Weeks 4 & 5: Control of Microorganisms

True

Mycoplasmas are the smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside the living host. (T/F)

controlling the growth of microorganisms

One of the most important aspects of the embalming process is:

scrubbing and the use of various forms of heat

Physical means of controlling the growth of microorganisms include:

True

Rickettsia are organisms that are normally transmitted to man by insects. (T/F)

Prion

Slow acting viruses that have a long growth period before symptoms appear are known as:

cellular protein

Some antiseptics and disinfectants react with ________________. This group of disinfectants, which includes chlorines, hypochlorites (bleach), and iodine, is effective against bacteria and their spores, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

False

Spherical bacteria are called cocci and they are spiral in shape while bacilli are rod shaped. (T/F)

True

The Genera Bacillus and Clostridium are rod shaped bacteria and can form endospores. (T/F)

True

The difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes are defined by the nucleus and the number of chromosomes. (T/F)

o Quality of the disinfectant o Concentration of the disinfectant o Nature of the material to be disinfected o Number of microorganisms present o Kind of microorganisms present o Time of exposure to disinfectant o Temperature of disinfectant during exposures o pH of disinfectant during exposure

The following factors that influence the effectiveness of disinfectants are self-explanatory:

fimbriae

The following refer to the motility of bacteria except: - flagella - monotrichous - lophotrichous - fimbriae - none of the above

False

The mucilaginous envelope formed by bacteria will not increase the virulence of the organism. (T/F)

True

The shape of the bacteria is maintained by a cell wall and all bacteria do not have a cell wall. (T/F)

psycrophiles

Those bacteria that thrive in cold temperatures are called:

False

Virulence decrease with the presence of a capsule.

True

Virulence of the bacteria is increased by the presence of a capsule. (T/F)

100°C; higher

Water normally boils at _______. If put under pressure, water boils at a _________ temperature.

the cells swell

What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?

staphylococci

Which configuration of bacteria resembles the "cue balls" set up on a pool table?

sterilization

Which of the following offers the highest level of effectiveness in destroying microbial growth?

commensalism

Which of the following terms describe a situation in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected: - commensalism - parasitism - mutalism - antagonism - symbiosis

sterilization

Which of these methods would be most beneficial in killing spores:

Facultative parasite

Which of these terms describes an organism that prefers obtaining nourishment from dead organic matter but can also obtain nourishment as a parasite?

True

Yeast and mold are called saprophytes and they get their nourishment from dead or decaying matter. (T/F)

Heat

_______ is the most effective method of sterilization. It can be applied as dry or moist.

Viricides (virucides)

_________ kill viruses.

Dry heat

_________ kills microorganisms by denaturing or coagulating the proteins they contain.

Cresols

___________ have a higher germicidal power than phenol and are less poisonous. A saponated solution, Lysol®, is an alkaline solution of ______ in soap. It makes a good disinfectant for feces and sputum. Lysol is very important in the disinfection of inanimate objects including items such as instruments, furniture, table surfaces, floors, walls, and rubber goods. Please note that the Lysol® product in the can is a dilute form of this chemical and is not as effective.

Sunlight

___________ is especially effective in killing organisms contained in the minute dried respiratory droplets that tend to disperse rapidly through the atmosphere. It indirectly affects their growth by inducing unfavorable changes in their environment.

Moist heat*

____________ also kills some microorganisms. Boiling is a highly ineffective method of sterilization because some microbial spores can withstand boiling temperature for many hours. Boiling water (100°C) will generally kill vegetative cells after about ten minutes of exposure. Some viruses, such as the hepatitis viruses, may survive exposure for up to thirty minutes. Endospores of certain Clostridium and Bacillus species may survive several hours of boiling. Free slowing steam has the same effectiveness as boiling.

Low temperature

_____________ inhibits growth by slowing down microbial metabolism. Refrigeration at 5°C slows the growth of microorganisms and keeps food fresh for a few days. Freezing at -10°C stops microbial growth, but generally does not kill microorganisms, and keeps food fresh for several months.

