Western Civilization — Final 2

To achieve the goal of absolutist rule, _________ was an absolute necessity. A groundswell of popular support from the peasants A strong, centralized, loyal bureaucracy A well-oiled propaganda machine The support of every noble in the realm

A strong, centralized, loyal bureaucracy

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn? Because the pope wanted the Tudor dynasty to come to an end. Because the pope believed Henry's marriage to Catherine was valid. Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for an annulment. Because the Catholic Church does not permit divorce and remarriage under any circumstance whatsoever.

Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for an annulment.

Louis XIV recruited members of the _________ to work as royal intendants. Clergy Educated peasant class Bourgeoisie Military

Bourgeoisie

The War of the Spanish Succession was fought when the Spanish king, _________, died without an heir. Philip of Anjoub Philip II Leopold I Charles II William of Orange

Charles II

After conquering territory in what is now Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Armenia, and Anatolia, the Mongols who controlled this territory, called the Ilkhanate, converted to: Zoroastrianism. Islam. Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Roman Catholicism.

Islam.

How did the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV in 1598, end the French Wars of Religion? None of the above. It made Protestantism the religion of the land. It granted Protestants a large measure of toleration. It established the Valois family as the ruling family of France.

It granted Protestants a large measure of toleration.

The Enlightenment was not confined to any single area of human endeavor, but was evident in the science, music, and politics of the age. Some scientific thinkers were politically conservative, whereas some political thinkers were truly radical in their views. Among this radical group was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. René Descartes. Edmund Burke. Maria Theresa. David Hume.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Although he was not responsible for initiating the Reign of Terror, __________ was responsible for enlarging its scope. Thomas Paine Charlotte Corday Samuel Adams Georges Danton Maximilien Robespierre

Maximilien Robespierre

Deists believed that there is no God. humankind is predestined to either heaven or hell. God created the universe and then just let it run on its own. Catholicism had become too liberal, and a return to true Christianity was needed. humankind can know God only through nature.

God created the universe and then just let it run on its own.

In late medieval Italy, there was a renewed interest in studying texts written in Greek because: Petrarch wrote an excellent text on learning the Greek language that was wildly popular. Greek-speaking intellectuals had fled to Italy and brought their books and knowledge with them. schools there were organized by Greek masters. Italians spoke and read Greek as their vernacular language.

Greek-speaking intellectuals had fled to Italy and brought their books and knowledge with them.

Match the following terms with their identifying phrase. Printing Press Index of Forbidden Books Indulgences Jesuits Humanism ----- Celebrated the potential of man Group of works that went against Catholic beliefs Made the spread of ideas possible New order of the Counter Reformation Motivated Luther to write the 95 Theses

Printing Press Made the spread of ideas possible ----- Indulgences Motivated Luther to write the 95 Theses ----- Humanism Celebrated the potential of man ----- Jesuits New order of the Counter Reformation ----- Index of Forbidden Books Group of works that went against Catholic beliefs

The relatively few number of (usually male) settlers to Spanish territories in the Americas resulted in Spanish culture being imposed on indigenous populations by force. a refusal on the part of Spanish colonists to interact with indigenous populations. mail-order brides being sent from Spain. Spanish cultural assimilation to indigenous customs. indigenous cultural assimilation to Spanish customs.

Spanish cultural assimilation to indigenous customs.

The Mongol leader who unified the Mongols and laid the basis for the Mongol Empire was: Tanerlane. Ogedai. Temujin. Peleologus. Kublai Khan.

Temujin.

What is the central theme of Christine de Pisan's City of Ladies? The book is an attack on the patriarchal social organization of feudalism. The book describes a mythical journey through Africa in search of powerful Amazon women. The book is a courtly romance about love, sacrifice, and betrayal in the tradition of the Romance of the Rose. The book is an attack on the failures of the late medieval clergy. The book is an allegory that defends the character, capacities, and history of women.

The book is an allegory that defends the character, capacities, and history of women.

The Anabaptists were Christian communities that: rejected the practice of adult baptism. urged active participation in government. accepted the practice of adult baptism. adopted Lutheran teachings on baptism.

accepted the practice of adult baptism.

The missionizing work of the Jesuit order: brought many Protestants back to the Catholic Church. aided in European colonization efforts. created a highly educated urban population. settled differences between Protestant and Christian territories.

aided in European colonization efforts.

The Renaissance also gave rise to a vogue for ______, which laid more social and intellectual groundwork for the scientific revolution. astronomy alchemy and astrology occultism prosecuting witchcraft restraint and modesty

alchemy and astrology

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that: allowed rulers to govern by divine right and according to their own will. allowed countries, regardless of their form of government, to assume authority over its citizens. encouraged rulers to turn over control of their governments to Parliament. discouraged military and economic competition among European states.

allowed rulers to govern by divine right and according to their own will.

In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione's Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility: the ability to take as lovers as many of the women at court as possible. an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court. strenuous public service on behalf of the city-state. the necessity for a courtier to be an accomplished scholar.

an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court.

In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione, in his book The Courtier, stressed as the hallmark of true nobility: strenuous public service on behalf of the city-state. an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court. the necessity for a courtier to be an accomplished scholar. a disdain for women who sought to play roles outside the private household. the ability to take as lovers as many of the women at court as possible.

an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court.

What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for eleven years? an invasion force from Scotland a shortage of tax funds, which made ruling difficult a weekend retreat, where king and Parliament settled old scores and "shared their feelings" Parliament's renewed interest fighting the Scots an Irish rebellion

an invasion force from Scotland

James II of England angered his critics and set off a national crisis when he: publicly converted to Catholicism after becoming king and advanced the Catholic cause. and his second wife, Mary of Modena, had a son: a Catholic heir to the throne. formed an alliance with William and Mary of Holland. banned Roman Catholics from all political offices.

and his second wife, Mary of Modena, had a son: a Catholic heir to the throne.

Philip IV's knights were sent to arrest Pope Boniface VIII: but they refused to take him into custody. and they killed him on the spot. but they were intercepted by Swiss guards. and they treated him so roughly that he died shortly thereafter. despite the fact that they were members of the Knights Templar.

and they treated him so roughly that he died shortly thereafter.

With the rise in literacy and the growth of the book business in the eighteenth century, censorship was surprisingly nonexistent. was institutional throughout Europe. arguably kept books out of hands of the poor. was left to the Roman Catholic Church. was applied only to books for children.

arguably kept books out of hands of the poor.

The Reformation changed the role of the family in Protestant society by: advocating celibacy over marriage. increasing the paternal role of the monastic houses. arguing that sin could be checked if women married at a young age. advocating the equality of husband and wife. allowing couples to marry of their own free will.

arguing that sin could be checked if women married at a young age.

Renaissance intellectuals often needed tools and machines to enhance their observations. During this period, collaboration between intellectuals and ___________________ flourished. bankers who could finance research research and development specialists factories architects artisans

artisans

After 1450, European towns grew significantly in size and economic power because they: banned monasteries and offered tax breaks to married couples and families. successfully controlled price variations and limited business risk. developed strategies for managing outbreaks of the plague. attracted more people and developed more specialized products and services. offered tax incentives to new businesses to locate in towns.

attracted more people and developed more specialized products and services.

In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more: hierarchical in its structures of church government. relaxed in its imposition of morality on individuals. authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality. passive toward the world and its problems.

authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.

In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII: was murdered by Henry II. personally led the last Crusade. crowned Philip IV of France. celebrated a papal jubilee. declared himself to be infallible.

celebrated a papal jubilee.

The new scientific societies did all of the following EXCEPT: gave natural philosophers a common sense of purpose. separated scientific research from politics and religion. challenged the mystical basis of monarchical authority. helped restore a sense of order and consensus in society.

challenged the mystical basis of monarchical authority.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that was strengthened by: acts of Parliament. claims of divine right. military and economic alliances. the democratic ideals of early Renaissance republics. the will and desire of citizens.

claims of divine right.

Boccaccio's Decameron is a series of stories told by people who have moved to the countryside outside Florence to escape the Black Death. The stories are told in: formal Italian. French. classical Latin. colloquial Italian. German.

colloquial Italian.

England's Glorious Revolution created the necessary climate to increase the power of the: commercial classes. peasant farmers. clerics of the Anglican Church. lower class and wage laborers.

commercial classes.

Some early humanists criticized late-medieval scholasticism as being: focused too much on Christianity and salvation. encouraged a solitary life of contemplation and asceticism. concentrated more on virtuous living than on abstract speculation. concentrated more on abstract speculation than on virtuous living.

concentrated more on abstract speculation than on virtuous living.

Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to: discover the undreamed galaxy. become the first court astrologer to Christiana of Sweden. become the first court astronomer to the Holy Roman emperor. correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion. correct Galileo's first law of motion.

correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion.

