what are the two types of nervous system

What allows communication in the brain?

The corpus callosum

what are the 2 large hemispheres connected by?

The corpus callosum

What is the cerebral cortex?

Thin, gray matter layer on surface of brain that goes in and out of the grooves.

Arachnoid

Thin, net-like membrane

Bipolar

Two nerve fibers, one dendrite , one axon

Interneuron

directs response to muscles that pull away injured part and also deadens anatagonist muscles.

functions of temporal lobe ?

interpretation of auditory and olfactory sensations

Insula

interpretation of taste, emotions and self awareness

Somatosensory

interpreting sensory information for skin

Neurilemma

is the outer layer of the Schwann cell containing the nucleus & cytoplasm. Not continues-has neurofibril notes (nodes of Ranvier)

Multipolar

many dendrites, one axon

What is a nerve composed of?

many neurons +ct +blood vessels

Unipolar

one nerve fiber that divides into one dendrite portion and axon portion

Dendrites

process that receive information stimuli

converting circuit

several neurons send impulses to fewer. ex: rods in our eyes, production of saliva

what is under the cerebral cortex?

white matter, myelinated neurons that act as thought freeways (tracts)

Nissl

(chromatophilic substance ) made of ribosomal RNA and rough ER in the cell body

What are some examples of involuntary Actions ?

-Heart rate -Breathing rate -Blood pressure -Digestion

What are the different types of reflexes?

-Involuntary Actions -Automatic Actions -Stretching reflex -Withdrawal Reflex

Functions of frontal lobe ?

-intellectual functions(reasoning , planning) -personality(phineas coage) -verbal communication (motor speech area (broca's area) controls muscular movements for taking ) -primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus -neurons send impulses to voluntary muscles

what is a neuron?

A nerve cell

ependymal cells

Lines inside of brain ventricles

What is Myelination accomplished by in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

diverting circuit

One (few) neuron(s) send impulses to many. Ex: brain to walking muscles.

Dura Mater

Outermost, tough, fibrous ct

what are the 2 types of myelinated tracts

-Ascending tracts -Descending tracts

What are the different types of Glial Cells ?

-Astrocytes -Ependymal cells -Microglia -Oligodendrocytes

What are the functions of the cavities of the brain?

-Brings nutrients to an takes away wastes from the brain cells. -protection

what are the different type of membranes of brain and spinal cord?

-Dura Mater -Arachnoid -Pia mater

Advantages of the myelin sheath

-Electrically insulate the neuron -Increases the speed of the neuron (200x) by saltory conduction

Neuron Classification

-Unipolar -Bipolar -Multipolar

what are is the structure of a neuron?

-cell body -Nissl bodies -Dendrites -Axon

what are some examples of automatic Actions

-coughing -sneezing -swallowing -vomiting

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

-cranial nerves -spinal nerves -ganglia

what does the surface of the brain contains?

-gyri(gyrus)-folds -sulci (sulcus)-grooves

functions of parietal lobe ?

-primary somatosensory cortex (in postcentral gyrus ) senses skin's touch , pain , temperature -Wernickes area-understanding speech and formulating words

characteristic of spinal cord

-spinal cord enclosed within the vertebral canal -spinal cord has spinal nerves exiting sides -A typical adult spinal cord ranges 16 to 18 inches in length -the lumber and sacral part divides into groups of axons called the cauda equina

Gray matter

-unmyelinated -its shape resembles a letter H or a butterfly

what are some examples of stretching reflex?

-we trick our bodies into thinking we are falling over backward -no interneuron

Characteristics of Schwann cells

-wrap around axon 100 x times -About 1 mm long -Composed of myelin -sometimes this is called the myelin sheath

Oligodendrocytes

Myelinates neurons in the CNS

What is Myelination accomplished by in the PNS?

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

what is the average weight of an adult brain?

around 3 pounds

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

brain and spinal cord

withdrawal reflexes

caused by pain stimulus example: flame/heat, stepping on a track

what are the two types of nervous system?

central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What provides for a larger surface area for neuron dendrites, cell bodies and unmyl, neurons?

cerebral cortex

what are the cavities in the brain filled with ?

cerebrospinal fluid

Gnostic area(Common integrative area)

combines sensory, visual and auditory information

What are the functions of the corpus callosum?

connects halves and allows communication.

Association areas

connects sensory and motor "cortical" areas in all areas of the brain

Cell body

control center for receiving, integrating (processing) and sending nerve impulses.

interprets incoming

coordinates response

Pia Mater

delicate, loose ct, nourishes cells of brain and spinal cord (ceramic wrap)

neurons

excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses

Visual

face or place recognizing feelings

What are Schwann cells needed for ?

for regeneration

How many cavities are in the brain

four

somatic sensory

input received from body (eyes, ears, skin)

visceral sensory

input received from internal organs

what enhance cognitive processes ?

more neural connections

Auditory

music-memories happy or sad

what are Oligodendrocytes needed for in the CNS?

myelin production

white matter

myelinated tracts

what are the two different type of cells that form the nervous tissue?

neurons and glial

Do all axons have myelin sheath?

no

Does regeneration occurs in the CNS?

no

Glial cell

non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons

what determines the intelligence ?

number of active synapses

autonomic motor

output transmitted to involuntary muscles (cardiac, smooth) and glands.

somatic nervous

output transmitted to skeletal muscles

microglial cells

phagocytizes pathogens and cellular debris

Axon

process that transmits impulses away from cell body

Higher order processing centers

processes several association areas for complex thought processing involving speech, cognition (awareness, knowledge, memory). understanding spatial relaships. ex word problems

what is meninges?

protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

Pre-motor cortex ( somatic motor)

reading a book, playing a piano

Sensory division

receives sensory information from receptors and transmit this information to the CNS

Wernike's

recognizing, understanding, comprehending, spoken/ written language

Interneurons (association)

relay neurons which exist within the CNS

What are the different types of neurons ?

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

What are neurons organized into?

specific pathways

Astrocytes

structural support & helps from blood-brain barrier

What are the parts of the Diencephalon ?

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

descending tracts

transmit down motor information

ascending tracts

transmit up sensory information

motor neurons(efferent)

transmits impulses from CNS to effectors .

Sensory Neurons (afferent)

transmits impulses from receptors to CNS

motor division

transmits motor impulses from the CNS to the muscles or glands.

How many distinct cell types are in the nervous tissue

two

functions of occipital lobe

vision

What is saltatory conduction ?

when the impulse leaps from one neurofibril node to another neurofibril node instead of moving heel to toe along the entire axon.