World Geography latin America and the Caribbean
art
Diego Rivera mexico he was a political muralist he was married to frida kahlo it is called the elephant and the dove
fro, old world
wheat, grapes, sugar(Asia), horses, pigs, cattle, small pox. corn silo in spain (for animals)
Swidden
works well - low density areas lead -deforestation - high density areas (snyyom or slash and burn) it leads to erosion
saint maarteen
you can be under an airplane after it takes off
tourism , sugar loaf
you see the Christ redeemer(new seven wonders of the world) this is in rio
an argentinian cowboy is
a gaucho
middle america is
a) mexico b) central america
Lacandon (chiapas medico)
males are in all white - females in patterns - women in colored dressed - men are in white robes
tierra templada
more temperate - coffee goes there it is cooler (3,000-6,000)
nadpo river does not hae what?
n anaconda
vine snakes are
non poisones
biogeography and ecosytems
pampas in Argentina - they are good for livestock and wheat - when you go to Argentina you have beef because they have a lot of fresh and delicious cows
tierra caliente (1- 3,000) ot stands fot hot earth and ehst is found there
tropical agriculturej like bananas
fridas favorite thing to paint was herself and the always paints herself with a
uni brow - her art morphed and we then saw that she has throns and roots going around her neck and she is bleeding she also has a dead bird - it was serious grim and fantastical
colonization or the Caribbean
united kingdom, France Netherlands, usa
vagetation
its primary forest- has not been cut - it is very open - not a ton of vegetations due to not a lot of sunlight. things that grow on the bottom are shade tolerant - the floor is filled with house plants , ivy (big leaves in rainfrest) open understory
fauna of the latin america
jaguars, blue morpho butterfly (huge) when they close up their wings they are brown colors to blend in nd camouflage (false eyes so a predator thinks its a big animal as well as it wants to go for its head but the false eyes are the wings)
matapalo
kills original tree, becomes its own structure
Tierra Helada (12,000-15,000) extreme cold
little agriculture - steeper , llamas and alpacas
current indigenous people
lowland cultures - small groups - many distinct languages - the man in the image has a blow gun - they tip their arrows with curare (poison) -t relaxes the muscles of the animals so it can fall down to avoid regarmardes
Pre-Hispanic cultures
machi picchu, peru inca
The long coasts of Latin America and the islands of the Caribbean include about 25% of the world's total area of mangrove ecosystems (Marston 272) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
maize (corn), manioc (cassava), beans, and potatoes as well as vegetables and fruits, such as tomatoes, peppers, squash, avocados, and pineapples (Figure 7.14). Tobacco, cacao (chocolate), vanilla, peanuts, and coca (cocaine) were also domesticated in Latin America. Latin America has very few indigenous domesticated animals except for the llama and alpaca, tamed and bred for wool, meat, and transport. Dogs (similar to the Chihuahua) and guinea pigs were also bred for pets and meat. (Marston 272) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
slash and burn works fine if what
there are not many people
Tikal, Guatemala
this is where Star Wars was filmed
latin america divideds into subregions
1) middle America 2)south America 3) caribean
an anaconda just ate an
18 year old boy
demographic collapse
70-90% of the population died - the maine thing that killed these people was small pox - major lack of immunity to the diseases
The term syncretic means that practices have coevolved and merged with one another over the centuries into blended religions. The slave trade brought African religious traditions to Latin America and the Caribbean, and these often merged with Indigenous and Catholic beliefs into syncretic beliefs that are followed by more than 30 million people. These include rituals involving dance, drums and spirit trances, altars with candles and flowers, and traditional herbs, medicine, and chicken sacrifice. Examples include Candomblé and Umbanda in Brazil, Voodoo in Haiti, and Santería in Cuba and other islands. In Jamaica, Rastafari belief has roots in Ethiopia and Christianity, and includes the spiritual use of cannabis, a vegetarian diet, and wearing hair in dreadlocks. (Marston 289) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
<Machismo constructs the ideal Latin American man as fathering many children, dominant within the family, proud, and fearless. Marianismo constructs the ideal woman in the image of the Virgin Mary; she is chaste, submissive, maternal, dependent on men, and closeted within the family. Latin American and Caribbean society has been generally patriarchal, and institutions have prohibited or limited women's right to own land, vote, get a divorce, and secure a decent education. (Marston 292) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The most important export commodities in Spanish colonial America were silver, produced mainly from mines in Mexico and Bolivia; sugar, grown on plantations in Cuba and southern Mexico; tobacco from Cuba; gold from Colombia; cacao (for chocolate) from Venezuela and Guatemala; and indigo, a deep blue dye, from Central America. (Marston 280) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