Scrubbing

_____________ is a manual/physical process by which microorganisms are removed from the surface. It is usually done with water and some added chemical agent such as soap, detergent, or sodium carbonate. If you are scrubbing an inanimate object, such as the embalming table or instruments, you should be quite vigorous in your efforts. However, you should never use the same amount of force on the human remains as you would on an inanimate object since you could possibly damage the skin, nails or other body parts of the deceased, which can in turn cause seepage of bodily fluids.

Embalming

_____________ is defined as the process of disinfection, preservation and restoration of human remains.

Iodophores

______________ are compounds in which iodine is carried by a surface-active solvent. The germ killing action results from the release of free iodine when the compound is diluted with water.

Halogens

______________ are widely used as antiseptics and disinfectants. They work by oxidizing the components of the microbial cells.

Hexachlorophene

______________ is about four hundred and fifty times more effective as a germicide than phenol. It is such an effective antibacterial agent that it has been commonly used in soaps, deodorants, and talcum powder. In a 3% solution, combined with detergent is used as a surgical scrub and is the active ingredient found in PhisoHex®. This agent kills most bacteria, most fungi, and some viruses, but is usually ineffective against endospores. It will alter membrane permeability and denature proteins. As a result, it has been removed as an ingredient in all baby products.

Sterilization

______________ is the process of completely removing or destroying all life forms, including viruses and spores, and/or their products both in and on the substance. This is the highest level of control. While this is the best method, it is impossible to achieve through embalming.

Fungicides

______________ kill BOTH fungi and their spores.

Aldehydes

_______________ are a group of organic compounds that control microbial growth by reacting with the proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structures. Two commonly used _______________ in the preparation room are Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde solutions.

Ultraviolet light

_______________ is a form of non-ionizing radiation that can effectively control the growth of microorganisms in its path. The sterilizing effect of sunlight comes from the ultraviolet rays present.

Glutaraldehyde

_______________ is an effective disinfectant and is a cold chemical sterilant - meaning it can be used to sterilize embalming instruments when an autoclave is not available - when activated in a 2 percent solution. It is germicidal in ten minutes and kills endospores in three to twelve hours. Some embalming fluids contain this as the main disinfecting ingredient.

Hypochlorites

________________ are made of varying strengths. The strongest solutions are used as bleaches by laundries and other establishments. The weaker solutions (such as Clorox®) are used as household bleaches and for the bacterial treatment of food-handling equipment. OSHA recommends a 1:10 dilution of bleach to water for the topical disinfection of human remains.

Isopropanol; ethanol

________________ is more effective against bacteria, whereas ______________ is more effective against viruses. Alcohols are usually used to disinfect work surfaces and as antiseptics on skin. These alcohols cannot be used to sterilize instruments, because they do not kill bacterial endospores.

Bactericides

________________ will kill bacteria, but not their spores.

Insecticides

_________________ are chemical agents that kill insects such as fleas, flies, and mosquitoes that frequently transmit infectious agents.

Larvacides

_________________ are chemical agents that kill the larval stage of insects such as fleas, flies and mosquitoes.

Phenol (carbolic acid)

_________________ is a corrosive poison. In a very diluted solution (5%) phenol will kill all microbes and most spores.

Antisepsis (bacteriostasis)

__________________ is the process by with microbial growth is inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection.

Incineration

___________________ is a form of intense dry heat which is very effective in destroying infectious material of various kinds. It provides the complete destruction of an object through burning at a high temperature and is a good method for disposable of contaminated waste products. All contaminated objects that are of no value or that cannot be used again should be burned.

Steam under pressure (autoclave)

___________________ is a highly effective method of sterilization and is commonly used. It uses the principle that any gas under pressure will increase in temperature, therefore exposing microbes to very high temperatures without the danger of burning the instruments that are being sterilized.

