is relatively thick and flows slowly)

serous membrane

Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa

chromosome

Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes (Each sperm or egg has 23 unpaired chromosomes. After fertilization, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). In each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome is provided by the father and the other by the mother.)

artery, capillary, vein

Three major vessels?

fulguration

Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesiccation

Diffuse

To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

antiseptics (ethyl or isopropyl alcohol; hydrogen peroxide; povidone-iodine)

Topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions

cartilage

Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone. (The tip of the nose and the outer ear are composed of this)

superior (cephalad)

Toward the head or upper portion of a structure

superficial

Toward the surface of the body (external)

xenograft

Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft

synthetic

Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern

laxatives

Treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation

immunoglobulin (IG) therapy

Treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes

Mantoux test

Tuberculosis screening test in which an injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is placed just beneath the surface of the skin to identify a previous exposure to tuberculosis

lumen

Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

grade II

Tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated (Less resemblance to tissue of origin, More variation in size and shape of tumor cells, Increased mitoses

inversion

Turning inward or inside out

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

Exocrine

Type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

mixed

Type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously

comedo

Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin (blackhead)

Doppler US

Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch

carotid artery US

Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries

echocardiography (ECHO)

Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output

abdominal ultrasonography (AUS)

Ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder

frozen section (FS)

Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

pallor

Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin

laser surgery

Use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes

electrocauterization

Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

cryosurgery

Use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue

Bowen disease

Very early form of skin cancer, which is easily curable and characterized by a red, scaly patch on the skin; also called squamous cell carcinoma in situ

endoscopy

Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

bronchoscopy

Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor

gastrointestinal endoscopy

Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors

laryngoscopy

Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities

mediastinoscopy

Visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes

lymphangiography

Visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system

hematemesis

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

antral lavage

Washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed to respond to medical management

Hepatic duct

What goes alongside the pancreas and, together enters the duodenum?

Strangulated hernia

What may develop if the blood supply to a hernia is cut off because of pressure, which can lead to necrosis with gangrene?

Cystic duct

What structure of the gallbladder merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which leads into the duodenum?

B Antibody

What type of plasma antibody do you have if you have blood type A?

Common bile duct

When bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder releases it into the duodenum through the?

Appendectomy

When the appendix causes considerable pain and must be surgically removed

inspiration

When the diaphragm contracts, it partially descends into the abdominal cavity, thus decreasing the pressure within the chest and drawing air into the lungs. This is called?

expiration

When the diaphragm relaxes, it slowly reenters the thoracic cavity, thus increasing the pressure within the chest. As pressure increases, air leaves the lungs. This is called?

Lipase

Which enzyme digests triglycerides?

wheeze

Whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

vasodilation

Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin

adenoids

Within the nasopharynx is a collection of lymphoid tissue known as (pharyngeal tonsils)?

chemical burn

a burn caused by exposure to chemicals

atheroma

a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

autoimmune disease

a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells

central (CSA)

a form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing

Hiatus

a gap, opening or break

Cytoplasm

a jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients

pulmonary ventilation

a largely involuntary action that moves air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

heart

a muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network?

atrioventricular (AV) node

a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle?

darmatologist

a person who specializes in the skin

pulmonologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system

status asthmaticus

a prolonged, extremely severe, life-threatening asthma attack

endocardium

a serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins?

blood capillaries

a small amount of plasma seeps from

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

a specialized iron-containing compound, that gives blood cells their red color

thromboplastin

a substance that initiates clot formation

tumor grading

a system used to classify cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread

eosinophils

a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin (red)

AAA

abdominal aortic aneurysm

phagocytosis

ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles

-iasis

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

-sclerosis (arteriosclerosis)

abnormal condition of hardening (diagnostic)

-osis (cyanosis)

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) (diagnostic)

neoplasms

abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant

epi- (epidermis)

above, upon (position)

supra- (suprarenal)

above; excessive; superior (direction)

immunodeficiencies

absence of a sufficient immune response

anosmia

absence of the sense of smell

pulmonary edema

accumulation of fluid in the lungs

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

trans-

across

APTT

activated partial thromboplastin time

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

acts as a barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents

ARDS

acute respiratory distress syndrome

hyperesthesia

acute sensitivity to such sensory stimuli as touch, heat, or cold

adenoid/o

adenoids

multisystemic

affects many organs and tissues

anti- (antibacterial)

against (other common prefixes)

contra- (contraception)

against (other common prefixes)

Mucolytics

agents that destroy or dissolve mucus

bronchodilators

agents that expand the bronchi

Monocyte

agranulocyte Nucleus = Mononuclear Cytoplasm = agranular -Performs mildly phagocytic function -Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity

Lymphocyte

agranulocyte Nucleus = Mononuclear Cytoplasm = agranular -Provides acquired (specific) immunity

mononuclear lymphocytes (MNLs)

agranulocytes are more commonly called

alveoli

air sacs in the lungs

pneum/o

air, lung

pneumon/o

air, lung

plasma proteins

albumins, globulins and fibrinogen are

immunotherapy

also called biotherapy, is a newer treatment that stimulates the body's own immune defenses to fight tumor cells

lung cancer

also called bronchogenic carcinoma (is a malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree. As masses form, they block air passages and alveoli. Within a short time, they spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body, usually lymph nodes, liver, bones, brain, and kidneys. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers. High levels of pollution, radiation, and asbestos exposure may also increase risk)

alveol/o

alveolus, air sac

allergy

an acquired abnormal immune response

sensitization

an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

systemic infections

an infection throughout the body

tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system

an international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers

aneurysm/o

aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

Erythrocytes

another name for red blood cells

Leukocytes

another name for white blood cells (WBCs)

anter/o-

anterior, front

AP

anteroposterior

prophylactic treatment

antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures

autoantibodies

antibodies to self-antigens such as cells or DNA

AB, Ab, ab

antibody, abortion

APC

antigen presenting cell

autoantigens

antigens on the surface of normal body cells

ANA

antinuclear antibody

an/o

anus

proct/o

anus, rectum

aort/o

aorta (largest artery)

append/o

appendix

appendic/o

appendix

-orexia

appetite

second-degree (partial-thickness) burns

are deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis

xeroderma pigmentosum & albinism

are hereditary diseases

tonsils

are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx. They act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens.

Platelets (thrombocytes)

are the smallest formed elements found in blood. They are not true cells but merely cell fragments.

N

area lymph nodes involved

lesions

areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells

axillea

armpits

peri-

around

circum- (circumrenal)

around (direction)

peri- (periodontal)

around (direction)

ABG

arterial blood gas(es)

AV

arteriovenous, atrioventricular

arteri/o

artery

left coronary artery

artery vascularizing the left side of the heart?

right coronary artery

artery vascularizing the right side of the heart?

Tongue

assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing (deglutition)

atri/o

atrium

-phil

attraction for

AED

automated external defibrillator

AICD

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

dors/o-

back (of body)

poster/o-

back (of body), behind, posterior

posterior (dorsal)

back of the body

retro- (retroversion)

backward, behind (position)

dys-

bad, painful, difficult

dys- (dystocia)

bad; painful; difficult (other common prefixes)

vertical banded gastroplasty

bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats; also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy

BaE, BE

barium enema

BCC

basal cell carcinoma

ventr/o-

belly, belly side

infra-

below, under

inter- (intercostal)

between (position)

Prehypertension (HTN)* blood pressure

between 120-139 (systolic) and 80-89 (diastolic)

Stage 1 HTN blood pressure

between 140-159 (systolic) and 90-99 (diastolic)

choledoch/o

bile duct

cholangi/o

bile vessel

chol/e** **The e in chol/e is an exception to the rule of using the connecting vowel o

bile, gall

-desis (arthrodesis)

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint) (surgical)

Bx, bx

biopsy

incisional

biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed

excisional

biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed

melan/o

black

melan/o (melan/oma)

black (tumor of melanocytes (begins as a dark mole and can metastasize widely))

melanin

black skin pigment also known as?

Diverticula

blister like pockets

hem/o

blood

hemat/o

blood

thromb/o

blood clot

-emia (leukemia)

blood condition (diagnostic)

BP, B/P

blood pressure

A, B, AB, O

blood types in ABO blood group

hemangi/o

blood vessel

cya/o

blue

cyan/o

blue

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

BMI

body mass index

organ

body structures that perform specialized functions. They are composed of two or more tissue types

organ system

body system is composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions

BMT

bone marrow transplant

BM

bowel movement

spir/o

breath

-pnea

breathing

thermal burn

brief contact with dry or moist heat

left pulmonary veins

bring oxygen-rich blood from the left lung to the left atrium? (made of pulmonary capillaries)

right pulmonary veins

bring oxygen-rich blood from the right lung to the left atrium? (made of pulmonary capillaries)

bronchiol/o

bronchiole

bronch/o

bronchus (plural: bronchi)

bronchi/o

bronchus (plural: bronchi)

aspiration pneumonia

can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

Colorectal cancer

cancer of the colon and rectum and one of the most common types of intestinal cancer in the United States

Hepatocellular carcinoma

cancer of the liver

leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

CA

cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age

CA

cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest

malignant neoplasms

cancer; composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis)

Gastric adenocarcinoma

cancerous glandular tumor in the stomach

Esophageal carcinoma

cancerous tumor of the esophagus

CO2

carbon dioxide

-capnia

carbon dioxide (CO2)

CC

cardiac catheterization

left pulmonary artery

carries poor oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the left lung?

