Womens & Violence Test 1
Historical Eras in Defining Rape
Lex Talionis and Hammarubi's Code Hebrew Law 11-13th Centuries Late 18th Century 20th Century and beyond
Additional IPA Potential in Same-Sex Relationships
"Outing" a partner to police, family, co-workers, neighbors, etc. Makes child custody more difficult
What is McKinnon's definition of Sexual Harassment
"The unwanted imposition of sexual requirement in the context of a relationship of unequal power."
Additional IPA Potential for Immigrant Women
(can be partners with immigrant men or non-immigrant men) Immigrant status is a risk factor for IPA Immigrant status, gender, race, and class intersect May be particularly difficult to address and resist when the abuser is in the military
Belknap & Sharma (2014): Stealth Gender-Based Abuse On what population of women does this article focus? What is stealth gender-based abuse (SGBA)—and what types of abuse does it include? What is incapacitated rape?
- college women - gender based abused tactics that are non violent, intimate partner abuse that is non violent per se, and non violent sexual abuses -Includes GBA, IPA, Sexual Abuse -Incapacitated rape: raping someone too inebriated or high to consent
What the 4 influences of gender role stereotyping that Hassounaeh and Glass found in lesbian IPA? What do they each mean?
-"Girls don't hit other girls" The belief that women are innately nonviolent influenced women's experiences in two important ways. First, it made it difficult for them to recognize IPV in their own intimate relationships with women, and second, it made it difficult for them to find domestic violence services in their communities that met their needs. -The Myth of Lesbian Utopia Thus, there exists a myth among some lesbians and feminists that lesbian communities form a sort of utopian existence wherein women do not oppress, and certainly do not beat up, other women. This -Cat fight the view that women's violence is somehow less serious than men's and that women by their very nature are not dangerous -Playing the feminine victim perpetrators of FSSIPV are aware of the potential for confusion and in many instances, use this to their advantage by playing victim. The tendency to play victim was particularly pronounced in instances where law enforcement had been called to the scene.
Adams et al. (2008): Economic Abuse Do the authors view psychological abuse as very serious? How do some intimate partner abusers prevent women from acquiring resources? How do some intimate partner abusers prevent women's resource use? How do some intimate partner abusers exploit women's resources? What are the effects of experiencing economic abuse?
-yes -Preventing her from obtaining /maintaining employment -control how resources are distributed and maintaining how they are used (money) -intentionally deplete women's available resources as means of limiting their options economic- Impede economic, physical and psychological health become economically dependent on abuser -Increased risk for depression, anxiety, chronic health problems, poor general physical health
Cook et al. Measuring Sexual Assault/Rape WHat are the two main ways that questions to measure rape are phrased? Which do the authors say is the better of the two approaches?
1) Broad Questions 2) Behaviorally Specific Questions 2 is better
Cook et al. Measuring Sexual Assault/Rape What are the four steps of the self-report measures for sexual assault/rape?
1)Perceive traumatic event and encode it into memories 2)Individual cannot report rape in study unless the design includes them. 3) Cuing the victims recall. Questions used to recall 4) Victim must be willing to divulge their experience
What are the three categories of interventions Olafson identifies, and briefly, what do they include?
1)Prevention: Target the stresses of property in order to reduce family violence and child neglect by means of supportive family and community services 2) Child forensic interviewing: structure and placement of questions and prompts but also evidence based guidelines about interviewer manner 3) Treatment: Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy strongest evidence base for childhood trauma and maltreatment
Additional IPA Potential for Women with Disabilities
1-Physical & Emotional Assault 2-Neglect 3-Control/Restraint more dependent on their partners Makes child custody more difficult Conveying judgmental attitudes based on her disability Threatening her with the loss of her children because of her disability Threatening to institutionalize herWithholding personal assistance Erecting or refusing to remove architectural barriers in the home Lifting a wheelchair out of the way with her in it Not contacting a physician when one is neededWithholding medications Controlling access to needed items on persons Controlling assistive services Using disability to demean, discredit, or dismiss Refusing access to social support Refusing to communicate using assistive devices
Three Fundamentals of Healthy Sex
1. Consent 2. Mutuality 3. Respect
What are Till's Levels of Sexual Harassment, what does each mean, and what is meaningful about their order?
1. Gender harassment 2. Seductive behavior 3. Sexual Bribery 4. Sexual Coercion 5. Sexual Assault, Gross Sexual Imposition, and Indecent Exposure
What are the 7 "primary tactics of intimate partner abuse" from Belknap (2015)?