After independence, the loss of trade with Europe and internal struggles left Latin America economically unstable for the first half of the 19th century. But from 1850, foreign capital and demand helped develop export economies. (Marston 281) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Rubber is obtained by tapping the latex sap of rubber trees, which at the time were found only in South America. Local rubber tappers, or seringueiros, sold the rubber to middlemen to meet the needs of the industrialized nations. (Marston 274) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Although the Green Revolution increased crop production in many parts of Latin America (Figure 7.16a), it was not an unqualified success. Dependence on imports of chemicals and machines from foreign companies increased, and thus contributed to the debt problem. Benefits accrued to wealthy farmers in irrigated regions who could afford the new inputs, while poorer farmers whose land was watered only by rainfall fell behind or sold their land. (Marston 275) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Many scholars believe that one reason for the Maya collapse was their overuse of the soils. Faced with rapid declines in the fertility of soils after clearing the rainforest, the Maya adapted by burning forest to capture the nutrients in the ash of burned trees. They moved on to clear another patch, and then another, once the declining fertility of each cleared area resulted in reduced yields. This adaptation to rainforest environments mirrors farming methods in other parts of the world and is called slash-and-burn (see Chapter 5), or swidden, agriculture. The Maya also (Marston 273) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Aztecs, who settled in central Mexico in the 1300s, constructed an extensive network of dams, irrigation systems, and drainage canals in the basin of Mexico to cope with the highly seasonal and variable rainfall pattern. They also developed the chinampa agricultural system, in which farmers grow crops on islands of soil and vegetation built in lake and wetland environments (Marston 274) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
1980s have been called Latin America's "lost decade" because of the slowdown in growth and deterioration in living standards that accompanied the financial crisis. (Marston 281) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Despite many economic successes Latin America remains the most unequal region of the world. Wealth and land are often concentrated in the hands of the elite, and many people remain poor and landless. The highest average annual incomes of U.S. $10,000 to U.S. $20,000 per person are reported in Brazil, the Bahamas, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Uruguay, Panama, and Chile. In the poorest countries, such as Haiti, Bolivia, (Marston 284) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Many braceros (defined as a guest worker from Mexico given a temporary permit to work as a farm laborer in the United States) never returned to Mexico, and migration continued through social networks after the program ended, even as U.S. immigration restrictions were tightened. (Marston 295) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Eighty (Marston 297) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook percent of people in Latin America and the Caribbean now live in cities (compared to only 10% in 1900), which makes it the most urbanized region in the world. Urbanization levels range from about 71% in most of Central America to more than 90% in Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The region hosts several of the world's largest metropolitan areas, sometimes called megacities, including Mexico City and São Paulo. These (Marston 297) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
wealth and inequality
Favela slums in Brazil
she is famous other places
Fridas art was in Argentina
solutions - eco- tourism
Galapagos, Ecuador (they are islands off of Ecuador) it is highly regulated for the fauna or animals - they keep money by keep it intact - another example is mexico quintana Roo, Sian Kaan reserve (all you do is float)
central america is
Guatemala, el Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, costa Rica, panama
The Amazon River and its tributaries carry 20% of the world's freshwater. They also provide transport, fisheries, and deposit sediment that creates rich agricultural soils. (Marston 271) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
In Argentina, the vast pampas grasslands have become important to the cattle economy. Other large grassland ecosystems include the llanos of Colombia and Venezuela and the cerrados of Brazil. (Marston 272) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
a coral snake is indeginous to
Latin America and herem - it is not a pit viper - its venom is in little tiny teeth - unless it is gnawing on you it will not poison you