After confederating their kingdoms through marriage, Ferdinand and Isabella devoted their energies to: patronizing the arts and importing the Renaissance to Spain. establishing religious toleration throughout Spain. seeking to achieve the Platonic ideal of government. creating one of Europe's most powerful armies. conquering all of Italy.

creating one of Europe's most powerful armies.

To proceed logically from one certainty to another is to practice: inductive reasoning. deductive reasoning. reductive reasoning. transactional reasoning. conductive reasoning.

deductive reasoning.

Francis Bacon was very concerned that: the royal government would censor the work of scientists. deferring to ancient and accepted knowledge could block innovation and obscure understanding. scientists would be displaced by a new breed of clerical philosophers. speculative logic was being neglected. scientists might miss seeing God in their work.

deferring to ancient and accepted knowledge could block innovation and obscure understanding.

One effect of the work of Isaac Newton was to: demonstrate the ability of mathematics to explain the workings of the universe. show the value of religious belief when pursuing a career in science. show the value of meditation and prayer in solving the most persistent scientific problems. demonstrate the value of persistent, dogged work toward a single goal.

demonstrate the ability of mathematics to explain the workings of the universe

Louis XIV used the palace of Versailles to: demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility. create a place that all French people would feel comfortable visiting. withdraw from public life and spend time with close friends and family. practice military tactics and train France's elite fighting force.

demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility.

Colbert's mercantilist policies were designed to: negate high tariffs. produce fair-trade rules. create a common currency for all trading partners. develop economic power to strengthen royal government. promote free enterprise.

develop economic power to strengthen royal government.

Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the: corruption of the late-medieval papacy. building of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. Church's inability to appoint abbots and new bishops in the Holy Roman Empire. doctrine of indulgences and the misunderstandings that arose from that doctrine.

doctrine of indulgences and the misunderstandings that arose from that doctrine.

The settlement reached via the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 was that: each German prince would rule a territory that was Catholic or Lutheran based on his own choice of faith. the cities of Germany would have both Lutheran and Catholic churches. Germany would remain Catholic as the Holy Roman emperor was Catholic. each individual person in the Holy Roman Empire could choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic.

each German prince would rule a territory that was Catholic or Lutheran based on his own choice of faith.

Guided by the powerful merchant families, the Dutch Republic was able for some time to: wage war successfully against its traditional enemy, Spain. establish more colonies in North America than either England or France. return Dutch peasants to the status of serfs. establish a highly profitable trading empire. advise Peter the Great of Russia.

establish a highly profitable trading empire.

Much of the literature and art from 1550-1660 sought to establish some certainty in a rapidly changing world. question the reality of God. reinforce traditional standards of morality. recreate classical forms of drama and art. question the necessity of unfree labor.

establish some certainty in a rapidly changing world.

After obtaining their independence, the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic: asked James II of England to become their ruler. established a general assembly known as the States General. elected their first president. were badly defeated by Louis XIV and completely absorbed into France. became a theocracy.

established a general assembly known as the States General.

In order to strengthen the French navy, Colbert pursued a mercantilist policy that: urged France to develop preferential trading ties with Scandinavia for timber. established a number of industries associated with naval construction within France itself to make sure France would be self-sufficient in naval stores. sold French wine to buy English sails. nearly destroyed all of France's forests. concentrated on arming French merchant vessels.

established a number of industries associated with naval construction within France itself to make sure France would be self-sufficient in naval stores.

By 1801, the rebels of Saint-Domingue had been complete defeated. succeeded in negotiating a transfer of the island to Spanish colonial authorities. become a formal province of the French government. established an authoritarian but constitutional government. gone on to invade British Jamaica.

established an authoritarian but constitutional government.

During the eighteenth century, all the economic developments and the development of a much expanded consumer culture contributed to a widely held view that the world would soon come to an end. material comfort was the most important goal in life. things did not need to change. everyone was living in a time of change. the ancient world could not compare to the modern world.

everyone was living in a time of change.

Luther's doctrine of the "priesthood of all believers" argued that: everyone, even priests, was spiritually equal before God. all Christians should be monks or nuns. devotion should no longer be communal but private. church teachings and scripture were unimportant in the formulation of doctrine.

everyone, even priests, was spiritually equal before God.

Frederick William I made Prussia strong by: exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army. scoring victories against the armies of Louis XIV. allying himself with, and receiving military aid from, Great Britain. establishing a lavish palace in Berlin and constructing a "theater" of absolutism.

exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army.

Early modern crises of religious and political authority led many scholars and authors to turn to atheism. examine and ultimately condemn early modern modes of governance. explore the problem of uncertainty rationally. become more religiously devout. examine and ultimately embrace early modern modes of governance.

explore the problem of uncertainty rationally.

Peter Paul Rubens stressed the _________ of the Baroque style. grotesque nature veiled religious aspect understated realism restrained naturalism extravagance

extravagance

The primary activities of the new Jesuit Order were: founding schools and being missionaries. learning canon law and staffing the Inquisitions in the New World. private devotion and prayers for the common good. studying theology and preaching in the cities of Europe.

founding schools and being missionaries.

In general, the centralization of state power in eastern Europe came at the expense of the: freedom of peasants. political autonomy of the free cities. power of merchants to avoid taxation. political power of the aristocracy.

freedom of peasants.

A philosophe, as the term was used in the Enlightenment, can be defined as an individual who was a/an freethinker. trained philosopher. ordained cleric. member of the nobility. philosopher by avocation.

freethinker.

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by: giving France desirable British territory in North America and the income from those colonies. increasing the power of Spain beyond that of France and Great Britain. placing France and Spain under the same ruler. making Holland the dominant sea power in the New World. giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

Isaac Newton's best-known work today was his research conducted on: gravity. mathematics. electricity. refraction.

gravity.

Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for virtue and thus argued that society ought to seek "the perfection of our nature and capability of_________." order affection redemption happiness peace

happiness

When Captain James Cook visited Hawaii in January 1779, he was received as if he were a god. he and four royal marines were killed. he established Britain's claim to the islands. he found that slavers had already visited the islands and taken slaves. he found gold and silver.

he and four royal marines were killed.

Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that: he had powerful patrons. his work was sponsored by the Church. he did not believe the earth orbited the sun. he believed theory, not observation, was the tool to unlock the secrets of the universe.

he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that: he openly opposed the Church. he believed theory, not observation, was the tool to unlock the secrets of the universe. he did not believe the earth orbited the sun. he had powerful patrons. his work was sponsored by the Church.

he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as: highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king. highly decentralized. Louis appointed able people and left them alone to do their jobs. chaotic, with no clear lines of authority or responsibility. uneven, as every government official simply tried to do what they thought the king wanted. a constitutional monarchy, with a system of checks and balances between the different branches.

highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" meant that: everyone who participates faithfully in the services of the Church will be saved. faith in God can be justified by reason. faith can be justified only by the good works an individual does during his or her life. humans are only made worthy of salvation by their faith in God.

humans are only made worthy of salvation by their faith in God.

In general, the religious policies of Louis XIV aimed to: grant religious toleration to all French people. provide some rights to Protestants living in France. impose religious unity upon all French people. grant religious toleration to the Arsonists and Quietists.

impose religious unity upon all French people.

In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued that all political institutions ought to conform to environmental conditions. that Christianity was solely responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire. that the government that governs least governs best of all. in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government. in favor of a strong monarchy balanced by a strong nobility.

in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.

Increasing European interest in African gold was driven by: declining gold prices. the discovery of large gold deposits in Europe. increasing demand for expensive luxury goods in Europe. increasing demand for bulk goods from Asia.

increasing demand for expensive luxury goods in Europe

The intellectual and research approach that starts with specific observations and then produces general conclusions is called: reactive reasoning. rationalism. mechanism. inductive reasoning. proactive reasoning.

inductive reasoning.

The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century was depression. recession. stagflation. inflation. prosperity.

inflation.

Louis XIV endeavored to control potential rebellions among the noble class by: having spies infiltrate the households of powerful nobles. maintaining garrisons in the lands of all potentially subversive nobles. according the nobles of France their traditional rights. insisting that all nobles spend part of the year with Louis at Versailles.

insisting that all nobles spend part of the year with Louis at Versailles.

Copernicus thought his heliocentric model appealing for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: it made Aristotelian physics obsolete. it possessed a mathematical rigor. it helped to reveal God's design of the cosmos. it did not contradict the authority of the Church.

it made Aristotelian physics obsolete.

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment produced an elite, or high, culture that was typified by inclusiveness and free acceptance of all ideas. exclusiveness, causing strict and harsh censorship. its parochial nature. its cosmopolitan nature and the evolution of public opinion. its narrowness of interests.

its cosmopolitan nature and the evolution of public opinion.

