Women's Studies 1020 Final

Shakespeare's Sister:

Definition: The imagination of the imagines what it must have been like for creative women in the Elizabethan age. Known as Judith (fictional comparison) — means of what is was to be a women in that age. Theme: patriarchy othering gender roles science and gender Reading: Virginia Woolf, "Thinking About Shakespeare's Sister" But think of it like this: Woolf is trying to re-write the patriarchal narratives to envision something other. daughter was forced to be married off Shakespeare could have gone to grammar school, had a family then left them for his aspirations whereas, Judith would pick up a book now and then, likely owned by her brother; then told to go back to work doing housework beaten by her father when she refused to marry when she went to the theatre she was laughed at and rejected = then killed herself

Racial Stereotypes: 'Strong Black Women

Themes: othering anti-racist feminism class / racial discrimination Readings: Morgan Jerkins, "Bree Newsome and the Myth of the Strong Black Woman" // Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories" Bree Newsome = Being viewed as strong does not have to be a limit or a dehumanizing marker for them; instead it is a real and revolutionary tool. What might have been used as a stereotype in earlier times can now perhaps be seen as a form of empowerment. Bromley = anti-racist feminism, black women are portrayed as bad mothers, they were stereotyped as 'mammies' = illiterate, submissive service providers. Not seen as mothers like their white counterparts = a woman who has serval children with multiple men, no concerns for the need of her children. Black men are also hyper masculine = gangster in rap music

Rape Culture:

Definition: Assumption that sexual violence is normal and inevitable = a way of life. Blames the victim for 'asking for it.' Relates to men changing men. Themes: sexting gender rights Reading: Robert Allen and Paul Kivel, "Men Changing Men" and Jessica Ringrose, "Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexting"

Surrogacy and Reproductive Justice and Health:

Definition Reproductive Justice and Health: Attendant to the social inequalities, framework was first created by women of colour to work against reproductive oppression - the exploitation of women, girls, and others through reproduction, labour and sexuality. While abortion rights are certainly a necessary component of reproductive justice, there is MUCH more to this movement than obtaining the right to access safe, legal and affordable/accessible reproductive health services. Ross and other advocates for reproductive justice maintain that in order for reproductive health services to be "truly" accessible (i.e. obtainable to the women who are impacted by health policies and services) that it is the government's responsibility to ensure that barriers to access are addressed and accommodated or removed. in order for the government to provide adequate services and supports, it is critical to recognize the reality of social inequalities that effect women's individual rights to choice and access as ross explains, this is especially true for indigenous women and women of colour. Definition Surrogacy: Raising someone else's child — different types of surrogacy (India - vs - USA) — commodity - of their motherhood = for money. African American mothers = had children for their slave owners. Themes: intersectional approach gender roles diversity and discrimination radical feminism reproductive rights Reading: Loretta Ross (Sistersong Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective), "A Primer on Reproductive Justice and Social Change" and Angela Davis, "Outcast Mothers and Surrogates: Racism and Reproductive Politics in the Nineties" Ross: protection of women's human rights (1) the right to have a child, (2) the right to not have a child, (3) the right to parent Davis: different productive rights depending on class, race and age. Davis writes about complications of teen pregnancy, particularly for young black women experiencing multiple levels of oppression and receiving mixed messages regarding their sexuality, and motherhood limited opportunities or alternatives offered to them disproportionately impacted by violence, addictions and poverty for many, seen as expected- then they are demonized/ criminalized for mothering out of wedlock, denied support- cycle of poverty We can see that throughout history, pregnancy and motherhood have been frought with multiple and overlapping challenges, particularly for marginalized women

John Money:

Definition/Who was he: He believed gender assignment was completely malleable for about eighteen months after the birth of a child. Then after the treatment of ambiguous genitalia, a team could make a gender assignment solely on the basis of the surgical sense = raise the child according to the surgical sense. Case with the twins - one suffered a surgical error = raised as a child instead. Themes: sex binaries gender identities inter-sexuality 5-sexes Reading: Anne Fausto-Sterling, "The Five Sexes Revisited"

Neo-Liberal Globalization:

Definition: "Globalization is distinguished by its integration of many local and national economies into a single global market", regulated by a hands-off government that operates primarily to facilitate, in this case, capitalism (527). Characterized by: "Free" Trade, Opposition to Gov't, Regulation, Refusal of Responsibility for Social Welfare, Resource Privatization. Theme: reproductive Justice and rights SAP sex discrimination racial discrimination Reading: Faye Harrison, "Gendered Politics and Violence of Structural Adjustment"

Residential Schools:

Definition: "Indian Residential School era - the system created and run by churches and the Canadian government to 'take the Indian out of the child'"; 1876-1996. An issue of reproductive justice (Loretta Ross Jan 11): "analyzes how the ability of any woman to determine her own reproductive destiny is linked directly to the conditions in her community" The right to parent the children we have (489) Google "aboriginal nutrition experiments Canada" Theme: cultural assimilation eurocentrism racial discrimination gender discrimination: onset of women's violence (taking away mother's rights) reproductive rights and justices: child care Reading: Aboriginal Panel, "Our Story" // Loretta Ross (Sistersong Women of Colour Reproductive Health Collective), "A Primer on Reproductive Justice and Social Change" The right to parent ones child they want under cultural norms Took Indian children away from cultures, then put them back and they did not understand the culture or the norms = took their heritage away, elders usual taught the children and passed traditions down. Witness Blanket: A blanket made from pieces of residential schools, churches, government buildings, and cultural structures...Individually, they are paragraphs of a disappearing narrative. Together they are strong and formidable, collectively able to recount for future generations the true story of loss, strength, reconciliation

Red Dress Project:

Definition: "The project seeks to collect 600 red dresses by community donation that will later be installed in public spaces throughout Winnipeg and across Canada as a visual reminder of the staggering number of women who are no longer with us". Theme: sexual discrimination eurocentrism Indian Act Gender violence Reading: Aboriginal Panel, "Our Story" Europeans are partially to blame for the onset of violence towards aboriginal women because women were once respected by males, the patriarchal society that euros brought undermined women in society The Indian act disclosing abuse would bring shame but also the white man would take their children away which was already a fear with the residential schools they felt they had no one to go to because the did not have equality with non-Ab women Aboriginal women and their descendants who were victims of sex discrimination under former versions of the Indian Act are assigned to inferior categories of status. Women who were penalized by the infamous "marrying out" rule, which this Committee dealt with in the 1981 Lovelace case, can never have full Indian status. [1], [2] Grace Ouellette, "The Aboriginal Women's Movement" Feminists and Aboriginal women are involved in parallel but separate movements (122): Feminism identifies women's primary oppression as sexual The indigenous women's movement identifies primary oppression in colonization and racism; sexual oppression is one part of the colonization of Indigenous people There are "situations that feminists do not share with Aboriginal women, such as national oppression, of which racism and classism are parts" (123).

