wiley plus exam 3
coenzymes function in the body based on their ____
ability to combine with enzymes
An individual who exercises at moderate intensity for 60 minutes per day is ___.
active
what risk is associated with overconsumption of foods
additional nutrient intake may increase the likelihood of toxicity
absorption of b12 is dependent on what three things
adequate stomach acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor
body fat is stored in cells celled__
adipocytes
Why does obesity increase the risk of some cancers
adipose tissue produces hormones which promote cell proliferation.
what is a group that is at LOW risk for developing VC deficiency
adults who consume plenty of fruits and veggies.
Why is folic acid supplementation recommended for women of child bearing age?
all women of child bearing age experience folic acid deficiency.
which food contains the highest amount of VE
almonds
the amount of leptin is secreted in proportion to the ___
amount of body fat
what type of person would have the lowest recommended energy intake, per unit of body weight
an 80 year old female
where is b12 readily prevalent
animal products
people prone to developing certain types of kidney stones should ____ vitamin C supplementation
avoid
role of vitamin C in the body
helps to maintain body tissues
molecule responsible for carrying o2 throughout the body. VB6 i necessary for synthesis of this molecule
hemoglobin
the stimulus which prompts one to eat in response to internal physical cues is best described as ___
hunger
a condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration
hypercarotenemia
what brain region regulates long term food intake and energy expenditure?
hypothalamus
difference in obesity between 1990 and 2009
increase in the presence of states having greater than 20% obesity
The RDA for B6 in adults ___ with aging
increases
as the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases, the need for VE..
increases
consumption of orange juice enhances the absorption of which nutrient?
iron
in the body, vitamin E
is incorporated into chylomicrons, functions as a fat soluble antioxidant , is used to neutralize free radicals
how does VA affect gene expression
it can change the amount of mrna that is made by the gene
pregnant women are advised to start taking folic acid supplementation prior to becoming pregnant because
it is critical to allow for neural tube closure
when a diet is very low in kcalories and carbs for along period of time, what is most likely to develop
ketosis
what food is the best source of folate
lentils
___ is produced by adipocytes and functions to maintain the amount of fat in the body at a constant or stable level
leptin
vitamin A is stable except when exposed to ___
light and oxygen
Excessive intake of VA from supplements could cause
liver damage, birth defects, increased incidence of bone fracture NOT ACNE
what activity level is walking 2.2 miles at a rate of 3-4 mph
low active
after absorption, where are fat soluble vitamins transported?
lymphatic system
what physiologic process requires VB12?
maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission
high folate intake may:
mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, giving rise to permanent nerve damage
The recommended intake of VE is expressed in
mgs of alpha-tocopherol
what does Vitamin E do to prevent cell damage
neutralize reactive oxygen
Do deficiency symptoms of vitamin C take weeks to develop?
no
Is fortification always regulated by the FDA?
no
are Vitamin C supplements likely to cause toxicity?
no
is vitamin E completely destroyed in normal cooking process?
no
Indirect calorimetry measures ____ and ____ estimate energy expenditure
o2 consumed and co2 expired
what type of compound are vitamins
organic
Red blood cells, nerve cells and lung cell membranes are particularly vulnerable to free radical damage because of the high ___ content
oxygen
a lack of intrinsic factor results in
pernicious anemia
risk of food fortification
potential nutrient toxicity
Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of ___ is ingested
preformed VA supplements
Vitamin E deficiency in the US is most likely to be problem in
premature infants
Vitamin B6 is important for _____ metabolism
protein
when consumption of __ and ___ is insufficient, BA absorption decreases
protein and fat
another name for vitamin B6
pyridoxine
the role of folate in DNA synthesis makes it important in ___
rapidly dividing cells
the primary function of VD in the body is to
regulate calcium and phosphorous levels
Vitamin A is essential for
reproduction, growth, immune function
reason that fat soluble vitamins are grouped together is because they
require bile and dietary fat for absorption
function of b12
required for nerve transmission
what form of VA is involved in vision
retinal
what transports VA from liver stores to tissues
retinol binding protein
which visual pigment is formed by the combination of retinal VA and opsin that allows for perception of light?
rhodopsin
The VD deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called
rickets
healthy weight also means a lower_____
risk for disease
A person who feels full thereby not attempting to eat further
satiety
body weight is genetically determined and that there are internal mechanisms to defend against weight change
set point theory
technique where calipers are used to measure the amount of subcutaneous fat is known as
skinfold measurement
Which lifestyle factor increases the requirement VC
smoking cigarrettes
bioavailability is affected by
solubility, transport systems, precursors, carrier proteins
disadvantage of BMI
someone with a large amount of muscle mass will have a high BMI
what is the best source of vitamin C
strawberries
B12 and folate participate in the
synthesis of methionine from homocysteine
when more VC is needed, it must be replaced from ___
the diet
How has the incidence of obesity changed in the US and world-wide over the past 20 years
the rate of obesity has increased
when vitamin A is deficient, what is delayed
the regeneration of rhodopsin
The energy expended to digest and store nutrients
thermic effect of food.
