Western Civ Exam
What percentage of the population was nobility?
1.5%
In his final battle, Napoleon was defeated by
A combined British and Prussian army
Madame du Chatelet, Voltaire's longtime companion
Believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of education
Napoleon's unified law system
Civil Code
Napoleon's relatives ruled
Dependent states
Status group
Estate
European expansion was driven by all of the following EXCEPT
Fear of African Empires
Minister of Justice for the Paris commune
Georges Danton
To portuguese explorers, the southern coast of West Africa became known as te
Gold Coast
The Aztec rules of Mexico fought against the forces of which Spanish conquistador?
Hernan Cortes
On the Iberian Peninsula, who were the people referred to as New Christians?
Jewish and Muslim converts
In 1791 a new constitution was set up in France to allow "active" citizens to vote. What were "active" citizens?
Men over 25 who paid a certain amount of taxes
A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.
Navigation acts
The National Assembly's Constitution of 1791
Set up a limited monarchy
Invention that improved thread production
Spinning jenny
Who were the first European settler of the Hudson River valley?
The Dutch
What was unique about the people of the Third Estate?
They paid taxes
View that monarchy was the best form of government that all elements of society should serve the monarch an in turn the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public's good
cameralism
Sworn associates of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles
communes
A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding nature
humanism
A popular style in Europe in the 18th century known for soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers protected by hovering cupid
rococo
The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's will
virtu
What percentage of land was owned by the clergy?
25%
How many years did it take for Napoleon to rise from brigadier general to the leader of all France?
5
What was the Star Chamber?
A court that dealt with noble threats to royal power in England
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762
A military coup
Luther believed that the church consisted of
A spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers
The French National Assembly swore the Tennis Court Oath, which was
A vow to continue to meet until they had produced a French constitution
Promotion within Napoleon's government and military was based on which of the following?
Ability
Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.
The Paris Commune called for universal male suffrage, allowing
All adult males to vote
How, according to the passage, is law an expression of the general will?
All citizens are able to influence the law's creation.
In Historial and Clerical Dictionary, Pierre bayle demonstrated that
All knowledge can be questioned and doubted
During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?
Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others favoring the Italian pope
The Paris Bastille was which of the following?
An armory and prison
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
Appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests
Napoleon's Civil Code treated women
As less than equal to men
The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved almost 12 million Africans.
Atlantic slave trade
The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
Babylonian Captivity
The ___ is the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.
Balance of trade
Promotion within Napoleon's new bureaucracy was
Based on ability only, not rank or birth
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
Became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
Become landless rural wage earners.
Carnivals-what were they and what was its purpose and activities happened ( twice a year harvest season and spring season (slaughters animals) and fest (feel good to our bodies) bear baiting (bear against dog---bet on bear or dog who is going to win) bull baiting (bull against dog----bulldogs) rat pit (rat terrier)
Blood sports: events such as bull baiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the 18th century European masses Cock fights
Merchants, bankers, industrialists, professionals
Bourgeoisie
The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility
Boyars
16th century Spanish colonial holdings in America included all of the following EXCEPT
Brazil
The English established colonies or trade relation in all of the following locations EXCEPT
Brazil
Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
How did the English induce panic among the French troops at the Battle of Crecy?
By using the longbow to send a torrent of arrows into the French, followed by artillery from the ring of cannon
By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.
Money supply
Capital
Descartes view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter
Cartesian dualism
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
Catholic Reformation
Who aided the European powers in exerting control in the New World?
Catholic missionaries
Johannes Kepler believed tha the elliptical orbit of the planets
Caused each planet to move at uniform sped
54. Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
Change the general way of thinking and free it from religion
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country
Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions.
Christian humanists
What individuals believed in the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people.
Christian humanists
Who among the following believed he had discovered a westward passage to Asia, when in fact he had actually discovered America
Christopher Columbus
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human
Popularly run city council
Commune
People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and lay people, rather than in the pope alone.
Conciliarists
The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
Confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.
Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
Confraternities
During its rule, the government of the Directory was opposed by which of the following?
Conservatives and radicals
In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the
Consolidation
A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other; could include constitutional monarchies or republics
Constitutionalism
Political power in the Dutch Republic was
Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
Convicted prisoners
The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
Copernican hypothesis
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?
