WH- chapter 7- Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

Who are the Huguenots?

French protestants influenced by John Calvin. Made up about 7% of French population. 40-50% of nobility became Huguenots.

Who was the most catholic king?

Phillip II. He became a champion of Catholic causes which led to spectacular victories and defeats.

Who was Henry of Navarre?

the political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV.

How long did battles rage in France between the catholic and Huguenot sides?

30 years

What is the Elizabethan Era and why is it named this?

A cultural flowering took place in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It is called the Elizabethan era because so much of it fell within the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The form of Elizabethan literature that best expressed the energy of the era was drama.

Who is less well known than the male artists who dominated the 17th century art world in Italy but prominent in her own right?

Artemisia Gentileschi. Born in Rome, she studied painting with her father. She moved to Florence and began a successful career as a painter. At 23, she was the first woman to be elected to the Florentine Academy of design. Although she was known as a portrait painter, her fame now rests on a series of pictures of heroines from the Old Testament. Most famous is Judith Beheading Holofernes

By 1650, why did witchcraft hysteria begin to lessen?

As governments grew stronger, fewer officials were willing to disrupt their societies with witch trials. Attitudes were changing: people found it unreasonable to believe in the old view of a world haunted by evil spirits.

By the 1600's, what had spread to many parts of Europe?

Calvinism

Why did religious disputes continue in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?

Calvinism had not been recognized by the peace settlement.

What was the chief cause of the religious wars that plagued Europe in the 16th century?

Calvinist's and Catholic's struggle for the minds and hearts of Europeans. They tried to win converts and eliminate each other's authority. Economic, social, and political forces also played an important role.

What outnumbered the Huguenot minority?

Catholic majority. The Valois monarchy was strongly catholic.

Who were the ones most often accused of witchcraft?

Common people-usually the poor and those without property. More than 75% of the accused were women. Most of them were single, or widowed and over 50 years old.

When did the Time of Troubles end?

Did not end until the Zemsky Sobor, or national assembly, chose Michael Ramanov as the new czar.

Although Spain pretended to play the role of a great power, where had the real power in Europe shifted?

England and France

Where did writing for the theater reach new heights?

England and Spain

What happened to Germany in the Thirty Years' War?

For 30 years, Germany was plundered and destroyed. Rival armies destroyed the German countryside as well as entire towns. Local people had little protection from the armies.

What age did Louis XIV come to the throne? Who took control of the government?

Four. Because of his age, Cardinal Mazarin , the chief minister, took control. During his rule, a revolt led by nobles unhappy with the growing power of the monarch broke out. The revolt was crushed. With its end, many French people concluded that the best hope for stability in France lay with a strong monarch.

Who laid the foundation for the Prussian state?

Frederick Williams the Great Elector. Realizing that Prussia was a small, open territory with no natural frontiers for defense, he built a large and efficient standing army. He had a force of 40,000 men which made the Prussian army the 4th largest in Europe.

Of the 16th century religious wars, what was the most shattering?

French civil wars known as the French Wars of Religion. Religion was at the center of the wars. French kings persecuted protestants but it did little to stop the spread of Protestantism.

What did Gian Lorenzo Bernini do for the pope?

He created the Throne of Saint Peter, which is a highly decorated cover for the Pope's medieval wooden throne. It seemed to hover in midair, held by the hands of the four great theologians of the early Catholic church. Above the chair, rays of heavenly light drive a mass of clouds and angels towards he spectator.

What did Ivan IV do?

He expanded the territories of Russia eastward. He crushed the power of the Russian nobility known as the boyars.

A few years after Peter the Great became czar, what did he do?

He made a trip to the West. He returned to Russia and was determined to westernize it. He was eager to borrow European technology to give him the army and navy he needed to make Russia a great power. Under him, Russia became a great military power. By his death, Russia was an important European state.

What policy did Louis pursue to maintain religious harmony as part of monarchial power in France?

He pursued an anti-protestant policy aimed at converting the Huguenots to catholicism.

What did Frederick William set up to maintain the army and his own power?

He set up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth. It soon became an agency for civil government as well. The new bureaucratic machine became the elector's chief instrument to govern the state. Many of its officials were members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, known as the Junkers, who also served as officers in the army.