Persons Case/Famous Five:

Definition: 1929 - about getting women access to the Senate (and other positions of public service), and about establishing that the Constitution is a living document that must be interpreted in reflection of the changing times "Does the word 'Persons' in Section 24 of the British North America Act, 1867, include female persons?" Theme: female exclusion subjugation patriarchy radical feminism Reading: Lynn Gehl, "Persons' Day: The Indigenous Famous Five" Persons Day, October 18th, is a day when many women's groups celebrate the efforts of The Famous Five for their role in gaining women's rights in Canada. In 1927, Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Irene Parlby, Louise McKinney, and Henrietta Muir Edwards challenged section 24 of the British North American (BNA) Act's definition of person. "the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. And to those who would ask why the word 'person' should include females, the obvious answer is, why should it not?" As a result of their efforts they won the right for women to serve in the Senate and they also helped pave the way for women to participate equally in all other aspects of life in Canada

The Social Construction of Motherhood:

Definition: 19th century: the ideological imprisonment of white and middle-class women, within their biological reproductive role as mothers, at the same time that African women were forced to bear children for the purpose of expanding the human property of slave owners. Themes: intersection approach gender roles social expectations patriarchy Reading: Angela Davis, "Outcast Mothers and Surrogates: Racism and Reproductive Politics in the Nineties" Davis suggests that "surrogate motherhood" might be evoked as a retroactive description of the status of slave mothers because of the economic appropriation of their reproductive capacity surrogacy one of many options available to privileged women today In vitro fertilization, embryo transplants Davis writes about complications of teen pregnancy, particularly for young black women experiencing multiple levels of oppression and receiving mixed messages regarding their sexuality, and motherhood limited opportunities or alternatives offered to them disproportionately impacted by violence, addictions and poverty for many, seen as expected- then they are demonized/ criminalized for mothering out of wedlock, denied support- cycle of poverty We can see that throughout history, pregnancy and motherhood have been frought with multiple and overlapping challenges, particularly for marginalized women

Teen Masculinity and Femininity:

Definition: A new form a femininity is brought by the digital age of sexting, where when girls are asked for photographs of their bodies this is seen as desirability, value in their peer network. For boys, acquiring the images means that they have desirability and access to girls' bodies, constituting new norms masculine performance. Images of girls' bodies were found to have considerable exchange value for boys, contributing to their popularity or 'ratings' because they could be collected and shown to other boys, although we described how bodies held differential value and were marked through racial and classed codes. Themes: gender inequality gender rights patriarchy hegemony Reading: Jessica Ringrose, "Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexting" The point is not to keep telling girls and boys to stop taking images of girls' bodies, the dominant 'age-appropriate' sexual behaviour message in news media and e-safety campaigns discussed at the beginning of this article. Rather we have to understand the underlying gendered discourses and power that enable a context where girls' mediated body parts (e.g. images of breasts) are highly valued as commodities, where it is possible for such images to be traded like currency, which then constructs a situation where girls stand to 'lose' something (namely their sexual reputation)when images are shared, in ways similar to debates on female virginity

The Fives Sexes:

Definition: A term used to replace the two-sex binary society has constructed: male, female, plus. This included: males, merms, herms, ferms, and females. Although this theory did have issues. It focuses too much on genitalia, cultural genitals, and supports the contraception of sex as a binary, i.e the three in-betweens. Themes: Sex binaries. Society sees sex as only being two possible biological beings: Women and Man, XX chromosomes or XY = and the characteristics associated with being this sex = physical characteristics. inter-sexuality Reading: Anne Fausto-Sterling, "The Five Sexes Revisited" 'Surgery and Shame' = corrective surgery for children born with sexual ambiguity = not destructive sexual organs, meaning the doctors constructed the sexuality of the child. 'The Five Sexes' argued that two-sex system embedded in our society is no adequate to encompass the full spectrum of society Clinics changing infants sexuality when they are born inter-sexual = physicians get to determine the sexuality of the baby. gender assignments Issue is gender reject the assignment Saying that inter-sexuality is not bad, let the child decide which sexuality they want to be without considering genitalia. Let the children be inter-sexual, society expects these children to fall into expected sex and gender roles = inter-sexuality is not disease. People come in a variety of assortments of sexual identities and characteristics The right the define ones own gender

Queer Theory:

Definition: A term used to resist "regimes of normal"; to challenge binary systems of inclusion and exclusion (ie, heteronormativity) which "are vested with the power to erase all that does not fit comfortably into established categories". Focuses on the individual truths and self understanding that demands the separation of sex from gender and sexuality to allow a greater insight into the complexities of each. Theme: binaries — oppression because of not fully expression of the human (Butler) post-modernism sex and gender difference intersect identities compulsory heterosexuality identity performance: you are expected to perform appropriately to "be" normal, and this performance changes depending on the context (ie with friends vs at work), but does a different act mean that YOU are different. Reading: Judith Butler, "From Imitation to Gender Insubordination" important for the separation between sex and gender for feminist theory = fluid cisgender = not male or female Demands the separation of biological sex from gender and sexuality "to allow for greater insight into the complexities of each" Queering: "to make the previously unacceptable normal" Looks at gender as a performance, something we do based on social and cultural expectations (100): gendering is something that we do/perform, not simply something that is done to us Adrienne Rich (1980) on compulsory heterosexuality: many people will never question their sexual orientation because they presume that they are heterosexual (101) Recall Crisp: heteronormativity holds a great deal of power because it seems like a common-sense idea that remains unquestioned - but it appears common-sense because of the way it is embedded in institutional forces like the court system.

Third World (Mohanty: Under Western Eyes):

Definition: Argues that how women experience oppression is directly related to their history, culture and location. Charges Western feminists with perpetuating essentialist views of "third world women". a response to the fact that feminism seemed to focus solely on the experiences of women in Western cultures. Postcolonial feminism seeks to account for the way that racism and the long-lasting political, economic, and cultural effects of colonialism affect non-white, non-Western women in the postcolonial world. Themes: global feminism transnational feminism matrix domination cultural assimilation subjugation Reading: Chandra Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes" Mohanty argues that "a homogeneous notion of the oppression of women as a group is assumed, which, in turn, produces the image of an 'average third world woman.' This average third world woman leads and essentially truncated life based on her feminine gender (read: sexually constrained) and being 'third world' (read: ignorant, poor, uneducated, tradition-bound, domestic, family-oriented, victimized, etc.). This, I suggest, is in contrast to the (implicit) self-representation of Western women as educated, modern, as having control over their own bodies and sexualities, and the freedom to make their own decisions" (243). homogenous Other. Women yes, but not Western, not modern, not liberated, not empowered women

Toronto Bathhouse raids:

Definition: Bathhouses are, primarily, spaces in which people meet for sex and intimacy.* The spaces themselves are quite ordinary, featuring games rooms, showers, saunas, hot tubs, cardio and weight rooms, cafes (or, at the very least, places to buy coffee and snacks), lockers for storage and rooms for short-term rent. For some individuals, particularly in the 1970s and '80s, these spaces were among the few in which they could "safely" explore non-normative desires with other consenting adults and enjoy intimacy unattainable elsewhere. Written accounts of many who participated in bathhouse culture—and public sex cultures more broadly—outline long-lasting, caring relationships that developed therein. served as a public commons for many gay men, and spaces in which in which gay male culture* and queer political organizing* thrived.* Police raids of gay-frequented locations common in Toronto in the late 1970s; Feb 5, 1981 - undercover officers initiated a coordinated and violent raid on 4 bathhouses "Morality Squad"; 273 charges included keeping a common bawdyhouse and for being found in a bawdyhouse. Themes: Gay Rights Homophobia Subjugation Gender Norms Masculinity Reading: Craig Jennex, "No More Shit! (Our Stonewall): - Many men detained during the Toronto bathhouse raids of 1981 reported "excessive mistreatment by police," including "verbal taunts about...sexuality" and physical violence (Bradburn). In most locations, detainees were corralled into larger spaces within the venues—the showers or change rooms—where they were forced to stand naked for hours (White and Sheppard). At The Barracks, police propped open the main doors and erected spotlights; men were stripped, marked with the number of the room in which they were found, and forced to "bend over and submit to a rectal search."

Black Lives Matter:

Definition: Campaign that expressed black lives too matter = against racial violence Theme: anti-racist feminism theory racial and gender stereotyping Reading: Morgan Jerkins, "Bree Newsome and the Myth of the Strong Black Woman" the Civil Rights Movement to Black Lives Matter, black women have been on the front lines risking their lives, comfort, and sanity for black people even as our own men fail to rally and protest with the same intensity we do for them. What Newsome accomplished on that quaint Saturday morning was not only a form of a protest, but also a continuity of power subversion.

