Western Civilization Chapter 13-16

Inspired by the idea of "the rights of man" and radical republicanism, the ________ Revolution rejected the monarchical European political order and worked to establish its supporters' independence from Britain.

American

The reformist efforts of several "enlightened absolutists" led to some significant political changes throughout Europe. Even in France, King Louis XVI appointed _________, a philosophe, to help run his government.

Anne-Robert Turgot

The Jews never prophesied the coming of Christ.

Anthony Collins

The Jansenists were a group of _______ who argued that Christians should separate themselves from the world and live in a state of ascetic deprivation and penance.

Catholics

England

Charles I

In the seventeenth century some women were able to live outside of the rigid hierarchy of the Catholic Church while still maintaining their commitment and service to the poor and uneducated. What was the name of one such religious organization, founded in 1668 by Saint Vincent de Paul and Saint Louise de Marillac?

Daughters of Charity

The Natural History of Religion

David Hume

For decades, the British attempted (and failed) to defeat a separatist community of escaped Jamaican slaves in a conflict known as the

First Maroon War.

The "proto-feminist" writings of ________ claimed that women should enjoy absolute equality to men.

François Poulain de la Barre

The law of universal gravitation was originally proposed by

Isaac Newton.

All bodies are attracted to other bodies by a force that is proportionate to the product of their mass and inversely proportionate to the square of their distance.

Issac Newton

Man: A Machine

Julien de La Mettrie

Only after reaching an agreement with the ______ could Frederick William effectively govern Prussia.

Junkers

Which of the following statements about the activities of women during the period is accurate?

Musical training became an important part of middle- and upper-class women's education.

After seizing the territory of Silesia from the Austrians during the War of Austrian Succession, _______ emerged as a serious political power in Europe.

Prussia

The massacre of Jews by the Cossacks in parts of Poland-Lithuania contributed to the rise of religious radicalism in the seventeenth century. In Smyrna's Jewish community, a young man named __________ claimed to be the Jewish Messiah and traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire preaching that God's kingdom was coming soon.

Shabbetai Sevi

From 1650 to 1672, the Dutch lived under a republican government. The people elected representatives to a national political forum known as the

State General

In an effort to emulate the glory of ancient Greece and Rome, Louis XIV heavily supported and promoted

The arts

English Protestants were permitted to worship however they pleased after the 1689 passage of the

Toleration Act.

Candide

Voltaire

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that there were natural laws of human thought, just like there were natural laws of physics. One of those laws, he argued, was that when a human being was born, his or her mind was

a blank slate.

Europeans enjoyed a favorable climate and few natural disasters from 1740 to 1780. One significant disaster that served as an exception to this period of prosperity was

a massive earthquake in Lisbon.

Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army was unique. Unlike other European militaries, the New Model Army worked to

advance an ideological agenda rather than a social or national one.

After defeating Charles I, several different political factions formed within the New Model Army. One of these factions, the Levellers, argued that voting rights be extended to

all adult men

In his 1724 book The Customs of American Savages Compared to the Customs of Early Times, Joseph-François Lafitau compared American Indians to the

ancients Greeks.

Frederick I and Frederick William I both focused on expanding and strengthening Prussia's

army.

In his satirical essay "A Modest Proposal," Jonathan Swift argued that the best solution to the eighteenth-century Irish food shortage was to decrease Ireland's population by

eating Irish children.

In 1689 the English Parliament issued a "Bill of Rights," an act that

established Parliament as England's sovereign body.

One reason for the decline of formal religious observance in Europe was the

growing influence of skepticism.

Enlightenment thinkers celebrated the work of Isaac Newton. They understood Newton as an example of how

human reason could discover nature's mysteries.

After realizing the potential profitability of using slave labor in the Caribbean colonies, European landowners began forcefully transporting enormous numbers of enslaved Africans to the Caribbean. The resulting demographic changes, in which free whites were incredibly outnumbered by black slaves, led the colonizers to increasingly depend on the _________ of their home country.

military

Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe was, arguably, the first

modern realist novel.

In the late seventeenth century, changes to the _______ made it a more efficient, more controlled, and more lethal weapon.

musket

According to the textbook, the most important literary genre of the eighteenth century was the _________.

novel

According to the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the innate goodness of human beings was corrupted by the invention of

property rights.

William Penn's Pennsylvania colony attracted large numbers of German migrants because of its commitment to

religious liberty.

Through the use of a letter-writing campaign, the publication of newspaper articles, and the circulation of pamphlets, Voltaire led a successful campaign to posthumously reverse the guilty verdict of Jean Calas. The popularity and success of this campaign reflects the French public's changing views on

religious tolerance.

The production of ______ demanded a particularly brutal system of slave labor. Despite its cruelty, dependence on this system made Saint-Domingue the wealthiest eighteenth-century colony in the world.

sugar

By the mid-seventeenth century, European colonies in the Caribbean had become more profitable than the colonies on North America's mainland. This was largely due to

the diversity of cash crops available in the Caribbean.

What did many Enlightenment intellectuals, such as Montesquieu and Scottish thinkers, believe to be the primary characteristic of modern civilization?

the idea that violent passion had given way to gentle feeling that encouraged peaceful social intercourse

The Eighty Years' War between the Habsburgs and the Dutch eventually resulted in

the independence of the Netherlands.

After the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, warfare consistently became less and less violent in Europe. The most important reason for this change was

the influence of the aristocracy in society and in the military.

The Thirty Years' War was rife with incredible violence. After 1648, rulers of major European states worked to avoid the most horrific potential brutalities and destruction of war by

transforming mercenary regiments into state armies.