How did Louis XIV feel about taking the throne? What did he call himself?

He was serious. He established a strict routine from which he seldom deviated. He also fostered the myth of himself as the Sun King- the source of light for all his people.

When Charles died, who became king?

His brother James II. He was an open and devout catholic, making religion once more a cause of conflict between king and Parliament. James named Catholics high positions in the government, army, navy, and universities.

Where did the Thirty years' war begin?

In the lands of the Holy Roman Empire. At first it was a struggle between Catholic forces, led by the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors, and Protestant (primarily Calvinist) nobles in Bohemia who rebelled against Hapsburg authority.

Describe Elizabeth Tudor.

Intelligent, careful, and self-confident. She moved quickly to solve the difficult religious problem she inherited from her Catholic half sister, Queen Mary Tudor.

What was the purpose of the Edict of Nantes in 1598? What did it do?

Issued by the King (Henry of Navarre) to solve the religious problem. It recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but also gave Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges, such as holding public offices

What was Spain's economy dependent on? What was happening to their economy?

It was growing dependent on imported silver, causing its economy to seriously fail. The mines were producing less silver, fleets were subject to pirate attacks, and the loss of Muslim and Jewish artisans and merchants hurt the economy.

What were the three purposes of the royal court Louis established at Versailles?

It was the personal household of the king. The chief offices of the state were located there so Louis could watch over them. Versailles was the place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves.

Who was the greatest figure of the baroque period?

Italian architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini who completed Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. Action, exuberance, and dramatic effects mark the work of Bernini in the interior of Saint Peter's.

What was the financial center of Europe in the Renaissance? What was happening to its economy?

Italy, it was also declining economically.

In the 16th century, who became the first ruler to take the title of Czar? What is Czar?

Ivan IV. Czar is the Russian word for Caesar

What was Ivan known as (besides Czar)?

Ivan the terrible because of his ruthless deeds, among them stabbing his own son in a heated argument.

Who's reign ushered in an age of Spanish greatness, both politically and culturally?

King Phillip II

Who was the greatest supporter of militant Catholicism in the 2nd half of the 16th century?

King Phillip II of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.

Who set the standards for playwrights?

Lope de Vega. He wrote an extraordinary number of plays, perhaps 1500 in all. Almost 500 of them survive. They have been characterized as witty, charming, action-packed, and realistic. He made no apologies for the fact that he made his plays to please his audiences and satisfy public demands. He did not write for fame but for money.

Why was the situation made more difficult?

Louis XIII and Louis XIV were only boys when they came to the throne. The government was left in the hands of royal ministers. In France, two ministers played important roles in preserving the authority of the monarchy.

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

Louis XIII's chief minster. He strengthened the monarchy. Since Huguenots were a threat to the King's power, he took away their political and military rights while preserving their religious rights. He tamed the nobles by setting up a system of spies to uncover their plots against the government. He crushed their conspiracies and executed them.

Who took over supreme power when Mazarin died?

Louis XIV. The day after his death , the new king, at the age of 23, stated his desire to be a real king and the sole ruler of France.

Who was El Greco?

Mannerism spread from Italy to other parts of Europe and reached its high point in his work. He was from the island of Crete. After studying in Venice and Rome, he moved to Spain. He used elongated and contorted figures, portraying them in unusual shades of yellow and green against an eerie background of stormy greys. The mood he depicts reflects the tensions created by the religious upheavals of the reformation.

The catholic faith was important to both Phillip II and the Spanish people. What had Catholic kingdoms in Spain reconquered in the late middle ages?

Muslim areas within Spain and expelled the Spanish Jews.

What new city did Peter bein construction on after the war with Sweden?

On a marshland on the Baltic, he began the construction of a new city, St. Petersburg, his window on the West. St. Petersburg was finished during his life time and remained the Russian capital until 1918.

Did the king or parliament prove to be more victorious?

Parliament due largely to the New model Army of Oliver Cromwell, a military genius. The new model army was made up chiefly of more extreme Puritans, known as the independents. These men believed they were doing battle for God.

What did Parliament pass a petition to prohibit? What did Charles I do?

Parliament passed a petition to prohibit the passing of any taxed without Parliament's consent. Charles I initially accepted it but then he changed his mind realizing that it put limits on the king's power.