Global Feminism:

Definition: Challenge the Eurocentrism of Western, colonialist thinking that works to invalidate and subjugate the contributions of women, particularly those of the Global South. Theme: generalization class difference gender and science = homogeneous (shared oppression) post modernism Reading: Chandra Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes" not all women have identical interest, many differences regarding class, ethical and racial location; gender and sexual difference and patriarchy which cannot be applied universally. Postcolonial and transnational feminisms reject linear views of history and unidirectional flows of culture, knowledge, and social change, as well as the hierarchies of North/South

Third World and Postcolonial Feminisms

Definition: Challenges binary thinking that is characteristic of, though not exclusive to, Western feminist theorizing. Western feminists often think about and theorize third world women as a "homogenous Other. Women yes, but not Western, not modern, not liberated, not empowered women. Third World women are often constructed as a homogenous category, which reflects paternalistic Western thinking. Such thought assumed a passive, backward, powerless, and definitely non-Western woman" (104). Imagine a world in which differences are celebrated and enjoyed. Postcolonial feminists work for social, cultural, economic, and religious freedoms for women. Theme: matrix of domination post modernism Reading: Chandra Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes" Western feminism has never been heedful to the differences pertaining to class, race, feelings, and settings of women of once colonized territories. Postcolonial feminism rejects acclaim the voices of those who have been most marginalized as knowing and empowered people...[and call] attention to women's resistance to domination and systems of power Western feminism on the ground of its utter 'eurocentricism'. Hence it is fallacious to hope postcolonial females to be valued, appreciated and justified by the Western hands. Of course, the long Western tendency to homogenize and universalize women and their experiences led to the emergence of 'postcolonial feminism'. Postcolonial feminism is a hopeful discourse it seeks peaceful solutions for all world marginalized women. Postcolonial feminists imagine a world in which differences are celebrated and enjoyed. acclaim the voices of those who have been most marginalized as knowing and empowered people...[and call] attention to women's resistance to domination and systems of power

INSA: Inter-sex Society of North America

Definition: Devoted to systemic change to end shame, stigma and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female. Uncovered the issue that inter-sexuality is a problem because of stigma and trauma. Theme: Sexual rights Sexual binaries inter-sexuality 5-sexes Reading: Eve Shapiro, "'Transcending Barriers: Transgender Organizing on the Internet" Internet in the development and growth of the transgender movement. The Internet, which functions both as a tool for activists and as a space within which activism can happen, reduces challenges and obstacles to mobilization and maximizes available tools and strategies for organizing. While the Internet is not a panacea, it clearly facilitates organizing, allows organizations and activists to be more productive and effective, and provides new tactics and arenas for activism. Two consequences of this dominance were that prior to the Internet, it was possible for trans-people to have no knowledge of anyone else like themselves, and the dominant mode of existence, which was encouraged by the medical community, was stealth. Individuals were cautioned to remain closeted about their transgender status and to disassociate from the transgender community after transition

Surgery and Shame:

Definition: Is the near universal practice of preforming immediate 'corrective' surgery on infants born as inter-sexual, not possessing the traits of having XX or XY chromosomes, sexual characteristics that go against societies defined norms of sexual characteristics. This is the need to trait inter-sexuality as a disease that requires medical interventions. This involves the surgical removal or modification of genitalia. Themes: gender presentation - the sex hole projected by the individual in society gender identities - determined by experiences and environment gender rights - the right for one to determine their own gender gender roles - one must act within the sexes characterized traits in daily life, being being inter-sex confuses this = deviant Reading: Anne Fausto-Sterling, "The Five Sexes Revisited" Physicians may assign sex on the basis that child probability to be male or female — child gets not say in which sex they want to be. Can create gender dimorphic = trapped in the wrong body.

Matrix of Domination:

Definition: Domination (and resistance!) is structured along axes such as race, gender, and social class; is also structured through three key levels: Personal biography, Group or community level, Systemic or institutional level. Reject the knowledge of the dominant class (ie, as expressed through biased media) in favour of Black women's own knowledge, knowledge informed by their standpoint and their lived experiences. Subjugated knowledge - knowledge from "othered" groups that has been devalued by forces of domination. The matrix of domination or matrix of oppression is a sociological paradigm that explains issues of oppression that deal with race, class, and gender, which, though recognized as different social classifications, are all interconnected. Theme: gender equality intersection approach class orientation Reading: Patricia Hill Collins, "Black Feminist Thought in the Matrix of Domination" The significance of seeing race, class, and gender as interlocking systems of oppression is that such an approach fosters a paradigmatic shift of thinking inclusively about other oppressions, such as age, sexual orientation, religion, and ethnicity. Race, class, and gender constitute axes of oppression that characterize Black women's experiences within a more generalized matrix of domination. Other groups may encounter different dimensions of the matrix, such as sexual orientation, religion, and age, but the overarching relationship is one of domination and the types of activism it generates.

Stolen sisters /*Missing and murdered Indigenous women/violence against:

Definition: Europeans changed the Aboriginal cultural = brought patriarchal structures into the negotiations, and Ab mean adopted these traits, the onset of the use of alcohol brought abuse, poverty and no where to turn. Made Ab women appear very vulnerable. Violence against women, and certainly violence against Indigenous women, is rarely understood as a human rights issue. To the extent that governments, media and the general public do consider concerns about violence against women, it is more frequent for it to be described as a criminal concern or a social issue. It is both of those things of course. But it is also very much a human rights issue. Theme: Indian Act — C-31 (one-fourth blood rule still keeping women out of tribes) sexual discrimination Eurocentrism Reading: Sharon McIvor at FAFIA, "Sharon McIvor Delivers Fafia Statement in the Un Human Rights Committee July 6, 2015" Violence against Aboriginal women and girls is extreme. 2,000 murders and disappearances over 20 years have been documented. FAFIA and the Native Women's Association of Canada requested investigations of this crisis by the Inter‑American Commission on Human Rights and the CEDAW Committee. These bodies issued their reports in 2015. Both found that Canada is failing to fulfill its obligations to address the violence. The CEDAW Committee found that Canada's failures amount to grave violations of human rights. Both bodies noted the systemic failures of the police and justice system to respond adequately history of colonization and in Aboriginal women's social and economic marginalization. They concluded that the murders cannot be prevented, unless Aboriginal women fully enjoy their economic, social and cultural rights. Canada's response is piecemeal, uncoordinated and insufficient to alter the pattern of violence. Both the IACHR and CEDAW made extensive recommendations to Canada, including that Canada call a national inquiry in order to develop a co-ordinated national action plan. But Canada refuses, and the rights of Aboriginal women continue to be violated.

Anti-Racist Feminist Theory:

Definition: Feminist theory mainly focuses on the lives of white, middle class females, women of colour have been excluded from the analysis of women's inequalities. Otherness is used to describe the people excluded from the dominant group. Race and gender intersection. Womanism — mammy is a black women who takes care of white women's children (caregivers). Women of colour suffer from different oppression Theme: eurocentrism racism imperialism white supremacy intersection approach Reading: Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories" Black mothers as 'bad mothers' - several children with multiple members.

Stonewall 1969/Raid:

Definition: Few places to be openly gay: laws against homosexuality in public Police raids were standard at gay bars, and crowds generally dispersed. Stonewall Inn saw a group of gay and trans (drag queens and cross-dressers, per the language of the era) customers take a stand Led to the formation of various advocacy groups, pride parades, and the gay civil rights movements. Stonewall legacy is often white-washed (i.e. 2015 film "Stonewall") Club-goers were majority Black and Latina/o, including trans women of colour Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera who are credited with "really" starting the riots "It's the revolution!" An open place to be gay and meet safely Themes: gender norms gay rights subjugation Reading: Craig Jennex, "No More Shit! (Our Stonewall): "OUR STONEWALL," similarly offers an image of a chaotic scene: sixteen Toronto Police Service officers within the frame attempt to gain control over perhaps hundreds of protestors. All three posters publicize a February 6, 1991 march organized by Queer Nation Toronto to retrace "the route of February 6, 1981 to commemorate the resistance of gay men and lesbians against police violence." The images are jarring, each capturing intense moments of police violence against protestors at the 1981 action identified in the text of the posters. February 5, 1981, undercover Toronto Police Service* officers in street clothes initiated a coordinated raid, aggressively claiming control of a space in which men—many of whom were not "out" about their interest in men—were meeting for sex and intimacy, naked and vulnerable.