In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that: no group of people has the right to dissolve civil society. legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual. wealth should be distributed equally among all members of society. the theory upholding the absolute, divine right of kings was unassailable.

legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that: no group of people has the right to dissolve civil society. wealth should be distributed equally among all members of society. kings should rule society absolutely, as fathers rule households. legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual. the theory upholding the absolute, divine right of kings was unassailable.

legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

The French writer Guillaume Thomas François Raynal produced one of the most widely read works of the Enlightenment: a history of the colonization of the Atlantic world and India in which he debated whether colonization had begun a process of cultural degeneration. made humanity happier, more peaceful, or better. led to the disastrous and cruel destruction of native worlds. given rise to spiritual truths. exposed the greed of Western society.

made humanity happier, more peaceful, or better.

The increase in the European food supply contributed greatly to the growth and greater health of the population. Two crops from the Americas, __________________, aided this development. maize and potatoes wheat and oats beans and rice oranges and barley avocados and peppers

maize and potatoes

The invention of the printing press in Europe increased the volume and rapidity of communication, thereby: making books even more precious than they had been in the Middle Ages. creating the circumstances for the invention of broadsheets in the fifteenth century. encouraging greater levels of censorship. making it more difficult to censor problematic or dissenting opinions.

making it more difficult to censor problematic or dissenting opinions.

The Lollards advocated for all of these things EXCEPT the: removal of sacraments from Catholic ritual. confiscation of ecclesiastical wealth. removal of corrupt or immoral priests. marriage of all clerics.

marriage of all clerics.

Johannes Kepler believed that _________ was God's language. science astronomy mathematics music poetry

mathematics

Machiavelli felt that Cesare Borgia: was completely wrong in his theory and practices. threatened the papacy and hence was a heretic. could produce good art but not good literature. misunderstood the true nature of politics. might help make Italy fit for self-governance again.

might help make Italy fit for self-governance again.

French colonies in North America were intended to be trading centers and: plantations for the production of sugar. transshipment ports for world trade. military outposts. a refuge for oppressed French Catholics. an experiment in democratic government.

military outposts.

The uncertainties caused by European colonization in the Americas and religious and political warfare at home all resulted in secularization. less centralized forms of government. more centralized forms of government. people dedicating themselves more fervently to their religious faith. peasant protests across Europe.

more centralized forms of government.

In 1616, Galileo Galilei was warned to stop promulgating Copernican ideas, when the Catholic Church: named his good friend, Cardinal Barberini, as Pope Urban VIII. threatened him with excommunication. placed Copernicus's work on the Index of Prohibited Books. established the Vatican observatory under Jesuit control.

placed Copernicus's work on the Index of Prohibited Books.

Leonardo da Vinci's skills included all of the following except: painting. engineering. music. poetry. architecture.

poetry.

During the 1670s, England's powerful elites divided into two factions. One was the Tories, who were: middle-class merchants in English towns. political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy. fierce opponents of the crown. the intellectual wing of the Whig party. neither for nor against the crown but very opposed to the Church of England.

political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, people were born into a state of natural freedom, but the "social contract" had corrupted mankind. private property had profoundly corrupted the "social contract." humans craved their place in a hierarchical order. it was natural for the superior individuals to have greater privileges. absolute freedom would lead to chaos and misery.

private property had profoundly corrupted the "social contract."

Galileo Galilei was brought to trial by the Inquisition because he: refused to accept the truth of Christianity; he remained an avowed Muslim. made too good an impression on his Medici patrons. failed to prove Copernican ideas to Cardinal Baronius. promoted Copernican ideas and had insulted his old patron, Cardinal Barberini, who was now Pope Urban VIII.

promoted Copernican ideas and had insulted his old patron, Cardinal Barberini, who was now Pope Urban VIII.

The transportation improvements allowed industrialist to "__________" raw material to rural workers to be turned into finished cloth which contributed to the increased industrial production of textiles. fast track put out stream-line circuit collection edge out

put out

Henry V was so successful in taking territory from France during the latter part of the Hundred Years' War that he was able to force the king of France to: concede his crown. request aid from the Byzantine Empire. resign his crown and retire to a monastery. recognize the English king as the heir to the French throne.

recognize the English king as the heir to the French throne.

One tenet of mercantilism was the: promotion of agricultural productivity. encouragement of free trade. reduction of imports and an increase in exports. prohibition of the exportation of any native goods. avoidance of establishing expensive overseas colonies.

reduction of imports and an increase in exports.

It was Isaac Newton's invention of the ___________ that earned him election to the Royal Society in 1672. reflecting telescope prismatic microscope quadralens telescope oscilloscope gravitimeter

reflecting telescope

Absolute monarchs developed all of the following institutions to enhance their power EXCEPT: representative legislative bodies. systems of collecting tariffs on trade. customs controls. systems to collect taxes.

representative legislative bodies.

According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government was a(n): republic modeled on Plato's Republic. republic modeled on the Roman example. principality, the model of which he sketched in The Prince. oligarchy modeled on Venice.

republic modeled on the Roman example.

The League of Augsburg originally was intended to: complete the domination of the region by Protestant countries. resist the expansionist policies of Louis XIV. construct a single powerful state in Europe to establish order. defend Europe against the Ottomans. prevent Russia from ever becoming a major power.

resist the expansionist policies of Louis XIV.

Philip II's attempts to enforce Catholic unity on the Netherlands: ended Spanish control of its American colonies. ensured Spanish control over the region into the 20th century. resulted in a long, protracted battle which eventually ended in independence for the region. resulted in a unified, Catholic population.

resulted in a long, protracted battle which eventually ended in independence for the region.

Beginning in the 1440s, design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to: employ larger crews on smaller ships. use square sails, promoting faster travel into the wind. sail with two masts and faster, triangular sails. use a larger rudder, allowing for more accurate navigation.

sail with two masts and faster, triangular sails.

Various societies and venues such as coffeehouses arose to break the monopoly of elites over public discussion. Among these venues were Catholic churches. agoras. debate theaters. communal circles salons.

salons.

As a result of the scientific revolution: science was banished from the humanist curriculum. science became the central branch of philosophy. science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself. scientists were suspected of witchcraft and sorcery. the advance of optics and physics was delayed for decades.

science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself.

The Neoplatonists contributed to the progress of the scientific revolution by: rejecting all theological thinking whatsoever. searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design. refocusing intellectual activity on discerning truth through logic. seeking to disprove the thinking of Plato. suggesting that there was a parallel universe.

searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design.

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to: annex Prussia. secure year-round ports for Russia. secure territories in the New World. open up a land route to Asia. conquer the Ottoman Empire.

secure year-round ports for Russia.

Mary Wollstonecraft maintained that middle-class culture specifically trained women to be vibrant and independent. the foundation of all true society. the equal partners of their mates. seductive and dependent. emotionally sterile.

seductive and dependent.

During the revolt of the Netherlands, the Protestant forces of William of Orange seized control of the northern provinces of the Netherlands. were Catholic. received assistance from fellow protestants in France, England, and Germany. harassed the Spanish navy in the North Atlantic. were Anabaptists.

seized control of the northern provinces of the Netherlands.

By 1688, England had arrived at a kind of constitutional settlement but it was still grappling with two key questions, one of which was: whether a monarchy should be permanently institutionalized. whether England should become a republic. if a republican oligarchy should be instituted, as was the case in Venice. the religious question. should Charles II be restored as king of England.

should Charles II be restored as king of England.

The primary target of Descartes's philosophical method was: Neoplatonism. Catholicism. skepticism over the existence of God. existentialism. systematic doubt.

skepticism over the existence of God.

Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War were primarily made up of large landholders and merchants. aristocrats. small landholders and soldiers. small landholders and tradespeople. peasants.

small landholders and tradespeople.

Promoting the evolution of science and sustaining the scientific revolution were: a few specific monasteries focused on biology. three prominent German universities. the writings of Turkish clerics. societies and institutions dedicated to science. the government bureaucracies of the absolutist states.

societies and institutions dedicated to science.

Lutheranism would not have survived and flourished without the support of: the papacy. some German princes. the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. Luther's wife, Katharina von Bora.

some German princes.

Holding legitimate and unchallenged authority over a defined territory is one definition of: supreme justice. divinely sanctioned power. democracy. republicanism. sovereignty.

sovereignty.

Sovereignty implies governmental control over: farming. space. You Answered peoples. the Church.

space.