-cyte (hepatocyte)

cell

cyt/o -

cell

-cyte (lip/o/cyte)

cell (fat cell)

Cells share three main parts

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Levels of organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

hypochromia

cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin)

secondary skin lesions

changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease

bucc/o

cheek

sclerotherapy

chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein

-thorax

chest

pector/o

chest

steth/o

chest

thorac/o

chest

thoracodynia

chest pain

CXR

chest x-ray, chest radiograph

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body

sphincter

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

thrombus

clot

agglutin/o

clumping, gluing

anthrac/o

coal, coal dust

colon/o

colon

col/o

colon col/o/stomy -stomy:* forming an opening (mouth) *When the suffix -stomy is used with a combining form that denotes an organ, it refers to a surgical opening to the outside of the body.

chrom/o

color

combined modality treatment

combination of treatments for cancer

CBC

complete blood count

Tissue

composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions

CT

computed tomography

CTPA

computed tomography pulmonary angiography

-ia (pneumonia)

condition (noun)

-ism (thyroidism)

condition (noun)

sickle cell crisis

condition in sickle cell anemia in which the sickled cells interfere with oxygen transport, obstruct capillary blood flow, and cause fever and severe pain in the joints and abdomen

Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)

condition in which the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens, allowing stomach acid to move up into the esophagus usually resulting in a burning sensation within the chest

-y (neuropathy)

condition; process (noun)

abdominal cavity

contains the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys

thoracic cavity

contains the lungs and heart

pelvic cavity

contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs, such as the uterus in women and the prostate gland in men

CPAP

continuous positive airway pressure

antiemetics

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

CAD

coronary artery disease

productive cough

cough with spitting of material from the bronchi (mucus)

mucopurulent sputum

coughing up sputum containing white blood cells

epithelial tissue

covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the outer layer (epidermis) of the skin. It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers.

CK

creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty

-tripsy (lithotripsy)

crushing (surgical)

C&S

culture and sensitivity

CF

cystic fibrosis

-penia

decrease, deficiency

-penia (osteopenia)

decrease, deficiency (diagnostic)

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

DVT

deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis

basal layer

deepest layer of epidermis

Anemia (erythropenia, erythrocytopenia)

deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the red blood cells

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

endovenous ablation

destroying the tissue within the vein (to treat varicose veins)

Cytotoxic T (CD8) cells

determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it

Erythropoiesis

development of RBCs (red blood cells)

Dx

diagnosis

phren/o

diaphragm; mind

hetero- (heterograft)

different (other common prefixes)

diff

differential count (white blood cells)

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing

-pepsia

digestion

-ectasis (bronchiectasis)

dilation, expansion (diagnostic)

DPT

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

-rrhea

discharge, flow

-rrhea (diarrhea)

discharge, flow (diagnostic)

-pathy (myopathy)

disease (diagnostic)

pathogens

disease causing agents

Allergy and immunology

diseases of an allergic nature

DIC

disseminated intravascular coagulation

dorsal cavity

divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

ventral cavity

divided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into front and back

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

dipl- (diplo-bacteria)

double (number & measurement)

diplo- (diplopia)

double (number & measurement)

antihypertensives

drugs used to lower blood pressure

xer/o (xer/o/derma)

dry (skin is dry or dry skin)

DPI

dry powder inhaler

ichthy/o (ichthy/osis)

dry, scaly (abnormal condition of dry or scaly skin)

duoden/o

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

coni/o

dust

ECHO

echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography

electro/o

electricity

ECG, EKG

electrocardiogram, electrocardiography

EEG

electroencephalogram

EPS

electrophysiology studies

embol/o

embolus (plug)

-blast

embryonic cell

blast/o

embryonic cell

blastic

embryonic forms of all blood cell types are also called

cryoblation

employ extreme cold to remove or treat varicose veins

radiofrequency ablation

employ lasers, heat to remove or treat varicose veins

EUS

endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)

vericose veins

enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins

-megaly

enlargement

-megaly (cardiomegaly)

enlargement (diagnostic)

strata

epidermis is composed of several sublayers called?

epiglott/o

epiglottis

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

esophag/o

esophagus

ultra-

excess, beyond

ultra- (ultrasonic)

excess, beyond (direction)

Acidosis

excessive acidity of body fluids

diaphoresis

excessive sweating

hyper- (hypercalcemia)

excessive, above normal (number & measurement)

-ectomy (appendectomy, tonsilectomy)

excision, removal (surgical)

dilate

expand

Ascending colon

extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Obstipation

extreme constipation

dist/o-

far, farthest

adip/o (adip/osis)

fat (abnormal condition of fat)

lip/o (lip/oma)

fat (fatty tumor)

steat/o (steat/itis)

fat (inflammation of fatty tissue (adipose))

adipose

fat tissue

ather/o

fatty plaque

-phobia (hemophobia)

fear (diagnostic)

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract?