Cultural Assimilation:

Definition: Fusion of ethical minorities into the dominant culture (immigrants / minority groups are expected to resemble the majority group (norms, behaviours, religion). For example Natives in residential schools to integrate and become apart of Canadian culture. Themes: diversity / discrimination identities Reading: *** Angela Davis, "Outcast Mothers and Surrogates: Racism and Reproductive Politics in the Nineties"

Neo-Liberal:

Definition: Globalization is distinguished by its integration of many local and national economies into a single global market", regulated by a hands-off government that operates primarily to facilitate, in this case, capitalism (527). Characterized by:"Free" Trade/Opposition to Gov't /Regulation/Refusal of Responsibility for Social Welfare/Resource Privatization. Themes: reproductive justice and rights imperialism wage gap subjugation Reading: Alison Jaggar, "What is Neo-liberal Globalization?" in third world countries women's rights to housing, education, healthcare, women usual make less than men, especially women of colour the needs of third world women are not met, eurocentrism (all women have access to health care like those in 1st world countries do)

The Royal Commission on the Status of Women:

Definition: It was difficult for women to gain symbolic action. Canada has recently gone a national evaluation of its identity — women's groups were impressed by the US Commission of the status of women. This group was designed by the government to appear to be doing something. It recommended steps might be taken by the Federal Government to ensure for women equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. Themes: sex discrimination patriarchy gender role equality radical feminism Reading: Jacquetta Newman and Linda White, "The Canadian Women's Movement" despite having women in the cabinet it required near violent acts by 2million women on Parliament Hill to compel the government to commit to the commission.

Sexting

Definition: Has to do with the double standard in teen's digital image exchange. We develop a critique of 'postfeminist' media cultures, suggesting teen 'sexting' presents specific age and gender related contradictions: teen girls are called upon to produce particular forms of 'sexy' self display, yet face legal repercussions, moral condemnation and 'slut shaming' when they do so. Post-modernism means that feminist goals of social and political equality have been met, making the need for feminism now obsolete. Girls live in a sexualized culture that tells them to be hyper-sexualized. On the other hand, double standard = moral panics young girls bodies are already sexualized, thus the need to regulate and control. Issue: he gains, she loses. Girls are situated as "morally responsible for protecting the virginal body from hard-wired aggressive male sexuality" (307) Why don't we trust or expect boys to hear "no"? Why don't we allow boys to say "no" themselves. Themes: the double standard self-objectification hegemony Reading: Jessica Ringrose, "Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexting" Exposed3 tells a story about a girl putting herself at risk by sending explicit photos to her boyfriend; it does not scrutinise the cultural sexism that normalises the coercive, unauthorised showing and distribution of images of girls' body parts. The implicit message in this and other anti-sexting narratives is that inherent responsibility for sexting gone wrong therefore lies with the body in the image rather than, for instance, the agents of distribution (Hasinoff, 2013). This results in a form of victim-blaming 'similar to the ways women have been held responsible for protecting themselves from sexual assault' Discourses of 'sexting' risk thus reproduce moral norms (Salter et al., 2013) about sexual subjects, constructing girls' sexuality as a particular problem to be surveilled and regulated. Concerns around 'sexting' thus dovetail neatly with the wider social trends explored in this special issue of the construction of 'young girls' as the main victims of 'sexualisation' and its assumed social harms. The discourse that self-sexualising through sexting images puts girls at moral risk of exploitation works through age-old 'sexual double standards' that: position girls' sexuality as something innocent, pure and at risk of contamination through active desire and situate girls as morally responsible for protecting the virginal body from hard-wired aggressive male sexuality (Holland et al., 1998). Over-focus on what girls are doing/should do, under-focus on boys' responsibilities Re-enforcement of sexual scripts: girls just want romance

Lesbian Feminism:

Definition: Heterosexuality is central to the maintenance of patriarchal power; but, there was resistance in the 'mainstream' feminist movement in the 70s to include the voices of lesbian women. Theme: radical feminism : men controlled women's sexuality gender equality homophobic discourse Reading: Victoria Bromley, "From Universalizing To Queering and Globalizing Theories" women are not seen as real lesbians because of the patriarchal structure that places women under the control of men. heterosexual matrix = displace and negative construction of displacement of heterosexual norms.

Bill C-31:

Definition: In 1985, the Indian Act was amended through Bill C-31, purportedly to bring it in line with the Charter, whereby many Indigenous women and their descendants, once involuntarily enfranchised for marrying non-Indian men, were re-instated as status Indians, and their children were registered for the first time. Restored Status rights to women who had married non-Status or non-Aboriginal men and to their children. Also gave bands authority to develop their own membership codes to include previously excluded women: but, there is long-standing opposition to federal legislation by Aboriginal chiefs and councils strict membership codes both protect scarce resources and serve to continue to deny Aboriginal women Status. But: those who have their status reinstated can only pass it on for one generation; children with undocumented paternity do not get Status. Themes: sex discrimination racial assimilation subjugation Reading: Lynn Gehl, "Persons' Day: The Indigenous Famous Five" and Film: Karen Cho/NFB, Status Quo: The Unfinished Business of Feminism in Canada The Native Women's Association of Canada is doing work on this issue, and what they have found is that under current Bill C-31 registration procedures, many First Nations communities are headed for extinction. This is not to say that the membership of these bands will die off, but that eventually all members will lose their status and all rights associated with it. Bill C-31 created several different categories, which include status with or without membership. And because membership codes fall under the purview of band councils, some people can have membership with or without status. The idea of blood percentage as a determining factor if you are Indian enough to live on the reserves.

Royal Commission on Aboriginal People:

Definition: In Canada, governments facing controversial issues often establish a royal commission or inquiry as a convenient way of appearing to address an issue without actually taking action through policy" (Newman and White 662). For a more specific look at the process of excluding women from their status rights in the Indian Act, read Chapter 9, "The Indian Act," in Volume I of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Theme: patriarchy sex discrimination subjugation Reading: Jacquetta Newman and Linda White, "The Canadian Women's Movement" In Canada, governments facing controversial issues often establish a royal commission or inquiry as a convenient way of appearing to address an issue without actually taking action through policy" (Newman and White 662). For a more specific look at the process of excluding women from their status rights in the Indian Act, read Chapter 9, "The Indian Act," in Volume I of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

Maquiladoras:

Definition: Is a manufacturing operation in Mexico, where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, processed. Maquiladoras: factories in Mexico near the US border Border Industrialization Program (1965) US wanted fewer "illegal immigrants" US corporations drawn to: low tariffs on imports, esp following NAFTA 1994 Cheaper and faster shipping Cheap labour: ~2$/hr, no unions, unenforced regulations Big environmental concerns. Theme: Neo-liberalism globalization SAP sex discrimination reproductive rights and justice Reading: Human Rights Watch: "Sex Discrimination in the Maquiladoras"

"Personal is Political":

Definition: Is a political argument used as a rallying slogan of student movement and second-wave feminism from the late 1960s. It underscored the connections between personal experience and larger social and political structures. Theme: post modernism gender equality radical feminism Reading: Judith Butler, "From Imitation to Gender Insubordination"// Victoria Bromley, "From Universalizing To Queering and Globalizing Theories". - Butler = the issue of gays coming out of the closet is a political issue + Bromley when she speaks about radical feminism. The Personal is Political: "a call for women to analyze their experiences and to recognize how oppression affected them as well as those around them"

Heterosexual Normativity:

Definition: is the belief that people fall into distinct and complementary genders (man and woman) with natural roles in life. It assumes that heterosexuality is the only sexual orientation or only norm, and states that sexual and marital relations are most (or only) fitting between people of opposite sexes. Theme: compulsory heterosexuality queer theory post-modernism feminism Reading: Victoria Bromley, "From Universalizing To Queering and Globalizing Theories" // Judith Butler, "From Imitation to Gender Insubordination" 'Coming out of the closet' = expectation from society, post modernism = should be an ethical choice for the freedom of self

Rest Cure:

Definition: Lying in bed all day and engaging in intellectual and physical activity for only 2hrs a day. Built around the idea that women are intellectually and physically fragile in comparison; usually subscribed by a male physician. Theme: gender performance gender roles patriarchy Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "The Yellow Wall-Paper" women was expected to remain in bed because of her depression that was believed to be caused by her doing too much, bearing on the female fragile body. Gilman argued that society would only be richer if women were allowed expression of their full humanity - and not required to be economically dependent on men. She believed women and men should equally share in housework, and have fully equal work opportunities. She conceptualized the "kitchenless" home .... In her first marriage, Gilman suffered bouts of depression and fatigue and was prescribed "the rest cure" by the physician Silas Weir Mitchell who is mentioned briefly in The Yellow Wall-Paper. The Yellow Wall-Paper has been called "semi-autobiographical": it is the story of how women's lack of freedom, autonomy, choice impacts their mental, emotional, physical health

Marxist Feminism: (Poverty and Work)

Definition: Marxist feminists argued that women were an oppressed class due to their economic dependence on men within the capitalist system. Marxist feminism blame women's oppression on: economic dependence on men and capitalism. Talks about how it was not children that kept women tied down, but the housework - lack of independence, but also women were responsible for producing the future work force. Themes: patriarchy hegemony gender roles Readings: Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories" Alison Jaggar, "What is Neo-liberal Globalization?" Men was understood as the elite class = controlled women as a subordinate class. theory does not really include the women that were not white, middle-class they had to work and did not suffer from the same issues. During the industrial revolution = need for economic independence away from men need for a more collective home-space = paid childcare Marxist feminists take issue with the public/private divide

Wage Gap:

Definition: Men and women being paid differently because it was believed that men needed to support their families more so therefore they needed more money to do so. Encourage women to develop negotiation skills. Encourage women to discuss pay with co-workers Theme: gender inequality patriarchy

Rosa Parks and Claudette Colvin:

Definition: On December 1, 1955 she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man She was arrested, fingerprinted and charged. Her act sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott Recognized as the act that led to the end of bus segregation in the South. Rosa Parks was NOT the first person to refuse to give up her seat to a white man on a bus Claudette Colvin, a black teenager, did it nine months before Parks. Leaders of the civil rights movement thought that a teenager wasn't the right person to be the face of a movement... So they 'staged' Rosa Parks' act of defiance - it was planned, and based on the actions of Claudette Colvin. Theme: history as a social construct women's history from the bottom up social expectations: Rosa = more presentable to the public than a 15 year old girl Reading: Anna Julia Cooper, "The Status of Women in America"

Black Feminism Thought:

Definition: Oppression is an interlocking system: "The significance of seeing race, class, and gender as interlocking systems of oppression is that such an approach fosters a paradigmatic shift of thinking inclusively about other oppressions, such as age, sexual orientation, religion, and ethnicity" (4). Black feminist thought demonstrates Black women's emerging power as agents of knowledge. By portraying African-American women as self-defined, selt-reliant individuals confronting race, gender, and class oppression, Afrocentric feminist thought speaks to the importance that oppression, Afrocentric feminist thought speaks to the importance that knowledge plays in empowering oppressed people. Reading: Patricia Hill Collins, "Black Feminist Thought in the Matrix of Domination" Knowledge is a vitally important part of the social relations of domination and resistance. By objectifying African-American women and recasting our experiences to serve the interests of elite white men, much of the Eurocentric masculinist worldview fosters Black women's subordination

Performance Theory:

Definition: Performance theory suggests that every one of us puts on a performance in our society. Whether through the clothes we wear, the conversations we hold or the food we eat, all are a performance designed as a signal-system to ourselves and to others of our place within our social group (Goffman 1969: 28). Others such as Butler (1993)have drawn attention to the way performances seek to reinforce and communicate our identities in society. Themes: post-modernism queer theory gender and sex norms binaries Reading: Judith Butler, "From Imitation to Gender Insubordination" society sets out a strict set of rules for the gender, and coming out for the closet for exam would be deviating away from the performance of masculinity in society and patriarchy of dominating or having a 'woman.'

Post-Modernism:

Definition: Postmodernism seeks to challenge claims of truth: "all claims masquerading as universal truths need to be questioned and the underlying agendas of such truth claims need to be exposed. VS the incomplete nature of 'objective' truth: "Who can know, what is known, and how does knowing resist and produce social change?" Aim to ground theory in "the real experiences of knowledge that occur at the margins, not simply at the centre" (92). Postmodernism seeks to challenge claims of truth: "all claims masquerading as universal truths need to be questioned and the underlying agendas of such truth claims need to be exposed" (94). Theme: gender discrimination patriarchy discourse Reading: Judith Butler, "From Imitation to Gender Insubordination" power in defining groups gives categories meanings; both language and practice have power power is embedded in political structure that define the rules = feminist post modernism ask what does it mean to see ourselves through the imposed categories that uphold a particular truth — how is this embedded in political structure? - requires deconstruction and require us to become a participate in discourse rather than objects of it.

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs):

Definition: Promoted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Provides loans to indebted, developing countries to encourage economic growth Neoliberal economic ideology is applied as a condition of receiving the money. This really encourages alarming reductions in government health-care, promotes privatization = affects women the most. Requires the receiving country to restructure its economy by reducing government intervention. Ie public spending cuts, privatization, opening economies up to foreign competition, business de-regulation, Debt service: profit from new export-oriented economy tend to be directed back to loan re-payment. Criticized for: increasing poverty, negative impact on health Theme: Neo-liberal globalization reproductive rights and justice sex discrimination human rights: Keeping costs down is precisely the reason companies insist on the test": VP of Zenith electronics states that "many women applicants not enrolled in Mexican social security have sought employment after learning of their pregnancies, took advantage of company-funded maternity benefits, and ended their employment after these benefits ran out. In effect, these women were not true job applicants, but women seeking maternity benefits which social security would not provide" (467). liberal feminism: patriarchy marxist feminism: capitalism Reproductive work is devalued because it is unproductive (aka unpaid) socialist = patriarchy and capitalism Women's liberation cannot come through paid employment alone: produces the double day/second shift. radical = Primary site of oppression in men's control over women's bodies, sexuality, and reproduction. Patriarchy is embedded in institutions (ie, economics and employment) Personal is political and sisterhood is powerful: there are experiences that are 'common' to 'all' 'women' anti-racist: Recognizes imperialism (eurocentrism, ethnocentrism, etc): "extension and establishment of economic, political and cultural authority and control over territories that are beyond national borders" (Bromley 83) Modern Feminism: breakdown discourse. Reading: Faye Harrison, "Gendered Politics and Violence of Structural Adjustment" Jamaica marked by "recolonization" through SAPs "beset by a serious case of debt bondage": 40% of export earnings go to debt servicing (565) Policies compromise "basic needs in health care, housing, education, social services, and employment" in favour of "free enterprise and free trade" (561). Case study of Mrs. Beulah Brown, who lost her health aide job due to cutbacks Pursued informal work over the over-regimented, oppressive work available in factories Nearly 50% of households in Kingston are female-headed women are burdened with the responsibility of managing the ill effects of these programs Human Rights Watch: "Sex Discrimination in the Maquiladoras" asking for pregnancy tests from women who want to work Maquiladoras: factories in Mexico near the US border Border Industrialization Program (1965) US wanted fewer "illegal immigrants" US corporations drawn to: low tariffs on imports, esp following NAFTA 1994 Cheaper and faster shipping Cheap labour: ~2$/hr, no unions, unenforced regulations Big environmental concerns

Eurocentrism:

Definition: is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective and with an implied belief, consciously or subconsciously, in the pre-eminence of European culture. Theme: gender and science radical feminism — cultural/politics/economics global feminism racial stereotype Reading: Chandra Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes" women's oppression is built around the Western image of what oppression is judging another culture based on the assumptions of one's own culture. Typically refers to the privileging of Western practices and modes of thought

Queering/Queer Theory:

Definition: Queer theory is designed to resist "regimes of normal"; to challenge binary systems of inclusion and exclusion (ie, heteronormativity) which "are vested with the power to erase all that does not fit comfortably into established categories" (98) Heteronormativity holds a great deal of power because it seems like a common-sense idea that remains unquestioned - but it appears common-sense because of the way it is embedded in institutional forces like the court or police system. Norms of "lesbian" are offered by homophobic oppressors and are offered by members of the gay and lesbian community; by naming "lesbian", there is a risk that the behaviours of 'lesbians' will be subject to regulation (Butler). If a sexuality is to be disclosed, what will be taken as the true determinant of its meaning: the phantasy structure, the act, the orifice, the gender, the anatomy?" (Butler 310). Themes: Compulsory heterosexuality gender norms sex binaries Reading: Craig Jennex, "No More Shit! (Our Stonewall): Stonewall Inn was invaded by Police because Men and Women (gay) were acting outside societies sexual norms Since that night at the CLGA I've found many comprehensive and compelling accounts of the Toronto bathhouse raids and the collective, political response that the police's infiltration of the spaces provoked. I'm indebted to these works, many of which provide broad accounts of the events as well as significant moments preceding the raids and the legal battles that followed. That said, I have been consistently drawn to a very specific narrative of the events: one offered by ephemeral materials—posters, handbills, protest signs—that were produced immediately following the raids, distributed around the city, and are now held at the CLGA. While representations of this history—in mainstream straight press, in particular—are overwhelming in their representations of whiteness and maleness, the ephemeral materials created in the immediate aftermath of the bathhouse raids evidence a broad response and a desire for a collective political power that does not necessitate unity or homogeneity.

Radical Feminism:

Definition: Radical feminists "identified women's oppression in men's control over women's bodies. For them, patriarchy was a culture of control and domination over women's bodies and their sexuality" (77). Patriarchy is embedded in social, political, and economic institutions that are difficult to change: call for systemic change. Nuclear Family and marriage as a state-sanctioned patriarchal institution. Women's bodies as (sexual) possessions for men: marital rape laws in Canada (1983). The Personal is Political: "a call for women to analyze their experiences and to recognize how oppression affected them as well as those around them" (79) Sisterhood is powerful: recognizing and politicizing women's shared experiences. Women-only spaces (culture): to challenge negative gendered constructions by creating spaces where caring, nurturing, and empathy were and are valued; where women could feel safe from men, the male gaze, and patriarchal obligations. Theme: patriarchy gender equality double day identities homophobic discourse — compulsory heterosexuality hegemony - disrespect of women's sexuality Reading: Victoria Bromley, "From Universalizing To Queering and Globalizing Theories" // Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories" - men defined women's sexuality = rape is a common place(violence in the home and outside. Heterosexuality is central to the maintenance of patriarchal power; but, there was resistance in the 'mainstream' feminist movement in the 70s to include the voices of lesbian women. heterosexual priority = lesbianism is made out to be 'once removed' from heterosexuality meaning that it is a fake or bad copy and replacing hegemonic norms

AIDS Activism

Definition: Raids coming to a head at the same time that HIV/AIDS emerged as an unknown "cancer" killing gay men. Homophobia (as evidenced by the raids) hindered the recognition of gay men as people worth saving in the face of suffering. Homophobic stigma about who gets AIDS. Ryan White Act (1990) - death following HIV-infected blood transfusion Activist Organizations ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power; Gran Fury (AIDS activist art collective) and AAN (AIDS Action Now - Canada.) It is not just Gay men that get AIDS. Social acceptance that everyone's life matters, gay or not. Themes: Community Oriented: Combat stereotypes, reaffirm value of lives lost, reaffirm value of sexuality/sexual practices Homophobia Indifference against subjugated population Reading: Craig Jennex, "No More Shit! (Our Stonewall): powers against Gay lives = riots and exposure

Globalization:

Definition: Refers to any system of transcontinental travel and trade. Contemporary globalization is distinguished by its integration of many local and national economies into a single global market = WTO. Themes: neo- liberalism Readings: Alison Jaggar, "What is Neo-liberal Globalization?"

Votes for Women's Suffrage: Women's Franchise Act of 1918:

Definition: Right for women to vote and hold office. Common argument was women needed to be involved in public life because they brought superior moral reasoning. Women gain federal vote in Canada in 1918. Provincial vote granted between 1916 (Manitoba) and 1940 (Quebec) Aboriginal women not granted federal vote until 1960. Public education campaigns included satirical mock Parliaments featuring Nellie McClung. Suffrage as a way to help women foster a sense of public-spiritedness and civic duty in her sons. Entrenched the notion that politics was and should remain a male preserve. Women's suffrage: to support and balance men's political work Women's exclusion from political representation has negative effects upon the creation of a just society Characterizing men as primarily concerned with conquest, war, and violence, Stowe tacitly suggested that women represented stability, prosperity, and peace. Women's political responsibilities were to ensure that they prudently selected the appropriate men to represent them Theme: webs of oppression discourse: An appeal to White womanhood and nation building: the war effort PM Borden's Wartime Elections Act of 1917 extended the vote to (certain) women to support conscription Married or related to military men. Women won the vote in 1918 due to their service and support of the war Reading: Jacquetta Newman and Linda White, "The Canadian Women's Movement" run by upper-clads white women of privilege social feminist ran this second wave = reaction to be marginalized by males = liberation wide variety of goals and groups = onset of radical feminism = personal is the political not just need for equality. Suffrage as an indication of women's moral worth Not a desire to revolutionize society Postcards produced by British and American groups both pro and anti women's suffrage: reflective of the rhetoric of the debates and used as propaganda

Inter-sex:

Definition: Rooted in the idea of male and female. Human beings are divided into two kinds; XX and XY, but also the secondary characteristics, sexual. Inter-sex means to be in-between these two defined biological characteristics. There are various types of inter-sexuality that can occur at birth. Themes: sexual binaries = people must either be male or female sexual, everything else is something to to be corrected. gender role binary Reading: Anne Fausto-Sterling, "The Five Sexes Revisited" 'Surgery and Shame' = corrective surgery for children born with sexual ambiguity = not destructive sexual organs, meaning the doctors constructed the sexuality of the child. Treatment of Genital Ambiguity: With this assumption, gender assignment can be determined by what makes the best surgical sense = inter-sexuality is not a disease, it is natural, there are more than two possible sexes for a child to posses. Issue: But, there are limits to socialization! Many (most?) of us do not "fit" strictly within a gender role binary

Indian Act 12(1)B: ** Important Term

Definition: Section 12 (1)(b) of the Indian Act, "a woman who married a person who is not an Indian... [is] not entitled to be registered." In the 1970s, Aboriginal women began organizing to battle the discriminatory legislation.Indian Act was amended in 1985, and Bill C-31 passed so that those who had lost their status could once again regain it. But: those who have their status reinstated can only pass it on for one generation. "historical Indian Act sex discrimination is a root cause of high levels of violence against indigenous women and the existing vulnerabilities that make indigenous women more susceptible to violence" (McIvor @ the UN) Theme: sex discrimination patriarchy Reading: Lynn Gehl, "Persons' Day: The Indigenous Famous Five" Next, it was through the 1869 Gradual Enfranchisement Act where Indian women, along with their children, who married non-Indian men, were enfranchised where the right to live in one's community, the right to inherit property, and for that matter the right to be buried in the community cemetery was lost. because her marriage and loss of Indian status registration occurred prior to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights the Committee declined to rule on the matter of sex discrimination. entitlement moved through her mother line rather than her father line, she was prevented from passing on status registration and treaty rights to her son because of the second-generation cut-off rule. Sharon took this matter to court arguing this violated section 15 of the Charter where once again the so-called legal remedy offered by Canada failed to resolve all of the remaining sex discrimination

Socialist Feminism:

