Western Civilization I
What was the major consequence of the rise of towns in the eleventh and twelfth centuries?
A new social class enriched by manufacturing and trade.
What does anthropomorphic mean?
A nonhuman thing that has human characteristics.
What was triangular trade?
A pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy.
Which territories were part of the Angevin Empire under Henry II Plantagenet (1154-1189)?
-County of Anjou -Duchy of Normandy -Duchy of Aquitaine -Kingdom of England
What is the Hagia Sophia?
A major Christian church built by Byzantine Emperor Justinian in his capital. The symbol of the might of the Byzantine Empire. It was later converted to a mosque under the Ottoman Turks.
What was Divine Comedy?
A major example of medieval vernacular literature written by Italian author Dante Alighieri. A three-part epic describing a journey through hell. It connected classical influences with the later ideas of the Renaissance.
What was the Silk Road?
A major trade route connecting Europe, the Middle East, and Asia during the Middle Ages. It was a conduit for the bubonic plague and other infectious diseases.
What was a serf?
A peasant who is bound to the land and obliged to provide labor services and pay various rents and fees to the lord; considered unfree but not a slave because serfs could not be bought and sold.
What was the Wars of the Roses?
A series of English civil conflicts fought between the houses of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485. It resulted in the rise of the House of Tudor to the English throne.
What was the Peloponnesian War?
A series of conflicts fought between Sparta and its allies and Athens and its allies. It ultimately led to the fall of Athens as a major power.
Who were the Sea Peoples?
An ancient peoples who invaded and overthrew the empires of the Mediterranean between 1250 and 1150 BCE.
The English statesman Francis Bacon (1561-1626) aided the rise of modern science by doing what?
Encouraging the inductive method for the study of nature.
The first international peace treaty that brought stability to the ancient Near East was negotiated between the Hittites and the ___________
Egyptians. They a treaty after the indecisive battle of Kadesh in northern Syria in 1274 B.C.E. The two empires thereby agreed to share power in the region of Syria and Palestine, which marked their mutual border.
Which ancient culture produced the "Epic of Gilgamesh"?
Sumerian
Who were the creators of Mesopotamian Civilization?
Sumerians
Roman plebeians won some legal equality with the patricians under the terms of what?
The 12 Tablets of Law
What is predestination?
The belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned.
What is chivalry?
The ideal of civilized behavior that emerged among the nobility in the eleventh and twelfth centuries under the influence of the church; a code of ethics knights were expected to uphold.
What is Ramadan?
The holy month of Islam, during which believers fast from dawn to sunset. Since the Islamic calendar is lunar, Ramadan migrates through the seasons.
What was Mesopotamia?
The land where the first cities were built between the Tigris-Euphrates river valley. Literally "land between the rivers"
What was the three-field system?
In medieval agriculture, the practice of dividing the arable land into three fields so that one could lie fallow while the others were planted in winter grains and spring crops.
What are progroms?
Organized massacres of Jews.
Who were conquistadors?
"conquerors." Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the sixteenth century.
What is Pax Romana?
''Roman peace.'' A term used to refer to the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries C.E.
What are optimates?
''best men.'' Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who generally came from senatorial families and wished to retain their oligarchical privileges.
What is populares?
''favoring the people.'' Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who tended to use the people's assemblies in an effort to break the stranglehold of the nobiles on political offices.
What was a sultan?
''holder of power.'' A title taken by Turkish leaders who took command of the Abbasid Empire in 1055.
What is res republica?
A Roman term for the republican form of government devised after the expulsion of the kings in 509 BCE.
How were the lives of Spartans rigidly organized?
-At birth, each child was examined by state officials who decided whether it was fit to live. Infants judged unfit were left to die. -Boys were taken from their mothers at the age of seven and put under control of the state. They lived in military-style barracks, where they were subjected to harsh discipline. -At twenty, Spartan males were enrolled in the army for regular military service. Although allowed to marry, they continued to live in the barracks and ate all their meals in public dining halls with their fellow soldiers. -At thirty, Spartan males were allowed to vote in the assembly and live at home, but they stayed in the army until the age of sixty.
What was council of the plebs?
A council only for plebeians. After 287 B.C.E., however, its resolutions were binding on all Romans.
What beliefs are consistent with the economic policy known as mercantilism, which was prevalent in early modern Europe?
-A nation's wealth is defined primarily by its possession of precious metals. -Tariffs should be used to limit imports. -Colonies should be founded as a source of precious metals and raw materials. -Government regulation of commerce is good for a nation.
During the Middle Ages, who was Constantinople attacked by?
-Arabs. -Turks. -Vikings. -Christians.
Who were Greek poets?
-Archilochus. -Pindar. -Hesiod. -Sappho of Lesbos.
What were part of the financial practices of Italian bankers during the Renaissance?
-Bills of exchange. -Maritime insurance. -Double-entry bookkeeping. -The establishment of branch offices in cities across Europe.
What were immediate consequence of the Black Death?
-Businesses and banks collapsed. -Peasant revolts became more common. -Wages increased. -The price of food decreased.
Which explorers and colonialists were sponsored by Spain?
-Ferdinand Magellan. -Hernando de Soto. -Hernando Cortez. -Francisco Pizarro.
What were consequences of the Fourth Crusade?
-Feudal states were established in Greece. -The patriarch of Constantinople attended the Fourth Lateran Council. -Works of Byzantine art were sent to Italy. -The Venetians acquired a monopoly on Byzantine trade. -Poisoned relations between the Latin and Greek Christians The Fourth Crusade never reached the Muslims but was instead diverted against the Christian city of Constantinople, which was sacked in 1204.
What was true of the Pax Romana?
-It was a time of unprecedented prosperity in the Mediterranean. -There was high unemployment and poverty in the city of Rome. -Christians were publicly executed. -The city of Rome reached a population of about one million.
What was the ability of the Assyrians to conquer and maintain an empire due to?
-They had the advantage of having the first large armies equipped with iron weapons. -Their ability to use various military tactics. The Assyrians were skilled at waging guerrilla war in the mountains and set battles on open ground and were especially renowned for siege warfare. -A final factor was its ability to create a climate of terror as an instrument of war.
Philip II (1556-1598) assembled the Spanish Armada for what reasons?
-To invade England. -To punish England for aiding the Dutch. -To restore Catholicism in England. -To depose Elizabeth I
When did the reign of the Five Good Emperors begin?
96 CE Nerva (96- 98) Trajan (98- 117) Hadrian (117- 138) Antoninus Pius (138- 161) Marcus Aurelius (161- 180)
Who was Suleiman the Magnificent?
A 16th century Ottoman emperor who expanded the Turkish empire to Serbia and Hungary. He was considered the greatest Ottoman ruler.
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
A Belgian physician who dissected animals and human cadavers to learn more about anatomy. He wrote On the Structure of the Human Body.
Who was Pepin the Short?
A Frankish King who solidified the Carolingian power over the throne. He allied his state with the popes.
What was the Merovingian Dynasty?
A Frankish dynasty founded by Merovech. Ruled from 448 to 752 CE.
Who was Carolingian Charlemagne?
A Frankish king who expanded the Frankish Kingdom and was crowned Roman emperor in 800 CE.
Who was Charles Martel?
A Frankish king who founded the Carolingian dynasty and defeated the Muslim army in the Battle of Tours.
Who was Merovingian Clovis?
A Frankish king who ruled from 481-511 CE. He established the powerful Frankish kingdom.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
A French decree of 1598 granting the Huguenots freedom of worship.
Who was Pascal?
A French mathematician and scientist (1623-1662) He contributed to probability theory, geography, and meteorology among other fields.
What was the client system?
A Roman social system in which a patrician or other wealthy elite financially supported poorer men in return for political support. It helped wealthy elites accumulate a great deal of political and even military power.
Who was Xerxes?
A Persian emperor (486-465 BCE) who failed in an expansionist attempt of the Greek peninsula.
Who was Cyrus the Great?
A Persian king and conqueror who founded the Persian Empire and ruled for nearly 30 years.
What was the Achaemenid Empire?
A Persion empire founded by Cyrus the Great during the sixth century BCE. One of the dominant powers of the Middle East until conquered by Alexander the Great.
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
A Polish astronomer (1473-1543) who conluded that Earth revolves around the Sun (heliocentric theory).
Who was Charles I?
A Seventheenth Century English monarch who dismissed parliament and ruled alone for several years. His actions contributed to the English Civil War.
Who was Miguel de Cervantes?
A Spanish writer of the satrical novel Don Quixote; argued that chivalry was useless in the modern world.
What was the Council of Elders?
A Spartan government council comprising of 28 men aged at least 60 years. They served as judges and determined the agenda of the polis.
What is a caryatid?
A column sculpted in the form of a maiden who supports the roof of a building with her head.
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
A declaration by the assembly of the Holy Roman Empire that allowed each ruler of the states within the empire to choose whether to follow Catholicism or Lutheranism. It cleared the way for the growth of Lutheranism in Germany but did not allow for any other Protestant doctrine.
What was the printing press?
A device developed around 1450 CE that employed moveable type to print great quantities of material relatively quickly and cheaply. It is generally attributed to Johannes Gutenberg. Over time, it contributed to the rise of literacy and the increased spread of knowledge.
Who are Sunnites?
A group of Muslims who believe the caliph should be a descendent of the prophet Muhammad.
Who are the Shiites?
A group of Muslims who do not believe the caliph should be a descendent of the prophet Muhammed.
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
A group of Muslims who invaded lands in Anatolia and threatened the Byzantine capital in the late 11th century. The presence of the Seljuk Turks contributed to the beginning of the Crusades.
Who were the Vikings?
A group of Scandinavian sailors and warriors who attacked various points around Europe beginning in the 800's. They eventually explored as far west as North America.
Who were the Thirty Tyrants?
A group of elites friendly to Sparta who instituted an oligarchy in Athens following its defeat in the Peloponnesian War.
What was the Heptarchy?
A group of seven kingdoms established in Britain by Germanic invaders. They eventually united under the Kingdom of Wessex in the tenth century.
What was a ziggurat?
A massive stepped tower on which a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city was built.
Who was St. Thomas Aquinas?
A medieval scholastic philosopher and Dominican friar. He wrote the Summa Theologiae. He introduced the Christian doctrine of transubstantiation.
What is Realism?
A medieval school of thought maintaining that universal concepts mostly exist in an understandable world.
Who was Jakob Fugger (145-1525)?
A member of an entrepreneurial family that began in the cloth industry and later invested in mining. The Fuggers' immense profits enabled them to offer loans to the Hapsburgs. Based in Augsburg, Jakob Fugger had offices in most financial centers of the day, including Antwerp (the financial capital of Europe in the early sixteenth century), Vienna, Rome, Madrid, and many others.
What was conciliarism?
A movement in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Europe that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council, not the pope. It emerged in response to the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and was used to justify the summoning of the Council of Constance (1414-1418).
What was the Delian League?
A mutual defense league of Greek city-states headed by Athens.
What was the Peloponnesian League?
A mutual defense league of Greek city-states headed by Sparta.
What was the Pax Romana?
A period of about 200 years during which Rome was basically free of civil war and enjoyed peace and expansion. It literally means "Roman Peace"
What was the Conflict of Orders in 500 BCE?
A period of class tensions, that began as the elites, known as patricians, attempted to keep power from the mass of the population, known as plebeians.
What was Epicureanism?
A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the fourth century B.C.E. that taught that happiness (freedom from emotional turmoil) could be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure (intellectual rather than sensual pleasure).
What was Zoroastrianism?
A religion founded by the Persian Zoroaster in the seventh century B.C.E., characterized by worship of a supreme god, Ahuramazda, who represents the good against the evil spirit, identified as Ahriman.
What is syncretism?
A religious belief system combining elements of many diverse influences. It was practiced by groups such as the ancient Egyptians and the classical Romans.
What is Protestantism?
A religious movement that arose during the 16th century to resist perceived excesses of the Catholic Church. It came to include nearly all non-Catholic Christian denominations.
Who was Martin Luther?
A religious reformer whose posting of the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 sparked the Protestant Reformation. The Lutheran faith is based on his theological doctrines.
What was the Amarna period?
A revolutionary religious phase of the Eighteenth Dynasty that singled out one god to worship. Aton, the disk of the sun.
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A series of religious reforms to simplify worship, achieve salvation through a personal connection with God, and end excesses of the Catholic Church that arose during the early 16th century. It led to the creation of Protestant denominations separate from the Catholic Church.
What were the Punic Wars?
A series of wars between Rome and Carthage during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE. It eventually ended in Roman victory and the complete destruction of Carthage. It set the stage for Rome to expand through the Mediterranean.
What was the Great Schism?
A situation in which two rival popes (one at Avignon and one at Rome) vied for control of the Church. It was ended by the Council of Constance where one pope was chosen. This resulted in a significant weakening of the political power of the papacy.
What is mannerism?
A sixteenth-century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.
What is Romanesque?
A style of art and architecture reminiscent of that of ancient Rome. It featured the rounded arch, the barrel vault, the tower, high ceilings, and religious themes. It was common in Europe during the middle ages.
What is siege warfare?
A style of war in which an offensive force isolates a defensive force using a military blockade.
What best describes feudalism?
A system based on land grants given in exchange for military service.
What was usury?
A system of loaning money with interest in order to make a profit. Long barred by the Church but effectively practiced from the Renaissance on.
What were sea loans?
A system of maritime insurance innovated during the Renaissance. It helped protect against loss of cargo at sea.
What was the Hanseatic League?
A trade organization founded by German merchants to protect against piracy. They came to dominate trade in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Also known as the Hansa.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
A treaty enacted in 1494 that drew an invisible line of demarcation through the Atlantic Ocean dividing Portuguese claims to the east and Spanish claims to the west. It divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.