Cosimo de Medici
Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state
Cossacks
A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.
Cottage industry
Production method using rural at-home workers
Cottage industry
The production of ____ was one of the first industries to be affected by the Industrial Revolution
Cotton cloth
Upper legislative house under the Constitution of 1795
Council of Elders
The Reign of Terror set up revolutionary courts to prosecute
Counterrevolutionaries
Sudden overthrow of a government
Coup d'etat
Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts
Courts
What battle provided the English and King Edward III a tremendous victory over mounted French knights in 1347?
Crecy
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
Creoles.
A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.
Debt peonage
Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt.
The Committee of Public Safety originally implemented the Reign of Terror to
Defend France against foreign armies
The Committee of Public Safety was given broad powers to
Defend France from threats
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would.
Detract from the sovereignty of God
Napoleon's coup d'etat overthrew the ______ to establish his consulate
Directory
Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population
Doubled.
Mercanitlist theory postulated that
Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that "the invisible hand" of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.
Economic liberalism
A document issued by Henry VI of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship of Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
Edict of Nantes
Individuals qualified to vote
Electors
The social change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was evident in the
Emergence of the middle class and the working class
Which French government lasted the longest during the period from 1789 to 1815?
Empire
The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming pasture.
Enclosure
55. Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
England and Spain
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicize
The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth century that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.
Enlightenment
What were some of the most important causes of the French Revolution?
Enlightenment ideas, rigid social structure, financial crisis
How did the Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity which demonstrated the possiblity of human progress
Seekers of new business opportunities
Entrepreneurs
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen proclaimed
Equal rights for all men, but no political rights for women
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen proclaimed all of the following EXCEPT
Equal rights for women
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494,
Established a line of demarcation between territories controlled by Portugal and those controlled by Spain
How did the idea of the race transform Europeans idea of their superiroty over other people's?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superiror as well as culturally superior
The Colloquy of Marburg
Failed to resolve the differences among protestants on the issue of the Eucharist.
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?
Families were forced to take over the care and support of women who had no productive role.
The Industrial Revolution created new jobs in all of the following EXCEPT
Farming
Which explorer is wrongly remembered as the first to circumnavigate the globe.
Ferdinand Magellan
People who believed that the plague was god's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
Flagellants
Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was
France.
In issuing the Statute of Laborers (1351), what were English lords attempting to do?
Freeze salaries and wages at pre-1347 levels
A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation
Fronde
Cardinal Jules Mazarin struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprising of 1648-53, known as the
Fronde
The discipline pf natural philosophy focused on
Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
The two dissenting groups within the National Convention were the
Girondins and the Mountain
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was
Giving all power of all institutions over to the monarchy
Industrial countries needed a moderate literacy work force
God helped...actively read bible
Napoleon's military force was called the
Grand Army
The Edict of Nantes
Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.
In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Great Britain
The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
Great Schism
The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the
Great commercial revival in Italy
The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death
Greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture.
Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance?
Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors
"Fur-collar crime" refers to
Groups of nobles who roamed the English countryside stealing from the rich and poor and demanding protection money
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Growth in armed forces
In seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, guild masters
Guarded their guild privileges jealousy.
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.
Guild system
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the
Habsburg-Valois Wars.
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.
The Second Estate did all of the following EXCEPT
Harvest crops for the clergy
The Jewish enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
Hasaklah
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government, even if they were all terrible
Which of the following characterizes Girolamo Savonarola?
He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations he lost authority.
How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.
In which of the following ways did Charles VII of France expand his authority?
He expelled the English from all French soil except Calais.
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants (Nobles of the Robes), commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts
How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
He ordered all prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists
How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?
He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland
How did Robespierre gain support to win election to the National convention?
He spoke out and was a defender of democracy
Why did Napoleon sell French land to the United States?
He was afraid the British would be able to take it
Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers?
His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who opposed to the Church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism.
To ensure loyalty, who did Napoleon install on the thrones of the lands he conquered?
His relatives
The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
Holy Office
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
Human development is determined by education and society
A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
Hundred Years' War
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
Idealized space where indviduals gathered to discuss social and political issues
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
Improved water supply and sewage systems.