Definition: Socialist feminist theory...[integrated] patriarchy, in addition to a critique of capitalist exploitation, into the analysis of women's oppression. Socialism in contrast to capitalism; capitalism entails privatization of wealth and the absence of state intervention, where socialism entails public ownership of the means of production for the common economic good of society. With capitalism and patriarchy both working to oppress women, Alison Jagger states that "a woman is always a woman, even when she is working. For socialists, it's a question of changing the balance of power in society - and that's why mass movements are so crucial. class analysis of how women's oppression has emerged historically through the development of class society and how it is still perpetuated by the capitalist system, which we recognize as necessary to overthrow in order to truly achieve equality. Theme: patriarchy gender roles gender inequality Reading: Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories" patriarchy pre-existed capitalism = these terms are seen very differently by feminists a women is always a women, even when she is working = unlike capitalism = when a women is working she is still being productive = economic approach women's equality cannot be achieved just be employment believed this issue would be resolved by the support by government for child and housework The second shift: successfully managing the home and families and careers = the superwomen equality destroys women's economic success because they still have to go home and work a second shift at home whereas men are not expected to do so. funded childcare "Wages for Housework Campaign" = but still eurocentrism because it revolved around the nuclear family and compulsory heterosexuality

Socialist Feminism: (review)

Definition: Socialist feminists say Capitalist Patriarchy produces the double day/the second shift (74). 1980s: Superwomen who could and did have/do it all! Empowerment AND backlash. Issue is that Advocate working within the system to change it: the structure of patriarchy is not challenged. Ie nuclear family (Eurocentric family structure), public/private divide, compulsory heterosexuality. Themes: gender equality patriarchy Reading: bell hooks, Come Closer to Feminism // Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories" hooks Qs the assumption that women were not already involved in the formal sector economy, referring specifically to Black women who had long been a part of the working class, either through force or necessity calls out the notion that "work liberates women": "to be able to work and to have to work are two very different matters" VS: "have it all and do it all"; hooks advocates for a different way of practicing work altogether, from job sharing, flex time, shorter work weeks, state supported child care, parental leave

Post-Feminism:

Definition: The concept of 'postfeminism' helps unpack and critique a contemporary sensibility that positions society as 'beyond' feminism, where it is supposed that feminist goals of social and political equality have been met, making the need for feminism now obsolete. Applying this concept to popular culture, research has explored how second-wave feminist critiques of sexual objectification are overturned through what has been termed an increasing 'sexualisation of culture'. Here, self-objectification, particularly for girls and women, is re-interpreted not as oppressive but as constituting a prime site of sexual liberation, value and pleasure. Themes: gender inequality societal norms for gender Readings: Jessica Ringrose, "Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexting" As the sharing, posting and distributing of sexually explicit images of teen girls, in particular, has grabbed the international headlines through myriad stories on 'sexting', the debates over postfeminist sexual objectification vs. sexual liberation and agency gain new twists. it is easier to accept the wider 'postfeminist' social context of sexism, sexual double standards and even sexual violence, in which girls are called upon to perform particular sexual scripts and display images of their body parts, and yet run the risk of their bodies and sexualities being marked as shameful (slut-shaming), than it is to contest it Our feminist analysis of value and morality enabled us to illustrate how teen sexting images gain currency as part of a heterosexualised visual economy in peer networks in gender differentiated ways. Akin to adult 'postfeminist' media cultures, for teen girls, being asked for an image of one's body carries value, even constitutes a new norm of feminine desir- ability within today's digital teen peer networks. For boys, acquiring images can work as proof of their desirability and access to girls' bodies, constituting new norms masculine performance.

Double Standard:

Definition: The double standard is that women are seen as; We develop a critique of 'postfeminist' media cultures, suggesting teen 'sexting' presents specific age and gender related contradictions: teen girls are called upon to produce particular forms of 'sexy' self display, yet face legal repercussions, moral condemnation and 'slut shaming' when they do so. Girls bodies are placed as innocent and pure at risk of contamination, and girls are moral responsible for protecting this, in contradiction; despite boys asking for these photos, and girls giving them they are still called slut,etc. The media sexualizes girls, and presents an image of sexuality girls should live up to, thus the need for regulation. Themes: gender inequality body shaming Readings: Jessica Ringrose, "Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexting" While as we have discussed such sexual double standards are hardly new, the technology provides new ways for value to circulate through images, and for value to become materially marked on particular bodies as part of that process. Interestingly, Kaja moves easily from positioning girls who send pictures as not respecting themselves to explaining that he would not respect them. Affectively, the image itself becomes shameful as it associates the girl with promiscuity, although this shame can also 'travel' or affectively spread to him for engaging with the image, hence Kaja's complex work to distance himself from implications of a relationship with the girl

A Room of One's Own:

Definition: The idea that for women to create creative work of their own to the level of a man. she must have a room of her own (with a lock and key); men has offices, women has no where in the private or public sphere reserved for themselves. Theme: women in the work force gender equality gender and science subjugation Reading: Virginia Woolf, "Thinking About Shakespeare's Sister" - Brilliant writing is not the product of 'genius' alone; It is attached to the material conditions of life Thus, for women to write good fiction, they must have a room of their own = time, space, reception; and: money to support themselves. opportunities for men were offered more plentiful Must tie in: Alice Walker, "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens" a spin off of Shakespeare's sister but Walker suggests that for some women, the conditions of restriction were/are much greater than for others. She is addressing the specific experiences of black women in the US, and the history and enduring legacy of slavery: intersections of sexism and racism in the fabric of American life. the idea of black female writers: Wheatley was kidnapped from her home in west Africa and sold as a slave to a Boston family. She is (arguably) the first African American to publish a book in the quote-unquote "new world" (think about what's at stake in that term - "new world") a room to ones self to create creativity: but the slaves who wrote did not even own themselves To recognize the creative work of "our mothers and grandmothers" - particularly black women both in and outside the violence of slavery - we must learn to see/think/read "art" differently. Discussion: the "arts vs. crafts" debate.

Sterilization

Definition: The process of rending an individuals capabilities of sexual production because; Mental illness, Mental retardation, Epilepsy, Alcoholism, Pauperism,Certain Criminal Behaviours or Social Defects such as Prostitution and Sexual Perversion. Established by the AB eugenics board. Themes: gender science intersectional approach racial discrimination/patriarchy/ white supremacy Readings: Brian Savage, "Large Numbers of Natives Were Sterilized by Province" forced on racial and genetic profiling -traits genetically determined and inherited -higher reproduction rates than the general population, therefore threatening the gene pool -"shockingly", this program disproportionately targeted women in socially vulnerable conditions -women who were unemployed or unmarried or institutionalized, and over 25% of those women were native or Metis (even though only 2.5% of general population) Act was repealed in 1972 after the pc gov't, conduction a review of conflicting legislations, deemed the act to be immoral and illegal — unfortunately, not before thousands of women had been forcibly sterilized:

Abortion Rights and Contraceptions (fetal control):

Definition: The protection of women's humans rights, isolation of abortion from other social justice issues that concern communities of colour. Women's decision-making process — by not supporting focus shifts to reproductive oppression, the control of our bodies, sexuality, labour, and reproduction. A deliberate use of artificial methods or techniques to prevent pregnancy. Themes: gender and science gender equality women's rights reproductive rights Readings: Loretta Ross (Sistersong Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective) empower women = reproductive rights to chose to have or not have the child + safe environment to do so, as the women choses. Background: Canada Health Act and abortion: The Canada Health Act is the federal legislation for publicly funded health care insurance. The Act establishes the primary objective of Canada's health care policy: the protection, promotion and restoration of the "physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada" and the facilitation of "reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers." PEI has no abortion services = violating women's reproductive rights.