The Amazon basin is located at the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), where moist air heats in intense sun, rises, and cools, forming (Marston 261) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Mexico City is the most populated city in the world - carbon monoxide ,sulfur dioxide and ozone
deserts in latin america
Sonora northern Mexico and Atacama desert in Peru and Chile - dessert that goes straight to ocean so it is strange they have a lack of water
religion
Spaniards and Portuguese are catholic as well as syncretism - -two separate things that come together to form a new thing - this happens in religion monotheism - one god polytheism - multiple gods (you pray to saints)
colonial influence
Trinidad Caribbean at a picnic game - they are playing cricket which means they were influenced by the British colonial influence
rain shadow: a phenomenon that occurs when mountains cause most of the moisture contained in the air masses passing over them to condense and fall as rain on the mountains, dry air then descends and warms creating dry conditions and deserts on the landward side of the mountains. (Marston G-8) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The Andes are an 8,000-kilometer-long (5,000-mile-long) chain of high-altitude peaks and valleys that for the most part run parallel to the west coast of South America. Major South American rivers such as the Amazon, the Plata, and the Orinoco provide transport routes, as well as water resources for agriculture and hydroelectricity generation. The two major deserts—the Sonoran and the Atacama—are located along the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Chile. (Marston 266) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Other important physical features include the mountainous spines of Mexico and Central America and the high-altitude plateaus between and adjacent to these mountains, including the Andean altiplano and the Mexican Mesa Central. These plateaus provide flatter, cooler, and moister environments for agriculture and settlement. (Marston 266) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The Caribbean islands and coast of Central America have large areas of limestone geology, where water flowing underground creates large cave and pothole systems, such as the cenotes in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and the caves of Puerto Rico. Coral reefs, a beautiful feature of the Caribbean marine landscape, are created when living coral organisms build colonies in warm, shallow oceans. These reefs, hosts to myriad other marine animals, are fragile ecosystems that are easily damaged by boats, divers, pollution, and climate change. (Marston 266) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
the Caribbean islands of Martinique, Montserrat, and St. Vincent experienced disastrous volcanic eruptions in the 20th century, causing death, destruction, and evacuation: 30,000 people died when Mount Pélee exploded on Martinique in 1902. (Marston 266) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The Haitian earthquake of 2010 was one of the most devastating in recent history, killing more than 300,000 people and displacing over 1 million residents. (Marston 267) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Latin America is a world region that covers more than 20 million square kilometers (Marston 260) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The Incas constructed terraces, not only to reduce soil erosion and provide a flat area for planting, but also to decrease frost risks by breaking up downhill flows of cold air and allow for irrigation canals to flow across the slopes in efficient ways. The deep Colca valley in Peru has thousands of terraces constructed by the Inca on steep hillsides; many are still used by farmers to grow potatoes, quinoa, and barley. (Marston 261) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Plantations are large agricultural estates established in the colonial period that grew crops such as sugar or tobacco for export (Marston 280) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
To make up for the labor shortage, colonists imported slaves, mainly from Africa, to the Caribbean, Central America, and Brazilian plantations (see Chapter 5). Slaves worked in the production of sugar and other export crops. In many parts of Latin America, the colonial legacy of land grabs, labor exploitation, and racism still frames contemporary attitudes toward Indigenous people and those of African heritage, who still struggle to regain the land and dignity lost during the colonial period. (Marston 280) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Because of the long isolation of the Americas from other continents, Indigenous people lacked resistance and immunity to European diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, and measles. The resulting mortality rates from these diseases were very high: Up to 75% of the population of Latin America died in epidemics in the century following contact. (Marston 278) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The colonists introduced crops and domesticated animals to Latin America and the Caribbean, such as wheat, cattle, fruit and olive trees, horses, sheep, and pigs as well as sugar, rice, citrus, coffee, cotton, and bananas from North Africa and the Middle East (see "Geographies of Indulgence, Desire, and Addiction: Coffee"). The colonizers took corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and possibly syphilis back to Europe. For example, potatoes became the foundation of the Irish diet, although the potato blight in the mid-19th century led to famine and Irish migration to the Americas. Corn and manioc (cassava) were introduced into Africa and became new staples, whereas peanuts (Marston 278) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The other critical resources associated with Latin America's geology are fossil fuels. Coal is found in northern Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela. (Marston 270) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