needed to produce energy from protein
-thiamin -riboflavin - niacin -biotin -b6 -pantothenic acid
folate deficiency may cause (3)
1. development of cancer 2. poor growth 3. inflammation of the tounge
what affects the BMR
1. running a fever 2. an increase in body weight 3. an increase in muscle mass NOT WITH THE INCREASING AGE OVER 50
recommended rate of weight loss
1/2 to 2 punds per week
what percent of weight loos will help reduce weight loss
5-15%
what percent of the vitamins in food are absorbed in the stomach
95%
what BMI defines obesity
>30
Which vitamin has the best known role in cell differentiation
A
children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which vitamin?
A
as dietary nutrients are broken down to provide energy they are all converted to which metabolic intermediate?
Acetyl CoA
what is visceral fat associated with
heart disease
During meals, what does the body do to provide glucose?
glycogen is broken down
Energy is stored in the body primarily as ___ and ___
glycogen, triglycerides
what is being underweight associated with
Early death
why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness
VA maintains epithelial tissues
Which fat soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria
VK
In the liver, VE is incorporated into ____ and from there delivered to cells
VLDL's
which vitamins have been shown to decrease homocysteine levels in the blood?
b6, folate, b12
what is the body's major energy expenditure
basal metabolism
the carotenoid with the most VA activity
beta-carotene
fat soluble vitamins require ___ and ___ fat for absorption into intestinal cells
bile and dietary
term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body
bioavailability
Vitamin C deficiencies cause
bleeding gums
VK is required to produce prothrombin, which is needed for
blood clotting
folate deficiency symptoms are less of a problem recently because
grain products are now fortified with folate
Witmain D regulates ___ and ___ balance in the body
calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D works with PTH to increase____
calcium retention by the kidneys
What form of VA has antioxidant properties
carotenoids
The action of sunlight of 7-dehydrocholesterol forms
cholecalciferol
fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within _____
chylomicrons
Pantothenic a cid forms part of which molecules
coenzyme A
many B vitamins function as __, which bind to enzymes to promote their activity
coenzymes
how to calculate total energy expenditure
consideration of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and amount of physical activity.
bomb calorimeter
determines the energy content of a particular food.
The process whereby cell changes occur in structure and function leading to specialization is known as cell....
differentiation
the best way to increase antioxidant intake is to
eat more fruits, veggies and whole grains
a common problem associated with losing weight by drinking only low kcalorie weight loss products
eating habits aren't changed
Which group of people is most at risk for VD deficiency
elderly
Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by donating ____. This neutralizes the free radical an prevents it from stealing____
electrons
an equality between energy consumption and expenditure with a constant weight
energy balance
Vitamins may be lost when food is processed. When these vitamins are added back to the processed food at the same or higher level, the food is said to be
enriched
t/f: vitamin E donates an electron to VC
false
cystic fibrosis increases the risk of VE deficiency because
fat absorption is reduced
Which nutrients when consumed in excess of energy needs, is preferentially used to produce body adipose tissue?
fats
VE is essential for
fertility
examples of foods that are highest in preformed VA
fish and dairy
which VB decreases risk of neural tube defects in developing babies
folic acid
Major functions of vitamin C in the body (3)
formation of collagen, protection against damage from free radicals, enhancing iron absorption
complications of bariatric surgery
gallstone formation, dumping syndrome, and nutrient deficiencies
beriberi is a disease cause by a lack of ___ in the diet
thiamin
the primary function of VE is
to act as an antioxidant
what is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents
to provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of Vitamin A
meeting b12 needs from the diet is especially difficult for ___
vegans
good source of vitamin E
vegetable oil
a higher incidence of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes is associated with___
visceral fat
how is vitamin b6 associated with heart disease
vitamin b6 breaks down homocysteine
how to calculate BMI
weight in lbs / (height in inches) ^2 times 703
The food that contains the most VD is
whole milk
folic acid supplements are most frequently recommended for___
women who may become pregnant
what disease conditions is related to vitamin A's role in maintaining epithelial tissue
xerophthalmia
Can VE be destroyed by exposure to oxygen?
yes
can VE be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures?
yes
is VE sensitive to light?
yes