Of the 300 German states, what two emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries as great European powers?

Prussia and Austria.

What had much of England's gentry (mostly well-to-do landowners) become?

Puritans. The Puritan gentry formed an important part of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament. It was not wise to alienate them.

What played an important role in the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War? What was the war also called?

Religion. It was also called "last of the religious wars". Political and territorial motives were apparent as well.

What did Elizabeth do to clean up Mary's mess?

Repealed laws favoring Catholics. A new act of supremacy named her "the only supreme governor" of both church and state. The church under her was basically Protestant but followed moderate Protestantism that kept most people satisfied.

How did Louis XIV's mom feel about his desire to be a real king and the sole ruler of France?

She was well aware of her son's love of fun and games and his affairs with the palace's maids. She laughed out loud.

Who was Spain not the great power it appeared to be?

Spain's treasury was empty. Phillip had gone bankrupt from spending too much money on war and his successor did the same by spending too much on his court. The armed forces were out of date and the government was inefficient.

Who was under the leadership of William the Silent (the prince of Orange)? What did they do?

The Dutch. The Dutch in the northern provinces offered growing resistance. The struggle dragged on until a 12 year truce ended the war.

What finally ended the Thirty Years' war in 1648?

The Peace of Westphalia. The major contenders gained new territories and one of them -France- emerged as the dominant nation in Europe.

What was the most destructive conflict that Europeans had yet experienced?

The Thirty Years' war. Although most of the battles were fought on German soil, all major powers EXCEPT ENGLAND became involved.

What was another important action of Parliament?

The Toleration Act. This act granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship. Few English citizens however would ever again be persecuted for religion.

What came to an end with the death of Queen Elizabeth I? What began?

The Tudor dynasty. The Stuart line of rulers began with the accession to the throne of Elizabeth's cousin, the king of Scotland, who became James I of England.

What did the northern provinces begin to call themselves?

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, they became the core of the modern Dutch state. 17th century has been called the golden age of the Dutch Republic because the United Provinces held center stage as one of Europe's great powers.

What made the Huguenots a powerful political threat to the crown?

The conversion of so many nobles

What made finances a crucial issue for Louis XIV? Who helped him?

The cost of building palaces, maintain, his court, and pursuing his wars. He had the services of Jean Baptiste Colbert as controller-general of finances.

Who strongly opposed Phillip's efforts?

The nobles of the Netherlands who resented the loss of their privileges.

What happened to the Spanish that tried to invade England?

Their miracles never came. The Spanish fleet were battered by many encounters with the English. They sailed back to Spain by a northward route around Scotland and Ireland where it was pounded by storms. Many of the Spanish ships sank.

What were absolute monarchs able to do?

They had tremendous powers. They had the ability to make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control the state's officials, and determine foreign policy.

Why did accused witches usually confess to a number of practices?

They were put under intense torture. Many said they swore allegiance to the devil and attended sabats, nightly gathering where they feasted and danced. Others admitted to using evil spells and special ointments to harms their neighbors.

Although the religious issue was the most important issue, what other factors played a role in the French civil wars?

Towns and provinces which had long resisted the growing power of the French monarchy, were willing to assist nobles in weakening the monarchy. So many people were Huguenots, creating an important base of opposition to the king.

What contributed to the population decline and to the creation of social tensions?

Warfare, plague, and famine

After Peter's trip to the West, what did he begin to introduce?

Western customs, practices, and manners into Russia. He ordered the preparation of the first Russian book of etiquette to teach Western manners. The book pointed out that it was not polite to spit on the floor or scratch oneself at dinner.

Who was the most famous dramaist?

William Shakespeare. When he appeared in London, Elizabethans already enjoyed the stage. Elizabethan theater was already a very successful business.

Who did Parliament offer the throne to?

William and Mary. They accepted it along with a bill of rights. The bill of rights set forth Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes. It also states that standing armies could be raised with only Parliament's consent making it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament. The rights of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial were also confirmed.

What is an armada?

a fleet of warships

What did the Austrian monarchy never become?

a highly centralized state, absolutist state, chiefly because it was made up of so many different national groups. The Austrian Empire remained a collection of territories held together by the Hapsburg emperor who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary. Each areas had their own laws and political life. No common sentiment tied them together except for the ideal of service to the Hapsburgs, held by military officers and government officials.