What was the Treaty of Lodi?
A treaty signed in 1454 CE in which Florence, Milan and Venice created an alliance to oppose the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. It helped end the many wars among the city-states.
What was the Treaty of Westphalia?
A treaty signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years War. It expanded religious recognition to Calvinists. It granted increased power to France.
What was the Treaty of Verdun?
A treaty signed in 843 CE that divided the former kingdom of Charlemagne in to three parts, each governed by a different Frankish king. It roughly established the modern borders of France and Germany.
Which Roman emperors persecuted Christians?
A. Decius C. Diocletian D. Marcus Aurelius E. Nero
The ancient Greeks living around the year 500 B.C.E. honored which gods in public festivals?
A. Dionysos (the god of wine) C. Zeus D. Athena E. Apollo
Who created the Catalan atlas?
Abraham Cresques
Who established Rome?
According to legend, it was founded by Romulus, becoming the first of seven kings said to rule. Archeological evidence suggests it was established sometime in the mid 700s BCE.
What is orthodoxy?
Adherence to correct religious teachings. A major controversy in the early Christian church, with the Roman imperial government endorsing certain teachings as orthodox.
Who were the three greatest tragedians?
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
An artist whose use of copper engraving and woodcuts extended the principles of Renaissance art far beyond Italy was ____________
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
What individual did the most to spread Greek culture?
Alexander the Great
Who were Hebrew prophets?
Amos, Ezekiel, Jeremiah
Who was Galileo Galilei?
An Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician. He contributed to the spread of the heliocentric theory.
What is a Renaissance man?
An accomplished man of the Renaissance era who displayed mastery in a variety of arts and sciences valued under Humanism. Examples include Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
What was Hermeticism?
An intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature. It included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.
What was humanism?
An intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of the Greek and Roman classics. It placed more emphasis on the human experience.
What was a merchant guild?
An organization of merchants to set prices, ensure quality, and help one another in disputes. It arose during the medieval period.
The Council of Nicaea, organized by the emperor Constantine in 325 C.E., condemned the heresy known as _________?
Arianism. The Council condemned the belief taught by the bishop Arius, and therefore known as Arianism, that Jesus Christ was created by God rather than begotten from the eternal divine substance, and that the Son is therefore of lesser dignity than the Father.
Which Athenian wrote comedies that were critical of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)?
Aristophanes Examples were The Acharnians and Lysistratd.
The most widely read philosopher in the medieval universities was ____________
Aristotle
Who founded the neo-Assyrian Empire in the ninth century B.C.E.?
Assurnasirpal II
What were demes?
Athenian political districts that replaced the phratries.
The mendicant friars founded in the thirteenth century received their name from their practice of ___________
Begging for food. "Mendicant" is derived from the Latin word mendicare, which means "to beg." The first of the mendicant orders was founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226), who reacted against the rising wealth and greed of thirteenth-century Italian society by embracing poverty as the ideal form of Christian life. His complete renunciation of private property required him to beg for his sustenance.
What is polytheistic?
Believing in or worshiping more than one god.
In order to regulate spiritual practices in his realm, Charlemagne promoted which monastic order?
Benedictines
Who did the Law of Twelve Tables apply to?
Both patricians and plebians.
What threatened to interfere with the rise of the French nation during the fifteenth century by establishing itself as a powerful state on the frontier between France and the Holy Roman Empire?
Burgundy. During the later phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), Philip the Good, the duke of Burgundy (1396-1467), fought against France, captured Joan of Arc, and handed her over to the English for execution.
Roman expansion into the islands of the Mediterranean created the First Punic War, a struggle with the _________?
Carthaginians
The wife of Henry II of France (1547-1559), who as Queen Mother used her influence both to set policy in France and to introduce cultural features of the Italian Renaissance beyond the Alps, was ______________
Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589). The great-granddaughter of Lorenzo the Magnificent, is credited with introducing Italian etiquette to the French court and was renowned as a patron of the arts. Her influence in politics was felt during the regency and reign of her sons, especially Charles IX (1560-1574). Catherine was implicated in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572), which touched off a round of fighting between Catholics and Huguenots when the former launched a bloody purge against the latter.
What did the Visigoths abandon Arian Christianity for?
Catholicism
Who did the Bishop of Rome crown Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE?
Charlemagne
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, recruits for the elite Janissary corps of the Ottoman Empire were drawn primarily from which group?
Children of Christian peasants.
St. Augustine of Hippo who died in 430 CE is famously remembered for his ideas on ________
Christianity
Which leader championed the cause of the demos and introduced the practice of ostracism?
Cleisthenes.
The Byzantine emperor Justinian is best known for his contributions to what?
Civil Law
What is kione?
Common Greek. The language of the New Testament.
The controversy over the appointment of bishops raged until 1122, when a compromise solution was finally reached with the ____________________
Concordat of Worms. This agreement allowed churchmen to elect bishops and invest them with the symbols of spiritual authority, but required the approval of the emperor, who invested the bishops of the Empire with their political authority.
"His father had been the governor of Britain. From his base there, he defeated his rivals in battle until finally his claim to the imperial throne was undisputed. Although he had worshiped the Persian god Mithras in his youth, he converted to Christianity and was baptized on his deathbed. He founded a new city in the east to serve as the capital of the Roman Empire." Who was the emperor described above?
Constantine.
Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) was able to strengthen the power of the English monarchy by _____________
Cooperating with Parliament. She knew when to enlist Parliament for support, when to compromise, and when to challenge parliamentary attempts to set royal policy.
What did the Treaty of Lodi do?
Created an alliance of northern Italian states against the papal states and Naples.
Who is this describing? In 559 B.C.E., he became the leader of the Persians, united them under his rule, and went on the offensive against the Medes. In 550 B.C.E., he established Persian control over Media, making it the first Persian satrapy, or province.
Cyrus the Great
Which Hebrew leader waged his own independent military campaign against the Philistines?
David
At the Battle of Gaugamela (331 B.C.E.), Alexander's army _____________________
Defeated the Persians under Darius III
The Athenian political reformer, Cleisthenes, invented which political unit to serve as the basis of the new government espoused by the Athenians in 508 B.C.E.?
Deme. It was based on the word demos ("people") and inspired the word "democracy" (demokratia).
The Greek polis of Athens is best defined politically as a ___________?
Democracy
What is Cartesian dualism?
Descartes's principle of the separation of mind and matter (and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason.
A Dutch humanist who published an edition of the Greek New Testament was ____________?
Desiderius Erasmus. Also known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, he was a Dutch humanist who hoped to reform the Church by seeking inspiration from Christianity in its earliest stages. To this end he published in 1516 an edition of the original Greek text of the New Testament, including notes and a new Latin translation
The emperor who tried to restore Roman stability after the Pax Romana by dividing the Empire into four prefectures and twelve dioceses was _______
Diocletian
Who created the Gattamelata statue?
Donatello. It portrays the Renaissance condottiero Erasmo da Narni, known as "Gattamelata", who served mostly under the Republic of Venice, which ruled Padua at the time.
The theory concerning the solar system that was published by Copernicus in 1543 rejected the popular belief that ________________________
Earth is the center of the universe.
What were archons?
Elected Athenian magistrates who oversaw the running of the polis.
The College of Cardinals was established in 1059 for the purpose of __________
Electing the pope.
Who were the Puritans?
English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England.
One of the most famous accounts of the creation of the universe from the ancient Near East was the Babylonian creation epic known as the ____________.
Enuma Elish
The Hellenistic school of philosophy that emphasized the pursuit of a pleasurable life through moderation is known as what?
Epicurianism
Who calculated the circumference of the Earth?
Eratosthenes of Cyrene
Which ancient peoples made sculptures set upon sarcophagi (coffins)?
Etruscan people
The early Romans were governed by a neighboring group called the , _______ who lived to the north in Etruria.
Etruscans. Etruscan kings governed Rome until the Romans rebelled and drove them out in 509 B.C.E.
"Of the three great Athenian playwrights who are renowned for their tragedies, this one won fewer awards than his colleagues, yet his plays resonate more with modern audiences because of the psychological depth of his characters. His play Medea describes the gruesome murders committed by a sorceress who escaped punishment from the gods." Which author does the passage describe?
Euripides (c. 480-406 B.C.E.). His fellow tragedians were Aeschylus and Sophocles.
Which marriage united the kingdom of Spain in 1469?
Ferdinand of Aragon and Catalonia to Isabella of Castile.
The earliest urban settlements usually arose in which of the following types of areas?
Fertile river valleys
Who was the dome of the cathedral in Florence designed by?
Filippo Brunellschi
Where was the cathedral with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi built?
Florence, Italy
"His father had wanted him to become a lawyer, but he eventually abandoned the study of law and turned to classical literature. Though he wrote extensively in Latin, which he sought to restore to its classical style, his more popular literary achievements consisted of his vernacular poetry." Who is the individual described above?
Francesco Petrarch
"His rise to fame and fortune was based on his service as a privateer. He claimed part of the American west coast for his native land and was hailed as the first of his countrymen to circumnavigate the globe. In return for his service, he was knighted by his monarch aboard his flagship." Who is the individual described above?
Francis Drake He began his career as a raider of Spanish shipping. He claimed a portion of the American west coast for England in 1579 and returned to England in 1580 by circumnavigating the globe. Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) knighted him aboard the Golden Hind.
Which Catholic ruler made an alliance with the Ottoman Turkish sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent?
Francis I of France (1515-1547) made an alliance with the Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, in 1536 while the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles Y, was conducting an invasion of southern France.
Who were Huguenots?
French Calvinists.
The Roman leader Julius Caesar built his military reputation and wealth by his military victories in _______
Gaul
What was trivium?
Grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic; three of the seven liberal arts (the others made up the quadrivium) that were the basis of medieval and early modern education.
Who were patricians?
Great landowners who became the ruling class in the Roman Republic.
What happened after the collapse of Mycenaean civilization?
Greece entered a difficult period in which the population declined and food production dropped. Because of the dire conditions and our meager knowledge about the period, historians call it the Dark Age.
"He was committed to the cause of reform. In order to free the Church from political manipulation, he challenged the emperor over the right to in vest bishops. His claim that popes have the power to depose kings seemed proven when the emperor stood before him in the snow and begged for absolution. However, the emperor later forced him to flee Rome, and he died in exile. The struggle between popes and emperors over the appointment of bishops continued for a generation before it was resolved." The passage above describes the career of which popes?
Gregory VII (1073-1085) was an energetic pope who led what has been called the Gregorian Reform, which sought to improve the quality of the clergy and establish the papacy as unquestioned leader of European society. Gregory opposed the practice of secular rulers who appointed bishops for political ends, claiming that laymen could not appoint clerics, not even if the layman were an emperor.
Who was the most effective leader of the Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War?
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Which factory most contributed to the fall of the Assyrian Empire?
Harsh treatment generated a great deal of hatred among subjects.
Of the three female Egyptian pharoahs, who was the most famous?
Hatshepsut.
What did Diocletian do in 284 CE?
He became emperor and reformed the army, economy, administration, and rules for succession and persecuted Christians. He established a tetrarchy by dividing the empire into eastern and western halves with each half ruled by an official known as the augustus and assisted by an official known as the caesar. On the death of an augustus, his caesar takes over and names a replacement.
What did Constantine do in 324 CE
He buildt a new imperial capital on the Bosporus called Constantinople.
What is true of Richard I the Lion-Hearted (1189-1199) during the Third Crusade?
He captured the coastal city of Acre and executed Muslim prisoners of war.
What did Pythagoras do in 518 BCE?
He devised mathematical concepts such as the Pythagorean theorem for calculating the sides of a right triangle. He also led a religious community that abstained from eating meat.
What did Thales of Miletus do in 585 BCE?
He did groundbreaking work in geometry and astronomy and theorized that water is the fundamental element of the universe.
What is true of Cardinal Richelieu?
He increased the power of the French monarchy
Who cataloged the stars?
Hipparchus
What was an important contribution of Thomas Aquinas?
His effort to reconcile reason and the teachings of Aristotle with Christian Faith.
"The territories he ruled surpassed those of Charlemagne, but his control of them was frequently challenged. As a consequence, he fought numerous wars, both against rival states and his own subjects. In the end he abdicated and retired to a monastery, where he soon died." The individual described above is ______________
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
Which dynasty controlled England at the end of the Wars of the Roses (1454-1485)?
House of Tudor. The Tudor dynasty came to power in England when Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, defeated Richard III (1483-1485) at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. This engagement concluded the dynastic struggle known as the Wars of the Roses.
During the French Wars of Religion, what were the Protestant followers of Jean Calvin called?
Huguenots
In general, the philosophy of Socrates can be summarized by which statement?
I am wise because I know nothing.
What is indulgence?
In Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Catholic Church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther's reform movement in the sixteenth century.
What is the Reconquista?
In Spain, the reconquest of Muslim lands by Christian rulers and their armies.
What was encomienda?
In Spanish America, a form of economic and social organization in which a Spaniard was given a royal grant that enabled the holder of the grant to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers.
What is interdict?
In the Catholic Church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments.
What was imperium?
In the Roman Republic, the right to command troops that belonged to the chief executive officers (consuls and praetors). A military commander was known as an imperator. In the Roman Empire, the title imperator (emperor) came to be used for the ruler.
What is scutage?
In the fourteenth century, a money payment for military service that replaced the obligation of military service in the lordvassal relationship.
Who were bourgeoisie (burghers)?
Inhabitants (merchants and artisans) of boroughs and burghs (towns)
What is a characteristic of Celtic art?
Intricate pen and ink designs.
Which monarch sponsored Christopher Columbus on his journey in 1492?
Isabella of Castile.
The outstanding achievement of King Hammurabi of Mesopotamia was that he ______________________
Issued a more comprehensive law code than any known predecessor.
