World: Chapter 23

Count Camillo Cavour

- 1852, Victor Emmanuel appointed Count Camilo Cavour as his prime minister - he was flexible, practical, crafty politician, willing to use almost any means to achieve his gals - believed in Realpolitik - was a monarchist devoted to the interests of his royal master - once in office, he moved first to reform Sardinia's economy, improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade - long term goal: expel Austrian power from Italy and add Lombardy and Venetia to Sardinia - to prevent unification in the south, he sent Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi

Second Reich

- 1871 German Government - second empire, and the birth in January 1871 is celebrated by German nationalists. It's the name of the united germany named because they considered it heir to the Holy Roman Empire founded by King Otto the gReat in the 900s and abolished by Napoleon I in 1806. A constitution drafted Bismarck set up a two-house legislature for the Second Reich: Bundesrat (upper house, appointed by rulers of German states) and Reichstag (lower house, elected by universal male suffrage). The German nation was far from democratic, and real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.

supporting details for when Southern German states and North German Confederation persuaded William I of Prussia to become Kaiser of the Second Reich

- A united Germany leads Europe with power in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.

What role did Bismarck play in the unification of Germany?

- Bismarck organizes up the military, even when he wasn't allowed money from Parliament, he uses Realpolitik. He gets really sneaky — Em's Dispatch (telegram that had to do with throne in Spain) changing it to get France to declare war (Ems is a city) like propaganda, fake news. He is the catalyst that gets it moving. - Bismarck led them into all the wars, and increased German nationalism and increased their unity. Using his policy of "blood and iron" he dealt shattering blows to Austria and France and along the way, increased the unity of Germany, as he gained Prussia power.

What were the immediate causes and the immediate results of the Franco-Prussian war?

- Causes: The struggle over the vacant Spanish throne. France protested when a relative of the Prussian king was offered the throne, because it feared the spread of Prussian influence to its southern boarder. Also, Bismarck rewrote a telegram of a meeting between King William I and the French ambassador that made it seem that William I had insulted the Frenchman, which led to Napoleon III declaring a war. Em's Dispatch get people up and arms. - Results: Superior Prussian force, helped by troops from other German states, smashed the badly organized, poorly supplied French soldiers. Also, Napoleon III was old and ill so France had to surrender and accept a humiliating peace; defeated. The defeat would also lead to the downfall of the Second Empire. Lands - Alsace and Lorraine

Why is Italy not united in the early 1800s?

- Cultural divisions - division between north and south: norther was richer and had more cities than the south, also for centuries northern Italian cities had flourished as centers of business and culture, while the south was rural and poor - Religious loyalty - hostility between the state and the Roman Catholic Church, popes resented the seizure of the Papal States and of Rome, and popes saw themselves as "prisoners" and urged Italian Catholics to not cooperate with their new government - rivalries - Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across the region, Sardinia, Britain, and France went against Russia in Crimean War, radicals on the left struggled against a conservative government, so socialists organized strikes while anarchists turned to sabotage and violence - economic barriers - also relates to the cultural divisions between north and south, where north is richer than the south, lacked important natural resources like coal - lack of consensus - most felt stronger ties to local areas than to the new nation, regional disputes left Italy unable to solve critical national issues - geography - To Metternich, Italy was merely a "geographical expression," not a nation, a divided Italy suited Austrian interests

supporting details for when over a ten year period, Bismarck led Prussia into three wars

- Each war increased Prussian prestige and power while paving the way for German unity. - Wars: Schleswig and Holstein (Prussian victory with Austrian alliance), Austro-Prussian War (Prussian victory), and Franco-Prussian War (Prussian victory).