-pexy (mastopexy)

fixation (of an organ) (surgical)

exacerbations

flare-ups

nares

flaring of the nostrils

vesicles or bullae

fluid filled blisters

alveolar consolidation

fluid in alveoli

xen/o (xen/o/graft)

foreign, strange (transplant of foreign (temporary graft) object to protect against infection or fluid loss

morph/o

form, shape, structure

-poiesis

formation, production

spinal cavity

formed by the backbone (spine), contains the spinal cord

cranial cavity

formed by the skull, contains the brain

vegetations

formed clumps on heart valves

-stomy (tracheostomy)

forming an opening (mouth) (surgical)

-gen (carcinogen)

forming, producing, origin (diagnostic)

-genesis (carcinogenesis)

forming, producing, origin (diagnostic)

quadri- (quadriplegia)

four (number & measurement)

ab- (abduction)

from, away from (direction)

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

FS

frozen section

myc/o (dermat/o/myc/osis)

fungus or fungi (abnormal condition of fungus on the skin)

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

GBS

gallbladder series

GER

gastroesophageal reflux

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI

gastrointestinal

aden/o

gland

eu-

good, normal

eu- (eupnea)

good, normal (other common prefixes)

GVHD

graft-versus-host disease

granul/o

granule

Neutrophil

granulocyte Nucleus = Polymorphonuclear Cytoplasm = Lilac granules -First cell to arrive at a site of injury -Provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis -Dies as a result of phagocytosis

Basophil

granulocyte Nucleus = Polymorphonuclear Cytoplasm = Purple granules -Initiates inflammation -Produces histamine

Eosinophil

granulocyte Nucleus = Polymorphonuclear Cytoplasm = Red granules -Combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations) -Controls mechanisms associated with allergies

poli/o

gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)

gingiv/o

gum(s)

trich/o (trich/o/pathy)

hair (disease of the hair)

pil/o (pil/o/nid/al)

hair (pertaining to nest of hair or a skin cyst at the base of the spine)

integumentary system

hair, nails and glands

Keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

Atherosclerosis

hardening of the atheroma

scler/o

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

scler/o (scler/o/demia)

hardening; sclera: white of eye (skin hardening)

blood, lymphatic and immune systems

have separate but interrelated functions in maintaining a healthy environment within the body (homeostasis)?

invasive

having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue

cephal/o-

head

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart

myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack

-cardia

heart condition

HF

heart failure

cardiologist

heart specialist

Laxatives

help in the movement of material through a sluggish bowel

Hb, Hgb

hemoglobin

Hb, Hgb

hemoglobin (protein-iron in the blood)

HAV

hepatitis A virus

HBV

hepatitis B virus

HCV

hepatitis C virus

HDV

hepatitis D virus

HEV

hepatitis E virus

Hepatitis A

hepatitis transmitted in food, causing fever and jaundice.

Hepatitis B and C

hepatitis usually transmitted by routes other than the mouth (parenteral), such as from blood transfusions and sexual contact

-cele (hepatocele)

hernia, swelling (diagnostic)

Stage 2 HTN blood pressure

higher than 160 (systolic) and 100 (diastolic)

urticaria

hives

kerat/o (kerat/osis)

horny tissue; hard; cornea (abnormal condition of horny growth on the skin (ie: callus or wart))

HHV-8

human herpes virus 8

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HMD

hyaline membrane disease

HTN

hypertension

ile/o

ileum (third part of small intestine) ile/o/stomy -stomy*: forming an opening (mouth) *When the suffix -stomy is used with a combining form that denotes an organ, it refers to a surgical opening to the outside of the body.

cellular immunity

immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells

immun/o

immune, immunity, safe

immun/o (combining form)

immune, protection, safe

adaptive immunity

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component

Ig

immunoglobulin

ICD

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

IMP

impression (synonymous with diagnosis)

expectorants

improve the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract

in situ

in its original place

endo-

in, within

endo- (endocrine)

in, within (position)

intra- (intramuscular)

in, within (position)

mitral valve insufficiency

inability of the left atrioventricular valve to perform at the proper level (not close properly)

orthpnea

inability to breathe unless in an upright or straight position

hypersensitivities

inappropriate immune response resulting in host damage

-tomy (tracheotomy)

incision (surgical)