The textile industry met its last major challenge to full mechanization with the development
Improvements to the steam engine
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
In all regions
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.
The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.
Industrious revolution
One important mode of influencing public opinion, used by the English and French kings during the Hundred Years' War, was
Instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons.
According to the passage, why did this action have the most enduring and significant consequences?
It gave the United States significant territorial power.
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravity bring scientific revolution to maturity?
It proved that the workings of nature could be understood without reference of God
A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
Jacquerie
The steam engine, used to drive machinery, was improved by
James Watt
Who developed a steam engine that could drive machinery?
James Watt
The core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-muslim parts of the empire after 1683 it became a volunteer force
Janissary corps
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilists policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
Jesuits
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Jewish community isolated itself from the Christian community as racial thinking emerged
How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?
Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.
Which of the following explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England?
John Cabot
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by
John Locke
The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia; they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state
Junkers
French revolutionaries used the guillotine to execute King Louis XVI because they believe that it
Killed humanely
What was the cause of the Hundred Years' War between England and France?
King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine
In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argues that
Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.
Which of the following contributed to Britain's Industrial Revolution?
Large labor force
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in the European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects; quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Confraternities were part of a movement in which
Laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs.
Why did Leopold the II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in 1790?
Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria
Which of the following is the belief that people should be as free as possible from government restraints?
Liberalism
The period of climate change in Europe between 1300 and 1450 is known as the
Little ice age
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was
London
What English weapon provided an advantage against the mounted French Knights in the battles of Poitiers and Agincourt?
Longbow
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?
Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.
The Statute of Kilkenny attempted to
Maintain the ethnic purity of the English living in Ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation.
In early Renaissance,
Manifested corporate power
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
Which of the following was guillotined on July 28, 1794, thus ending the Reign of Terror and the most radical part of the French Revolution?
Maximilien Robespierre
Who was the radical Jacobin that pursued the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
A system of economic regulation aimed at increasing the state's power; it was based on the belief that a nation's wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver; determined its international power
Mercantilism
What was the name of the set principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century?
Mercantilism
What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine chapel?
Michelangelo
A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each nation enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders
Millet system
The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or
Millets
The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes' theories of nature was that
Mind and matter could be reduced to the same substance
Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas were divided into all the following social classes EXCEPT
Mitas
Colonial America was divided into all the following social classes EXCEPT
Moluccas
WHY were most folks in europe in their late 20s when they were finally married/Community controls
Moral , social, and economical, Moral: most important bc of there was a 10yr gap between marriage and puberty soooo premarital sex was a huge thing ;) this led to an increase in illegitimate births since birth control was rare and primitive., Economical: controls attempted to make sure the economy of village was good and shizzz, Wanted to make sure peasants were stable so they could support family
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
More wars and likely fewer people.
The Directory was eventually toppled by which of the following?
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Portuguese and Spanish profited from their colonies in Latin America from all of the following except
Native American arts and crafts
An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we call "science" today
Natural philosophy
Diets of people
Peasant Diets—wheat, beans, soup and limited meat. Potato was later incorporated into the diet When prices rose above they often rioted. Diet of the Wealthy—The wealthy ate an abundance of meat and fish dishes with piquant sauces, sweets, cheeses, and copious amounts of wine. MEAT
Which of the following groups joined in the Jacquerie rebellion in France, killing nobles and destroying noble property?
Peasants and small merchants
What is the correct list of social classes from colonial Latin America?
Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattoes
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system, based on a meritocracy?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions
A striking feature of salons was that
Philosophes, nobles, and member of the upper middle clas intermingled
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)? In this instance, think of "critical" as "skeptical"
Pierre Bayle
Which of the following was a settlement of people living in a new territory linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control?
Plantation
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in 15th century?
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.
Politiques
What was the name given the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France?
Politiques
The industrious revolution was a result of
Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to
Popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
Postulated a sun centered view of the universe
The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
Predestination
Typically, French classicism
Presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to
Prevent Charles V from increasing his power.