1. Physical Abuse Hitting, kicking, pushing, slapping, throwing something at, stabbing, shooting (e.g., with gun or arrow) 2. Sexual Abuse Forcing or coercing sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal penetration with a penis or other object; stolen bride (raping a woman to coerce/force her to marry); sex trafficking by an intimate partner 3. Financial/Economic Abuse Controlling all of the money so that the victim is economically dependent (can include money the victim inherited or earns) or deprived (cannot feed, clothe and otherwise provide for self or children, taking victims' paycheck, tax fund, or disability payments); coercing/forcing the victim not to get a job; being so intrusive or abusive at the victim's work that s/he is fired/let go (including constantly calling the victim at work); gamble away the families' money; withholding money in retaliation for not complying with the abuser's demands or unless the victim follows the abuser's demands; hiding money; acquiring debt in the victim's name; hiding/taking car keys so victims can't look for a job or go to a job interview or an existing job; making the victim ask for money/allowance; making all big financial decisions without the victims' input 4. Stalking Physically following the victim (by car, walking, bicycle, etc.); constantly calling, emailing, or texting the victim; cyber-stalking the victim (e.g., with spy ware, video cameras, global positioning systems, online databases, or through Facebook or other social media); 5. Spiritual Abuse Purposefully impairing the victims' spiritual/religious well-being; prevent access to religious observances, leaders, and communities. 6. Proxy Abuse Using others such as friends or relatives to abuse or stalk the victim, and is often used when an abuser is in jail or the victim has a restraining order. 7. Paper Abuse Exerting power through manipulating the legal system such as making false charges of child abuse by the victim and instigating frivolous lawsuits against the victim to psychologically and financially impact their her/him and/or to force contact with her/him.
How did McKinney (1994) distinguish sexual harassment victims and perpetrators in terms of power? What are her 3 types of sexual harassment (and be able to identify, define, and give an example of each)?
1. Traditional Power Harassment 2. Peer Harassment 3. Contrapower Harassment
What did Angela Davis find regarding the history of lynching and rape?
1865-1895: over 10,000 lynchings and only 3 white men ever tried, convicted, and executed 2. Mythical justifications/explanations to gain public support: 1st: To deter Black masses from rising in revolt 2nd: To prevent Black supremacy over whites 3rd: To punish Black men for raping white women
Engelbrecht & Reyns (2011): Stalking Where are the data from? Do many people experience stalking victimization over their lifetimes? Did this study find the pursuit behaviors by stalkers similar towards male and female victims?
2006 National Crime Victimization Survey yes men 3 types women 6 types
Weiss (2010): Male Rape What is the breakdown in these data for the percent of women vs. men regarding sexual victimization?
9% of victims of rape and sexual assault are men and 91% women
(Intimate Partner abuse tactics)Can they overlap? Does a person have to experience all of them to be an IPA victim? What are the subcategories of the psychological/emotional IPA tactic?
A person only has to experience 1 of these tactics to be abused These can be overlapping Perpetrators may commit one or all or any combination of these tactics
What US agency changed its longstanding definition of rape in 2012? Which types of behavior are being added or taken away?
Added- oral and anal the penetration of the vagina or anus with an object or other body part, the rape of a man, or the rape of a woman by another woman."
What are the limitations of Walker's Cycle of Violence?
Aspect of being "repeated" Not all victims experience violence this way Ignores constant control as abusive Leads to the intervention of focusing on abuser's controlling behavior via "anger management"
What is Evan Stark's (2007) coercive control and what form of VAWG does it pertain to (e.g., sexual abuse, intimate partner abuse, stalking, sexual harassment)? What does it assume?
Assumes: Women are vulnerable to coercive control in private life because of their subordinate position in the larger social structure When ♀use violence against ♂, it's to level the playing field. Is more complex than physical control/abuse Is intended to destroy the woman's autonomy, her ability to make decisions, and to act on her own behalf
What is the public construction of the "battered woman"? Is it accurate? How has it helped? How has it backfired?
Battered women as "pure victims" Have experienced extreme physical violence separated by periods of emotional abuse The abuse increases in severity and frequency over time Battered women are terrified by this experience
Cook et al. Measuring Sexual Assault/Rape What are the 3 components in sexual assault/rape definitions? Which of these has the least consensus about how it should be measured?
Components 1)The act (unwanted sex) 2)The tactic used (physical force or threat) 3)The expression of non consent Least consensus for component 2.