I&D

incision and drainage

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages.

atel/o

incomplete, imperfect

pitting edema

indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen tissue

opportunistic

infections that occur when the body's defenses are weak

hypogastric (pubic) region

inferior to the umbilical region

-itis (arthritis, bronchitis)

inflammation (diagnostic)

Appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix (when blocked)

Diverticulitis

inflammation of the diverticula. Symptoms include pain, commonly in the left lower quadrant (LLQ) of the abdomen; extreme constipation (obstipation) or diarrhea; fever; abdominal swelling; and occasional blood in bowel movements.

infective endocarditis

inflammation of the inner layer of heart tissue as a result of an infectious microorganism

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

Peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs within it)

Pulp

innermost part of the tooth and contains nerves and blood vessels

-scope (endoscope)

instrument for examining (diagnostic)

-graph (electrocardiograph)

instrument for recording (diagnostic)

sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure blood pressure

-tome (osteotome)

instrument used to cut (surgical)

electrocardiograph

instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart?

pruritus

intense itching

viscer/o

internal organs

ente/o

intestine (usually small intestine)

ID

intradermal

IV

intravenous

IVIG

intravenous immunoglobulin

M

invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor

-spasm (blepharospasm)

involuntary contraction, twitching (diagnostic)

sider/o

iron

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

is a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient. It usually occurs as a result of very serious lung conditions, such as trauma, severe pneumonia, and other major infections that affect the entire body (systemic infections) or blood (sepsis).

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)

is a form of respiratory distress syndrome seen in preterm infants or infants born to diabetic mothers. It is caused by insufficient surfactant, a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open. With insufficient surfactant, the alveoli collapse, and breathing becomes labored

Blood serum

is a product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma.

chronic bronchitis

is an inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution. However, other agents, such as viruses and bacteria, may also cause the disorder

pneumonia

is an inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, primarily the microscopic air sacs (alveoli).

emphysema

is characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli

nail root

is composed of keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelial cells producing a very tough covering and each nail is formed here also.

Abdominal pelvic cavity

is further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Plasma

is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended

jejun/o

jejunum (second part of small intestine)

first line barriers

keep pathogens from entering the body, including the skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions

Nephr, ren (word root)

kidney

nephr/o (combining form)

kidney

macro- (macrocyte)

large (number & measurement)

laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

LAT, lat

lateral

LA

left atrium

LLQ

left lower quadrant

left inguinal (iliac) region

left lower region near the groin

left lumbar region

left middle region near the waist

LUQ

left upper quadrant

left hypochondriac region

left upper region below the rib cartilage

LV

left ventricle

normal blood pressure

less than 120 (systolic) and 80 (diastolic)

localized

limited to a definite area or part

cheil/o

lip

labi/o

lip

hepat/o

liver

LFT

liver function test

lob/o

lobe

infarction

localized tissue death

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

located next to the AV node; provides the transfer of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles?

infer/o-

lower, below

pulmon/o

lung

lymph/o

lymph

lymphaden/o

lymph gland (node)

lymphangi/o

lymph vessel

MRA

magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography

MRCP

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

Dentin

main structure of the tooth

malignant melanoma

malignant growth of melanocytes

multi- (multigravida)

many, much (number & measurement)

poly- (polyphobia)

many, much (number & measurement)

-prandial

meal

bioprosthetic

mechanical device made of human or animal tissue

Mastication

mechanically breaking down food

-iatry (psychiatry)

medicine, treatment (noun)

-ist (hematologist)

medicine, treatment (noun)

hyaline membrane

membrane that has a ground-glass appearance

MDI

metered dose inhaler

lymph capillaries

microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels

capillaries

microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system?

medi/o-

middle

dermis

middle layer of skin and also known as corium?

laparoscopic appendectomy

minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor

at risk, mild (stages of COPD)

minor difficulty with airflow, possible presence of chronic cough with sputum production, patient possibly unaware of disease

MVP

mitral valve prolapse

MNL

mononuclear leukocytes

obstructive (OSA

most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs

Stomat, Or (word root)

mouth

or/o

mouth

stomat/o

mouth

sputum

mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth

MUGA scan

multiple-gated acquisition scan

my/o

muscle

myalgia

muscle pain

MI

myocardial infarction

MPI

myocardial perfusion imaging

ungu/o (ungu/al)

nail (pertaining to the nail/s)

onych/o (onych/o/malacia)

nail (softening of the nail)

nailbed

nails slide slowly over this layer of epithelial tissue as they grow

mitral valve stenosis

narrowing of the mitral valve opening usually caused by scarring from rheumatic fever