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the
Prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France
The tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by
Promoting peace and social order at the local level
The French military dictatorship (1653058) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I
Protectorate
The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
Protestant
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to nicolaus Copernicus' hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus idea that the earth moved while the catholic church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis heretical in during the 1600s when they finally heard about it
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it
Provided order, security, and safety
Which powers participated in partitioning Poland in the 18th century?
Prussia, Russia, Austria
The Junkers were
Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
Puritanical military dictatorship
Members of a sixteenth and seventeenth century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonial, and wedding rings
Puritans
In its attempts to create a new order that reflected its belief in reason and to undermine any lingering power of the Church, the National Convention
Pursued a policy of del-Christianization, going so far as to adopt a new calendar
The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.
Putting-out system
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
Reduced nobles' power over their serfs but did not end serfdom all together
According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
Remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.
A french word meaning 'rebirth" used to describe the rebirth of culture of classical antiquity in Italy during 14-16th century..
Renaissance
What French word was coined by historian Giorgio Vasari to describe the rebirth of the culture of classical and antiquity?
Renaissance
Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
Representative assemblies
A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives
Republicanism
The spinning of thread for the loom
Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.
The dissolution of English monasteries
Resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.
The Russians defeated Napoleon's superior Grand Army by
Retreating hundreds of miles and burning their own villages and countryside
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, ans sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Rococo
Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy
Salon
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?
Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
"Without breeches" members of the Paris commune
Sans-culottes
What was theologian John Wycliffe's main argument?
Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice,
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
Securing reconciliation with the Protestants
The Concordat of Bologna between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X gave the French monarch the authority to
Select bishops and abbots
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
Shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually
Government by one man rule in Italian cities such as Milan also refer to these rulers as
Signori
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
Simplfying persian laws
Government ownership and control of production
Socialism
The religious life of Bridget of Sweden demonstrates that
Some expressions of piety and religious devotion included mystical experiences.
According to the table, which country was considered dependent state of France in 1812?
Spain
Which of the following is NOT a reason why enslaved people from Africa were needed i the Carribean Islands?
Spain respect the Native Americans and did not want to enslave them
Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
Spanish Armada
In Hungary, Lutheranism was
Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.
The executive officers in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange
Stadtholder
Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying access to ecclesiastical offices.
Statutes of Kilkenny
One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by
Stenka Razin
Napoleon's Continental system was designed to
Stop British trade with Europe
Italian humanists stressed the
Study of classics for what they could reveal about human nature
Originally, enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas to supply labor for the
Sugarcane plantations
The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves
Sultan
France's chief tax
Taille
The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to
Target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice
Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend universities
Test Act
The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 gave SPain control of almost all of
The Americas
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
The Atlantic economy.
The most important of the seven legal codes established by Napoleon was
The Civil Code
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman?
The Courtier
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.
In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of
The House of Orange
John Calvin's formulation of Christian Doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Englitenment?
The Persian Letter
Napoleon's government after 1799
The consulate
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of
The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure act?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century
The emergence of scientific racism
Rousseau concept of the general will asserts that
The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?
The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy
Which of the following characterized Joan of Arc's experience in the French military?
The king made her co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories.
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
The necessity to provide for a densely populated country.
Which of the following characterizes the hierarchies of wealth and order in the Renaissance?
The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of renaissance artists?
The patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
The political leaders of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.
From 1701 5o 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
The power of the best ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable because it asserted that
The problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773
Which of the following did Francesco Petrarch believe?
The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement.
The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to
The size and strength of British naval power.
Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?
The sultan's slave corps
What were the two major reasons that Napoleon's Grand Empire collapsed?
The survival of Great Britain and the force of nationalism
Which of France's estates paid the taxes?
The third estate
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
Their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.
Which of the following inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance?
They could not work in public where the fresco techniques was done
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
They eliminated all taxes
How did governments respond to the new science
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
On the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves?
They intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them
Which of the following was characteristic of the rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries?
They involved both rural and urban laboring people.
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
They viewed marriage as a contract of mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.
Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.
What was the primary goal of Galileo Gallilei experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate
What was the typical goal of a woman pursuing a charge of rape?
To restore her honorable reputation
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the
Treaty of Paris
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.