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

While not the first to argue that public benefits could be reaped from individual self-interest, ______________ was the Enlightenment's most effective and convincing advocate for what we now refer to as laissez-faire or free-market capitalism.

Adam Smith

In 1637 Charles I provoked political resistance and riots throughout Scotland after forcing the Church of Scotland to adopt the

Church of England's Book of Common Prayer.

Which of the following accurately describes intellectuals during the Enlightenment?

Enlightenment intellectuals began to write for a broader audience, seeking not only to persuade them but also to entertain them.

Denmark

Fredrick III

In 1660 the government of Denmark consolidated under the supreme sovereign power of

Fredrick III

Prussia

Fredrick William

Louis XIV's brand of absolutism was distinguished from other absolutist European states in the sense that

It glorified the monarch as a demi-god.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the state of Britain's Parliament following the British civil wars?

It remained the active center of politics, and within it, two factions emerged that would eventually develop into the first political parties.

Which of the following figures famously led voyages in the Pacific Ocean and investigated indigenous populations as well as flora and fauna?

James Cook

The Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Portugal

John IV

Consent of the governed gives the government legitimacy.

John Locke

Human societies evolve from "primitive" to "advanced" stages.

Joseph François-Lafitau

France

Louis XIV

Which of the following statements about the Quakers is accurate?

Many opposed slavery and all forms of violence and persecution.

God is an unknowing creator who does not interfere the world's affairs.

Matthew Tindal

During the Anglo-Dutch trade wars, Britain captured the city of New Amsterdam and changed its name to

New York

Which of the following statements about European women during the period is accurate?

Novels opened new psychological horizons for many middle-class and aristocratic women.

British Parliament began demanding more financial contributions from its overseas colonies after 1763. This is largely because

Parliament needed to raise revenue after the costs of the Seven Years' War.

The military forces of the ___________ forced Charles I to flee London, raise his own army, and engage in civil war.

Parliamentarians

The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with a series of treaties and negotiations known as the

Peace of Westphalia.

The British and the Austrian Habsburgs led a military alliance against the French during the War of the Spanish Succession. This war began after the Spanish king, Charles II, left his entire empire to

Philip V.

Religion cannot be defended by reason.

Pierre Bayle

While the intellectuals and theologians of the Renaissance began to apply textual criticism to many early religious writings, the Bible itself only confronted such criticism after __________ published the Critical History of the Old Testament in 1685.

Richard Simon

Of the 11 million Africans enslaved and shipped to the Americas, the vast majority were sent to _________.

South America and the Caribbean

During the Great Northern War, Peter the Great was able to expand the power and influence of Russia at the expense of

Sweden.

In 1660 General George Monck launched a coup in Britain, eventually reinstating a government under the control of

The monarch

What view did classical republicans, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, hold toward women?

They believed that women were unfit for public life because they were too emotional.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine

During England's "Glorious Revolution," Parliament declared ___________ and Mary II co-monarchs.

William III

Netherlands

William III

As French culture and the French language became central to the books, ideas, and politics of eighteenth-century Europe, some writers and intellectuals rejected cosmopolitanism in favor of their own national cultures. One example of this anti-cosmopolitanism was the creation of an English literary canon focused on the work of

William Shakespeare.

After the Glorious Revolution, English Parliament was able to solidify and consolidate its political power, in part, due to

a series of weak and disinterested monarchs.

Arguably the most important common belief shared among Enlightenment-era thinkers was

a supreme confidence in the powers of reason.

The appointment of William III to the position of "stadholder" in 1672 led the Dutch into

civil war.

The single greatest source of Europe's economic expansion through the mid-eighteenth-century was probably

colonialism.

Throughout the reign of Louis XIV, France's chief weakness was its

finances.

In 1720, both Britain and France experienced the bursts of economic bubbles brought on by

inflated stock share prices.

By the mid-eighteenth century, social elites abandoned _______ customs and tradition for a commonly shared cosmopolitan high culture.

local

In Europe's urban centers, malnutrition was a serious problem. During times of particular economic hardship it became an even more pronounced issue, leading many men and women to rely on what today's historians call an economy of ________ for survival.

makeshifts

Religious enthusiasm, Bible study, and "revival" meetings were all important elements of the movement known as _____________.

pietism

In his book The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argued that people could only escape their "natural condition" by establishing a societal "covenant" in which they exchanged their natural rights for _______ from a sovereign.

protection

The Fronde rebellion failed to alter the social or political structures of seventeenth-century France. One reason for this was that the rebels

remained loyal to the monarch.

Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, nation-states most often came together in alliances so as to primarily

restrain ambitious states.

Spurred on, in part, by the idea of "the rights of man," Guillaume-Thomas-François Raynal published The History of the Two Indies in 1770. In it, he condemned

slavery.

Seventeenth-century universities focused primarily on educating theologians, lawyers, and doctors. For intellectual comradery, publications, and exchange, scientists relied instead on

societies.

Due in no small part to the "putting out" system, roughly half of the peasants living in the Low Countries and northern France had given up full-time farm work by 1780. Instead, they found employment with the _______ industry.

textile

When the Hungarian Protestants revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in the seventeenth century, they received a great deal of support from

the Ottomans.

Peter the Great was successful in centralizing state power, building a Russian navy, and curbing the influence of the Russian boyars. He also required the aristocrats to serve in the military, shave their beards, and wear non-traditional clothing, all in an attempt to emulate the governments and societies of

western Europe.