-stenosis

narrowing, stricture

sten/o

narrowing, stricture

-stenosis (arteriostenosis)

narrowing, stricture (diagnostic)

NG

nasogastric

NK cell

natural killer cell

para- (paranasal)

near, beside; beyond (may also be used as "to bear" offspring) (direction)

proxim/o-

near, nearest

NMT

nebulized mist treatment

M0

no evidence of metastasis

T0

no evidence of tumor

NHL

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

NSAID

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Benign neoplasms

noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing

nast/o

nose

rhin/o

nose

a- (amastia)

not (usually used before a consonant), without (usually used before a vowel) (other common prefixes)

an- (anesthesia)

not (usually used before a consonant), without (usually used before a vowel) (other common prefixes)

kary/o-

nucleus

nucle/o

nucleus

nucle/o-

nucleus

OSA

obstructive sleep apnea

acute

of short duration

sebaceous

oil glands and produce oil

sebum

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

ung

ointment

mono- (monotherapy)

one (number & measurement)

uni- (uninuclear)

one (number & measurement)

hemi- (hemiplegia)

one-half (number & measurement)

OCG

oral cholecystography

primary tumor

original tumor; the source of metastasis

skeletal muscle contraction, gravity, respiratory activity and valves

other methods to return blood to the heart?

stratum corneum

outermost layer of epidermis

extra-

outside

ecto- (ectogenous)

outside, outward (direction)

exo- (exotropia)

outside, outward (direction)

extra- (extracranial)

outside, outward (direction)

-algia (neuralgia)

pain (diagnostic)

-dynia (otodynia)

pain (diagnostic)

arthralgia

pain in a joint or joints

pancreat/o

pancreas

-plegia (quadriplegia)

paralysis (diagnostic)

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

nail body

part of the nail that appears pink because of the underlying vascular tissue

PCO2

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PO2

partial pressure of oxygen

PTT

partial thromboplastin time

PUD

peptic ulcer disease

PTCA

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PAD

peripheral artery disease

PA

pernicious anemia

-ar

pertaining to

-ic

pertaining to

-ac (cardiac)

pertaining to (adjective)

-al (neural)

pertaining to (adjective)

-ar (muscular)

pertaining to (adjective)

-ary (pulmonary)

pertaining to (adjective)

-eal (esophageal)

pertaining to (adjective)

-ic (thoracic)

pertaining to (adjective)

-ior (posterior)

pertaining to (adjective)

-ous (cutaneous)

pertaining to (adjective)

-tic (acoustic)

pertaining to (adjective)

indurated

pertaining to an area of hardened tissue

idiopathic

pertaining to disease of unknown origin

autoimmunity

pertaining to one's immune system attacking its own tissues or cells

Parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

PE

physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing (tube)

hematologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood

pathologists

physicians who specialize in the study of disease processes

immunologists

physicians who treat autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases, cancer, or patients who are undergoing bone marrow, organ, or stem cell transplantation

Teeth

play an important role in the initial stages of digestion by mechanically breaking down food (mastication) into smaller pieces as they mix it with saliva

pleur/o

pleura

-toxic (hepatotoxic)

poison (diagnostic)

PMN

polymorphonuclear

PMNL, poly

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

PET

positron emission tomography

congenital

present at birth

pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)

prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery?

mohs

procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains; also called micrographic surgery of the skin

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

-graphy

process of recording

-graphy (electroencephalography, angiography)

process of recording (diagnostic)

plasma cells

produce antibodies

B cells (B lymphocytes)

produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

-ptosis (blepharoptosis)

prolapse, downward displacement (diagnostic)

-phylaxis

protection

-globin

protein

PT

prothrombin time, physical therapy

helper T (CD4) cells

provide essential assistance to maintain B-cell activity; produce cytokines that activate, direct and regulate most of the other components of the immune system; require a threshold number to avoid a shutdown of the entire immune system

muscle tissue

provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.

edema

puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid

PFT

pulmonary function test

sphygm/o

pulse

PPD

purified protein derivative

pylor/o

pylorus

radi/o

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)

tachy-

rapid

tachy- (tachypnea)

rapid (other common prefixes)

Tachypnea

rapid breathing

-gram (electrocardiogram, anagram, telegram)

record, writing (diagnostic)

rect/o

rectum

eosin

red

erythr/o

red

RBC, rbc

red blood cell

sunburn

redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun

umbilical region

region of the navel

N0

regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities

systemic

relating to the whole body rather than to only a part

punch

removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

needle

removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

shave

removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade

biopsy (Bx, bx)

representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination

interstitial or tissue fluid

resembles plasma but contains slightly less protein

RV

residual volume; right ventricle

RHD

rheumatic heart disease

RF

rheumatoid factor; radio frequency

RA

right atrium

RA

right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

RLQ

right lower quadrant

right inguinal (iliac) region

right lower region of the lower row by the groin

right subclavian vein

right lymphatic duct empties into the

right lumbar region

right middle region near the waist

RUQ

right upper quadrant

right hypochondriac region

right upper region below the rib cartilage

R/O

rule out

-rrhexis (arteriorrhexis)

rupture (diagnostic)