How does Olafson distinguish "courted" and "groomed"
Courted: Can consent to sexual contact ir they can decline- Adults Groomed: Cannot ethically or legally consent to sexual contact b/c they are miners- children
What are some of the different names for what we've called "intimate partner abuse" (IPA) in class?
Domestic Violence Wife Abuse/Assault Spouse Abuse/Assault Dating Violence Woman Battering Intimate Partner Violence Intimate Partner Abuse
Belknap & Sharma (2014) Is SGBA more or less likely to be reported to officials? Why? How is SGBA related to victim-blaming? Self-blame?
Due to its stealthy nature often goes unreported -Victim blaming: when abuse is psychological it falls on the victim b/c physical abuse is absent -victims fault for inciting the perpetrator by being under the influence of drugs/ alcohol and not taking responsibility for their safety- self blame
Wolitzky-Taylor (2011) What do the authors mean by FR and IR/DAFR? In the author's study (not the literature review they do, but in Wolitzky-Taylor's actual study what percent reported their most recent/only rape to the police (law enforcement)? Which type of rape, FR or IR/DAFR is more likely to be reported to the police? Were stranger rapes more or less likely to be reported to the police than known rapists? Were more recent rapes (those occurring after 1980) more or less likely to be reported to the police? What does the author attribute this to?
FR- Forcible rape DARF- Drug alcohol facilated rape IR-Incapactated rape 15.8% More likely More likely Stranger: May be due to the impact of societal norm and stereotypical about what constitutes a rape Recent: suggests that some progress has been made in the last 30 years w/ regard to increasing reporting FR= vapes involving drugs and alcohol are less likely to be reported b/c of circumstances and lack of evidence
Weiss (2010): Male Rape What two ways did Weiss identify that raped men attempt to "demonstrate masculinity"?
Heavy Drinking Fighting
What US agency changed its longstanding definition of rape in 2012?
In January 2012 The U.S. Federal Gov't. Changed it's Longstanding Definition of "Forcible Rape" in compiling National Crime Statistics
Cook et al. Measuring Sexual Assault/Rape What is the two-stage design?
Investigations combine behaviorally specific questions with subsequent incident reports (follow up questions) that are administered to every respondent
Letter from a Battered Wife (1976)
Is this fiction or from an actual battered woman? Actual Did the woman experience physical violence? yes Who did the woman seek help from? How helpful was the help-seeking? Clergy man, doctor, friend, family guidance agency,place At the end, what does she say saved her from being killed by her abuser? Luck saved her
What are the three dynamics purported to sometimes keep some victims in the cycle of violence
Love: for your partner, the relationship has its good points, it's not all bad Hope: that it will change, the relationship didn't begin like this Fear... that the threats to kill you or your family will become reality
What were the limitations of both legal and research definitions of rape even in the 1970s? What sexual abuses were most commonly left out?
Marital Rape was not included Often attacker had to use force Didn't include Oral and Anal Didn't include males
Why is stalking a form of violence/abuse against women/girls?
Men (boys) stalk more than women (girls) Women (girls) are more likely to be the victims of stalking than men (boys) Stalking frequently co-occurs with other forms of violence against women & girls Stalking causes more fear and more serious consequences for women (girls) than men (boys)
Weiss (2010): Male Rape How was the victims' drinking gendered? (That is, did male or female victims consume more alcohol?)
Men 3x more likely than women to reveal using drinking or drugs. Men more likely to admit to being sexually victimized when intoxicated b/c alcohol impairs victims ability to resist
How often were women and men stalked by strangers?
Men 8% Women 12%
Weiss (2010): Male Rape Where are the data from?
National Crime Victimization
Lenore Walkers Cycle of Violence and In what ways is it purported to change over time?
Phase 1- Tension Building Phase 2- Violence Phase 3- Reconciliation Becomes for frequent and more violent over time
What are the types of animal abuse can occur in the context of IPA, and be able to provide an example of each.
Physical: hit, kicked, slung across room, fed poison, run over, buried alive, hang, etc. Sexual: Psychological: witnessing woman abuse, having abuser stomp in front of them, yell at them
What are the two legal types of sexual harassment and what does each of them mean?
Quid Pro Quo Hostile Environment
Olafson (2011) What interpersonal victimization has the highest rate of PTSD? How are gender, ethnic, and social class related to CSA?
Rape Gender: Males more likely to be perpetrators and female victims 2 to 3 times more likely to be victimized by CSA than are boys Class: care givers that lack resources to hire a lawyer Ethnic:Hispanic highest, native american a little higher.