More than any other commodity, the slave trade was driven by the European appetite for tobacco sugar timber rum coffee

sugar

The social and political crises of the English Civil War encouraged the conversion of Englishmen back to Catholicism. enabled the British North American colonies to declare their separation from England. swelled the ranks of unfree labor in the British colonies in America. so weakened England that Spain was able to defeat it in another round of warfare. helped Ireland establish its freedom from England.

swelled the ranks of unfree labor in the British colonies in America.

The relatively peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary and the establishment of a mixed monarchy are often referred to as: Parliamentary ascendancy. the founding of the English republic. the "Glorious Revolution." Magna Carta. the British constitution.

the "Glorious Revolution."

The most profitable French colonies were located in: West Africa. the Caribbean. North America. India.

the Caribbean.

Using the Portuguese "fort and factory" model of colonial expansion, __________ became the most prosperous commercial empire of the seventeenth century. Brazil. the Dutch Republic. France. the Spanish Netherlands. none of the possible answers are correct.

the Dutch Republic.

The medieval doctrine of transubstantiation taught that: people would rise from the earth on Judgment Day. people became fully human only when baptized. the Eucharist became the body and blood of Christ during Mass. Christ never became fully human.

the Eucharist became the body and blood of Christ during Mass.

Hernán Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec Empire by all of the following EXCEPT: the European rifles he had brought with him. the tactical planning of his native allies. European bacteria. people subjugated by the Aztecs who wanted to rebel.

the European rifles he had brought with him.

Absolutism was difficult for the Habsburgs to achieve in the Holy Roman Empire because: the Habsburgs produced a series of ill and weakened monarchs in the seventeenth century. the Holy Roman Empire was made up of many individual states that ruled in their own interests. controlling the Austrian colonies abroad took all the military power the Habsburg had, so they could not fulfill their ambitions of absolutism in the Holy Roman Empire. a powerful middle-class resistance to absolutism emerged in the Holy Roman Empire.

the Holy Roman Empire was made up of many individual states that ruled in their own interests.

Copernicus's work on the problem of the Ptolemaic system was commissioned by: the tsar of Russia. the Roman Catholic Church. the Polish royal family. Tycho Brahe's observatory.

the Roman Catholic Church.

In economic terms, the early colonization of the Americas had the most profound impact on the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa. the Portuguese. the Spanish. the English. the Dutch.

the Spanish.

Sovereignty can be defined as: the ability to control a defined territory without challenge. the ability of a king to control his nobles. the ability of a country to attack other countries. sharing governmental power over a given territory.

the ability to control a defined territory without challenge.

The trial of Galileo by the Inquisition resulted in all of the following EXCEPT: the cessation of his scientific work. a rift between religion and science that he had wanted to avoid. his imprisonment. his work being placed on the Index.

the cessation of his scientific work.

From an international perspective, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the emergence of Sweden as a European "great power." the emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe. the end of Habsburg influence in central Europe. the emergence of Germany as a Protestant country. the emergence of Austria as the dominant power in Europe.

the emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe.

The emerging national monarchies in late-medieval Europe resulted in: greater militarization and, therefore, less warfare. an increase in commerce and economic growth. the escalation of armed conflict. the development of parliamentary democracies.

the escalation of armed conflict.

One of the factors that contributed to the long-term hostilities between England and Spain was the fact Queen Elizabeth had married Philip II of Spain but did not produce a son by him. Spain had attempted to establish a number of tobacco plantations in land claimed by England. Spanish naval forces had captured and executed Sir Francis Drake. Spanish priests had converted Scotland back to Catholicism. the fact that Spain secretly supported the Irish rebellion against England that began in 1565.

the fact that Spain secretly supported the Irish rebellion against England that began in 1565.

Nicholas Copernicus hesitated to publish his De Revolutionibus because: he was a methodical researcher who was always looking for more data. he was a slow worker who was never satisfied with his writings. the implications of his theory of heliocentricity greatly troubled him. he had been ordered by the Inquisition not to express his theories in any form.

the implications of his theory of heliocentricity greatly troubled him.

In general, the policies of Peter the Great of Russia included: invading the Ottoman Empire to secure Constantinople as a Russian port. the introduction of Western ideas and customs. rebuilding the power of the Duma, Russia's national assembly. abolishing serfdom and giving the freed serfs land.

the introduction of Western ideas and customs.

The Counter-Reformation drew its inspiration primarily from: monastic reformers. the Society of Jesus. the papacy. laypeople.

the papacy.

According to the Ptolemaic system, all celestial bodies were put in motion by: gravity. celestial wind. the prime mover. an ancient explosion. the will of the bodies themselves.

the prime mover.

In Holland, a steward known as the stadtholder assisted the government. This office commonly was held by: the princes of the House of Orange. the kings of England. the prime minster of the republic. the bishop of Antwerp. an elected German prince.

the princes of the House of Orange.

Luther was driven to post his Ninety-five Theses by: the sale of three bishoprics to Albert of Hohenzollern. the corruption of the Augustinian canons among whom he lived. the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised automatic salvation. the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised less time in purgatory.

the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised automatic salvation.

Montaigne's essays, Shakespeare's plays and Rembrandt's portraits all explore the sameness of human perspective and experience. the search for the meaning of human existence. the constant joy of human experience. the presence of God in all things. the necessity of war.

the search for the meaning of human existence.

The central feature of Calvinist worship was: transubstantiation. rebaptism. prayer. the Eucharist. the sermon.

the sermon.

Concentrated first in northwestern Europe, an exploding consumer economy developed. The fastest-growing sector of the eighteenth-century economy in Britain was agriculture. manufacturing. the service sector. investment services. travel industry.

the service sector.

Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because: they knew, rather than parliaments, what was best for their subjects. they were vulnerable to personal attacks - even in their own palaces. they wanted to strengthen the power of the Church and the papacy. they were hoping to strengthen the power of parliaments and representative assemblies. the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

The scientific revolution established new methods of investigating the world, including: the testing of hypotheses. the search for the first principle. the need to fit observation with spiritual reality. speculation, theorizing, and inspiration. refusing to be fooled by reality.

the testing of hypotheses.

Italian painters of the fifteenth century mastered: pointillism. the use of vanishing perspective to depict three dimensions. the ability to create stained-glass effects using paint on canvas. the use of acrylic paints.

the use of vanishing perspective to depict three dimensions.

The humanists of the late Renaissance disseminated ancient texts that encouraged study and debate. This dispersal was facilitated by: new translations from the Islamic world. the discovery in the late sixteenth century of the complete works of Plato. the removal of the works of Aristotle from the Index of Forbidden Works. the widespread use of the printing press. the development of quick-drying ink.

the widespread use of the printing press.

The power of the Ottomans in Europe declined significantly after: they were attacked from the east by Persian armies. the League of Augsburg defeated them in the Balkans. their failed assault on Vienna in 1683. Peter the Great defeated them in a major naval war. Louis XIV withdrew his support for them.

their failed assault on Vienna in 1683.

Under Calvin's guidance, Geneva's government can best be described as a(n): dictatorship. theocracy. republic. oligarchy.

theocracy.

Lutheranism was attractive to many princes in Germany because: the Holy Roman emperor had adopted the faith. they shared Luther's religious beliefs absolutely. they believed that the new faith would give them more control over religious policies, personnel, and wealth in their territories. they had a deep respect for Luther's bravery in the face of intense criticism from the papacy.

they believed that the new faith would give them more control over religious policies, personnel, and wealth in their territories.

The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was to increase and centralize royal power over France. to expand French colonies in North America. to extend Catholicism into Protestant territories inside and outside France. to raise living standards for the French people, so as to provide "a chicken in every pot" on Sundays. all of the possible answers are correct.

to increase and centralize royal power over France.

As a young monk, Luther: believed that a corrupt Church could not save his soul. avoided confession because he thought it was unnecessary for salvation. was diligent in his duties and was not concerned with theology; that would come later. was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.

was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.

Luther's response to the peasant revolt of 1525 in Germany: was initially positive, until it became too violent. was negative as he believed in the importance of obedience to authority. was unconditionally positive. was negative because he believed the rebels were not focused enough on religious reform.

was negative as he believed in the importance of obedience to authority.

The wars of Louis XIV: were fought to eradicate the Huguenots and Jansenists. allowed Louis to construct his palace at Versailles. led to the defeat of Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession. were an enormous drain on the treasury of France. were enormously successful and extended French power throughout Europe.

were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

After 1534, Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they: were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order. emphasized personal faith over good works. adopted the pacifism of Menno Simons. converted to Catholicism and joined in the persecution of Protestants.

were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order.

The scientific revolution itself and its results: became immediate successes across wide sections of society. were slow in being popularly understood and accepted. led to the nearly complete rejection of the major religions. overwhelmingly confirmed the mythological explanations of the origins of life. justified political revolutions.

were slow in being popularly understood and accepted.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that women should be raised to please men and be dependent to them. there was no difference between men's and women's intellectual capacities. children were incapable of learning virtue or goodness until they were adults. books were the best foundation for a child's education. all feelings should be repressed in favor of reason.

women should be raised to please men and be dependent to them.