What enabled Peter to acquire the lands he wanted?

a long and hard-fought war with Sweden

Driven by this crusading heritage, what did Spain see itself as?

a nation of people chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics.

What was mannerism replaced by?

a new movement called Baroque. It began in Italy in the last quarter of the 16th century and then spread to the rest of Europe and Latin America. The Catholic reform movement wholeheartedly adopted this style.

When Ivan's dynasty came to an end, what period followed?

a period of anarchy known as the Time of Troubles followed.

What was French history for the 50 years before Louis like?

a period of struggle as governments fought to avoid the breakdown of the state.

What did the Thirty years' war quickly become? Who helped cause this change?

a political war. Cardinal Richelieu of France, Louis XIII's chief minister, helped cause this change. Richelieu had Catholic France join Protestant Sweden in fighting the Catholic Hapsburgs.

What did the increase in royal power that Louis pursued lead the king to develop?

a standing army numbering 400,000 in time of war. He wished to achieve the military glory befitting the Sun King. He also wanted to ensure the domination of his Bourbon dynasty over European affairs.

What did Spain's leadership of a Holy League against the Turks result in?

a stunning victory over the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Lepanto.

What is absolutism?

a system in which a ruler holds total power

What did the bill of rights help create?

a system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament. This bill laid the foundation for a limited, or constitutional monarchy.

Who ran the first professional theaters in Seville and Madrid?

actors' companies, as they were in England. Soon every large town had a public playhouse including Mexico City in the New World. Touring companies brought the latest Spanish plays to all parts of the Spanish empire.

What is militant? What had become militant?

combative. Calvinism and Catholicism had become militant religions.

What did the Peace of Westphalia state?

all German states, including the Calvinist ones, could determine their own religion. The more than 300 states that made up the Holy Roman Empire were virtually recognized as independent states, since each received the power to conduct its own foreign policy. This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity. Germany would not be united for the next 200 years.

What did Phillip order preparations for?

an armada to invade England. The fleet that set sail had neither the ships nor the man power that Phillip had planned to send.

What did Cromwell purge Parliament of?

any members who had not supported him

Where can the baroque style be seen?

built=dings at catholic courts, especially those of the Hapsburgs in Madrid, Prague, Vienna, and Brussels.

How did parliament destroy the divine right theory of kingship?

by deposing one king and establishing another.

What was Charles II sympathetic to?

catholicism, his brother James, heir to the throne, did not hide that he was Catholic.

The religious zeal that led to the inquisition and the hunt for heretics extended to what?

concern about witchcraft- magic which had been part of traditional village culture for centuries.

What was the Spanish Netherlands?

consisted of 17 provinces (modern Netherlands and Belgium). was one of the richest part of Phillip's empire. He tried to strengthen his control of this region.

What was the first major goal of Phillip II?

consolidate the lands he had inherited from his father. These included Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in Italy and the Americas. To strengthen his control he insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism and strong monarchial authority.

When Henry of Navarre realized that as a protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, what did he do?

converted to Catholicism. When he was crowned king in 1594 the fighting in France came to an end.

What was Locke not an advocate for? Who were his ideas still important to?

democracy. His ideas were important to Americans and French in the 18th century. These ideas were used to support demands for constitutional government, the rule of law, and the protection of rights. His ideas can be found in the American Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.

What did Charles do to foil the exclusion bill?

dismissed parliament

How many people did England have when Elizabeth Tudor ascended the throne?

fewer than 4 million people. During her reign, the small island kingdom became the leader of Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire.

What are ultra-Catholics?

extreme catholic party. They strongly opposed Huguenots. Possessing the loyalty of sections of northern and northwestern France, they could recruit and pay for large armies.

When the sun king (Louis XIV) died, what did he leave France with?

great debts and surrounded by enemies. On his deathbed (76 years old) he seemed remorseful when he told his successor (his great grandson) not to be like him and indulge in war. His great grandson was only 5 years old.

What was Spain like at the end of Phillip's reign?

had the most populous empire in the world. Spain controlled almost all of South America and many settlements in Asia and Africa. To many Europeans, Spain seemed to be the greatest power of the age.