What were Saracens?
It was a medieval Christian term for Muslims.
How was Athenian citizenship granted?
It was only granted to Athenians with two citizen parents. It could not be granted through naturalization. It granted men the right to take part in government.
Who was the Magna Carta signed by and what did it do?
It was signed by English king John I and a group of barons. It limited the power of the king and protected the liberties of the nobles.
The complete works of Plato first became available in western Europe due to the efforts of who?
Italian humanists during the Renaissance.
What was the first permanent English colony in the New World?
Jamestown
The Inquisition in Spain was originally established to investigate and prosecute who?
Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity.
What pair of religious thinkers or leaders most directly challenged Christian orthodoxy in pre-Reformation Europe?
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus.
Who was a prominent Anabaptist who established a theocracy in the German town of Münster?
John of Leiden. He led a takeover of the German town of Münster in 1534 and declared himself the king of a New Zion, which permitted polygamy on the model of the ancient patriarchs of the Old Testament and established the communal possession of property on the model of the early Christians in the New Testament.
Octavian was the grand-nephew, adopted son, and heir of who?
Julius Ceasar
"Among his achievements are counted a monumental codification of law, the beautification of the capital through an ambitious building program, and the recovery of lands that had originally constituted the very heart of the empire. Yet early in his reign he nearly abdicated because of a massive riot that broke out at the chariot races, until his wife, who had formerly been a dancing girl, prompted him to risk his life and restore order." The emperor described in the passage above is ____________________
Justinian. The most influential achievement of the Emperor Justinian (527-565) was his codification of Roman Law, known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, which began in 528 under the guidance of the jurist Tribonian.
In the second century BCE what did the Roman politician Tiberius Gracchus propose that upset so many Romans?
Land reform
What is latifundia?
Large Roman agricultural estates staffed by enslaved workers. Its formation contributed to social stratification by making it more difficult for small farmers to flourish and generated the threat of slave revolts.
What was a latifundia?
Large landed estates in the Roman Empire (singular: latifundium).
What was common law?
Law common to the entire kingdom of England; imposed by the king's courts beginning in the twelfth century to replace the customary law used in county and feudal courts that varied from place to place.
Who formed the Second Triumvirate and what did they do?
Lepidus, Mark Antony, and Octavian, Caesar's adopted son. They shared power and hunted down Caesar's assassins. Once the assassins were routed at the Battle of Philippi, the triumvirs turned on each other. Lepidus retires, Mark Antony takes control of eastern lands, and Octavian reigns in the west.
What is Hellenistic?
Literally, ''imitating the Greeks''; the era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the Near East and blended with the culture of that region.
The entire Greek world was conquered, and thus unified, for the first time by _______
Macedon. King Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.) led Macedon in the unification of Greece by conquering the allied forces of Thebes and Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 B.C.E.
Who was the most accomplished writer of Latin prose?
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.), a senator and lawyer whose massive output included speeches given in the Senate and the courts, letters to friends, and philosophical works, which he wrote during his enforced retirement by Julius Caesar (who was also an accomplished writer, publishing his memoirs on the conquest of Gaul)
The Gospels, which form the core of the New Testament, are attributed to who?
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
During the period of the late Merovingians, the most powerful office in the Frankish realm was that of the __________
Mayor of the Palace.
The quest for economic self-sufficiency, the expansion of colonial possessions, and the introduction of manufacturing standards are most closely associated with what?
Mercantilism
What occupations did NOT fit into the medieval conception of society described by the phrase "those who fight, those who pray, those who work"?
Merchants. Serfs (laborers) were considered "Those who work".
The Lydians had achieved great levels of prosperity as intermediaries for commerce between ____________?
Mesopotamia and the Aegean.
"Their level of culture was at first relatively primitive in comparison to the contemporary civilizations of the ancient Near East, but their contacts with the people of Crete while trading and raiding in the eastern Mediterranean inspired certain advances, most notably the acquisition of writing and the use of the palace as an administrative center. Nevertheless, they remained politically divided in their mountainous home and, banding together at times for the purpose of war." The people described above are known as the ________
Mycenaeans
Who was the king responsible for uniting Upper and Lower Egypt?
Narmer.
What was world-machine?
Newton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion.
Who were Berbers?
North African Muslims
Who founded the Ottoman Empire?
Osman
In 1529, the city of Vienna was besieged by who?
Ottomans. Vienna was besieged in 1529 by the Turks of the Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566).
What is hubris?
Overwhelming and unwarranted pride. One of the main vices addressed in classical Greek drama.
What are indulgences?
Pardons by the pope for instances of sin. Resistance to the sale of indulgences during the Renaissance era contributed to the rise of Protestantism.
Which governmental body in England was increasingly seen as partner of the monarch in raising tax money?
Parliament
What pairs of group existed in the early Roman Republic?
Patricians & Plebians
The principle that the religion of the ruler of a state determines the established church in that state was first adopted at the ____________________
Peace of Augsburg
In The Prince, what did Machiavelli assert?
People are not trustworthy and cannot be relied on in time of need.
The Protestant Reformation began as a response to ________________________________
Perceived abuses of the Catholic church including simony and the sale of indulgences.
After the destruction of Athens by the Persians, which political leader is best known for the large-scale rebuilding of the city?
Pericles
Who wrote the encyclopedia Natural History?
Pliny the Elder
Who formed the First Triumvirate to rule in place of the senate?
Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar
What was the primary purpose of the craft guilds of the Middle Ages?
Regulation of production and quality.
Most of the earliest examples of cuneiform suggest that the Sumerians invented writing to do what?
Record business transactions and keep inventories of goods.
What did reforms advocated by the Gracchi brothers in the Roman Republic focus on?
Redistributing land to increase the number of Plebeian family farmers.
What is agrarian?
Relating to agriculture and rural farm life.
The Greeks founded numerous colonies throughout the Mediterranean basin and the Black Sea from c. 700 to c. 550 B.C.E. primarily in order to do what?
Relieve socio-economic tensions in mainland Greece. Greek colonization was motivated primarily by economic problems that caused social strife in the mother city-states. By removing part of the population to colonies outside Greece, it was hoped that the demand for scarce resources could be relieved and that social tensions would be decreased as the economic situation improved.
What are mystery religions?
Religions that involve initiation into secret rites that promise intense emotional involvement with spiritual forces and a greater chance of individual immortality.
What are sacraments?
Rites considered imperative for a Christian's salvation. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist or Lord's Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children; Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two—baptism and communion (the Lord's Supper).
"As a young man he served in the military during the Thirty Years' War. However, mathematics was his passion, and his contribution to geometry endures to this day. He is most famous, however, for three Latin words that serve as the foundation for his philosophical system: Cogito, ergo sum." The thinker described above is ___________
René Descartes. Descartes (1596-1650) sought a military career in his twenties and served during the early phase of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Soon, however, he became preoccupied with mathematics and philosophy. He established a connection between algebra and geometry that is expressed in the system of Cartesian coordinates. He also made contributions to science, but his most famous achievement was in philosophy. His axiom "Cogito, ergo sum," which means "I think, therefore I am," was a skeptical reaction to scholasticism.
Medieval colleges, such as the one founded by Robert de Sorbon in Paris during the thirteenth century, were originally what?
Residence-halls for poor students enrolled in a university.
The Social War (90-88 B.C.E.) was fought over extension of ________________?
Roman Citizenship. The war was precipitated by the assassination of the Roman tribune Marcus Drusus, who sought to extend Roman citizenship to Rome's Italian allies; the Senate opposed the measure because it threatened to dilute its own political power. In response, the Italian allies seceded from Rome, initiating the war.
What are quaestors?
Roman officials responsible for the administration of financial affairs.
The main purpose of the Magna Carta, signed by King John of England in 1215, was to _____________
Safeguard the existing feudal privileges of the barons.
In the ninth and tenth centuries C.E., western Europe suffered invasions from ______________
Saracens, Vikings, and Magyars. During the ninth and tenth centuries, western Europe suffered repeated invasions by Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens (a name often given to medieval Arabs or Muslims) from the south.
Who were helots?
Serfs in ancient Sparta who were permanently bound to the land that they worked for their Spartan masters. Equivalent to slaves.
What did Joan of Arc do?
She was a peasant girl with no military experience, who led France to victory at Orléans. She claimed to have heard the voices of saints calling her to action. Later captured by the English, she was burned at the stake (1431).
What was one reason for the collapse and defeat of the Incan empire?
Small pox
Who were Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile?
Spanish monarchs of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They established a strong, centralized monarchy with power of the parliamentary assemblies. They ruled during the Spanish Inquisition. They expelled the Jews from Spain.
In what ancient Greek city-state were women permitted to own land and other property and to make economic decisions on their own?
Sparta
What was the root cause of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)?
Sparta's fear of Athenian imperialistic expansion
Which of the following philosophical schools was most identified with the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius?
Stoicism
Who were the Cavaliers?
Supporters of Charles I during the English Civil War.
Who were Roundheads?
Supporters of the Parliamentary Party during the English Civil War.
What are ideograms?
Symbols representing ideas.
What was the Inquisition?
Systematic persecution of Cathars, Waldensians, and those who opposed the authority of the Catholic Church. It was undertaken by the new Dominican monastic order during the thirteenth century.
Spread across three continents, the Hellenistic realms that emerged after a long period of civil war following the death of Alexander the Great were known as __________
The Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid kingdoms.
What did Jan Van Eyck paint?
The Arnolfini Portrait of Italian merchant Giovanni di Nicalao Anolfini and his wife.
What did the Emperor Hadrian's decision to rebuild Jerusalem on the model of a Greco-Roman city trigger?
The Bar Kochba rebellion. The rebellion led by the Jewish warrior Simon Bar Kochba. The bloodshed lasted from 132 to 135. Since many Jews left the region, it intensified the Diaspora
The cause of ecclesiastical reform in western Europe before the twelfth century were __________
The Cluniacs (monks who belonged to a consortium of Benedictine monasteries led by the abbey of Cluny in eastern France). They cooperated with the papacy to reform ecclesiastical discipline. In the eleventh century, especially under the leadership of Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085), they strove to free the church from control by powerful members of the laity, who often appointed bishops and abbots for political reasons rather than spiritual ones.
What established Christianity as a legal religion in the Roman Empire?
The Edict of Milan. It was issued by the Roman emperor Constantine in 313 CE.
The Black Death devastated Europe and created many conditions that destabilized the societies and created which rebellion?
The English Peasant's Revolt
What is the Colosseum in Rome also known as?
The Flavian Ampitheater
Who killed Decius in 251 CE?
The Goths
What divided Christianity into Orthodox and Catholic branches?
The Great Schism (a.k.a., the East-West Schism) -The Orthodox Church is centered in Constantinople, the Catholic Church in Rome. -Orthodox Christians objected to the growing power of the papacy. -In the Filioque controversy over the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, Orthodox theologians held that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father, while Catholic theologians believed it proceeded from both the Father and the Son.
The text that best demonstrates the influence of the Latin classics on the European imagination before the Renaissance is ________
The Inferno, by Dante Alighieri. Dante's Inferno is the first part of The Divine Comedy, which describes the poet's dream-like journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven.
What was Judea?
The Jewish homeland during the Roman era. It came under Romanian control first as a client state and later as a province. It was the site of much internal conflict and rebellion.
Which empire could rightfully be called the Empire of the Steppe?
The Mongol Empire
What is umma?
The Muslim community, as a whole.
What is made with colorful glazed brick and decorated with alternating images of bulls and dragons?
The Neo-Babylonian Ishtar Gate
Why was civil peace and personal security enjoyed to a greater degree in Norman England than in continental Europe?
The Norman kings developed a centralized and efficient type of feudalism.
The system of writing developed in Greece after the Dark Age (c.1100-800 B.C.E.), was based directly on ____________
The Phoenician alphabet. The Greek alphabet was based on the Phoenician alphabet, but differed from it by using some of the symbols to represent vowels (Phoenician letters represented consonants only).
What was deeply affected by the invention of the printing press?
The Protestant Reformation greatly benefited from the printing press as a means for the rapid dissemination of information—especially theological works and political pamphlets.
What is a viceroy?
The administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas.
What is papal curia?
The administrative staff of the Catholic Church, composed of cardinals who assist the pope in running the church.
What is nepotism?
The appointment of family members to important political positions; derived from the regular appointment of nephews (Latin, nepos) by Renaissance popes.
What is rhetoric?
The art of persuasive speaking; in the Middle Ages, one of the seven liberal arts.
What was double predestination?
The belief that God has determined in advance that some people will be saved and other damned.
What are relics?
The bones of Christian saints or objects intimately associated with saints that were considered worthy of veneration.
What is a procurator?
The head of the Holy Synod, the chief decision-making body for the Russian Orthodox Church.
Who were consuls?
The chief executive officers of the Roman Republic. Two were chosen annually to administer the government and lead the army in battle.
What is a Centuriate Assembly?
The chief popular assembly of the Roman Republic. It passed laws and elected the chief magistrates.
Who were plebians?
The class of Roman citizens that included nonpatrician landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers in the Roman Republic. Their struggle for equal rights with the patricians dominated much of the Republic's history.
What was syncretism?
The combining of different forms of belief or practice, as, for example, when two gods are regarded as different forms of the same underlying divine force and are fused together.
Who were the chief executive officers of the Roman Republic?
The consuls and praetors. Two consuls, chosen annually, administered the government and led the Roman army into battle. They possessed imperium, ''the right to command.'' The office of the praetor was created in 366 B.C.E. The praetor also possessed imperium and could govern Rome when the consuls were away from the city and could also lead armies. The praetor's primary function, however, was the execution of justice. He was in charge of the civil law as it applied to Roman citizens.