In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists: believed that all seven traditional sacraments of the Church should be maintained. maintained a celibate priesthood. supported religious revolution, through violence if necessary. believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.

believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.

In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists: believed that only adults should be baptized, not children. believed that everyone should belong to a single, universal church. supported religious revolution, through violence if necessary. were communists and polygamists. were pacifists who believed that only through prayer could their movement succeed.

believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.

Perhaps ______ of Europe's population died between 1347 and 1353. between 10 and 20 percent between 50 and 75 percent between 30 and 50 percent between 15 and 25 percent between 25 and 35 percent

between 30 and 50 percent

The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he: rendered architectural details with photographic precision. specialized in individual portraits, which were highly lifelike. developed a new technique for painting on canvas with oil paints. brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images. developed a new technique for painting on wood using pigment mixed with egg white.

brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images.

The Avignon popes strengthened their administrative control of the Church: and they ended all corrupt practices of the papacy. but they further weakened its moral authority. while Clement VI did what he could to reestablish the moral stature of the popes. but German monarchs still had themselves appointed to bishoprics. but they also completely suppressed the cult of the Virgin Mary.

but they further weakened its moral authority.

Between 1787 and 1780, the unemployment rate in many French cities may have been as high as 25 percent. 85 percent. 70 percent. 50 percent. 15 percent.

50 percent.

European contact with the Americas ultimately resulted in a decline of the pre-Columbian population there of 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

90%

René Descartes is most known for his work: A Discourse on Method. The New Atlantis. Novum Organum. Dialogue. De Revolutionibus.

A Discourse on Method.

Martin Luther joined the _________ order. Franciscan Dominican Augustinian Cistercian Benedictine

Augustinian

Most French Protestants were Calvinists. Lutherans. Zwinglians. Anabaptists. Presbyterians.

Calvinists.

The Black Death appears to have originated in: Italy. India. Sub-Saharan Africa. China.

China.

Why did the Pax Mongolica come to an end? The Mamluk sultanate of Egypt began attacking caravans on the Silk Road. Conflict between various components of the Mongol Empire increased. The Mongols lost control of the Silk Road to the Chinese. The Mongols began to push further west into Europe and war broke out.

Conflict between various components of the Mongol Empire increased.

The work of _______ provided the clearest connections between science and the Enlightenment. Immanuel Kant Baron de Montesquieu Isaac Newton David Hume Voltaire

David Hume

Closely following news of the voyages of discovery, one Enlightenment thinker, _______________, believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity in its natural state. Voltaire Denis Diderot Adam Smith Baron de Montesquieu Robert Boyle

Denis Diderot

A method of reasoning that goes from the specific to the general was developed by: Isaac Newton. René Descartes. Blaise Pascal. Francis Bacon.

Francis Bacon.

The foundations of the growth of Prussia were laid by: Frederick William, the "Great Elector." John Sobieski. Leopold I. Charles II. William I.

Frederick William, the "Great Elector."

Luther believed that people were saved by: faith in God alone. God's grace alone. going to confession and receiving the Eucharist regularly. receiving the sacrament of last rites.

God's grace alone.

Principia Mathematica, which synthesized the laws of movement and universal gravitation, was the work of what great scholar? Johannes Kepler Sir Francis Bacon Marie Curie Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton

Galileo had made improvements on the lens developed by the Dutch for use in telescopes, but the inventor of a new type of telescope employing a curved mirror instead of a lens was: Robert Hooke. David Hume. Isaac Newton. John Locke.

Isaac Newton.

Some of the most groundbreaking work on the nature of optics and white light was done by: Isaac Newton. Christian Huygens. Galileo Galilei. John Locke. David Hume.

Isaac Newton.

The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre, the novel, and the growing acceptance of women as authors. The most famous woman from this period, as recognized today, was the English novelist Orelia Smith. Mary Sand. Moll Flanders. Jane Austen. Mary Ann Evans.

Jane Austen.

Probably the most famous of the philosophes was Voltaire, whose attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762. The defendant in this case was Jean Le Rond. François Arouet. Jean Calas. Cesare Beccaria. Giovanni Vico.

Jean Calas.

When peasants in much of Germany revolted against their landlords: John Calvin urged them to migrate to Switzerland. Luther condemned the revolt and urged the ruthless suppression of the rebels. Charles V declared war on the German princes. the Jesuits were able to win back most of Germany for the Roman Catholic Church. England went to the continent to support the peasants.

Luther condemned the revolt and urged the ruthless suppression of the rebels.

_________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe. Isaac Newton Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei Nicholas Copernicus

Nicholas Copernicus

_________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe. Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei Nicholas Copernicus Isaac Newton

Nicholas Copernicus

The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of: Livonia. Nystad. Utrecht. Estonia. Versailles.

Nystad.

The Act of Toleration of 1689 granted: Catholics the right to worship freely in England. English citizens the right to peacefully oppose the king's policies. Protestant dissenters the right to worship freely in England. Jews the right to worship freely in England.

Protestant dissenters the right to worship freely in England.

Luther received support from German princes for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: Protestant princes could confiscate Church property. Protestant princes could name their own religious officials. the personal beliefs of Protestant princes. Protestant princes could stop the flow of money out of Germany to Rome. Protestant princes believed the papacy to be corrupt and so politically irrelevant.

Protestant princes believed the papacy to be corrupt and so politically irrelevant.

All of the following contributed greatly to the development of astronomy during the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT: Nicholas Copernicus. Robert Boyle. Tycho Brahe. Johannes Kepler.

Robert Boyle.

The Swiss city of Zürich is most often associated with which Protestant reformer? Calvin. Zwingli. Luther. Munster. Erasmus.

Zwingli

The Thirty Years' War began when a Protestant German prince attempted to claim the Spanish throne. France, a Catholic country, went to war against the Protestant princes of Germany. Sweden, a Protestant country, went to war against the Catholic princes of Germany. a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory. a Protestant prince became the ruler of a Catholic territory.

a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory.

A main cause of immigration from England to its colonies was a desire for more religious freedom. a pioneering spirit. a desire to be free from monarchial rule. a desire to live in a colony that did not rely on slave labor. a desire to ranch cattle.

a desire for more religious freedom.

Radical Protestantism could be antithetical to human reason: because Protestants believed education was unnecessary. because Protestants rejected the necessity of priests. because Protestants emphasized unquestioning faith. because Protestants followed the medieval intellectual practice of scholasticism. because Protestants followed the medieval intellectual practice of nominalism.

because Protestants emphasized unquestioning faith.

The increasing use of artillery after 1400 resulted in: the introduction of fireworks into Europe. walls and castles becoming obsolete as defensive structures. fewer causalities of war. less warfare due to increasing casualties on the battlefield. more cavalry being used in battle.

walls and castles becoming obsolete as defensive structures.

For Zwingli, the Eucharist: was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice. was a sacrament that had no basis in scripture. was a corrupt rite that no longer needed to be celebrated in Christian churches. offered Christ's real presence through the communion elements.

was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice.

Michelangelo's greatest achievement as a painter was the: cathedral of Florence. Mona Lisa. Sistine Chapel. Birth of Venus. Virgin of the Rocks.

Sistine Chapel.

In 1638, Galileo published his book Two New Sciences, which, among other things, helped redefine the science of: mercuryology. ecology. micrology. tetramatics. physics.

physics.

The bulk of the philosophy of René Descartes may be summed up by which statement? "Tell us how to go to heaven, not how heaven goes." "I frame no hypotheses." "But still, it moves!" "I think, therefore I am."

"I think, therefore I am."

The first northern artist to master the Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective was: Erasmus. Rembrandt. Edmund Spencer. Jan van Eyck. Albrecht Dürer.

Albrecht Dürer.

Although much exploration was carried out by the French and the British, people from many other nations participated in the exploration of the New World. One of these, _________, was hailed by Charles Darwin as "the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived." Moses Mendelssohn Paul Henri d'Holbach Immanuel Kant Gotthold Lessing Alexander von Humboldt

Alexander von Humboldt

The Northern Renaissance focused on: All of these answers are correct. life-long learning. piety and reform. learned service to the community.

All of these answers are correct.

Renaissance humanists helped lay the foundation for the scientific revolution by recovering the works of Greek philosophers such as ___________, who argued that the world operated according to mechanical forces best understood through mathematics. Icarus Thomas Aquinas Archimedes Zeno Demosthenes

Archimedes

Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model had been contradicted by empirical evidence discovered and proposed several hundred years B.C.E. by: Aristarchus. Ptolemy. Archimedes. Aristotle. Plato.