Latin word for rape
Rapere- Means to seize property Explain how this impacted rape laws and societal responses historically and presently (Women were mens property)
Porter & Williams (2011): IPA among various groups on a College Campus What college was this study conducted on? What was meant by DHH, GLBO, and REM? What crimes/victimizations did this study examine and,generally, how were they related to gender, DHH, GLBO, and REM? What did the study find in terms of the risk of rape as it related to gender, GLBO, REM, and DHH
Rochester Insitiute of Technology in Upstate New York - DHH: Deaf or Hard of Hearing -GRBO: Gay Lesbian Bi Other REM- Racial/Ethnic minorities All had a higher risk of rape
NISVS Report (2010) What 3 abuses were addressed in this national survey? Who were sampled for the study (generally)?
Sexual violence, stalking, intimate partner violence Non institutionalized english and or spanish- speaking women and men aged 18 or older in the United States
Herat (2009) What was the Estrada-Espinoza v. Mukasey case about? Who are Sonia Arredondo and Juan. Estrada-Espinoza, what was their relationship, and what was the "aggravated felony" with which Mr. Estrada-Espinoza was charged? What is the BIA and what does this case have to do with the BIA?
Sonia 16 Juan 20- US REsident When Sonia turned 18, Juan was charged with statutory rape and faced deportation. BIA- Board of Immigration Appeals,
What did the 1996 U.S. Congress identify as the types of stalkers? Which one is most prevalent (most likely to be reported whether to researchers or to the police)?
Stranger Acquaintance Intimate or Former Intimate
Where did the saying "cut off your nose to spite your face" originate?
The "Heroics of Virginity" in the Catholic Church: Saint Ebba adage in north of France and England - 12th Century- Middle Ages Monasteries and convents invaded by very violent and destructive marauders/invaders For the nuns....and perhaps others.. Surviving sexual assault was a "fate worse than death" where they could be perceived as adulteresses, "polluted," and former brides (of Christ). Huge shame and no hope for "next life" Self-mutilation of nuns Jane Tibbetts Schulenburg (1998) Forgetful of Their Sex: Female
What are Mullen et al.'s (1999) categories of stalkers—both their labels and characteristics about those stalkers
The Rejected: * As a result of a relationship dissolution (i.e. estrangement, disruptions, break-ups) from an ex-partner (but inclusive of a parent, friend, or work associate) this type of stalker can be observed desiring a mixture of reconciliation and revenge. * This individual often experiences feelings of loss, frustration, anger, jealousy, malevolence, and depression. * The Simple Obsessional subtype given above closely approximates this type of stalker. The Intimacy Seeker: * These stalkers pursue an intimate relationship with an individual perceived as their true love, but their attentions are not wanted by the object of their affection. * The type of stalkers who fall into this category often have a delusional disorder (i.e. erotomania). Those who represent "intimacy seekers" may suffer from other disorders (i.e. schizophrenia, mania) or hold morbid infatuations. * Erotomania and Love Obsessional best represent this category. The Incompetent: * These intellectually limited and socially incompetent individuals desire intimacy, but the object of their affection does not reciprocate these feelings. * They often lack sufficient skills in courting rituals. * They may also display a sense of entitlement: believing they deserve a partner, but lack the ability or desire to engage in subdued, preliminary interpersonal relations. * Another aspect of these stalkers is that they may have had previous stalking victims. * Unlike the intimacy seekers, those in the incompetent category do not view the victim as having unique qualities; they are not infatuated with the victim -- only attracted, and do not assert that the affection is mutual. The Resentful: * The goal of this stalker is to frighten and distress the victim. * These stalkers may also experience feelings of injustice and desire revenge. The Predatory: * The power and control that comes from stalking a victim gives these stalkers a great deal of enjoyment. * The stalker often strives to learn more about the victim. * The stalker may even mentally rehearse a plan to attack the victim. * Most of these stalkers are diagnosed paraphilias and, compared to the previous four categories, they were more likely to have histories of sexual offense convictions.
What are Brown et al.'s (2009) 3 types of Sexual Victimization? What do the mean
The Three Types Forcible Rape: when a perpetrator uses or threatens to use physical force Verbal Coercion: had sex due to another person's overwhelming pressure or arguments Incapacitated: having sex with someone who is unable to consent or resist sexual intercourse owing to alcohol or drug intoxication
What is the definition of stalking from the 1997 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Report to Congress?
The willful, malicious, and repeated following or harassing of another person."
Have the US rates of reported CSA changed, and if so how, of reported CSA cases since the mid-1990s? Does Olafson believe the pattern of reported CSA over this time period is accurate?