Disinfection

___________________ is the destruction of pathogenic or infectious agents by chemical or physical means achieved through applying the disinfectant to an inanimate object. This method offers less control of microbial growth - it does not inactivate spores, but does kill most vegetative microorganisms. The number of organisms is reduced to the point that they no longer present a serious health hazard. This is achieved through embalming.

Formaldehyde

___________________ works as a disinfectant, deodorizer, and preservative of tissues. Formalin is a concentrated, liquid form of this used as a disinfectant in which ___________ gas is dissolved in water. The presence of 1% _____________ gas in a room will kill all non- sporulating pathogenic bacteria. Of course, ______________ solutions are the main agents in embalming fluid.

Ethyl Alcohol (ethanol) and isopropanol

______________________ are the most widely used alcohols. Alcohols are normally used at concentrations between 60% and 90%. They are effective against vegetative bacteria and viruses, but have little sporicidal activity.

heavy metals, like silver and mercury

________________________________ are good germicides, but they are hazardous to the embalmer.

True

20lbs of pressure increases the temperature of boiling water to 126 degrees Celsius. (T/F)

germicide

A _____________ is a chemical agent that will kill germs (various microorganisms), but not necessarily their spores.

sterile object

A _____________ is one free of ALL life forms - including bacterial endospores and viruses.

False

A facultative anaerobe prefers an oxygen environment but can live and thrive in the absence of oxygen. (T/F)

True

A facultative parasite is an organism that usually obtains its nourishment from dead organic matter but can if necessary getting its nourishment from living matter. (T/F)

antisepsis

A synonym for bacteriostasis is:

false

All eukaryotes have a primitive, undefined nucleus. (T/F)

Streptococcus

All of the following are associated with the term endospore except: - Streptococcus - sporulating - germinating - Bacillus - Clostridium

quats; quarternary ammonium compounds

Also known as __________, _________________________ are chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that act by disrupting biological membranes and possibly by denaturing proteins. They are colorless, odorless, tasteless, stable, and non-toxic, but they are also short-lived and easily inactivated (by soap and other organic matter).

antiseptic agent

An ____________ is an agent that prevents or inhibits growth of microbes, but is safe to use on human tissue.

iodophore

An ______________ enhances the bacterial action of iodine and reduces odor. A common one is Betadine.

Formula 409

An example of Quarternary Ammonium compound is:

20 pounds for 20 minutes will kill all spores and other organisms.

Autoclave rule of thumb:

True

Bacteria reproduce by simple transverse division also known as binary fission. (T/F)

-cide; -static

Chemical antimicrobial agents fall into one of two broad groups based on their suffix. Antimicrobial agents that end in the suffix _______ are agents that will kill particular microbes and those that end in the suffix ________ will prevent growth.

the use of disinfectants.

Chemical means of controlling the growth of microorganisms include

well-hydrated state

Coagulation of protein occurs more readily when the protein is in a ___________________.

disinfection and preservation

Controlling microbial growth is reflected in the first two aspects of the embalming process:

True

During autoclaving, the materials to be sterilized are placed under 15 pounds per square inch of pressure in a pressure-cooker type of apparatus. When put under fifteen pounds of pressure, the boiling point of water is raised to 121°C, a temperature sufficient to kill bacterial endospores. At 20 lbs of pressure, the temperature elevates to 126°C. (T/F)

Benzalkonium chloride

Example of quats

False

Formaldehyde can be used to kill endospores on embalming equipment when an autoclave is not available. (T/F)

True

Free flowing steam has the same effectiveness in killing microbes as boiling water at 100 degrees C. (T/F)

mycology

Fungi are uni and multicellular organisms. The study of these organisms is called?

species

In the name Salmonella typhi, the second name is the:

the embalmer's

It is ______________'sresponsibility to protect not only themselves, but also the public, from the transmission of diseases from the human remains.

True

It is important to control the growth of microbes in the environment of the preparation room. (T/F)

True

Low temperature and high temperature will inhibit microbial growth. (T/F)