Aristarchus.

Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model was contradicted well over a thousand years before Copernicus by: Aristotle. Plato. Archimedes. Aristarchus.

Aristarchus.

What happened within a generation of Columbus's first voyage? The native population of the Caribbean increased. Over a million Europeans migrated to the Americas. New routes to Asia through what is now Canada were discovered. European diseases had spread widely in the Caribbean and along the American coastlines. The Silk Road was repaired and revived, ending the need for water routes to Asia.

European diseases had spread widely in the Caribbean and along the American coastlines.

With respect to salvation, Calvin argued: God determined who was saved and who was damned but one's fate could be changed. God alone chose who was saved and who was damned and one's fate could not be changed. good works could allow a person to merit salvation. all members of the Calvinist Church would be saved.

God alone chose who was saved and who was damned and one's fate could not be changed.

The various territories conquered from the Sunni Muslims and even from Byzantium were collectively organized into the: Song Empire. Changatai Empire. Golden Horde. Ilkhanate. Mongolakhanate.

Ilkhanate.

The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was: Queen Mary. King Henry VIII. King Edward VI. Queen Elizabeth I.

King Edward VI.

A key assistant and partner to Cortés in his assault on the Aztecs was: Francisco Pizarro. Desiderius Erasmus. Niccolò Machiavelli. Montezuma. La Malinche.

La Malinche.

A print culture began to grow significantly during the eighteenth century, which helped usher in possibly the first daily newspapers in ___________ in 1702. Hamburg Rome London Cadiz Paris

London

One of the early experimenters in chemistry using empirical laws based on evidence was the Englishman: William Harvey. Francis Bacon. Robert Hooke. Robert Boyle. John Locke.

Robert Boyle.

Which of the following countries developed into an autocracy during the early modern period but also underwent a process of modernization and westernization? England France Sweden Russia Austria

Russia

Match the following terms with their identifying phrases. Edict of Nantes Thirty Years' War Thirty-Nine Articles English Civil War Treaty of Westphalia ----- Provided for religious toleration in France Ruler of the land decides the religion of the land Established Anglican doctrine and ritual Last and most destructive of the religious wars Constitutional and religious war

Thirty-Nine Articles Established Anglican doctrine and ritual ----- Edict of Nantes Provided for religious toleration in France ----- Thirty Years' War Last and most destructive of the religious wars ----- Treaty of Westphalia Ruler of the land decides the religion of the land ----- English Civil War Constitutional and religious war

Match the following people and their identifying phrase. Thomas Hobbes Peter the Great Frederick William the Great Elector John Locke William and Mary ----- Imposed western culture on the nobility Created the first military industrial complex. Supporter of absolutism Signed the English Bill of Rights Supporter of constitutional monarchy

Thomas Hobbes Supporter of absolutism ----- John Locke Supporter of constitutional monarchy ----- Frederick William the Great Elector Created the first military industrial complex ----- Peter the Great Imposed western culture on the nobility ----- William and Mary Signed the English Bill of Rights

Although the philosophes condemned slavery, they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue. One of their number, _________, exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved. Baron de Montesquieu Denis Diderot Voltaire Jean Calas Moses Mendelssohn

Voltaire

The Thirty Years' War is best described as an isolated religious conflict in German-speaking lands. a European-wide struggle for political dominance. a tax dispute between England and Spain. a war between France and England over territories in North America a struggle for dominance in the North Atlantic.

a European-wide struggle for political dominance.

The Black Death was caused by: a virus called varicella-zoster. a virus called rubeola a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. a virus called Variola vera.

a bacterium called Yersinia pestis.

One of the key ingredients of science is: an overriding philosophical orientation. ancient research. theological accuracy. the logic of truth. a body of knowledge.

a body of knowledge.

One of the key cultural developments that made the Enlightenment possible was a long period of peace. the development of standardized languages. a common university curriculum. the cultural transferences from the overseas colonies. a certain level of prosperity and and a core group of urbanites who could read.

a certain level of prosperity and and a core group of urbanites who could read.

As a leader of the "scientific revolution," Isaac Newton was: a public figure who gave open lectures at Oxford. a recluse who spent his time at Oxford. an affable, public figure who enjoyed London society. a recluse who spent his time in Cambridge.

a recluse who spent his time in Cambridge.

The main theme of Montaigne's Essays was You Answered confidence in human reason. the importance of holding to absolute principles of judgment. a searching skepticism about all human knowledge. the importance of involving oneself in the great issues of the day. a heartfelt devotion to the Catholic Church.

a searching skepticism about all human knowledge.

Economic stagnation in most of Europe after 1600 was caused by a rapidly growing population and a rapid influx of silver from the Americas. a declining population and a rapid influx of silver form the Americas. a rapidly declining population and a halt in the influx of silver from the Americas. a rapidly declining population and a slowing influx of silver from the Americas. a slowly growing population and a slowing influx of silver from the Americas.

a slowly growing population and a slowing influx of silver from the Americas.

According to the justification given for absolutism, the fundamental basis for order and justice in the world is: power. religion. obedience. fear. fairness.

obedience.

Both Protestants and Catholics supported the increasingly powerful governments of their time by participating in an early modern "witch craze." establishing more tolerant approaches toward religion. condemning superstition and blind faith. participating in representative forms of government more regularly. ensuring they regularly paid all taxes and dues owed.

participating in an early modern "witch craze."

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn? Because the Catholic Church does not permit divorce and remarriage under any circumstance whatsoever. Because the pope believed Henry's marriage to Catherine was valid. Because the pope wanted the Tudor dynasty to come to an end. Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome and disapproved of Henry's request for a divorce. Because the pope believed such a union would be sinful as Anne was Catherine's sister.

Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome and disapproved of Henry's request for a divorce.

The social mobility of the fourteenth century was made possible largely by the: Crusades. Black Death. English Peasants' Revolt. beginning of the Hundred Years' War. creation of the Holy Roman Empire.

Black Death.

Within the Holy Roman Empire between 1350 and 1450, near anarchy prevailed in many places. Only the areas ruled by Bavaria, Austria, and _______________ achieved stability and sustained authority. Hanover Brandenburg-Prussia the Hanseatic League Württemberg Frankfort

Brandenburg-Prussia

Perhaps the two most influential religious texts of the sixteenth century were Loyola's Spiritual Exercises and: Calvin's Institutes. Erasmus's improved version of the Latin New Testament. the Index of Prohibited Books. The Book of Common Prayer Luther's On Temporal Authority.

Calvin's Institutes.

Henry VIII's first wife was: Catherine of Aragon. Jane Seymour. Anne Boleyn. Mary Tudor. Catherine de Medici.

Catherine of Aragon.

The leader of the first European expedition to reach Asia by sailing west was: Amerigo Vespucci. Ferdinand Magellan. Christopher Columbus. Vasco da Gama. Bartholomeu Dias.

Ferdinand Magellan.

Two of the countries that illustrate the growth and development of national monarchies were: Germany and Italy. The Low Countries and Sweden. Hungary and Turkey. France and England. Russia and Poland.

France and England.

The Golden Horde was the: Mongol dynasty that controlled Muscovy. payment for the release of King John of France. name of the Black Prince's new chivalric order of knights. nickname given to the first Spanish ship to return from the New World. gold amassed by the English crown after the Hundred Years' War.

Mongol dynasty that controlled Muscovy.

The Spanish modeled their Caribbean sugar plantations, worked by enslaved African laborers, on: Portuguese sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands and the island of Saint Thomas. Genoese sugar plantations on the island of Madeira. Muslim sugar plantations on the island of Majorca. Aztec sugar plantations on Hispaniola. their own estates in Europe.

Portuguese sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands and the island of Saint Thomas.

The first English court to use English rather than French as the main language was the court of: William I. Henry II. Edward III Richard II. Henry V.

Richard II.

Almost immediately after the plague, in the countryside: land ownership ceased to exist. monasteries reappeared and began to recruit the surviving population. a healthier ecological balance was reestablished. peasants universally became slaves. feudal rules and regulations were abandoned.

a healthier ecological balance was reestablished.

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola was: a Benedictine monk. a Franciscan abbot. the Spanish crown prince. a mercenary soldier. the bishop of Granada.

a mercenary soldier.

According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government was: a republic modeled on the Roman example. an oligarchy modeled on Venice. a monarchy modeled on France. a principality, the model of which he sketched in The Prince. a military dictatorship, modeled on the actions of Sulla.

a republic modeled on the Roman example.

The Black Death advanced: slowly at first and then as much as 100 miles in a week. about 2 miles a day. into North Africa first and then to Europe. overland to northern Italy. quickly because it was an airborne disease.

about 2 miles a day.