What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
The core requirements of the faith, observation of which would lead to paradise: -belief in Allah and his Prophet Muhammad; -prescribed prayers; -observation of Ramadan; -pilgrimage to Mecca; -giving alms (charitable contributions) to the poor.
What did Solon's leadership of Athens result in?
The development of a formal Constitution.
What is monotheism?
The doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
What is paterfamilias?
The dominant male in a Roman family whose powers over his wife and children were theoretically unlimited, though they were sometimes circumvented in practice.
What was the Price Revolution?
The dramatic rise in prices (inflation) that occurred throughout Europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
What was the House of Hapsburg?
The dynasty that dominated the Holy Roman Empire and Austrian Empire from the fifteenth through the twentieth centuries.
What was a central feature of the Catholic Reformation?
The establishment of new religious orders such as the Jesuits.
Russia's Time of Troubles (1598-1613) ended with what?
The expulsion of a Polish occupying army and the election of a new ruling family.
Who was Augustus Caesar?
The first true Roman emperor. Ruled over several decades of relative peace, expansion, and domestic development while centralizing power in the imperial office.
What is principate?
The form of government established by Augustus for the Roman Empire. It continued the constitutional forms of the Republic and consisted of the princeps (''first citizen'') and the senate, although the princeps was clearly the dominant partner.
What are New Monarchies?
The governments of France, England, and Spain at the end of the fifteenth century, whose rulers succeeded in reestablishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of all people living in their territories.
What is an abbess?
The head of a convent or monastery for women.
What was a result from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?
The invasion of England was prevented.
Phoenician Territory
The most important of the Phoenician colonies was Carthage, on the North African coast closest to Italy (modern Tunisia)
What is the Code of Hammurabi?
The most influential and important legal document written in cuneiform. Laws of Babylon. The most complete Mesopotamian law code.
What were the controversies that occurred within the Christian church between the third and fifth centuries C.E. were principally concerned with?
The nature of Jesus Christ and the doctrine of the trinity.
What is the papacy?
The office of the pope, head of the Catholic church. It enjoyed great power in Europe during the Middle Ages.
What was demesne?
The part of a manor retained under the direct control of the lord and worked by the serfs as part of their labor services.
What was the Third Dynasty of Ur?
The time period spanning roughly 2000-1900 BCE when the Sumerian city of Ur attained control of Mesopotamia against the Akkadian Empire.
What is scholasticism?
The philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason.
In the period 1000-1500 C.E., Muslims and Christians differed in regard to what?
The portrayal of religious figures in religious buildings.
What is lay investiture?
The practice in which someone other than a member of the clergy chose a bishop and invested him with the symbols of both his temporal office and his spiritual office; led to the Investiture Controversy, which was ended by compromise in the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
What was empericism?
The practice of relying on observation and experiment.
What is a central idea of the philosophy of Epicureanism?
The pursuit of pleasure.
The schism in Islam between Shi'ites and Sunnis occurred primarily over what?
The question of succession to the caliphate.
What is Latium?
The region of the Italian peninsula that gave rise to early Roman civilization. It gave it's name to the Latin language.
The execution of Mary Queen of Scots was the catalyst for what?
The sailing of the Spanish Armada.
Who devised the first alphabet?
The scribes of Ugarit (in the Levant). It was was later adapted by the Phoenicians.
What is the Lion Gate of ancient Mycenae?
The sculptures on either side of the column set above the doorway represent lions. The doorway is set with Cyclopean walls.
What is a caliph?
The secular leader of the Islamic community.
What marked the end of Jerusalem as the effective focal point of Jewish life?
The suppression of Bar-Kochba's rebellion.
What were the Hellenistic Kingdoms?
The three kingdoms created from the land conquered by Alexander the Great and after his death. -The Antigonid kingdom in Macedonia and Greece. -The Seleucid kingdom in the Middle East. -The Ptolemaic kingdom in Egypt.
What is the trivium?
The three linguistic liberal arts of a medieval university education. It included grammar, rhetoric and logic, also called dialectic.
What were estates (orders)?
The traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (the clergy), those who fight (the nobility), and those who work (all the rest).
What happened during the first Punic war in 264 BCE?
The war, fought until 241 BCE, enables Rome to expand its territory into Sicily (227 BCE), Sardinia (225 BCE), and Corsica (225 BCE).
What did the Knights Templar do?
They were a Catholic military order to protect pilgrims going to the Holy Land.
What is true of medieval universities?
They were corporations of teachers and students.
Which Germanic group established a lasting kingdom in Spain during the 15th century?
Visigoths
Who were Sophists?
Wandering scholars and professional teachers in ancient Greece who stressed the importance of rhetoric and tended toward skepticism and relativism.
What happened in the Revolt of the Ciompi in 1378?
Wool carders rebeled against their exclusion from the political system.
What did the bubonic plague lead to improvements in?
Workers wages
The dominance of Mediterranean trade by Italian city-states can be traced to the ____________
crusades
What was heresy?
heresy the holding of religious doctrines different from the official teachings of the church.
The encomienda system was similar to which Classical institution?
latfundia
The reluctance of Elizabeth I of England to open "windows into men's souls" was an indication of her __________________
reluctance to inquire closely into personal religious views.
What was wergeld?
''money for a man.'' In early Germanic law, a person's value in monetary terms, paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person who had been injured or killed.
Who were nobiles?
''nobles.'' The small group of families from both patrician and plebeian origins who produced most of the men who were elected to office in the late Roman Republic.
What is jihad?
''striving in the way of the Lord.'' In Islam, the attempt to achieve personal betterment, although it can also mean fair, defensive fighting to preserve one's life and one's faith.
What was cuneiform?
''wedge-shaped.'' A system of writing developed by the Sumerians that consisted of wedge-shaped impressions made by a reed stylus on clay tablets.
Who do followers of Shi'a Islam claim as Muhammad's legitimate successor.
'Ali, son-in-law to Muhammad.
What are characteristics of a Civilization?
(1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community's success, and professional priestly classes regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population, and armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed a large group of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: for example, monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
What were the results of the Peloponnesian Wars?
-Classical Greek culture largely declined -Athens briefly shifted away from democracy -Sparta developed a powerful Naval force -Infighting amongst competing city-states grew
What measures were tried by ancient Athens to prevent violent revolution within the polis?
-Constitutional reform. -The cancellation of debts. -Colonization. -Tyranny.
Who made contributions to astronomy?
-Galileo Galilei. -Tycho Brahe. -Copernicus. -Johannes Kepler.
What were the achievements of Charlemagne?
-He conquered the Saxons and forced them to convert to Christianity. -He seized territory in Spain from the Muslims. -He defeated the Lombards in Italy and made their kingdom his own. -He gathered scholars from all over Latin Christendom to make his court an international center of learning.
What is true of the Athenian political reformer Solon?
-He divided citizens into four classes based on their wealth. -He wrote poetry. -He canceled the debts of impoverished citizens. -He established a Council of 400 members (100 members from each of the four traditional tribes of Athens). -He restored freedom to citizens who had been sold into slavery.
What were some were achievements of Augustus Caesar?
-He established Rome's first police department. -He established Rome's first fire department. -He organized a grand building program in Rome. -He ended almost a century of civil wars in Rome.
What did Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) do?
-He presided over the Fourth Lateran Council. -He proclaimed a crusade against heretics in southern France. -He approved the foundation of the Franciscans and Dominicans. -He made England a papal fief
What is true of Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)?
-He taught that it is not necessary to fast during Lent. -He banned the use of religious images in churches. -He died at a battle between Catholic and Protestant forces. -He abolished monasteries.
What was true of King Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 B.C.E.)?
-He was a member of the Neo-Babylonian dynasty. -He built the Hanging Gardens for his wife. -He conquered the kingdom of Judah. -He destroyed Jerusalem and deported Jews to Babylon.
What is true of Pericles (c. 495-429 B.C.E.)?
-He was frequently elected general by the people. -He led the imperialistic expansion of Athens. -He hired the sculptor Phidias for his building program of the Acropolis. -He used tribute from the Delian League to fund artistic endeavors in Athens.
Who was involved in the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)?
-Henry V of England. -Philip the Good of Burgundy. -Charles VII of France. - Joan of Arc.
What did the Crusades lead to?
-Increased hostility toward Muslims and Jews Increased trade in the Mediterranean -The growing power of military orders of knights
What were characteristics of the reign of Charlemagne?
-Increased interest in literacy and learning -Expansion of Frankish territory in all directions -Growth of connections between the papacy and monarchs -Encouragement of Latin as a common language
What is true about the Hundred Years War?
-It began between the English Plantagenet dynasty and the French Valois dynasty over rule of France. -It raged intermittently until 1453. Major battles include: -Crécy (1346), at which English archers armed with ongbows defeat a superior enemy force -Poitiers (1356), at which French king John II is captured and held for ransom
What is true of the Carolingian Renaissance?
-It brought scholars from all over Western Europe to study at the court of Charlemagne. -It founded schools to train clerics. -It promoted a simplified script, which forms the basis of the modern printed alphabet. -It preserved much of the classical literature of the pagans through the copying of manuscripts.
What is true of feudalism?
-It functioned according to a contractual agreement of a personal nature between two individuals. -As a system of political organization, it was characterized by weak central authority. -It involved a lord granting a fief to a vassal, who agreed to perform military or other service. -It reached the height of its development during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
What is true of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?
-It recognized the Augsburg Confession as a legitimate religious position. -It ended the war between Charles V and the Protestant princes. -It recognized the legitimacy of Lutheranism. -It established the principle that the religion of a state should be decided by its prince.
What is true of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)?
-It recognized the Dutch Netherlands and Switzerland as sovereign states. -It formally ended the Thirty Years' War. -It allowed each of the German principalities within the Holy Roman Empire to conduct its own foreign policy. -It reaffirmed the principle that the ruler of a German principality should decide the religious alignment of his state.
What was true of the Fourth Lateran Council?
-It required all adult Christians to receive the sacraments of confession and communion at least once a year. -It adopted the theory of transubstantiation as official dogma. -It was convened by Pope Innocent III in 1215. -It was attended by the patriarch of Constantinople.
What is true of the Roman Senate?
-It was a powerful group of patricians -It represented the interests of the elite -It allowed families to demonstrate prestige -It did not allow Plebian members in the early Republic era.
What was true of Roman Law?
-It was influenced by Stoic philosophy. -It was influenced by the concept of natural law. -It was formulated in authoritative manuals toward the end of the Pax Romana, from the second to the early third century C.E. -The emperor Justinian (527-565 C.E.) commissioned the codification of earlier law codes in an immense work known as the Corpus Juris Civilis.
Who settled Roman lands bordering on the Mediterranean?
-Lombards -Visigoths -Ostrogoths -Vandals
Who were Renaissance humanists?
-Marsilio Ficino. -Coluccio Salutati. -Lorenzo Valla. -Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.
Which political figures contributed to the evolution of Athenian government before the Peloponnesian War?
-Pericles. -Cleisthenes. -Draco.. -Peisistrarus.
What happened when Darius became ruler of Persian Empire in 521 BCE?
-Persian territory is divided into 20 provinces, called satrapies, governed by an official known as a satrap, who rules with little oversight. -The army is staffed by locals according to need and regional expertise. -The emperor's personal guard, the Ten Thousand Immortals, is the only standing force. -A stable currency is established for easy tax collection. -Reliable roads are built to encourage trade.
What did the Fourth Lateral Counsel do?
-Reformed the clergy -Declared the pope the supreme bishop -Required yearly confession -Condemned secret marriages and marriages between close relatives -Restricted the rights of Jews.
What were reasons for the rapid conquest of the Near East and North Africa by the Arabs during the seventh century?
-Resentment against Constantinople for the suppression of Mono-physitism in the Byzantine provinces of the Near East -Long wars of attrition between the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires -The zeal of a new religion proclaimed by the prophet Muhammad -Overpopulation in Arab lands
What did Pope Gregory I (590-604) do?
-Send missionaries to England. -Defend Rome from barbarians through diplomacy. -Promote Benedictine monasticism. -Feed the poor of Rome.
Which theologians are considered the four Latin doctors of the Church?
-St. Gregory the Great -St. Augustine of Hippo -St. Jerome -St. Ambrose of Milan
What factors played a part in bringing about the Hundred Years' War?
-The English king had lands in Gascony -A French princess was the mother of an English king -Flemish towns were dependent on England for raw wool -The Capetian dynasty had come to an end
Where did Protestants establish a lasting presence during the sixteenth century?
-The Netherlands. -Spain. -France. -England.
Italian politics during the Renaissance (c. 1400-c. 1600) was dominated at one time or another by who?
-The Valois kings of France. -The Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor. -The Republic of Florence. -The Duchy of Milan.
What were features of the Counter Reformation?
-The convocation of a church council to clarify doctrine. -The publication of an index of prohibited books. -The establishment of a new inquisition. -The founding of new religious orders.
What contributed to Portugal's lead in overseas expansion in the fifteenth century?
-The creation of accurate maps. -The development of better navigational instruments. -Improvement in the design of ships.
What contributed to the fall of the Roman Republic during the first century?
-The desire of wealthy citizens to expand their own power at the expense of the government. -The institution of clientage. -The unwillingness of the Senate to enact political reforms. -The professionalization of the army.
The Gracchi attempted to reform the Roman Republic through which measures?
-The extension of Roman citizenship to the Italian allies. -The sale of state-subsidized grain to the poor. -Land redistribution. -The transfer of jury duty from the senators to members of the equestrian class. The Gracchi were the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, who served as People's Tribunes and were murdered in political riots in 133 and 121 B.C.E., respectively.
What was the Age of Pericles characterized by?
-The historical writings of Herodotus -An ambitious building program -The expansion of the Delian League -Reforms of Athenian democracy
What helps explain the leading role taken by the Dutch in seventeenth-century trade?