Neo-Liberalism:

Definition: The retreat from the liberal social democracy following the years after WW2. The idea that the government would make the world safe and predictable for the participants in the market economy. The purpose was the press the government to abandon the social welfare responsibilities; housing, education, health care, disability, unemployment. Theme: patriarchy reproductive rights gender equality abalism marxist feminism Reading: Alison Jaggar, "What is Neo-liberal Globalization?" bring all economic resources to private ownership resources are up for commercial exploitation

Eugenics Gate:

Definition: The science of improving the human population by controlling breeding to increase desirable traits (racial-genetic purification) — uncovered in Alberta. Themes: gender and science diversity / discrimination patriarchy gender discrimination Reading: Brian Savage, "Large Numbers of Natives Were Sterilized by Province" forced on racial and genetic profiling -traits genetically determined and inherited -higher reproduction rates than the general population, therefore threatening the gene pool -"shockingly", this program disproportionately targeted women in socially vulnerable conditions -women who were unemployed or unmarried or institutionalized, and over 25% of those women were native or Metis (even though only 2.5% of general population) Act was repealed in 1972 after the pc gov't, conduction a review of conflicting legislations, deemed the act to be immoral and illegal — unfortunately, not before thousands of women had been forcibly sterilized:

Cultural Feminist Theory:

Definition: Theory, any theory, is about producing... particular knowledge, an understanding of things through specific frameworks or lenses. At its heart, then, theory is about knowing the world in which we live". Developed from radical feminism, although they hold many opposing views. It is an ideology of a "female nature" or "female essence" that attempts to revalidate what cultural feminists consider undervalued female attributes. It is also a theory that commends the difference of women from men. Theme: patriarchy gender equality science and gender Reading: Judith Butler, "From Imitation to Gender Insubordination" -

Transnational Feminism:

Definition: Transnational means that issues/people/goods/finances/ ideas cross national borders and, therefore, demand a global understanding. Call on Western women to decolonize our thinking and practices rather than reinscribe Western imperialism. Theme: global feminism matrix of domination racial discrimination cultural assimilation Reading: Chandra Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes" Western feminists do not consider the issues across boards, generalizing women into one oppression when not considering radical feminism approach globally. that issues/people/goods/finances/ideas cross national borders and, therefore, demand a global understanding

Ain't I a Women?:

Definition: Truth talks to the fact that she can do what a man can Interestingly, she doesn't approach the issue of gender and race with the essentialism that Cooper does. She can hoe, and plant and pick and lift the same as a man can - but she isn't treated equally. At the same time he she she's a woman, but she isn't treated the way a white woman is. So she rejects the idea of there's something different about women. But let's look at the Ain't I a Woman speech through a different lens... Theme: construction of women's history inter-sectional approach = black women we not seen as real women, while white women were seen as weaker othering = subjectivist (no body helped black women into carriages) Essentialism: the view that, for any specific entity (such as an animal, a group of people, a physical object, a concept), there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function. In Western thought the concept is found in the work of Plato and Aristotle. Reading: "Activist Insight: Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)" and "Women's Rights Convention in Akron Ohio, 1851 Speech by Sojourner Truth" - Black women were not seen as real women, they did physical labour, nobody helped then onto or out of carriages, etc.

Womanist

Definition: social theory deeply rooted in the racial and gender-based oppression of black women. There are varying interpretations on what the term womanist means and efforts to provide a concise and all encompassing definition have only been marginally successful. The ambiguity within the theory allows for its continuous expansion of its basic tenets, though this ambiguity is also widely considered its greatest weakness. At its core, womanism is a social change perspective based upon the everyday problems and experiences of black women and other women of minority demographics, but more broadly seeks methods to eradicate inequalities not just for black women, but for all people Theme: wage gap imperialism transnational feminism matrix of domination Reading: Victoria Bromley, "From Universalizing To Queering and Globalizing Theories". women working as nannies and in sweat shops around the world as the least paid

Women's History/ History from Below:

Definition: Women's history came out of the social movements of the 60s - feminism and civil rights. Oppressed groups were starting to talk more publicly about their oppression and recognize that they weren't represented in standard histories. A lot of people have issues with 'women's history'. Talk about the difference between women's history and gender history? Gender as a Useful Category of Analysis - Joan Wallach Scott. The bottom up theory: Really requires out of the box thinking - where do traces of women reside? Supply lists, oral histories, recipes, etc. In other words, things that women touched or used or were in charge of. (where did women reside). Women's History: Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions - Seneca Falls 1848 Modeled on the US Declaration of Independence "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights" (emphasis added) This was a radical act - in most places women didn't exist as legal entities in their own right, especially if they were married Theme: patriarchy: people in charge write history black feminist thought Reading: Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention, "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions"// "Activist Insight: Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)" until women gain equality with women = this is when men dominated the matrix, inclusion of women into the public sphere, the resolution allowing women into history but still not seen as entirely equal aren't black women people regardless of gender and history

Poverty Work:

Definition: Women's participation in paid work failed to bring about the broad, systemic changes many believed could or would result from women's workforce participation economic and workplace inequalities continue to persist today and are very much divided along gender and race lines. "working poor" refers to individuals who are employed - either part time, full time, on contract, or a combination of paid work - who still do not make enough to meet basic needs minimum wage varies across Canada, and should be based on the current cost of living in a given location. For example, a single income family (2 adults, 2 children) living in the GTA would need to earn $16.60/per hour and work for 40 hours a week to meet the Low Income Cut Off. Majority of people living in poverty are women =52% Theme: Reading:

Liberal Feminism:

Definition: Women, as early feminists, "began to contemplate their sites of oppression. The principal site of oppression for liberal feminists was patriarchy, ruled by men. late 1700s-early 1900s, Guided by the principles of the Enlightenment and classical liberalism: all men should be equally free to pursue liberty and freedom. Thus, women fought to challenge patriarchal oppression by arguing that women were equally capable of rational thought. = just about achieving equality = have one women in power, etc. Based in meritocracy; sought equal opportunity and freedom of choice. "Liberal Feminism seeks individualistic equality of men and women through political and legal reform, without altering the structure of society." equality with men but not all men, white, upper class women and white men. looked for inclusion not revolution Theme: eurocentrism gender roles intersectional approach Reading: Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories"Mary Wollstonecraft critiqued the institution of marriage: "Because women didn't receive the education and social opportunities that could make them independent, they needed to marry to ensure their economic security" (68). Then, upon marriage, women were kept in the "private" sphere of the home, while men worked in the "public" sphere Suggesting change within the system: give women access to education, the vote, property ownership, political participation, personhood under the law, wage equality

Imperialism:

Definition: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The economy forcing women to constantly be buying new clothes, to look their best + already considering there wages were and still are significantly lower than mens. The global south has women working in factories making these garments (unsafe and unhealthy conditions). Women then hired other women to care for their children at a very low costs, and little privacy. Theme: transnational feminism - not all women across the world suffer the same discrimination gender roles / expectations Reading: Victoria Bromley, "From Universalizing To Queering and Globalizing Theories".

A Cult of Domesticity:

Definition: also known as the cult of true womanhood (by people who like it), is an opinion about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four things they believed that women should be: More religious than men. The concept of separate spheres and emphasis on biological differences between men and women. Women and submissive, pure and virtuous. Main issue was this revolved around which upper class women, and excluded women who were forced to work, like poor, minority races. Theme: sex and gender different gender roles patriarchy subjugation Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "The Yellow Wall-Paper" women are expected to stay in the home and rest, were not even allowed to write when suffering from mild depression. dominated by John to remain in bed and rest, fragile being till she was better. whereas, the men go to work = simplistic mind of the female contrasting the complexity of the male = doctor role

Anti-Racism Feminism:

Definition: an intersectional analysis that can take into account issues of gender, race, class, and sexuality. Anti-racist feminists recognize that these multiple and intersecting sites of oppression operate in different ways in different women's lives". Previous feminist theories (and much feminist action today) focused on an analysis of white, middle-class women in NA and EU (83). Those excluded are women of colour and 'racialized people': refers to power dynamics that marks anyone who is 'non-white' as 'other'. "Woman" is not a universal category: different women experience oppression differently. Theme: intersectional approach racial diversity Reading: Alice Walker, "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens" // Victoria Bromley, "So Many Details and So Much Reading: Feminist Theories"

Ethnocentrism:

Definition: is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language, behaviour, customs, and religion. Theme: gender and science cultural feminism matrix of domination Reading: Chandra Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes" all women have identical interests / difference of patriarchal structures in culture ethnic and racial location