The "Elizabethan settlement" included all of the following EXCEPT: having Elizabeth I declared "supreme governor" of the church. use of Thomas Cranmer's revised The Book of Common Prayer. acceptance of bishops for the church. accepting papal authority over the monasteries and convents. the retention of Church courts.

accepting papal authority over the monasteries and convents.

The larger size and stability of the caravels and subsequent ship designs of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries: allowed the transportation of the materials to establish arsenals throughout the Americas. permitted the transportation of whole, disassembled churches to the Americas. allowed the ships to become floating artillery platforms. convinced the native Americans that Europeans were gods. created a symbiotic relationship between European and native supply chains.

allowed the ships to become floating artillery platforms.

In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more: forceful in its rejection of religious ritual. emotional in its piety. passive toward the world and its problems. authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality. relaxed in its imposition of morality on individuals.

authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.

Luther was protected from persecution and harm: by the monastery he took refuge in. by Charles V. by the Diet of Worms. by Frederick the Wise. by loyal peasants.

by Frederick the Wise.

Renaissance humanists preferred ancient authors to contemporary ones and backhandedly: contributed to the acceptance, use, and popularity of vernacular languages. caused many ancient authors to be censored because they were from the pre-Christian period. stimulated the revival of ancient religions. laid the foundations for the study of Arabic. established ancient Greek as the preferred language of scholarship.

contributed to the acceptance, use, and popularity of vernacular languages.

In Spain, the Reconquista effectively ended Muslim rulers' policy of: forced conversion to Islam. convivencia. freeing all the African slaves in the country. supporting the French popes. officially encouraging the growth of Judaism in Spain

convivencia.

For the first time in history, Innocent III used _____________ as a tool for political gain against his rival, Emperor Frederick II. crusade excommunication mercenaries refusal to recognize a king's sovereignty extreme unction

crusade

After the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, Muscovites: attacked the Ottoman Empire in aid of Byzantium. faced the full onslaught of the Turkish war machine. began to convert to Islam to foster good trade and political alliances. began to accept Eastern Orthodox Christians as refugees from Turkish territory. declared themselves to be the new Roman Empire.

declared themselves to be the new Roman Empire.

Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT: reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two. denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper. changing the language used for worship in Germany from Latin to German. allowing priests to marry. belief in the absolute authority of scripture.

denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper.

During the Renaissance, sculpture broke with the recent past in that statuary: would be created only as memorials for those who had died. could be used as part of tombs to honor the dead. would be incorporated into the supporting columns of triumphal arches. could be used instead of columns at the front of buildings. depicted freestanding figures "in the round."

depicted freestanding figures "in the round."

In 1409, in an attempt to resolve the problem of the two papacies, a group of cardinals met in Pisa and: asked the patriarch of Constantinople to resolve their differences. elected yet a third pope. tried to eliminate the papacy altogether. established a foolproof way to decide who was the real pope. decreed that the Roman pope was the legitimate pope.

elected yet a third pope.

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555: established the principle that the ruler of a territory determined the religion of that territory. settled nothing and actually triggered a larger conflict just two years later. certified that the Roman Catholic Church was the one true faith in Germany. finalized the transformation of England to Protestantism. affirmed Charles V as the most powerful ruler in Europe.

established the principle that the ruler of a territory determined the religion of that territory.

One of the reforms the conciliarists sought was: the simplification of the sacraments. frequent councils, regularly called, to oversee the governance of the Church. limiting the term of office for popes. the transfer of more control of the Church to national monarchs. the suppression of heresies in the former lands of Byzantium.

frequent councils, regularly called, to oversee the governance of the Church.

One of the avenues by which trade was built up between Asia and Europe was the: direct funding of the building of long-distance roads. funneling of trade and exchanges through the Persian city of Tabriz. commissioning of European sailors to pioneer an ocean route for trade. concentration of all trade in the hands of the Russians and Moscow. extensive river system between Asia and Europe.

funneling of trade and exchanges through the Persian city of Tabriz.

Although he did manage to discover a world unknown to Europeans, Christopher Columbus did so in spite of: being greatly underfinanced. gross miscalculation of the earth's size. his sailors' fears of falling off the edge of the earth. his lack of a magnetic compass. his inability to read Spanish.

gross miscalculation of the earth's size.

Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through: the Holy Land in search of the Holy Grail. the mountains in and around medieval Florence. hell, purgatory, and heaven. Egypt in search of the Desert Fathers. England and France with the knights of the Round Table.

hell, purgatory, and heaven.

Joan of Arc's victory at Orléans: completely vanquished the Burgundians. ended the Hundred Years' War. helped establish the conditions for the coronation of the French king at Reims cathedral. allowed the French king to escape to safety. captured the English king.

helped establish the conditions for the coronation of the French king at Reims cathedral.

Having succeeded in conquering Granada, through her sponsorship of Columbus's voyages, Isabella conceptually: helped export the tradition of conquest to the New World. supported the idea that Catholic monarchs should possess all lands touched by water. actively sought to export the Renaissance to Asia. sought political alliances with Asian powers to complete the process of defeating Islam. hoped to find lost and isolated groups of Christians scattered throughout Asia.

helped export the tradition of conquest to the New World.

Louis IX's crusades: helped him claim the legacy of Charlemagne as the protector of the Church. put him into conflict with the pope. were directed against heresies in southern France. ended in his capture and execution. greatly weakened France.

helped him claim the legacy of Charlemagne as the protector of the Church.

The theological system called nominalism was based on William of Ockham's fundamental insight that: God is limited in his ability to control human events and circumstances. human knowledge of God depends on what God reveals through scripture. knowledge gained through experiment is the only trustworthy source of information. the characteristics of a single object can be inferred by making reference to a group. nothing truly exists except in the mind of God.

human knowledge of God depends on what God reveals through scripture.

Luther's scathing denunciations of the papacy were met with popular support because: Germany was too far from Rome for the pope to exert is influence. for centuries popes had dominated German political affairs. many German peoples wished to replace the pope with the archbishop of Cologne as the head of the Catholic Church. many German peoples were dissatisfied with the corruption of the papacy. many German peoples resented the papal order to attend church regularly.

many German peoples were dissatisfied with the corruption of the papacy.

Even after their conquest of Constantinople, many Muslim Ottomans were unable to exert political influence because: the Byzantines quickly recaptured Constantinople. the Sultan alone established law and policy. many elite positions in the Ottoman government were held by non-Muslim slaves. only Muslims could serve in political office and most Ottomans were not Muslim. many elite Ottomans were constantly leading armies into battle to extend the Empire and so had no time for political maneuvering.

many elite positions in the Ottoman government were held by non-Muslim slaves.

One of the reasons Raphael's School of Athens is of interest is that: many of Raphael's contemporaries were used as models for the various philosophers. it is the first painting to make use of the newly discovered technique of single-point perspective. it was the first painting to be completed in Italy using the new medium of oil. it was the last painting of the Italian Renaissance done using the fresco technique. Raphael utilized many of his apprentices to complete the work rather than work on it himself.

many of Raphael's contemporaries were used as models for the various philosophers.

The industry that most fundamentally shaped the sixteenth-century Spanish colonies in Central and South America was: tea production. cattle ranching. grain production. jewelry production. mining.

mining.

During the sixteenth century, in both Protestant and Catholic countries, marriage practices changed to encourage: a more independent choice of marriage partner. an earlier marriage age for both men and women. more parental control over their children's choice of marriage partners. easier elopements. as many people to marry as possible by legalizing mutual consent as the means to get married.

more parental control over their children's choice of marriage partners.

As the definition and identity of the nobility became less clear after the plague, __________. the aristocracy itself imploded the rank and status of the nobility became insignificant the wealth of the countryside was transferred to the Church commoners began to grant themselves titles nobility was increasingly demonstrated by one's lifestyle

nobility was increasingly demonstrated by one's lifestyle

Some of Protestantism's earliest successes were in: Ireland. Poland. northern Germany and Scandinavia. Poland and Lithuania. Spain and Portugal.

northern Germany and Scandinavia.

Master Eckhart taught that: one could draw inward and ultimately find God without the aid of priests. the secular leadership of the Church would purify its doctrine and discipline its clergy. the laity should stop attending church and focus instead on the miracles of Christ. the most practical devotional act for the laity was pilgrimage. the laity should renounce marriage and enter monasteries and convents.

one could draw inward and ultimately find God without the aid of priests.

Marsilio Ficino taught the neoplatonic idea that: one should strive to free one's immortal soul from mortal bodies. a complete rejection of this world was necessary for enlightenment. to live a full life, one had to engage in politics. one should live to satisfy all of one's desires. all life is ephemeral and fleeting.

one should strive to free one's immortal soul from mortal bodies.