What did Peter do to impose the rule of the central government more effectively throughout the land?

he divided Russia into provinces. He hoped to create a "police state" which he meant a well-ordered community governed by law. Few of his bureaucrats shared his concept of honest service and duty to the state. Peter hoped for a sense of civic duty but his personality created an atmosphere of fear that prevented it. He wanted the impossible- that his administrators be slaves and free men at the same time.

Early in his reign, what did Louis order?

he ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and the closing of their schools. As many as 200,000 Huguenots fled to England, the United Provinces, and the German States.

To make matters worse, what did Phillip do?

he tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands. Violence erupted when Calvinists -especially nobles- began to destroy statues in catholic churches. He sent 10,000 troops to crush the rebellion.

What did Louis do to achieve his goals?

he waged four wars between 1667 and 1713. HIs ambitions caused many nations to form coalitions to prevent him from dominating Europe. Through his wars, he added some territory to France's northeastern frontier and set up a member of his own dynasty on the throne of Spain

What was William Shakespeare viewed as?

he was a complete man of the theater. Although best known for his writing plays, he was also an actor and shareholder in the chief theater company of the time, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. He has long been viewed as a universal genius. He was a master of the English language and his language skills were matched by his insight into human psychology. Whether in his tragedies or comedies, he showed a remarkable understanding of the human condition.

Who was Thomas Hobbes and what did he believe?

he was alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals on England. He wrote "Leviathan" a work on political thought to deal with problem of disorder. He claimed before society was organized human life was poor, nasty, and short. Humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for self preservation. To save themselves from ruining each other, people made a social contract and agreed to form a state. The state is which we owe our peace and defense. The people agreed to be governed by an absolute ruler who possessed unlimited power. Rebellion must be suppressed. Absolute power was needed to preserve order.

Why did Louis XIV entice the nobles and royal princes to come to his court?

he would keep them busy with court life and keep them out his politics

What was Elizabeth also moderate in besides religion?

her foreign policy. The Queen feared that the war would be disastrous for England and for her own rule. She tried to keep Spain and France from becoming too powerful by supporting whichever was the weaker nation.

What was Phillip II not so fortunate in?

his conflicts with England and the Netherlands

What was one of the keys to Louis XIV's power?

his control of the central policy-making machinery of government.

Why does Cromwell also deserve some credit?

his soldiers were well disciplined and trained in the new military tactics of the 17th century.

What was the house of Bourbon?

included in group of noble Huguenots, ruled the southern French kingdom of Navarre and stood next to Valois dynasty in the royal line of succession.

What did Jean Baptiste Colbert want to do?

increase the wealth and power of France by following the ideas of mercantilism. To decrease imports and increase exports, he granted subsidies to new industries. To improve communications and the transportation of goods within France he built roads and canals. To decrease imports he raised tariffs on foreign goods and created a merchant marine to carry French goods.

What was one major economic problem in Europe from 1560 to 1650?

inflation, or rising prices. It was caused by the great influx of gold and silver from the Americas. A growing population in the 16th century increased the demand for land and food driving up their prices.

What happened to the conflict that began during the reign of James?

it came to a head during the reign of his son, Charles I. He also believed in the divine right of kings.

Who was one of the most prominent members of the Romanov dynasty?

it lasted until 1917. One of the most prominent members was Peter the Great. He became czar in 1689. Like the other Romanov czars before him, Peter was an absolutist monarch who claimed the divine right to rule.

What did the Globe's admission charge allow? What type of audience did the Blackfriars bring?

it was 1-2 pennies. It enabled even the lower classes to attend. The higher prices of the Blackfriars brought an audience of the well-to-do. Because Elizabethan audiences varied greatly, playwrights had to write works that pleased nobles, lawyers, merchants, and vagabonds alike.

What did Frederick William's son Frederick officially gain the title of?

king, Elector Frederick III became King Frederick I

How many people were charged with witchcraft?

more than 100,000 people. Intense hysteria affected the lives of many Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries. As more people went to trial, the fear for witches grew as well as the fear of being accused of witchcraft.

What did Locke believe the contract between people and government involved?

mutual obligations. Government would protect their rights and the people would act reasonably towards the government. If a government broke the contract( if a monarch did not protect subject's natural rights) the people might form a new government.