-The innovative design of their merchant vessels. -Their use of the joint-stock company. -The dominant position of merchants in the government of the United Provinces. -Their geographic position.
Between 1629 and 1639, Charles I of England tried to obtain revenues by which means?
-The levying of shop money -Income from crown lands -Forced loans -The sale of monopolies
What supported a larger European population in 1300?
-The three-crop rotation system that increases crop yields -A warmer climate, known as the Medieval Warm Period (ca. 950- 1250), that extends the growing season -Improved plows and harnesses that allow horses to be used instead of oxen -More extensive trade networks and regular trade fairs
What did Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarch have in common?
-They wrote poetry about women whom they adored. -They wrote works in Latin, but their most memorable achievements were in the Italian vernacular. -Their families were Florentine, but they spent much of their lives outside Florence. -Their love for classical literature inspired them to espouse a form of humanism.
What were motivations for Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) to sponsor voyages of discovery?
-To acquire accurate geographical information about Africa. -To find the kingdom of a legendary Christian ally, Prester John. -To outflank the Muslims by converting lands they had not yet reached. -To find gold and stimulate trade.
What function did midieval craft guilds perform?
-Training apprentices -Determining prices -Setting production levels -Curbing competition
Which explorers and colonialists were sponsored by Portugal?
-Vasco da Gama. -Alfonso de Albuquerque. -Bartholomew Diaz. -Pedro Cabral.
Who did the late Roman Empire face military conflicts with?
-Visigoths -Vandals -Franks -Huns
Medieval Europeans were indebted to the Muslims for what?
-astrolabes. -paper. -algebra. -the numeral zero.
Which features of civilization were present in the Fertile Crescent around the year 3000 B.C.E?
-bronze-working. -irrigation. -writing. -the wheel. The alphabet was not developed until about 1400 B.C.E., when the Syrian city-state of Ugarit adapted the cuneiform writing that was used in 3000 B.C.E
What did Philip IV (the Fair) of France do to increase his revenue?
-exile Jews and seize their wealth. -destroy the Order of Knights Templar and seize their wealth. -debase the coinage. -tax the clergy.
The Romans were indebted to the Etruscans for what?
-their alphabet.. -the practice of divination. -the arch. -techniques for draining marshes and building sewers.
The traditional date for the schism between the Greek and Latin churches is _________
1054
Who were the Mycenaeans?
A Bronze Age civilization known for its architecture. They lived on the Greek mainland. They invaded and occupied Crete around 1550 BCE. They adopted the Minoan form of writing and economics.
Who was Justinian?
A Byzantine emperor who ruled alongside his wife, the Empress Theodora during the mid-sixth century CE. He retook North Africa, Italy, and part of Spain for the empire. He codified the Roman law in the Corpus Juris Civilis.
What is Arianism?
A Christian heresy that taught that Jesus was inferior to God. Though condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325, Arianism was adopted by many of the Germanic peoples who entered the Roman Empire over the next centuries.
What was monasticism?
A Christian institution in which men and women separated themselves from society in order to pursue spiritual ideas. It was dominated by the Benedictine order from the 6th century until the 12th century.
Who was Saul of Tarsus?
A Christian religious teacher who preached, converted, and guided the growing Christian communities of the eastern Meditirranean. Also known as St. Paul.
What was Eucharist?
A Christian sacrament in which consecrated bread and wine are consumed in celebration of Jesus's Last Supper; also called the Lord's Supper or communion.
Who were the Dorians?
A Dark Age Greek civilization that lacked writing and suffered lowered levels of cultural development.
Who was Rembrandt van Rijn?
A Dutch painter (1606-1669) An innovator of realism. He he emphasized the use of light and shade.
Who was Erasmus?
A Dutch philosopher and Christian Humanist who prepared new Greek and Latin editions of the New Testament. He argued for the widespread study of the Bible and sought the reform the Church from within.
What was the Council of Trent?
A Ecumenical council that met three times between 1545 and 1563. It began broad reforms of the Church and solidified church dogma in relation to Protestantism.
Who was Descartes?
A French philosopher who believed that true knowledge about the world could be attained through only the use of human reason.
What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572?
A French purge on several thousand Huguenots. Part of an ongoing religious civil war.
Who were the Franks?
A Gallic tribe that came to dominate France under the rule of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties.
Who were the Lombards?
A Germanic tribe that established a kingdom in northern Italy and Tuscany. They were defeated by Charlemagne in 774 CE.
Who was Plato?
A Greek philosopher and student of Socrates. He founded the influential philosophical school known as the Academy. He wrote on the nature of human understanding and the best way for people to govern themselves.
Who was Socrates?
A Greek philosopher who devised a method of philosophical inquiry and influenced later thinkers, particularly Plato. He was tried and convicted for corrupting the morals of Athens.
Who was Philip of Macedon?
A Macedonian king who conquered the Greek peninsula and created the League of Corinth.
Who was Alexander the Great?
A Macedonian leader who conquered territory from Egypt in the west to India in the east to create the largest empire in the classical world.
What was the Umayyad Caliphate?
A Muslim dynasty lasting from 661 to 750 CE. It conquered and widely drew on Byzantine government techniques.
What was the Abbasid Caliphate?
A Muslim dynasty lasting from 750 to 1258 CE. Established capital at Baghdad and oversaw a time of learning and widespread conversion to Islam throughout the Middle East and northern Africa.
What was the Fatimid Caliphate?
A Muslim dynasty that emerged in North Africa during the tenth century CE. They unsuccessfully challenged the Abbasids for domination of the Muslim world.
Who was King Nebuchadnezzar II?
A Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) king who built the famed Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Who was Augustine of Hippo?
A North African Christian bishop and philosopher who write the influential City of God and Confessions.
Who was Gregory the Great?
A Pope who oversaw the Church between 590 and 604 CE. He protected Rome from the Lombards through negotiations and bribes. He maintained public works and helped the city's poor.
Who was Magellan?
A Portugese mariner working for Spain who led the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the early 1520's.
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
A Portuguese prince who furthered European exploration. He founded a navigation school, made improvements to shipbuilding, and encouraged Portuguese exploration of the African coast.
What was consubstantiation?
A Protestant doctrine that states that bread and water used during church services do not actually become the body and blood if Jesus Christ, but nevertheless contain his presence. This was introduced by Martin Luther.
What is a Zwingli?
A Protestant group founded by Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli. It disagreed with Luther over the doctrine of consubstantiation. It rejected many Catholic practices.
Who was Petrarch?
A Renaissance-era Florentine author who encouraged the of classical Latin, encouraged the adoption of Humanism, and wrote a series of popular sonnets, among other works.
Who was Constantine the Great?
A Roman emperor who consolidated his power in 324 CE. He moved the imperial capital from Rome to Byzantium.
Who was Diocletian?
A Roman emperor who ruled from 284 to 305 CE. He instituted reforms that ended an era of internal crisis and divided power among a sprawling bureaucracy headed by four emperors.
What is a praetor?
A Roman executive official responsible for the administration of the law.
Who was Gaius Marius?
A Roman general and politician who won election as consul several years in a row, gaining a great deal of unprecedented power. He instituted widespread military reforms that helped individual generals gain power.
What was a dictator?
A Roman government official with absolute power. Appointed by the Senate for periods of 6 months.
Who was a censor?
A Roman official who maintained census records for military conscription and government use; enforced social morals; required to have previously served as consul.
Who were the plebeians?
A Roman social class comprising of the majority of the population. It included all non-nobles. It gradually grew political rights and were specially represented by tribunes.
Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero?
A Roman statesman and author who wrote well-regarded speeches, letters, and philosophical works. He was executed in 43 BCE fo his Philippics attacking Marc Antony.
What were aqueducts?
A Roman system to transport fresh water over long distances; one common example of Roman engineering mastery.
What was the Pantheon?
A Roman temple to all the gods.
What was the Lycurgan code?
A Spartan system of law and government requiring all men to live in military barracks and receive martial arts training.
What was the Battle of Hastings?
A battle at which William the Conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, in 1066; assured Norman rule of England.
What was the Battle of Tours?
A battle between the Franks and Muslim invaders in 732 CE that successfully halted the Muslim advance into Europe.
Who was Homer?
A blind Greek poet named who composed the epic poems The Iliad, about the Trojan War, and The Odyssey, about Greek warrior Odysseus's 10- year venture to return home to his wife, Penelope, at the war's end. Although opinion differs, it is possible that the Trojan War was a real event. Troy was toppled ca. 1210- 1180 BCE. Its ruins were discovered in the 19th century. The poems depict men at war fighting for arête, the glory won from battle.
What was the Ephors?
A board of five men within the Spartan Council of Elders who oversaw foreign policy and monitored kings and generals during military campaigns.
What is Semitic language?
A branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum.
What was apostolic succession?
A church concept under which the bishops of Rome claimed the descent of spiritual authority from St. Peter and thus leadership of the Catholic Church. Dissenters formed a separate eastern Christian church based in Byzantium.
What was the Cluniac movement?
A church reform movement stemming from a monastery in Cluny, France. It spread to 1,500 monasteries by 1200 CE. It resulted in reforms to the papacy to restore it to a religious, rather than secular office.
What was the Conciliar Movement?
A church theory under which the ultimate authority resided not with the papacy, but in the body of all believers. It allowed a representative assembly of church leaders to make emergency decisions about church matters. It resulted from the conflicts of the Great Schism.
Who were the Chaldeans?
A civilization that conquered the Assyrian Empire in 612 BCE. They worked to rebuild Babylon and created the famed Hanging Gardens. Also known as the Neo-Babylonians.
Who were the Phoenicians?
A civilization that spread among a group of independent city-states centered on the coast of Lebanon. They spread an early alphabet, engaged in widespread trade, and founded colonies.
What is aristocracy?
A class of hereditary nobility in medieval Europe; a warrior class who shared a distinctive lifestyle based on the institution of knighthood, although there were social divisions within the group based on extremes of wealth.
What was the filioque clause?
A clause added to the Nicene Creed that granted the Son (Jesus) greater standing alongside the Father (God) in the creation of the Holy Spirit.
What is a joint-stock company?
A commercial association that sold stock to investors to spread the rush of trade, exploration and other endeavors. Examples include the Dutch East India Company and the Bank of England.
What was the Hundred Years' War?
A conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453 over proper claims to the nations' respective thrones. It eventually led to the expulsion of the English from almost all of France.
What was the Thirty Years War?
A conflict lasting from 1618-1648. It was initially fought over religious disputes, but came to involve much of Europe over time. It was greatly destructive to Germany.
The Greek city-state of Sparta is best defined as what?
A conservative military oligarchy.
What was the iconclastic controversy?
A controversy that arose in the eastern Greek Church after the Byzantine emperor banned the adulation of icons, or images of saints, in 726 CE. It was overturned with the support of the western Church papacy in 843 CE.
What was the Investiture Controversy?
A controversy that arose within the Church during the eleventh century CE over the appointment of bishops. It led to political crisis between Gregory VII and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. It resulted in the granting of power to select bishops to the Church, subject to the approval of the Holy Roman Emperor.
What was the Albigensian Crusade?
A crusade launched by Pope Innocent III against the Cathars in France. (1208-1229)
What is an astrolabe?
A device used for making accurate observations of celestial bodies.
The 1648 Peace of Westphalia was significant because it represented the first time that __________________?
A diplomatic congress was convened representing the interests of most European powers.
What is transubstantiation?
A doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.
Who was Michelangelo Buonarroti?
A famed painter, sculptor, architect and poet of the Italian Renaissance. Works include the dome of St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and the sculptures of David and Pieta.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A famed painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, inventor, and musician of the Italian Renaissance. Works include the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
What is a nuclear family?
A family group consisting only of a father, a mother, and one or more children.
What was the Donation of Constantine?
A forged document used to grant vast sovereign powers to the Church over the Papal States between the eighth and fifteenth centuries CE.
What is absolutism?
A form of government in which the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God.
What is the Socratic Method?
A form of teaching that uses a question-andanswer format to enable students to reach conclusions by using their own reasoning.
What was chansons de geste?
A form of vernacular literature in the High Middle Ages that consisted of heroic epics focusing on the deeds of warriors.
What was the boule?
A four hundred member Athenian council created by Solon.
What is a theocracy?
A government ruled by a divine authority.
What is an oligarchy?
A government ruled by a few powerful people
What is a satrap?
A governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, each administered by a satrap.
What was the equestrian order?
A group of extremely wealthy men in the late Roman Republic who were effectively barred from high office but sought political power commensurate with their wealth; called equestrians because many had gotten their start as cavalry officers (equites).
Who were the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel?
A group of rebellious Israelites expelled by the imperial Assyrians during the 18th century BCE., and afterwards go unrecorded by history.
Who were the Philistines?
A group that settled in Israel and battled the Hebrews for control of the territory. They lent their name to the territory now known as Palestine.
Who were politiques?
A group who emerged during the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century, placed politics above religion, and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war.
Who were the Celts?
A group who spread across Europe to settle from northern Britain and Ireland into Gaul.
What are characteristics of Hellenistic sculptures?
A high degree of naturalistic detail, and the theatricality of the poses which heightens the emotional impact of the scene.
What was the Donation of Pepin?
A land grant from Pepin the Short that created the Papal States in 755 CE.
What is a fief?
A landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services.
What is Shari'a?
A law code, originally drawn up by Muslim scholars shortly after the death of Muhammad, that provides believers with a set of prescriptions to regulate their daily lives.
William the Silent (or William I prince of Orange) was _____________
A leader in the Dutch struggle for independence. He opposed the regime of the Spanish king Philip II, who controlled the Netherlands and established the Inquisition to persecute Dutch Protestants. William aided a rebellion against Spanish rule.
What was the Council of Nicaea?