To promote the unity of Spain and foster its continued development as a nation-state, Ferdinand and Isabella: established schools in every city to teach Spanish history. employed professional administrators trained at Italian universities. encouraged the development of a distinctly Spanish school of sculpture. promoted Castilian Spanish as the single national language. ordered that all buildings in Spain be built according to certain common specifications.

promoted Castilian Spanish as the single national language.

At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church: modified many of its doctrines to make them more difficult for Protestants to attack. reaffirmed almost all of the doctrines that Protestants criticized. condemned the doctrine of indulgences. declared the supremacy of a general council over even the pope. reaffirmed the doctrines of indulgences and papal supremacy, but rejected most of the doctrines to which Protestants had objected.

reaffirmed almost all of the doctrines that Protestants criticized.

The Council of Constance was called primarily to: call for a renewed crusade against the Ottoman Turks. award the papacy to Clement VII. begin the process of restoring the Papal States to secular power in Italy. resolve the Great Western Schism. affirm the authority of Urban VI.

resolve the Great Western Schism.

Beginning in the 1440s, design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to: sail out of sight of land for extended periods. use square sails, which promoted faster travel into the wind. employ larger crews on smaller ships. utilize oars in addition to sails. sail with two masts and triangular sails, which required fewer sailors.

sail with two masts and triangular sails, which required fewer sailors.

In order to limit the possibility that "a priesthood of all believers" might result in greater equality across classes and genders, Luther: emphasized that the phrase was meant only in a spiritual sense. wrote a treatise outlining the need for leadership from patriarchs and princes. argued that "all believers" referred only to propertied men. stopped speaking about the concept almost entirely. spoke out often and vigorously against his earlier idea.

stopped speaking about the concept almost entirely.

Lollards believed: that Joan of Arc was a witch. that every Christian should confess once a year. that the archbishop of Canterbury was the true head of the Roman Catholic Church. that bibles should only be read in Latin. that Roman Catholic sacraments were meaningless as the Church was corrupt.

that Roman Catholic sacraments were meaningless as the Church was corrupt.

One of the reasons why the Black Death was so deadly was likely: that the Yersinia pestis bacterium of the Middle Ages was particularly virulent. that people were afraid to visit doctors for treatment. that the Great Famine had weakened many people's immune systems. that most people contracted scarlet fever along with Yersinia pestis. that it was regularly used as a form of biological warfare.

that the Great Famine had weakened many people's immune systems.

Which lower-class rebellion during the later Middle Ages involved the revolt of workers in the cloth industry who sought greater participation in local government? the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381 the "Jacquerie" uprising of 1358 the Florentine Ciompi revolt of 1378 the Lübeck taxpayers' revolt of 1408 the German Peasants' revolt of 1424

the Florentine Ciompi revolt of 1378

As urban life in northern Germany rebounded from the plague, ___________. Russians moved into Germany the cathedrals of Germany were dismantled to provide building material for civic structures Germans returned to the countryside the Hanseatic League, a corporation of merchant towns, was created the League of Teutonic Knights, a military order, began its attempt to conquer Scandinavia

the Hanseatic League, a corporation of merchant towns, was created

In 1258, Mongols destroyed one of the most important and long-lasting centers of knowledge in the world, ___________. the library at Alexandria Aristotle's Lyceum in Athens the House of Wisdom in Baghdad Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai the monastery of St. John the Divine on Patmos

the House of Wisdom in Baghdad

One of the technological advances that helped to end the Hundred Years' War was: the invention of the mechanical clock. improvements in the quality of compasses. the adoption and use of cannons. the invention of the trebuchet. the invention of the stirrup.

the adoption and use of cannons.

One of the most likely reasons that Renaissance ideals were slow to take hold in northern Europe was because: the curriculum in Italian schools focused on professions, while in the north it was focused on theological and philosophical training. Renaissance scholars did not often travel outside of Italy. there were many schools in Italy, but only a few in all of northern Europe. very few people in the north could read the classical Latin of Italian Renaissance humanists. the kingdoms in northern Europe banned humanist books produced in the city-states of Italy.

the curriculum in Italian schools focused on professions, while in the north it was focused on theological and philosophical training.

Prince Henry the Navigator was motivated to promote voyages of discovery and colonization by: the hope of establishing better trade routes with northern Europe. the need to have a source of ivory. the desire for African gold and to join in the Ottoman slave trade. his dream of achieving an alliance with the rulers of China. the lobbying of Lisbon banking interests seeking new opportunities for investment.

the desire for African gold and to join in the Ottoman slave trade.

One response to the plague was: the flagellant movement. the renunciation of the Virgin Mary. a sense that Christians had to stop their mistreatment of the Jews. the theory that invisible demons were causing it. the belief that monks could not get it, so many people fled to monasteries.

the flagellant movement.

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were: vital acts that determined a Christian's state before God. not important in the life of a Christian. the natural outgrowth of justification and Christian devotion. unnecessary after Pope Sixtus IV more clearly defined the Treasury of Merits. were only necessary for unbelievers who wanted a chance at salvation.

the natural outgrowth of justification and Christian devotion.

The early humanist Petrarch constantly urged: that all paintings display religious symbols. the resurrection of interest in classical languages, literature, and art. the study of the Bible as the only curriculum a Christian needed. the development of a universally used, common language. Italian students to go to the University of Paris for their education.

the resurrection of interest in classical languages, literature, and art.

In the Renaissance, artists mastered: painting with egg tempera. the technique of pointillism. painting with watercolors. the technique of vanishing perspective. the technique of dry brush painting.

the technique of vanishing perspective.

People thought the plague might be caused by bad air so: they took up smoking tobacco as a way of cleansing the air. they thought that moving closer to the ocean would provide safety. drinking wine was seen as a cure. breathing rapidly was seen as a way to be safe from the plague. they fled stricken areas and therefore actually helped it spread more rapidly.

they fled stricken areas and therefore actually helped it spread more rapidly.

Edward I extended his sovereignty into Wales: with a series of marriage alliances. through ruthless conquest and castle-building. by assisting the Welsh Church. on the command of the pope. by bribing Welsh noblemen.

through ruthless conquest and castle-building.

The introduction of mechanical clocks in European towns resulted in: towns trying to steal clocks from one another as a type of one-upmanship. the construction of beautiful and elaborate public gardens that housed the clocks. a diminished labor output since people were distracted by the clock. the end of using church bells to mark time. time becoming more rigid and less flexible.

time becoming more rigid and less flexible.

The Council of Basel lasted __________ but accomplished little internal reform within the Church. until 1424 from 1414 to 1418 twenty-five years five years only one day

twenty-five years

Sporadic outbreaks of the Black Death occurred in Poland and Russia: until 1650. well into the twentieth century. every seven years. until the end of the eighteenth century. because of the continuing wars between Poland and Russia.

until the end of the eighteenth century.

A contributing factor to the cultural identities that helped national monarchies to form was the: revival of classical Latin. increasing popularity of the theories of Epicurus. encouragement of the popes. use of vernacular languages. spread of humanistic philosophy.

use of vernacular languages.

Luther's act of nailing his ninety-five theses to the wall: was an act of religious and political rebellion. was a prank. ensured that he was banished from Wittenberg immediately. was the usual way of announcing scholarly debates on various issues. was an act most people in Wittenberg ignored.

was the usual way of announcing scholarly debates on various issues.

In the early phase of the Hundred Years' War, the English: were embarrassingly disorganized. hired Scottish mercenaries. refused papal blessings if they would donate their victories to the pope. were better organized and defeated the French at Crécy and Calais. outnumbered the French forces nearly three to one.

were better organized and defeated the French at Crécy and Calais.

In 1345, a contingent of Ottoman Turks: were hired as mercenaries by Byzantium. were converted to Christianity. failed in their effort to conquer Moscow. were declared the true rulers of the East. repelled a crusade against them by French and German knights.

were hired as mercenaries by Byzantium.

Protestants generally believed that people: were innately good. were innately bad. were good or bad, depending on a person's innate qualities. were more likely to be good if they were poor. were good as long as they were also unhappy.

were innately bad.

The sacraments of the Church: were valid only if administered by an upstanding priest of good moral character. could be administered by any male Christian regardless of his position within the Church. could be negated by an individual who no longer professed to be a Christian. were reserved for those Christians who had passed through all levels of initiation. were the foundation of late medieval popular piety.

were the foundation of late medieval popular piety.

The introduction of oil-based paints during the Renaissance allowed artists to: produce slippery paint surfaces that would catch the light and shine. work more quickly. economize on art supplies. work more slowly and carefully. paint religious themes more convincingly.

work more slowly and carefully.