What was the issue of the glorious revolution?

not if there would be a monarch but who would be monarch.

What was Louis's government ministers expected to do?

obey his every wish. As a result, Louis had complete authority over the traditional areas of royal power: foreign policy, the church, and taxes.

Although Louis had absolute power over France's nationwide policy making, where was his power limited?

on the local level. The traditional groups of French society-the nobles, local officials, and town councils- had more influence than the king in the day-to-day operation of local governments. As a result, the king bribed important people in the provinces to see that his policies were carried out.

After Cromwell's death, what did Parliament restore a year later?

parliament restored the monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I. With the return of the monarchy, England's time of troubles seemed at an end.

What revealed Europe's worsening conditions?

population figures in the 16th and 17th centuries. Population grew in the 16th century (went from 60 million to 85 million). By 1620, population had leveled off. It began o decline by 1650 especially in central and southern Europe.

Who were the puritans?

protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas. They did not like the king's strong defense of the church of England. They were members of the church of England but wished to make the church more Protestant.

Although Parliament objected to James's policies, what did they stop short of?

rebellion. Members knew that James was an old man, and his successors were his protestant daughters Mary and Anne born to his first wife. However, a son was born to James and his second wife, a catholic. Now the possibility of a Catholic monarchy roomed large.

What are natural rights?

right with which they were born. These included life, liberty, and property.

What did Charles also try to impose more of on the church of England?

ritual. To the Puritans, this was a return to Catholic practices.

What did Cromwell leave after he purged parliament of those who did not support him?

rump parliament. It had Charles I executed. His execution horrified Europe.

Who did a group of English noblemen invite to invade England?

the Dutch leader, William of orange, husband of James's daughter Mary. William and Mary raised an army and invaded England while James, his wife, and his infant son fled to France. With almost no bloodshed, England had undergone a "Glorious Revolution"

What did London theatres range from?

the Globe which was a circular, unroofed structure holding three thousand people, to the Blackfriars, a roofed structure that held only 500.

What did Cromwell find it hard to work with? What did he do?

the Rump Parliament. He finally dispersed it by force. After destroying both King and Parliament, Cromwell set up a military dictatorship.

What was one of the most creative forms of expression during Spain's golden century?

the Theater

What were the political groupings/parties that were created from uproar over the exclusion bill?

the Whigs who wanted to exclude James and the Tories who did not want to interfere with the principle of lawful succession to the throne.

What had the reign of Louis XIV been long regarded as?

the best example of the practice of absolutism in the 17th century. French culture, language, and manners reached all levels of European society. French diplomacy and wars dominated the political affairs of western and central Europe. The court of Louis XIV was imitated throughout Europe.

In addition to the 30 years war, a series of rebellions and civil wars rocked Europe in the 17th century. What was the most famous struggle?

the civil war in England known as the English Revolution. At its core was a struggle between king and parliament to determine what role each should play in governing England. Later, it would take another revolution to finally resolve the struggle.

What did baroque artists try to bring together?

the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of he 16th century religious revival. The style was known for its use of dramatic effects to arouse the emotions. Baroque art and architecture reflected the search for power that was part of the 17th century. Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and richly detailed. Kings and princes wanted everyone else to be in awe of their power.

What did James , the king of Scotland, who became James I of England believe in? What did parliament think?

the divine right of kings-kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God. Parliament did not think much of the divine right of kings. It had come to assume that the king or queen and Parliament rules England together.

What did Parliament introduce when they were suspicious about Charles II and James's catholic teachings?

the exclusion bill which would have barred James from the throne as a professed catholic. Debate over the bill created political groupings (later called political parties)

What was William king by?

the grace of Parliament, not the grace of God. parliament had asserted its right to be part of the government.

What idea did Phillip II of Spain toy with for years?

the idea of invading England. His advisors assured him that the people of England would rise against their queen when the Spaniard arrived. A successful invasion of England would mean the overthrow of Protestantism and a return of Catholicism.

In 17th century Europe, what was absolutism tied to?

the idea of the divine right of kings. It was thought that rulers received their power from God and were responsible to no one except God.