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

homeo- (homeoplasia)

same (other common prefixes)

homo- (homograft)

same (other common prefixes)

homo- (homo/graft)

same (transplant using one owns skin or body)

squam/o (squam/ous)

scale (pertaining to thin, flat; scale like)

seb/o (seb/o/rrhea)

sebum, sebaceous (discharge of sebum)

auto- (autograft)

self, own (other common prefixes)

-lysis (paralysis, thrombolysis)

separation; destruction; loosening (surgical)

sept/o

septum

ser/o

serum

SOB

shortness of breath

later/o-

side, to one side

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

SPECT

single photon emission computed tomography

SA, S-A

sinoatrial

sinus/o

sinus, cavity

T

size and invasiveness of the primary tumor

Dermat, cutane (word root)

skin

integument

skin

cutane/o (sub/cutane/ous)

skin (pertaining to beneath the skin)

derm/o (hypo/derm/ic)

skin (pertaining to under the skin)

-derma (py/o/derma)

skin (pus on the skin; via inflammation)

dermat/o (dermat/o/plasty)

skin (surgical repair of the skin)

brady-

slow

brady- (bradycardia)

slow (other common prefixes)

micro- (microcyte)

small (number & measurement)

lymph nodes

small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels

valves

small structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood?

venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

-icle (ventricle)

small, minute (diminutive)

-ole (arteriole)

small, minute (diminutive)

-ule (venule)

small, minute (diminutive)

arterioles

smaller arteries called? (Oxygenated blood travels through)

-osmia

smell

-malacia (chondromalacia)

softening (diagnostic)

mediastinum

space between the lungs

bronchospasms

spasms in the bronchial passages

-logist (dermat/o/logist)

specialist in the study of (skin specialist)

conduction tissue

specialized cardiac tissue that has the sole function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses?

T cells (T lymphocytes)

specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity

humoral immunity

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

-ptysis

spitting

splen/o

spleen

Tis

stage I; Carcinoma in situ, which indicates that the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues

-stasis

standing still

gastr/o

stomach

second-line barriers

stop the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammation

orth/o

straight

-logy (dermat/o/logy)

study of (study of the skin)

cytology

study of cells

Hematology

study of the blood and blood diseases

cardiology

study of the heart

pulmonology

study of the lungs

dermatology

study of the skin

Histology

study of tissues

bile pigments

substances derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, produced by the liver, and excreted in the form of bile

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

left anterior descending artery

supplies blood to the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum

circumflex artery

supplies left atrium and ventricle

connective tissue

supports and connects other body tissues. There are various types of tissue, including cartilage, adipose (fat), bone, elastic fiber, and even blood.

-centesis (arthrocentesis)

surgical puncture (surgical)

endarterectomy

surgical removal of fatty deposits from the inside of the artery

-plasty (rhinoplasty)

surgical repair

Hernioplasty

surgical repair of a hernia

valvuloplasty

surgical repair of a valve

dermatoplasty

surgical repair of the skin or skin grafting

-rrhaphy (myorrhaphy)

suture (surgical)

Herniorrhaphy

suture of a hernia

-phagia

swallowing, eating

phag/o

swallowing, eating

sudor/o (sudor/esis)

sweat (condition of sweating or regulating body temperature)

hidr/o (hidr/aden/itis)

sweat (inflammation of a sweat gland)

Sudoriferous

sweat glands and produce sweat

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Sx

symptom

remissions

symptom-free periods

SLE

systemic lupus erythematosus

caud/o-

tail

right pulmonary artery

takes oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to the right lung?

dent/o

teeth

odont/o

teeth

P wave

the depolarization (contraction) of the atria?

QRS complex

the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles?

third-degree (full-thickness) burns

the epidermis and dermis are destroyed, and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch

internal respiration

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries.

external respiration

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

blood pressure (BP)

the force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat: the contraction phase (systole) when the blood is forced out of the heart and the relaxation phase (diastole) when the ventricles are filling with blood?

A, B, AB and O

the four types of human blood are

primary skin lesions

the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated

nonspecific

the innate immune system is also considered?

first-degree (superficial) burns

the least serious type of burn because they injure only the top layers of the skin, the epidermis

left ventricle

the left lower chamber of the heart. Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, then to the body?

left atrium

the left upper chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation?

parietal pleura

the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity is the?