Treaty of Paris
Foundling homes?? Why ? who started them? The conditions
Ultimately the death place of babies, Established b/c of illegitimate births in particular the " boom" , Babies were left on the streets, woods almost anywhere and left to starve. All b/c the instability of families, Started By churches, The conditions were terrible....high af mortality rate
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Union of Utrecht
The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by
Urban congestion and lack of sanitation.
What new religious order for women emerged in the sixteenth century?
Ursuline Order
Vasco da Gama's discovery of a route to India by sea proved to be
Very profitable, since da Gama returned with a cargo of spices and made a profit of several thousand percent
The Spanish king appointed ___ to rule his American empire.
Viceroys
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
Was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.
Joseph II conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
Was opposed by nobles and unleashed social and economic instability
Within the family, the operation of the loom
Was reserved for the male head of household.
Napoleon's final defeat
Waterloo
The Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon at
Waterloo in Belgium
Jesuit missions in the New World?
Were well organized and profitable
Who benefited from the Black Death?
Workers; those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing standard of living for the broad mass of people
Reforms
_in germany and scandinavia that called for "softer" religion
A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning or speculation.
empiricism
Francis Bacon formalized the research of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism
Term coined by historians to describe the rule of the 18th century monarchs who without renouncing their absolute authority adopted Enlightenment ideals for rationalism, progress and tolerance
enlightened absolutism
The approach, pioneered by Galileo that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation
experimental method
A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues to be in motion unless stopped by some external force
law of inertia
Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, individuals often to produce works or works in specific styles
patronage
A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were the bringing of light and knowledge to their fellow humans in Age of Enlightenment
philosophes
Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power
popolo
In terms of gender relations, renaissance humanists argued that Women's sphere of activity was
private and domestic
A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was submitted to reason.
rationalism
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.
reading revolution
Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance?
A glorification of individual genius
According to mercantilists, the prosperity of the nation depended on
A large supply of bullion, gold, and silver
What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to?
A lengthy civil war
According to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Bishops and priests were to be elected by the people and paid by the state
Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
Black Death
By 1840 Britain's most valuable product was
Cotton cloth
What does this passage suggest about Napoleon?
He shaped his life according to his own plan.
French Calvinists.
Huguenots
What is the name given to French Protestants?
Huguenots
The spread of the factory system resulted in
Increased exports of British cotton goods
A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
Indulgence
Who was Denis Diderot co-editor of Encyclopedia?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print?
Johann Gutenberg
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of
Johann Sebastian Bach
A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries earlier.
New Christians
Louis XIV selected councilors from the
Newly ennobled or upper middle class
According to the passage, are all citizens given public office?
No; all citizens are equal, but some with more talent and skill earn public office.
Portugal maintained a colonial or trade interest in all of the following EXCEPT
North America
How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies?
Only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over its nobility.
Luther viewed celibacy as
Opposed to human nature and God's commandments
The term sans-culottes, meaning "without breeches," implied that the members of this political group were
Ordinary patriots and citizens who did not wear fancy pants
A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire
Peace of Utrecht
The name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe
Peace of Westphalia
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing publication to
Principia Mathematica
The factory created a new labor in which
Products were produced by an assembly line of workers
The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage-earners.
Proletarianization
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called
St. Petersburg
The _____ was crucial to Britain's Industrial Revolution
Steam engine
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
The British colonial empire.
What was the name for the journey of enslaved persons from Africa to America?
The Middle Passage
Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance of idea of virtu?
The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will
The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was
The collection of a tax on all adult males
Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes, but was an improvement
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages.
What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.
Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?
They held strong anti-German feelings.
What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?
They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.
How did the flagellants respond to the Black Death?
They whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanities wickedness.
When Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates-General in 1789, which estate wanted to set up a constitutional government?
Third Estate
Louis XVI was forced to accept the National Assembly's decrees because
Thousands of armed Parisian women descended on the palace and captured him and his family.
Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was.
To side with the peasants.
An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the enlightenment where the public came together to discuss important details relating to society, economics, and politics
public sphere
Dissenting groups
Factions
Napoleon's birthplace
Corsica
Opposition to the clergy.
Anticlericalism
