Which of the following statements about endotoxins is true

What is the 16S rRNA most commonly used for?

Classification

The science of the classification of living things?

Taxonomy

How does the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation used for microscopy affect the resolution?

The shorter the wavelength, the better the resolution.

16s rRNA is a component of

of the ribosome

A microscope with a total magnification ability of 2,000 X and a 20 X ocular would need to have an objective of

40,000 X

How are transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) similar?

Both use magnets to focus electrons, and both usually can only view dead specimens in a vacuum.

Lipid A (Endotoxin)

Causes fever and shock (bp drops) in humans

Which of the following is the smallest in size?

Eukaryote Prokaryote Virus Carbon atom Electron Answer: Electron

Which type of cell includes the S-layer outside the peptidoglycan layer?

Gram-positive eubacteria

The 3 critical aspects of microscopy are:

Magnification, resolution, contrast

Who developed Aseptic Technique from the idea of spontaneous generation?

Pasture

Spontaneous Generation is?

Spontaneous Generation is?

Bacterial protoplasts differ from bacterial spheroplasts in that

protoplasts have had all the cell wall material removed, whereas spheroplasts have some cell wall material remaining.

What step during the gram-staining process gives gram-negative bacteria their distinctive color?

Counter-Staining with Safranin

What is the correct sequence of the gram-staining process?

Crystal Violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Safranin

What was the problem with Snow's early form of anaesthetics?

Effectively paralyzed the patient, however the patient was still able to feel pain

If the resolution is not 0.2 microns then what type of microscope would be most appropriate?

Electron microscope

Which type of cell presents with more peptidoglycan

Gram Positive Bacteria

Gram Positive Bacteria

Have thick peptidoglycan layer as part of their wall. This makes them sensitive to lysozyme and penicillin.

Which of the following environments displays a greater concentration of solutes outside the cell?

Hypertonic

Spirilla

Rigid, spiral shaped cells, often with flagella

Binary fission is?

A form of asexual reproduction that is most common in prokaryotic cells, but does also occur in eukaryotic amoeba

For Penicillin to be active against eubacteria, the eubacterial cells must

Be actively growing

Which of the following represents Vibrio Cholerae?

Gram negative, bent rod, facultative anaerobe, causes small intestine infection

Which of the following principles yields Carl Woese's three domain classification system?

Phylogeny

Which of the following is formed when researchers used penicillin and lysozyme to study gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

Protoplasts in gram positive bacteria and spheroplasts in gram negative bacteria

Prokaryotes

Single celled Typically smaller than eukaryotes DNA and organelles not enclosed by membranes. 70S ribosome (30S and 50S) Divide by binary fission (usually)

Hypertonic

Solute concentration higher outside the cell than inside the cell. Water moves from outside to inside. Causes the cell to shrink.

Isotonic

Solute concentration is the same outside and inside the cell

Svedberg units measure what

The rate of settling ribosomes

If a piece of cloth has holes with diameter of 200 nanometers which of the following are likely to pass through?

Viruses

How does penicillin damage peptidoglycan?

inhibiting peptide bond formation.

Which of following explain why crystal violet is a basic dye?

its colored ion (chromophore) is cationic.

Where is peptidoglycan found?

the cell walls of the procaryotes called eubacteria

The range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum which are visible to the human eye extend from approximately

400.0 to 800.0 nm.

The svedberg units for ribosomes are

70S for procaryotic ribosomes and 80S for eucaryotic non-organellar ribosomes.

A stain for microscopy is dissolved in water. Is dissociates in water into cations and anions, neither of which is H or OH. This defines the stain as:

A salt

Penicillin

Antibiotic that can inhibit peptide bond formation of PG in growing cells

First person to publish observations of bacteria, protozoans, & yeast.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Which of the following statements about endotoxins is true

Causes Fever in humans Is a component lipolysaccharides of gram negative bacteria

What is the cellular consequence of a hypotonic solution?

Cell expands and eventually bursts due to water intake

Which of the following have the shortest wavelengths

Electrons

What are the three domains of Carl Woese's classification system

Eukarya, archaea, bacteria

Ribosomes are found

In eucaryotes, eubacteria, and archaeobacteria

Who developed an effective vaccine against smallpox

Jenner

Who developed antiseptic surgery and what did he use?

Joseph Lister; Phenol

Vibrios

Less than one turn - bent rods; comma shaped

Which of the following components of the Gram negative eubacterial cell is most likely to cause fever in humans?

Lipid A (Endotoxin)

How do prokaryotic spirilla differ from spirochetes?

Motile spirilla are rigid and have flagella to allow movement; spirochetes are more flexible and have axial filaments.

Which of the following are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

Multicellular Typically larger than prokaryotes Membrane enclosed organelles 70S ribosome (30S and 50S)

Which of the following are involved in forming glycan chains that make up peptidoglycan?

N-acetylmuramic Acid and N-acetylglucosamine

Hypotonic

Solute concentration is lower outside the cell than inside the cell. Water moves across the cell membrane from the outside into the cell. This causes the cell to swell.

Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that pregnant mothers were being infected with Childbed Fever, what bacteria causes this infection?

Streptococcus pyogenes

In micro-231 what bacteria, that we have studied, displays beta-hemolysis

Streptococcus pyogenes

What type of microscope provides the highest resolution

TEM

What is the limit of resolution that is needed to for objects to be resolvable when using compound light microscopy?

0.2microns

Who developed the three domain classification system?

Carl Woese

What is the most critical step of the gram-staining process?

Decolorizing with alcohol