The Iron Chancellor

- Foreign Policy: - keep France weak and isolated - built strong links with Austria and Russia and respected British naval power, but didn't seek to compete in that arena, "water rats do not fight with land rats" - later, he took a more aggressive stand against Britain as the two nations compete for empire overseas - Domestic Policy: - applied same ruthless methods he used to achieve unification sought to erase loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state, he targeted two groups that posed a threat to the new state: Catholic Church and Socialists - campaign against the church: - Catholics made up one third of the population, Lutheran Bismarck distrusted them-especially clergy whose first loyalty (he believed) was the pope - kulturkamp - battle for civilization and his goals - his goal was to make catholics put loyalty of state over allegiance to the church - chancellor passed laws that gave state the right to supervise Catholic education and approve appointment of priests - closed some religious orders, expelled Jesuits from Prussia, and couples had to be married by civil authority - Bismarck's moves against the Catholics backfired, the anti-catholic campaign doesn't work so he changes direction, faithful rallied behind the Church & catholic center party gained strength in the Reichstag - Campaign against the Socialists: - late 1870's, German Marxists organized the Social Democrat Party - laws passed: dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, banned their meetings - Bismarck changed course, tries to protect socialists, because repression backfired unifying workers in support of the socialist cause, he sponsored laws, by 1890s, Germans had health and accident insurance & old-age insurance to provide retirement benefits, under Bismarck, Germany became a model of economic safeguards - Bismarck's plan was only partly successful: workers benefit from Bismarck's plan, but he cannot win them over, they didn't abandon socialism, and the Social Democratic Party continued to grow in strength

Germany Industrial Giant

- Germany is an industrial giant: - by the late 1800s Germany set the standard in chemical and electrical industries, shipping second only to Great Britain - Economic progress: - Germany's spectacular growth was due in part of ample iron and coal resources, plentiful - A disciplined and educated work force helped economy and a rapidly growing population provided a huge home market and a highly skilled work force - Germany founded large companies and built many railroads (1850s and 1860s) - Alfred Krupp industrial complex made steel and weapons sold for world markets - between 1871 and 1914 August Thyssen steel went from 70 workers to 50,000 - Science, government, and industry: - German industrialists were the first to see the value of applied science in developing new products such as synthetic chemicals and dyes - they supported research and development in the universities and hired scientists to solve technological problems in their factories and industries - the German government promoted economic development - worldwide depression (late 1800s) -> raised tariffs (tax on imports) to protect home industries from foreign competition and help Germany grow - Coordinated railroads built by various German states, German government issued a single currency for Germany, reorganized the banking system (after 1871) - The New German empire was determined to maintain economic strength as well as military power

supporting details for when the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, succeeded in uniting the German states under Prussian rule by using a policy of "blood and iron"

- His success was due in part to his strong will and his ability to manipulate others. He was a master pf Realpolitik. - Bismarck created a strong Prussian army (ends justify needs) to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. - His primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns, the ruling dynasty of Prussia. He regarded uniting Germany as a means to make the Hohenzollerns master of all the German states.

William & Strengthening Germany

- In 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather as kaiser, in 1890 he asked Bismarck to resign. "there is only one master in the Reich, and that is I" - William's efforts in Germany: - he resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms, while the government provided services from social welfare benefits to cheap transportation and electricity - under Bismarck, an excellent system of public schools begun, that taught students obedience to the emperor, along with the "three R's" - William II lavished funds on the German military machine, already the most powerful in Europe - William launched a campaign to expend Germany navy and win an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and France - William's nationalism and increased military stance helped increase tensions on the eve of World War I

supporting details for when Napoleon's invasions had a major impact on the host of small and medium sized German speaking states

- Napoleon added lands along the Rhine River to France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and organized a number of German states into a French-controlled Rhine Confederation - Napoleon encouraged freeing the serfs (indentured servant), made trade easier and abolished laws against jews

War with Austria

- Prussia seizes Holstein from Austria - 1886: Bismarck attacked Austria (Austro-Prussian War) that lasted 7 weeks with Prussian victory. Prussia then annexed Holstein and several other German states. He dissolved the German Confederation and created a new North German Confederation dominated by Prussia. He allowed Austria and 4 other southern German states to remain independent, b/c he "had to avoid leaving behind any desire for revenge".

What spurred the growth of the German economy?

- ample iron and coal resources - disciplined and educated workforce - founding of large companies - railroads

What were the goals of William II?