A major Christian doctrinal council convened by Constantine in 325 CE. It affirmed the separation of Jesus from God and established the Nicene Creed.
What is a monk?
A man who chooses to live a communal life divorced from the world in order to dedicate himself totally to the will of God.
What is the scientific method?
A method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations.
What were the Templars?
A militant religious order founded during the Crusades. They innovated a new method of banking that made the order very rich. It was suppressed by French king Philip IV in 1312.
Who were the Teutonic Knights?
A militant religious order founded during the Crusades. They were charged with converting the pagan population of Prussia during the 13th century. They became the most powerful state in the Baltic for a time. Later, the grand master founded the German Hohenzollern dynasty.
What was Hospitallers?
A military religious order founded during the Crusades. They initially provided charitable services for religious travelers. They later took on military functions such as providing armed escorts.
What was the Doomsday Book?
A nationwide inventory of all property in England undertaken by William the Conqueror to accurately determine taxes.
What was the Battle of Lepanto?
A naval engagement fought in 1571 between the Ottoman Turks and a coalition of Christian states known as the Holy League. Led by the pope, the Holy League included Spain, Venice, and Genoa. The battle was the first major victory by Europeans against the Ottomans and succeeded in freeing thousands of Christian slaves, even if nothing of long-term strategic value was attained.
Who were the Mongols?
A nomadic group of Central Asia notably led by the great conqueror Genghis Khan. They controlled lands in China and Russia. They were overthrown in Russia by Ivan the Great in the 15th century.
Why was polyphony?
A northern Renaissance musical style consisting of several voices singing in harmony.
What is the Haaj?
A pilgrimage made by Muslims to the holy city of Mecca. One of the five pillars of Islam.
What is a tithe?
A portion of one's harvest or income, paid by medieval peasants to the village church. tithe a portion of one's harvest or income, paid by medieval peasants to the village church.
Who was Solon?
A powerful Athenian leader who canceled debt, restored liberty to enslaved citizens, created the Athenian constitution, and established various systems of government.
Who were the Anabaptists?
A protest group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian. Some required converts to be baptized a second time. Some briefly held the German town of Munster as a theocracy.
What was Cathars?
A radical dualist religious movement of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Rejected the Old Testament and believed the material world was evil.
Who were the Waldensians?
A radical religious movement of the Middle Ages that promoted a simple, impoverished lifestyle and opposed the luxurious trappings of some Catholic officials.
What was Neoplatonism?
A revival of Platonic philosophy in the third century C.E. associated with Plotinus that influence the early development of Christianity. A similar revival in the Italian Renaissance, associated with Marsilio Ficino, who attempted to synthesize Christianity and Platonism.
What was the Corpus Juris Civilis?
A roman body of civil law codified by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in the mid-sixth century CE.
What is Stoicism?
A school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium that encouraged a complete suppression of desire in favor of a state of enlghtened apathy.
What was skepticism?
A school of Hellenistic philosophy that questioned the ability of philosophy to provide truth.
What is the heliocentric theory?
A scientific theory that Earth revolves around the sun. The theory was developed by Copernicus. It was greatly controversial in its time.
What was the commenda system?
A system of short-term partnerships innovated during the Renaissance in Italy where an investor contributed capital while another partner conducted commercial activity. It expanded the financial opportunities of investors.
What is rationalism?
A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge.
What is the Parthenon?
A temple dedicated to Athena in Athen's Greece.
What is gothic?
A term used to describe the art and especially architecture of Europe in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries.
What is syllabary?
A written language using codes for syllables. Used in cuneiform writing.
The secular German state of Prussia was founded during the Reformation by ________________
Albrecht von Hohenzollern, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
The Hellenistic period in which Greek culture and peoples spread throughout Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia began after what?
Alexander the Great conquered the Persian empire and established rule over its territories.
In The Defender of the Peace, Marsilius of Padua argued that ______________________________
All political authority derives from the people.
Who was Pericles?
An Athenian general and leader who oversaw a series of political reforms that helped the cause of democracy in Athens. He instituted the construction of the Parthenon.
Who was Alcibiades?
An Athenian leader who led the polis into a failed invasion of the city of Syracuse that destabilized Athenian power throughout the region.
What is an agora?
An Athenian marketplace.
Who was Cleisthenes?
An Athenian political reformer who essentially instituted the finalized form of Athenian democracy. He grew the size and powers of the Council wile granting ultimate authority to the Assembly.
What was ostracism?
An Athenian system of formal exile that sent a person out of the polis for ten years if that individual was a possible threat to democracy.
Who was Draco?
An Athenian tyrant who developed a code of laws that covered all Athenians, including powerful aristocrats.
Who was Peisistratus?
An Athenian tyrant who ruled the polis from 546 to 527 BCE. He funded public works and celebrations, increased the size of the agora, and was generally well-regarded.
Who was Akhenaton?
An Egyptian pharoah who came to power in 1364 b.c. Originally known as Amenhotep IV, he and his wife believed in one god -- the Aton (disk of the sun). He was so devoted to this god, he changed his name to Akhenaton "servant of Aton" and declared Aton was to replace all other gods.
Who was Henry VIII?
An English monarch of the sixteenth century who divided the Church of England from the Catholic Church. He exerted strong control over England and famously married several times.
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
An English philosopher who wrote Leviathan, in which he said that human life "in the state of nature" is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short".
Who was Thomas More?
An English statesman and humanist who explored the limitations and potential of politian action in his essay "Utopia". He was later executed for refusing to recognize the religious authority of Henry VIII.
Who was Francis Bacon?
An English theorist (1561-1626) who popularized the inductive method of scientific reasoning.
What is a Manor?
An agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants who performed labor services and paid various rents and fees to the lord in exchange for protection and sustenance.
Between the 13th and the 17th centuries, what did the Hanseatic League functioned as?
An alliance of trading cities and merchants that promoted its member's economic dominance over Northern Europe.
What was the Areopagus?
An ancient Athenian riling council controlled by wealthy aristocrats.
What is a polis?
An ancient Greek city-state encompassing both an urban area and its surrounding countryside; a small but autonomous political unit where all major political and social activities were carried out centrally.
What was the Kingdom of Judah?
An ancient Hebrew kingdom broken up by Nebuchadnezzar II. The resulting exile of the Hebrews in Babylon is known as the Babylonian Captivity.
Who were the Hebrews?
An ancient Jewish civilization who were enslaved by the Egyptians before settling in Israel. They later scattered into smaller global communities during the Diaspora.
What was the Minoan civilization?
An ancient civilization that forged a maritime empire, dominating the peoples living on the shores of the Aegean Sea.
What was the Median Empire?
An ancient empire that ruled areas of Iran that later came under the domination of the Persian Empire.
Who were the Hittites?
An ancient group from Anatolia (Asia Minor) who invaded the Old Babylonian Empire. They contributed to the fall of Babylon.
Who were Kassites?
An ancient group from a region that is now Iran. They invaded the Old Babylonian Empire around 1600 BCE and ruled there for about 300 years.
Who were Hurrians?
An ancient group that reigned over the Tigris-Euphrates valley from 1500 to 1400 BCS. They were conquered by the Hittites.
Who were the Hyksos?
An ancient group who overtook the Egyptian army using horse-drawn chariots. They dominated the Egypt from around 1700 to 1550 BCE.
Who were the Amorites?
An ancient people who reestablished unification of Mesopotamia after the Third Dysnasty of Ur; ruled from about 1900-1600 BCE.
Who were the Akkadians?
An ancient semi-nomadic people who that left the deserts west of Mesopotamia and settled in the central region of the Tigris-Euphrates valley.
What is the Pont du Gard?
An aqueduct at Nimes in southern France.
What was the Fertile Crescent?
An area of agriculturally fertile river valleys that stretches from the Tigris-Euphrates valley (modern Iraq) northwest into Syria, then south along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea toward the Nile River valley in Egypt.
What is baroque?
An artistic movement of the seventeenth century in Europe that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power that was a large part of the seventeenth-century ethos.
What was the Diet of Speyer
An assembly of European princes in 1526 that allowed freedom of worship to the Lutheran princes.
What was the Diet of Worms?
An assembly of the Holy Roman Empire that called Martin Luther to answer charges of heresy in 1521.
What is a guild?
An association of people with common interests and concerns, especially people working in the same craft. In medieval Europe, guilds came to control much of the production process and to restrict entry into various trades.
Who were the Etruscans?
An early Italian civilization based in Latium. They served as the early kings of Rome until 509 BCE. They contributed religious and technological developments to Rome.
The Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas was ___________
An early critic of Spanish imperialism in the New World He was a Spanish missionary in the New World who was appalled at the brutal enslavement of native peoples and campaigned for their humane treatment. He wrote a history of early Spanish colonialism as well as political pamphlets.
Who were the Ionian Greeks?
An eastern group of Greeks who lived in Asia Minor, mostly under control of the Persian Empire.
What was manorialism?
An economic system used under feudalism in which the owner of a fief relied on the labor of unfree tenant workers to perform agricultural work.
What is mercantilism?
An economic theory that held that a nation's prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. Its adherents therefore advocated that the government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs.
What is a quaestor?
An elected Roman bureaucrat responsible for financial matters. A low-level position.
What was a praetor?
An elected Roman official responsible for presiding at legal trials.
What was a consul?
An elected Roman official who oversaw the affairs of the Republic and commanded the military. Two consuls were elected each year with the power to veto each other.
What was the Byzantine Empire?
An empire descended from the Eastern Roman Empire based at Constantinople (Modern day Istanbul). It came to include much of the Balkans, Anatolia, southern Italy, Crete, and Cyprus. It fell to the Turks in 1453 CE.
What was Carolingian minuscule?
An improved form of writing developed under Charlemagne that was more legible and helped prevent errors from being copied into texts.
What was the Bonfire of the Vanities?
An incident in which the people of Florence, Italy destroyed multiple works of art to atone for the luxury and corruption of the Medici era. It took place at the urging of Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola.
Who were the Medicis?
An influential Florentine family who essentially controlled the city-state during the 15th century. They patronized the arts and humanists. Members of the family became popes and queens.
Who was Machiavelli?
An influential Italian Renaissance author who wrote The Prince. He argued that human beings were unreliable and that political leaders must be flexible and secular.
What was Christian (northern) humanism?
An intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers.
What was civic humanism?
An intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state.
Who were the phratries?
Ancient Athenian clans and brotherhoods controlled by wealthy aristocrats.
Who were Canaanites?
Ancient people who inhabited Israel and Judah before the arrival of the Hebrews.
Who was William Shakespeare?
And English playwright, poet and actor (1564-1616). He was a great portrayer of the early modern Humanistic attitude.
Who wrote thee first Latin novel, The Golden Ass?
Apuleius (c. 125-200 C.E.), a philosopher who had to defend himself in court against an accusation of sorcery.
Which Greek philosopher taught that virtue consists in choosing the golden mean and theorized that governments can be divided into three basic types (rule by the one, the few, and the many)?
Aristotle
What is quadrivium?
Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music; four of the seven liberal arts (the others made up the trivium) that formed the basis of medieval and early modern education.
Who was Sargon?
Around 2340 B.C.E., he was the leader of the Akkadians who overran the Sumerian city-states and established a dynastic empire. He used the former rulers of the conquered city-states as his governors. His power was based on the military, namely, his army of 5,400 men. His empire included most of Mesopotamia as well as lands westward to the Mediterranean. He established a unified Mesopotamian empire.
Which statement accurately describes the achievements of Alexander the Great?
As a conqueror, he reached as far East as India.
"Led by ruthless warrior-kings, their empire was known for its brutality. They completely destroyed rebellious cities and deported unruly subjects, such as the Hebrews of the kingdom of Israel, and they depicted scenes of violence in their art in order to discourage rebellion. Their military machine was so effective that they even briefly subjugated Egypt and were thus the first people to control both of the two great river-valleys of the ancient Near East, the Tigris-Euphrates and the Nile." The people described above are known as the
Assyrians
What were triremes?
Athenian warships named for their three banks of oars.
After 1309 and up until 1378, where did the popes of the Roman Catholic Church live?
Avignon
Hernan Cortes led a group of Spanish adventurers that conquered which empire?
Aztec
What were the tribunes of the plebs?
Beginning in 494 B.C.E., Roman officials who were given the power to protect plebeians against arrest by patrician magistrates.
What was commercial capitalism?
Beginning in the Middle Ages, an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods in order to make profits.
Who wrote De Agri Cultura (On Agriculture).?
Cato the Elder, a Roman statesman and orator who died in 149 BCE. He was responsible for the census and enforcing public morals.
"Moreover, I think Carthage must be destroyed." This remark, frequently repeated at the end of his speeches in the Senate, was said by _________
Cato the Elder, to win support for the Third Punic War. Cato wanted it utterly destroyed so that Rome could have a free hand in subduing the rest of the Mediterranean. Cato eventually succeeded in convincing the Senate to begin the Third Punic War against Carthage, but did not live to see Scipio the Younger raze the city in 146 B.C.E.
What is a novel about the opposition between chivalric ideals and the realities of early modern society?
Cervantes's Don Quixote
"As an orator, he was unequalled in the Roman Republic and enjoyed a successful career as a senator and lawyer. Yet he was forced into retirement by Julius Caesar and passed the time by writing philosophical works. After the assassination of Caesar, he supported Octavian against Mark Antony, but when these two concluded an alliance among themselves, he was executed for his outspoken criticism." Who was the individual described above?
Cicero. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.) devoted his life to the service of the Roman Republic and gave his life defending it in its closing days.
Which three Roman men came to hold enormous military and political power?