They have decreased, this is accurate because of mandatory reporting laws
What do Titles VII and IX have to do with sexual harassment?
Title VII is for Work and Title IX is for Education Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute harassment when: 1. Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment; 2. Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.
(Olafson) Be able to identify and describe the two traumagenic dynamics that distinguish CSA from other forms of Childhood trauma and maltreatment.
Traumatic sexualization: increases risk for children and teens to have sexual behavior problems and for adolescents and adults to become sexual offenders against children Stigmitization: varying intensly to be sexually assaulted is to be dishonored, defiled and permanently stigmatized. brings shame
What did Mary Odem find in terms of the history of "age of consent" (statutory rape) laws? Who was active in reform, what were they trying to reform, what were the results of the reform?
U.S. 1885-1920: White middle-class women reformers trying to change statutory rape age from 10-12 (most) to 18 Black, middle-class women's clubs also concerned about issue, but additionally of Black men being targeted Policy changed to age 16 in most states Black men were targeted, including for consensual sex Girls having consensual sex were treated as delinquents Raped girls were treated as delinquents
Quid Pro Quo
Where career, job, or educational advancement is guaranteed in return for sexual favors; trading sex for professional or educational survival.
Hostile Environment
Where unwelcome sexual conduct unreasonably interferes with an individual's working or educational environment or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.
Be able to discuss the unique aspects of the sexual abuse of women and girls with disabilities.
Women with disabilities are more at risk than nondisabled women given their weakened status to defend or care for themselves. Whether their dependence on caregivers is in their homes, hospitals, or other institutions, this dependency places them at risk of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.
According to the study by Cole et al. (2008) in class, what characteristic(s) is(are) associated with a woman being abused by more than one partner (revictimized by a new partner)?
Women with more cumulative lifetime victimization Women dependent on illicit drugs
McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap (2008): Sexual Abuse Histories of Incarcerated Women Do the studies reviewed indicate a difference in the likelihood between incarcerated and community (never incarcerated) sexual abuse rates among women/girls?
Yes Incarcerated women sexual abuse rates are higher
(Intimate Partner abuse tactics) What are the subcategories of the psychological/emotional IPA tactic?
child abuse~ Abusing a child to punish/abuse the adult partner victim (usually the victim's child or joint child of the victim and abuser); abuse can be physical, sexual, and emotional/psychological/verbal. extended family and friend abuse Extended family/friend abuse~ Disrespecting, threatening, and violently abusing the victim's parents, siblings, or friends. verbal/written threats ~Threatening the victim, her children, or other loved ones with harm, including threating to the victim to kill or sexually abuse the victim or other loved ones; threatening to kidnap or get custody of the victim's children; threatening or attempting suicide to try to keep the victim from leaving. degradation/humiliation ~Making the victim clean toilets; clean the abuser's messes (including the abuser's feces and vomit), eat pet food; telling the victim privately or publicly (including in front of her/his children) that s/he is stupid, unattractive, fat, ugly, a bad mother; cursing and/or yelling at the victim; flaunting the knowledge of another lover or sexual contact or a hired sex-worker with the victim. social isolation~ Coercing or forcing the victim not to have contact with friends, family, co-workers, neighbors, etc.; being so abusive to the victim around the victim's support networks (e.g., friends, family, etc.) that they don't want to visit or meet with the victim; being so abusive to the victim's social supporters that they are afraid to visit or meet the victim (sometimes even when the abuser isn't around); holding a victim hostage/locked up. Harming pets/property~ Hitting, kicking, threatening or actually giving away, killing, sexually abusing pets or not allowing sufficient food, water, or shelter for pets owned by the victim, the victim's children, or jointly owned; destroying/breaking or stealing the victim's belongings such as clothes, car, furniture, and home.
What was a more common response by stalking victims: anger or fear? Was anger gendered, and if so how? Was fear gendered, and if so how?
fear, gendered by women b/c they experienced it and reported it
McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap What percent of the incarcerated women reported a sexual abuse that is consistent with rape definitions in most states in the U.S.? Did any of the women report that they had been sexually abused by other women? Did the data indicate that women who'd been sexually abused once were likely to be revictimized?Who was most likely to perpetrate child sexual abuse on these women when they were 6 to 11 years old (e.g., strangers, acquaintances, family members)?
yes yes Family member
Weiss (2010): Male Rape Was shame significant for male victims, including if sexually abused by women?
yes often men didn't report due to shame. even more when abused by a woman. men being overpowered or taken advantage of is embarrassing