What did people mean to Locke?

the landholding aristocrats not landless masses

What did parliament next abolish?

the monarchy and the House of Lords and declared England a republic, or commonwealth.

What did mannerism in art reflect?

the new environment by deliberately breaking down the high Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. The rules of proportion were deliberately ignored as elongated figures were used to show suffering, heightened emotions, and religious ecstasy.

What had Louis XIV been regarded as?

the perfect embodiment of an absolute monarch. He spoke well and learned quickly. He was naturally kind. However, he was very vain which led to mistakes in judgement and distaste for independence of character and sentiment in others.

Complaints grew until England slipped into a civil war between who?

the supporters of the king (the Cavaliers or Royalists) and the parliamentary forces (called the roundheads because of their short hair)

What was the core of the new Austrian empire? Describe their size.

the traditional Austrian lands in present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. After the defeat of the Turks, Austria took control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia as well. At the beginning of the 18th century, teh Austrian Hapsburgs had gained a new empire of considerable size.

What was the greatest danger to Louis XIV's rule?

the very high nobles and royal princes. They believed they should play a role in the government of France. He got rid of this threat by removing them from the royal council. The council was the chief administrative body of the king and it supervised the government.

Who's work was one of the crowning achievements of the golden age of Spanish Literature?

the work of Miguel de Cervantes. His novel Don Quixote has been hailed as one of the greatest literary works of all time. With the 2 main characters he presents the dual nature of the Spanish character. The knight, Don Quixote, is the visionary so involved his lofty ideas that he does not see the reality around him. To him, windmills are 4 armed giants. The knights fat and earthy squire, Sancho Panza, is a realist. They then see each other's perspective. The theme is that both visionary dreams and the hard work of reality are necessary to the human condition.

Because Westerners did not wear beards or the traditional long-skirted coat, what did Russian beards and coats have to be?

their beards had to be shaved and coats shortened. At the royal court, Peter shaved off his noble's beards and cut their coats at their knees with his own hands. Outside the court, barbers and tailors planted at town gates cut the beards and cloaks of those who entered.

What did the Austrian Hapsburgs do?

they had long played a signifigant role in European politics as Holy Roman emperors. By the end of the Thirty Years war, they could no longer create an empire in Germany like they wished. They made a difficult transition into the 17th century. They lost the German empire, but now created a new empire in eastern adn southeastern Europe.

When Charles tried to force the Puritans to accept his religious policies, what did they do?

thousands of them chose to go to America instead.

What was the object of Peter's domestic reforms?

to make Russia into a great state and military power. He wanted to open a window to the west: a port with ready access to Europe. This could be achieved only on the Baltic sea. At that time however, the Baltic coast was controlled by Sweden, the most important power in northern Europe.

What was one of Peter's first goals?

to reorganize the army. He employed Russians and Europeans as officers. He drafted peasants for 25-year stints of service to build a standing army of 210,000 men. He also formed the first Russian navy which was his overriding passion.

What was one response to the crises of the 17th century?

to seek more stability by increasing the power of the monarch, resulting in absolutism

Although Queen Elizabeth was moderate in foreign policy, what did she allow Francis Drake (an English navigator) to do?

to seize and plunder Spanish ships sailing across the Caribbean.

What did a new Russian state emerge under in the 15th century?

under the leadership of the principality of Muscovy and its grand dukes.

What group of Russians gained much from Peter's cultural reforms?

upper class women. Having watched women move freely with men in Western courts, Peter insisted that Russian upper class women remove their veils that had traditionally covered their faces and move out into society. Peter held gatherings where both sexes could mix for conversation and dance, a practice he had learned in the West.

What ended the artistic renaissance?

when a new movement called mannerism emerged in Italy. The Reformation's revival of religious values brought political turmoil. Especially in Italy, the wordly enthusiasm of the Renaissance declined as people grew anxious and uncertain and wished for spiritual experience.

Who was John Locke?

wrote a political work called "Two Treatises of Government". He viewed the excercise of political power differently from Hobbes. He argued against the absolute rule of one person. He believed before society was organized, humans lived in equality and freedom rather than war. In this state of nature humans had certain natural rights- life, liberty, property. Believed problems existed in the state of nature. People found it hard to protect their natural rights so they agreed to establish a government to protect those rights.