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar. Pompey received lands for his veterans and a command in Spain, Crassus was given a command in Syria, and Caesar was granted a special military command in Gaul (modern France). -Crassus, who was known as the richest man in Rome, had successfully put down the major slave rebellion led by Spartacus. -Pompey had returned from a successful military command in Spain in 71 B.C.E. and had been hailed as a military hero. -Julius Caesar had been a spokesman for the populares from the beginning of his political career and had a military command in Spain. In 60 B.C.E., Caesar joined with Crassus and Pompey to form a coalition that historians call the First Triumvirate.
Who defeated the Visigoths in Gaul at the Battle of Vouillé?
Frankish king Clovis, founder of the Merovingian dynasty.
Which group of barbarians were NOT despised and dreaded as heretics by Catholic Christians?
Franks. The Franks accepted Catholic Christianity under the Merovingian king Clovis around the year 500, and therefore easily received the support of the clergy and people in western Europe.
Which author wrote satirical works during the French Renaissance which were notorious for their coarse and earthy sense of humor?
François Rabelais (c. 1494-1553). He wrote satires describing the adventures of two giants named Gargantua and Pantagruel. His works, which were notorious for their bawdy humor and iconoclastic views of European society, were admired by King Francis I (1515-1547), a great patron of the Renaissance in France.
Who were the Huguenots?
French Calvinists who were systemically persecuted under Henry II during the sixteenth century.
People who opposed the emperors and supported the popes in the political struggles of Italy from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries were known as ___________
Guelfs. The Guelfs were members of a political faction that opposed the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor in Italy and rallied around the pope for solidarity. Their counterparts—those who wanted Italy to remain part of the Holy Roman Empire, under the control of the emperor—were known as Ghibellines
What did Pompey do in 66 BCE?
He eliminated the pirates of the Mediterranean. He took charge of the war against Mithradates, defeating him, and attacked the Seleucids, taking their lands in Syria and Judea.
What is a true statement regarding John Calvin?
He emphasized the omnipotence and omnipresence of God.
Who was Ahmose and what did he do?
He expelled the Hyksos from Egypt and founded the Eighteenth dynasty, inaugurating an era known as the New Kingdom (1550-1100 BCE)
The Hellenistic scientist Aristarchus (c. 250 B.C.E.) was exceptional in the history of science because he did what?
He first put forward the theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Who was Ignatius of Loyola?
He founded the Society of Jesus, or Order of Jesuits, which received papal approval in 1540. This new religious order was an important instrument of the Catholic Reformation. All the other choices are Protestant reformers.
What is true of the tyrant Peisistratus?
He instituted the festival of Dionysos at Athens, where Greek drama nourished. The tyrant Peisistratus sought to legitimate his seizure of political power in Athens by winning over the goodwill of the citizens through a building program and through the institution of religious holidays, including the festival of Dionysos
What did Heraclitus do in 500 BCE?
He theorized that fire is the basis of life. He also developed the concept of "logos," a rational force that brings unity to the universe.
What happened to Socrates in 399 BCE?
He was executed in Athens, having been tried and convicted of corrupting the youth with his teachings.
What happened to Ceasar's adopted son Octavian in 27 BCE?
He was proclaimed augustus by the senate. Henceforth known as Augustus, he claims to rule as princeps, the highest rank in the senate, but he is an emperor in all but name. He reforms the army, the administration of the provinces, coinage practices, and eligibility for citizenship. He encourages worship of the emperor as a god and holds up his family as the ideal to emulate. He ends the expansion of the empire, sponsors building projects, and holds regular gladiator games.
Why was Martin Luther not executed as a heretic?
He won the support of many of the German princes.
What is an Abbot?
Head of a monastery
Who were hoplites?
Heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greece who entered battle in a phalanx formation.
"Although he was a vassal, he controlled more territory than his lord. When he himself became a king, he married his lord's former wife. Within his own kingdom, he expanded the royal authority by centralizing the system of justice. His energetic efforts to this end, however, brought him into conflict with the Church and led to the assassination of a man who had once been a close friend. Later his sons rebelled against him with the support of their mother." The paragraph above describes the life of who?
Henry II of England. Henry II of England (1154-1189) was initially the vassal of Louis VII of France (A). When he became king of England, he married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage with Louis VII had just been annulled. Henry soon appointed his chancellor, Thomas Becket, as the archbishop of Canterbury, but Henry's attempts to put churchmen accused of crimes on trial in his own royal courts rather than in the ecclesiastical courts brought the two men into conflict.
The Investiture Controversy pitted Pope Gregory VII against who?
Henry IV
"Paris is worth a Mass." The statement above was made by _____________
Henry of Navarre. He was the leader of the Huguenots (Protestants) in the French wars of religion. When the last Valois king of France, Henry III, died in 1589 without an heir, the rules of succession made Henry of Navarre the first Bourbon king of France, as Henry IV (1589-1610). Most of the French people, however, who were Catholic, refused to accept a Protestant as their king and resisted Henry IV's attempts to enter Paris. In order to win their acceptance, Henry IV converted to Catholicism in 1593, on which occasion he reputedly uttered the phrase, "Paris is worth a Mass," indicating his willingness to accept Catholic practices (such as the ritual of the Mass), which he had rejected as a Protestant, for the sake of political expediency.
Who wrote Works and Days, which describes the hard life of the small farmer, and the Theogony, which describes the birth of the gods and their legends
Hesiod (c. 700 B.C.E.)
An artist of the northern Renaissance whose paintings show a preoccupation with grotesque and fantastic subjects in nightmarish scenes of great complexity was ________________?
Hieronymus Bosch. His art often depicts wild scenes in which human beings are tormented by demons. His paintings include such titles as Ship of Fools, the Earthly Paradise (pictured), the Seven Deadly Sins, and the Temptation of St. Anthony.
What was most important to the success of manorialism?
High levels of cheap agricultural labor.
The Dutch political theorist who used the concept of natural law to discuss the nature of just war was who?
Hugo Grotius. He wrote a book On the Law of War and Peace (1625) in which he presented a model for the correct relations between sovereign states. He based his discussion on the concept of natural law. Although Grotius argued that war is a violation of natural law, he outlined a set of conditions in which war could justifiably be waged. Thus, he made an important contribution to the theory of the just war.
What happened during Babylonian Captivity I & II?
I: Exile of the Hebrews in Babylon under the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. II: Period between 1309 and 1377 during which the papal residency was moved to Avignon, France.
What was a tyrant?
In an ancient Greek polis (or an Italian city-state during the Renaissance), a ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional way and ruled without being subject to the law. A dominant form of government between 700 and 500 BCE.
Who were perioikoi?
In ancient Sparta, free inhabitants but not citizens who were required to pay taxes and perform military service.
What was a short term result of the conquering of new Roman lands during the second century BCE?
Increased economic and social stratification among rural landowners.
What happened during the second Punic war in 218 BCE?
It broke out as Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Italy, crossing the Alps with a force that includes war elephants.
What effect did the discovery of the New World have on the European economy in the sixteenth century?
It caused inflation due to the increased amount of precious metals in Europe.
What is true of the European population before the Black Death?
It declined or was stagnating before the Black Death struck
What summarizes the lasting impact of the reign of Henry VII (Henry Tudor) on England?
It ended the Wars of the Roses and lead to greater political centralization.
What was a benefit of the Italian Rennaissance-era commenda system.
It gave investors the ability to diversify their ventures.
What was the three-part social structure of the Greek polis Sparta.
It included the Similars, who enjoyed full citizenship; the perioikoi, who were free but not citizens; and the helots, the slaves.
What best describes the importance of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian Wars for present-day historians?
It is one of the earliest historical works to focus exclusively on human-centered, rather than supernatural explanations of historic events.
What did the Magna Carta, signed by King John of England in 1215 do?
It regulated legal and social relations between the king and the great lords of England. It limited the powers of the monarchy and established basic civil rights for English citizens.
Muslim territory in the 8th century C.E.
It represents approximately one hundred years of conquests that transformed a relatively small nation of desert nomads into an imperial power whose culture exercized major influences on Western civilization.
How did the Benedictine Rule differ from other monastic rules?
It struck an ideal balance between three important requirements of monasticism: work (which was needed to make the monastery economically self-sufficient), study (which was needed to ensure the community's orthodoxy), and prayer (which was the central goal of the whole enterprise). Its aim was to put the spiritual life within the reach of any devoted soul, not just the advanced individual.
What caused the fall of Rome?
It took place in 476 CE as a result of Germanic invasions, internal destabilization, and a long, slow decline.
What is NOT true of Hammurabi's Code?
It was based primarily on religious and moral teachings.
Why did the Old Babylonian kingdom of the Amorites in Mesopotamia disintegrate around 1600 B.C.E.
It was invaded by Hittites from Asia Minor (Anatolia) and Kassites from what is now Iran. Although the Hittites merely raided the Old Babylonian kingdom and returned home with the spoils of war, the Kassites overthrew the Babylonian kings and ruled in their place for five centuries.
What did the The Golden Bull of 1356 do?
It was issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV (1347-1378), formalized the procedure for electing emperors by establishing the rulers of seven German states as a college of electors: the archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier; and the secular rulers of Bohemia, Brandenburg, Saxony, and the Rhineland-Palatinate.
Who were Marranos?
Jews that converted to Christianity but were believed to secretly continue to practice Judaism. They were persecuted during the Spanish Inquisition.
Who was responsible for the execution of the Spanish religious dissident, Michael Serverus (1511-1553)?
John Calvin. Michael Servetus was executed in Geneva as a heretic at the recommendation of John Calvin (1509-1564).
"If we win another battle against the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined." This remark was most likely said by which leader?
King Pyrrhus of Epirus, who fought the Romans in southern Italy in the 270s B.C.E., defeated them twice but at a very high rate of casualties to his own forces. Finding the Romans to be relentless fighters, Pyrrhus despaired of a final victory against them and abandoned the Greek city-states who had called upon him for help. Today, the term "Pyrrhic victory," named after Pyrrhus of Epirus, refers to a battle that is won at such great cost that the victorious side cannot afford to continue fighting.
What is plebiscita?
Laws passed by the council of the plebs during the Roman Republic.
Who were condottieri?
Leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder.
The military innovation devised by the Romans that enabled them to conquer the Mediterranean region was the ____________
Legion. The legion was a military formation devised by the Romans that consisted of about 5,000 men organized into smaller units called maniples, which could act independently of one another. It could, thus, easily out-maneuver the phalanx.
"God has given us the papacy. Now let us enjoy it." This remark was made by which pope?
Leo X. He was the the second son of the Florentine banker and patron of the arts, Lorenzo de' Medici. This Renaissance pope squandered the papal treasury on luxuries and artistic endeavors. His attempt to replenish the coffers and fund his building programs in Rome by selling indulgences precipitated Martin Luther's rebellion against the Roman Catholic Church.
Who has an equestrian statue commemorating his achievements?
Marcus Aurelius
A fresco depicting an athlete somersaulting over the back of a charging bull, would most likely be produced by which ancient cultures
Minoan. Bulls seem to have been an important symbol of Minoan religion (as suggested by the Greek myth of the Minotaur, the half-man, half-bull inhabiting the labyrinth on Crete).
"The great wealth of the palaces and the widespread prosperity of the land were due to the profits of trade, protected or exploited by naval vessels equipped with rams. The palaces and towns were unfortified, and peaceful scenes predominated in the frescoes, which revealed a love of dancing, boxing, and a sport in which boys and girls somersaulted over the backs of charging bulls." The culture described above was that of the ancient ____________
Minoans
The decline of the polis in the Hellenistic period and the opening of the Near East to the Greeks after Alexander the Great's conquest of the Persian Empire led to the rise of a religion in the Mediterranean known as __________?
Mithraism, or the worship of Mithras, the ancient Persian god of light, spread to the Mediterranean after Alexander the Great's conquest of the Persian Empire (334-323 B.C.E.), when the Greeks began to turn away from the traditional civic deities of the polis and participate in mystery cults that promised immortality. The cult was especially popular later on in the Roman Empire and was a serious rival of Christianity.
The western half of the Roman Empire came to an end in 476 C.E. when the last emperor in the West was deposed by ___________
Odoacer, a Gothic chieftain. The last Roman emperor in the West, Romulus Augusrulus (475-476) was deposed by Odoacer, a Gothic chieftain, who ruled Italy as his personal kingdom with the permission of the eastern Roman emperor, Zeno.
The largest of the empires of the ancient Near East, which was conquered by Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.E.), was ruled by the __________?
Persians.
"He was renowned as a charismatic teacher, and his decision to lecture on theology in Paris added to its reputation as a center of learning. He agreed to tutor a young woman of keen intelligence; they had a love affair with disastrous consequences, and in repentance he became a monk. Other monks considered his theology heretical, and he died shortly after a condemnation of his teaching." The passage above describes the career of __________
Peter Abelard (1079-1142) He was an important figure in the rise of scholastic theology, which used logic to study the mysteries of revelation.
Who was born in 460 BCE and what did they do?
Philosopher Democritus. He will argue that the universe is composed of invisible particles called atoma. Physician Hippocrates. He will teach that diseases have natural causes and are not brought about by the gods. He also creates an ethical code for physicians known as the Hippocratic Oath.
Socrates is best known for his contributions to what?
Philosophy
These people maintained their skill as seafarers, traders, and artists. They planted Carthage and other colonies in the western Mediterranean. They developed a new script in which a separate sign stood not for a syllable, but for a consonant or vowel sound. Who were the people described above?
Phoenicians
The triumphal arch, such as the one in the Arch of Titus is characteristic of what type of architecture?
Roman architecture.
What is imperium?
Roman governmental and political power granted to the consuls and dictators. Under the empire, the emperor held imperium.
Who were Aediles?
Roman officials who supervised the public games and the grain supply of the city of Rome. Elected Roman bureaucrat responsible for organizing public works. Low-level position.