- be the most powerful - get Bismarck to resign - stronger military

Victor Emmanuel II

- constitutional monarch - hoped to join other states to his own (the kingdom of Sardinia) - 1861: crowned king of Italy

problems that the newly unified Italy faced

- hardly prepared for the great war that broke out - lacking important natural resources - population explosion created tensions

Three policies Bismarck implemented to appease the socialists

- health insurance - accident insurance - old age benefits - improved working conditions

12. What common factor is present in both German and Italian unification? Why?

- invasions of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity because both want their nation to have independence from others

results of nationalism (italy)

- invasions of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity, but to Metternich, Italy was merely a "geographical expressions" not a nation - when parts of Italy were controlled by others (Austria-northern Italy, Hapsburg Italian states, French Bourbon ruler- Naples and Sicily), nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and focused their efforts - Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across the region, Giuseppe Mazzini (nationalist leader) founded Young Italy (1830s) - the goal was "to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation" - To nationalists like Mazzini, a united Italy made sense because of a common language and shared traditions

Giuseppe Garibaldi

- longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini, was ready for action - wanted to created an Italian republic - didn't hesitate to accept aid from the monarchist Cavour - by 1860, he recruited a force of 1,000 red shirted volunteers, and his forces were able to win control of Sicily

realpolitik

- putting your country's interests first, what is important to the country - realistic politics based on a tough minded evaluation of the needs of the state

Giuseppe Mazzini

- revolutionary devoted to the cause of Italian unity - founded Young Italy in 1830s - 1849: helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome - spent much of his life in exile - "Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs"

What common factor is present in both German and Italian unification?

- strong leader(s) - nationalism - strong military - rivalries

How did German nationalism pave the way for unity?

- take pride in your culture, like language (unifies them) even though they're spread out and they long to get together - Each war increased Prussian prestige and power while paving the way for German unity. He increased nationalism when he gave an image of French being menacing.

Schleswig and Holstein

- territory taken from Denmark - Bismarck first formed an alliance with Austria (1864), then seized provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark with large German populations, after a brief war, Prussia and Austria "liberated" the two provinces (largely inhabited by Germans) and divided up the spoils.

Franco-Prussian War

- the Prussian victory worried Napoleon III in France. A growing rivalry between the two nations led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, because of the struggle over the vacant Spanish throne. France protested when a relative of the Prussian king was offered the throne, because it feared the spread of Prussian influence to its southern boarder. Bismarck rallied all Germans against Napoleon III, by playing the image of French menace to spur German nationalism. Napoleon III declared war on Prussia when Bismarck rewrote a telegram of a meeting between King William I and the French ambassador that made it seem that William I had insulted the Frenchman. Napoleon III, old and ill, with a badly organized & poorly supplied soldiers, surrender after a few weeks of fighting. French defeat led to the downfall of the Second Empire. - leads to United German - Napoleon then gets Alsace-Lorraine

What events helped Italian nationalism grow?

- the invasions of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity - When parts of Italy were controlled by others (Austria-northern Italy, Hapsburg-Italian states, French Bourbon ruler-Naples and Sicily) - Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across the region - Giuseppe Mazzini (nationalist leader) founded Young Italy (1830s)

How is Italy finally united?

- when Cavour sent Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi, and in a patriotic move, Garibaldi turned over after - had deal with Bismarck dealing with the new Italian nation: Rome and Venetia, Italy acquired Venetia in the peace treaty - duringFranco-Prussian War, France was forced to withdraw its troops from Rome and Italian troops entered the city and Rome became the capital of the new nation = first time Italy was a united nation since the fall of the Roman empire

What domestic policies did Bismarck pursue?

Campaign against Catholic Church: - kulturkamp: battle for civilization and his goal of getting them loyal to the state over church - laws and restrictions Campaign against Socialists - laws - tried to protect them

Zollverein

Economic Union in Prussia

Risorgimento

Italian Nationalism

Italy

Roman Catholics and Italian governments were hostile

William I

Second Kaiser of Second Reich

Kaiser

emperor

nationalism

feeling of pride in and devotion in one's country

reason for Franco Prussian war

had to do with issue of the Spanish throne then Bismarck puts the ends dispatch which pushes them to war

Bismarck is successful because...

he uses Realpolitik

Napoleon early in German

his advances help them to fight back and unify

anarchist

person who believes that there should not be government