Meninges

the membranes that line these cavities and also cover the brain and spinal cord

tunica media

the middle layer, composed of smooth muscle? (Depending on the needs of the body, this muscle can alter the size of the lumen of the vessel)

myxoma

the most common primary tumor of the heart is composed of mucous connective tissue

basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

the most common type of skin cancer, is a malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis, or hair follicles

transport of respiratory gases

the movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs by means of the cardiovascular system

myocardium

the muscular layer of the heart?

tunica externa

the outer coat, composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility?

epicardium

the outermost layer of the heart?

hair shaft

the part that is embedded in the dermis is the hair root (visible part of the hair)

actinic keratosis or bowen disease

the presence of lesions

T wave

the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles? (appears a short time later)

right ventricle

the right lower chamber of the heart and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

right atrium

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus?

Hard palate

the roofs anterior portion of the mouth

Soft palate

the roofs posterior portion of the mouth

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

the sequence of the four structures responsible for conduction of a contraction impulse?

Cell

the smallest structural and functional unit of life

Uvula

the soft, fleshy, V-shaped structure called the

tunica intima

the thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel?

Pharynx

the tongue pushes the bolus into the throat or

Trachea

the tube that leads to the lungs

Esophagus

the tube that leads to the stomach

tri- (triceps)

three (number & measurement)

dia-

through, across

dia- (diarrhea)

through, across (direction)

trans- (transvaginal)

through, across (direction)

thym/o

thymus gland

hyst/o-

tissue

necrosis

tissue death

-clasis (osteoclasis)

to break; surgical fracture (surgical)

hemolyze

to burst and release hemoglobin pigment

tom/o

to cut

gloss/o

tongue

lingu/o

tongue

tonsill/o

tonsils

ad- (adduction)

toward (direction)

trache/o

trachea (windpipe)

nervous tissue

transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.

allograft

transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft

skin graft

transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site

allergists

treat allergies and other immune disorders

Tx

treatment

-therapy (cry/o/therapy)

treatment (treatment with cold; destroy tissue via liquid nitrogen)

immunotherapy, biotherapy

treatment that stimulates the body's own immune defenses to fight tumor cells

TB

tuberculosis

-oma (neuroma)

tumor (diagnostic)

T(X)

tumor cannot be evaluated

grade III

tumor cells poorly differentiated (increased abnormality in appearance with only remote resemblance to the tissue of origin, marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells, greatly increased mitoses)

grade IV

tumor cells very poorly differentiated (abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor tissue origin is difficult; extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells)

grade I

tumor cells well differentiated (Close resemblance to tissue of origin and, thus, retaining some specialized functions)

TNM

tumor-node-metastasis

eversion

turning outward

bi- (bilateral)

two (number & measurement)

US

ultrasound

US

ultrasound; ultrasonography

sub-

under, below

infra- (infracostal)

under, below (position)

sub- (subcutaneous)

under, below (position)

hypo- (hypodermic)

under, below, deficient (position)

aniso-

unequal, dissimilar

U&L, U/L

upper and lower

UGIS

upper gastrointestinal series

epigastric region

upper middle portion

URI

upper respiratory infection

super-

upper, above

super- (superior)

upper, above (direction)

valv/o

valve

valvul/o

valve

mitral (bicuspid) valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle? (consisting of two leaflets)

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

aortic valve (aortic semilunar valve)

valve on the left side of heart; prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle; separates left ventricle from aorta?

poikil/o

varied, irregular

phleb/o

vein

ven/o

vein

ventricul/o

ventricle (of heart or brain)

ductule

very small duct

angi/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

vascul/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

-scopy (endoscopy)

visual examination (diagnostic)

-phonia

voice

-emesis

vomit

-emesis (hyperemesis)

vomiting (diagnostic)

Lavage

washing out of a body cavity, such as the colon or stomach, with water or a medicated solution

Melanocytes

what produces melanin?

incompetent

when the valves of the veins do not function properly

stratum corneum & basal layer

which skin sublayers (strata) are of greatest importance?

albin/o-

white

leuk/o

white

leuk/o-

white

WBC, wbc

white blood cell

an- (an/hidr/osis)

without, not (condition of not (being able to) sweat)

XP, XDP

xeroderma pigmentosum

cirrh/o

yellow

jaund/o

yellow

xantho/o

yellow

Jaundice (Icterus)

yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes because the liver is no longer able to remove bilirubin (a yellow compound formed during the destruction of erythrocytes). May also result when the bile duct is blocked, causing bile to enter the bloodstream.