A rounded arch is the characteristic of what type of architecture?
Romanesque
"At first an unremarkable pastoral society, the people of this city-state expelled their kings early in their history and established a form of government consisting of elected public offices. Its domination by a few wealthy families led to tumultuous periods of class struggle. The society's favorable geographical position, in combination with the development of an innovative form of military organization and a toughminded refusal to be discouraged by setbacks, enabled it to take a dominant role in international politics." The society described above was that of the __________
Romans
The Punic Wars were fought between _____________
Rome and Carthage over their conflicting imperial ambitions.
What happened during the third Punic war in 149 BCE?
Rome sacks Carthage in 146 BCE, bringing hostilities to a final end.
The Renaissance philosopher Jean Bodin (1530-1596) strongly supported ____________?
Royal absolutism. He argued that kings should not be restrained by laws but should enjoy supreme power over their subjects (however, he also believed that monarchs should follow natural law and custom in exercising their authority).
What are intendants? .
Royal officials in seventeenth-century France who were sent into the provinces to execute the orders of the central government.
What were boyars?
Russian nobility
During their next war with the Persians following the battle of Marathon, the Athenians won adecisive victory through their use of what?
Sea Power
The most intense period of the persecution of witches in Europe occurred during which century (C.E.)?
Sixteenth.
The most important geographical region for the exchange of ideas between Christian, Muslim, and Jewish scholars during the twelfth century was where?
Spain. It was in Spain that visiting scholars from Christian Europe read philosophical and scientific texts (especially of Aristotle) and translated them into Latin. Upon returning home, they shared these translations with scholars eager to revitalize European education.
From the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries, the Dutch fought a struggle for independence against who?
Spain. The Dutch rebelled against the rule of the Spanish king, Philip II (1556-1598), who inherited the Netherlands from his father, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (also Charles I of Spain). The struggle was not concluded until 1648, when Spain finally recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic of United Provinces.
Who were the perioikoi?
Spartan noncitizen residents who worked as merchants and business people.
What was the most commonly imported colonial commodity to Europe around 1600?
Spices were the staple import during the earlier phase of colonialism, but by about 1650 European markets were oversupplied with this commodity, resulting in decreased profits. Traders responded to the situation by diversifying imports.
The creation of joint-stock companies most encouraged long-distance investment by doing what?
Spreading the risks of losses among many members.
The written body of Jewish civil and religious law, compiled after the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E., is known as the __________
Talmud
The Russian national hero Alexander Nevsky (c. 1220-1263) is best remembered for his victory over the _________
Teutonic Knights
The form of government established by the Minoans on the island of Crete has been called a __________
Thalassocracy A state with primarily maritime realms, an empire at sea, or a seaborne empire.
What is the Renaissance?
The ''rebirth'' of Classical culture that occurred in Italy between c. 1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the twelfth century.
Cliesthenes' reforms granted the majority of political power to who?
The Assembly It comprised all adult male Athenian citizens and held the ability to make decisions by direct vote.
Which people used stone carvings in relief to decorate palaces and boast its military culture?
The Assyrians
What was ekklesia?
The Athenian general voting assembly created by Solon.
Who brought the final destruction of Assyria, conquered the kingdom of Judah, and completely destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E. ?
The Chaldeans
The religion of the Sumerians, with its gloomy view of the afterlife and its pantheon of capricious gods, is most fully described in which ancient text?
The Epic of Gilgamesh. It describes the quest of the Sumerian king of Uruk who strove against the temperamental gods as he searched for immortality after the death of his friend Enkidu.
"Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand, and I will move the world." Who was this declaration was made by?
The Hellenistic scientist, Archimedes (287-212 B.C.E.) He is famous for having made discoveries in the field of mechanics and for demonstrating the power of pulleys and levers. The quotation attributed to him illustrates his confidence in the power of science to control the environment.
The city of Rome was sacked in 1527 by the forces of who?
The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. The troops of Charles V Hapsburg ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (1519-1558), sacked Rome while capturing Pope Clement VII (1523-1534) during one of the Valois-Hapsburg wars for control of Italy.
Which European peoples were finally converted from paganism to Christianity in the fourteenth century, when their leader strengthened his realm by marrying the Catholic queen of a neighboring state?
The Lithuanians were the last Europeans to accept Christianity. Their chieftain, Mindaugas, converted to Catholicism in 1251, but the people remained pagan when he was assassinated in 1263. It was not until 1386, when Jagiello, the grand duke of Lithuania, married Jadwiga, the queen of Poland, that the Lithuanians finally accepted Christianity from the Latin church.
The geocentric theory of the universe was first opposed in the sixteenth century by which European astronomer?
The Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) He was the first European scholar to challenge the geocentric model of the Ptolemaic universe, which held that the earth is at the center and the sun travels around it. Copernicus made the case for a heliocentric, or sun-centered universe, in his book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs (1543).
What was the Pontifex Maximus?
The Roman top religious office. It was held by Julius Caesar and the successive emperors.
What divided Charlemagne's kingdom among his grandsons Charles the Bald, Louis the German, and Lothair I?
The Treaty of Verdun
Who was Peter Waldo?
The Waldensians were named after him. A rich merchant of Lyons who in the twelfth century experienced a religious conversion that inspired him to give his wealth to the poor and embrace a life of poverty. His followers traveled about Europe preaching a simple message based on their reading of the Bible and criticizing the Church for its accumulation of wealth. They were condemned as heretics at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) and persecuted by the Inquisition.
What is geocentric conception?
The belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth.
What is heliocentric conception?
The belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the universe.
What is the most important factor that enabled the First Crusade to succeed?
The disunity of the Muslim world.
Who were the Desert Fathers?
The earliest Christian monks who inaugurated the concept of monasticism in the Christian church.
Who were the good emperors?
The five emperors who ruled from 96 to 180: -Nerva -Trajan -Hadrian -Antoninus Pius -Marcus Aurelius A period of peace and prosperity for the Roman Empire.
What is vassalage?
The granting of a fief, or landed estate, in exchange for providing military services to the lord and fulfilling certain other obligations such as appearing at the lord's court when summoned and making a payment on the knighting of the lord's eldest son.
Who was a perspective?
The head of a monastery, particularly a Benedictine monastery. Literally "father"
What best explains why the capital of the Roman Empire was eventually moved to the east?
The increasingly frequent threats to the northern and eastern borders, as well as the greater wealth of the eastern provinces, made the east attractive as a more effective administrative location.
Who was Lorenzo the Magnificent?
The leader of the Medici family from 1469 to 1492. His father, Cosimo, made a fortune in banking, and the Medici used their wealth to dominate politics during the Renaissance—first in Florence, and later throughout Italy by influencing the papacy. Three members of the Medici became popes (Leo X, Clement VII, and Leo XI). The Medici also used their wealth to patronize artists and scholars of the Renaissance.
What was the senate?
The leading council of the Roman Republic; composed of about three hundred men (senators) who served for life and dominated much of the political life of the Republic.
What were thetes?
The lowest Athenian citizen social class. They had the right to take part in the boule and serve in the lower courts but not to become government leaders.
What was the legion?
The main Roman military unit comprising of about 5,000 men divided into smaller units called maniples. They helped the Romans conquer territory and expand their domain.
What was the Hegira?
The migration of Muhammed and his followers from Mecca to Medina. The event from which the Muslim calendar is reckoned.
What was The Dark Age of ancient Greece (c. 1100-800 B.C.E.) was caused by?
The migration of the Dorians into Mycenaean centers of civilization.
What is a praetorian guard?
The military unit that served as the personal bodyguard of the Roman emperors.
What was the Epic of Gilgamesh?
The most famous piece of Mesopotamian literature. An elaborate poem that records the exploits of a legendary king of Uruk. Gilgamesh—wise, strong, and perfect in body, part man, part god—befriends a hairy beast named Enkidu. Together they set off in pursuit of heroic deeds. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh experiences the pain of mortality and embarks on a search for the secret of immortality. But his efforts fail, and Gilgamesh remains mortal.
What is true about the geography of Greece?
The mountainous geography of Greece favored the formation of small, self-governing city-states (known as polis in Greek).
What was the Great Interregnum?
The period from 1254-1273 CE where no emperor ruled the Holy Roman Empire. This allowed nobles to strengthen personal control over their own territories. It ended with the selection of the first Hapsburg emperor.
What was the Bronze Age?
The period from around 3000 to 1200 B.C.E. It was characterized by the widespread use of bronze for making tools and weapons.
What was the Paleolithic Age?
The period of human history when humans used simple stone tools (c. 2,500,000-10,000 B.C.E.).
What was the East-West Schism?
The permanent division between the western and eastern branches of the Church over theological and authoritative differences.
What is pluralism?
The practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.
What was divination?
The practice of seeking to foretell future events by interpreting divine signs, which could appear in various forms, such as in entrails of animals, in patterns in smoke, or in dreams.
What is subinfeudation?
The practice whereby a lord's greatest vassals subdivided their fiefs and had vassals of their own, who in turn subdivided their fiefs, and so on down to simple knights, whose fiefs were too small to subdivide.
What is justification?
The primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation, teaching that humans are saved not through good works but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus.
What is secularism?
The process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things.
What issue did Luther and Calvin disagree on?
The relationship of the church to civil authority.
What is liberal arts?
The seven areas of study that formed the basis of education in medieval and early modern Europe. Following Boethius and other late Roman authors, they consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic (the trivium) and arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (the quadrivium).
What was the Neolithic Revolution?
The shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10,000 and 4000 B.C.E. (the Neolithic or ''New Stone'' Age). Also included the domestication of animals.
What was Marathon?
The site of a major battle of the Persian Wars in which the Greeks repelled the much larger invading Persian army.
Who was Elizabeth I?
The sixteenth-century Queen of England. She tried to establish a moderate religious attitude. She led England in a time of strength and power.
The Assyrians a achieved great success in the Eighth and Seventh centuries B.C.E. mostly as a result of what?
The size and organization of their army.
What was the Scientific Revolution?
The transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.
"You must realize this: that a prince, and especially a new prince, cannot observe all those things which give men a reputation for virtue, because in order to maintain his state he is often forced to act in defiance of good faith, of charity, of kindness, of religion." What did the quote above addresses in Renaissance Italy?
The transitory nature of political power.
What was a major innovation of the Renaissance period?
The use of linear perspective in painting.
What was a primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's foreign policy?
The weakening of the Hapsburgs diplomatically and militarily.
What was a central feature of Roman religion?
The worship of deceased ancestors and "household spirits" (minor gods who guarded the home), which were commonly represented by idols.
What opposing armies fought a battle at Leuctra in 371 B.C.E.?
Theban and Spartan
Which city-state was probably the leading Greek polis in the 370s B.C.E.?
Thebes
Machiavelli was critical of the Italian city-states for their dependency on what?
Their use of mercenary armies led by figures called condottieri because these soldiers-of-fortune were unwilling to take risks and were often unreliable. He recommended the use of citizen militia, because they would not be tempted to switch their loyalties and would be willing to risk their lives to save their families and property.
When did the Egyptian dynasties come to an end?
They came to an end with Cleopatra in 30 B.C.E., when the Romans incorporated Egypt into their empire.
What characterizes medieval town charters?
They provided townspeople with legal and political freedoms that were not available to peasants and serfs.
How did Sumerians view kingship?
They viewed it as divine in origin; they believed kings derived their power from the gods and were the agents of the gods.
The Athenian Empire on the eve of the Peloponnesian War
This empire (in orange on the map) included the region of Attica where Athens was situated, as well as the city-states of the Delian League which Athens controlled. Note that all the territories are located along the coasts or on islands, for the Athenians relied on their navy to control their empire.
How was Spain was established as a centralized monarchy in the fifteenth century?
Through the marriage of the rulers who governed the two largest states in the Iberian peninsula. The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 established a single large state in the Iberian peninsula, in which the rulers took dynamic measures to strengthen the power of the monarchy.
The Peace of God was a movement led by the Latin Church during the Middle Ages to do what?
To protect non-combatants, who were often victimized by warfare between feudal lords.
The primary aim of merchant guilds in the eleventh century was to do what?
To protect their own members and wares.
After 1492, which pair of American plants were introduced to Europe, Africa and Asia?
Tomatoes and Potatoes.
What did early Portuguese exploration primarily focus on?
Trading along the African coast.
The Rule of St. Benedict (480-547) was an exceptional document in the history of monasticism because _______
Tt outlined an ideal balance between prayer, study, and work.
What was The Black Death of the 14th century responsible for?
Weakening peasants' feudal obligations to remain tied to the land.
What was the greatest danger to the survival of the Roman Republic in the first century B.C.E?
Wealthy citizens who commanded the armies of the Republic. They adopted the practice of paying soldiers from their personal wealth (the state did not pay troops but required them to serve at their own expense), which shifted the loyalty of troops from the state to their commanders.
Who were the gentry?
Well-to-do English landowners below the level of the nobility. They played an important role in the English Civil War of the seventeenth century.
"Before he had reached the age of 33, he had conquered the Near East and founded several cities that bore his name, the most famous of which was in Egypt. He hoped to conquer India as well, but was prevented by the mutiny of his troops." The paragraph above describes who?
When Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.E.) died before his thirty-third birthday, he had conquered the entire Persian Empire as well as a few territories that the Persians had not controlled, including borderlands near India. His conquest of that region, however, was thwarted in 326 B.C.E. by the mutiny of his troops, who wanted to return home after long years of campaigning.
Who was the leading fourteenth-century thinker of the nominalist school, whose formulation of a principle of logical economy later influenced modern science?
William of Ockham
Who are nuns?
Women who withdrew from the world and joined a religious community; the female equivalent of monks.
What is scriptoria?
Writing rooms for the copying of manuscripts in medieval monasteries.