The three largest river basins in Latin America are the Amazon, the Plata, and the Orinoco, which all flow to the Atlantic Ocean (see Figure 7.1). The rivers in the Plata Basin (including the Paraná, Paraguay, and Uruguay Rivers) originate in the Andes and the Brazilian Highlands. The Orinoco drains the llanos, the grasslands of Colombia and Venezuela. (Marston 271) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
south america is
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina
Brazil is a major exporter of ethanol, which is produced mostly from sugarcane. (Marston 276) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
With the approval of Pope Julius II, Portugal received the area east of the line, including much of what is now Brazil and parts of Africa, and Spain received the areas to the west (Marston 277) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
highlands river has the grat big what
amazon basin - it is a meandering river - the river network - it is 20% of the worlds fresh water the water is not just in the amazon river but it is also into its tributaries (smaller rivers that connect) the anaconda lives here - the rain forest is around this area
what are they carrying in the picture in ltin america
anaconda
the amazon his what?
anacondas
the blue morpho has blue when it opens because
blend in the sky, you wanna be seen
traditional /modern dress
chicha - to get it to ferment they mix saliva in it
people pf Latin america and Caribbean
chichi, ingenious Ecuador - misses Colombia, Ecuador and costa rica
fuana
coati, kinkajou (nocturnal - big eyes due to its nocturnal nature)
face of the inca is the island sideways
complex hierarchical societies - tribute, ruled other peoples
the new world gave us food wise
corn potatoes, tomatoes, peppers (syphilis maybe)
colonization
coulombs - on way to indies ended up in Latin america - big result of that was the European exploration which led to the treaty of tordesillas of 1494 - pope drew a democratization line through Latin america (decision between east and west east was Portugal and west was Spain - both practice Catholicicism
leaves essential for
culture tradition
Latin american and Caribbean influence
dance music example - tango, salsa, cumbia, meringue, samba - etc.
environmental issues
deforestation - the indigenous people brought them all the trees and they get a dollar a tree - they are logging (most important) for deforestation
reserve in north coast of Yucatan
don't feed the animals (feeding animals - problem with ecotourism)
highland south america
eg. 1 Quechua,, Ecuador and pure Aymara Bolivia (influenced by Europe )
atitudianal zonation
evaluation that is elated in latitude - up in elevation up in latitude
Honduras, and Nicaragua, annual incomes average less than U.S. $3,000 per capita. Many of these countries have unequal distribution of incomes within their populations. Across the region, the richest 10% earn 25 times more than the poorest 10%. In Honduras this difference is a factor of 55, while in Uruguay and El Salvador it is a factor of 15. (Marston 284) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
example, in 2013, the average Haitian lived only 63 years and the literacy rate was only 49%, compared to a life expectancy of 80 years in Costa Rica where literacy reaches 97%. (Marston 286) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Nicaragua is the most gender-equal country in the LAC region, according to a 2014 report from the World Economic Forum (Marston 293) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
famously the African community of Palmares, which was an autonomous republic from 1630 to 1694 in the Brazilian interior. Escaped and liberated slaves created settlements, also called maroon communities (Marston 293) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
saint martin
french side and the regular side (when you cross its a different money and language (Heineken is dutch) dutch is the other side - saint maarten
caribean
greater Antilles - Cuba, Haiti, Dominican republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rica - lesser Antilles
food
guacamole - mexico plantains - Cuba moheto
achuar
guayusa ceremony , analyze dreams - early in the morning- they have to go off and vomit
agricultural frontier
he is clearing with a machete - slash and burn, swidden, shifting agriculture (they are all synonyms) slash and burn means cut down the trees and burn them - they cut the vegetation and then burn the vegetation - you burn the vegetation so you get the nutrients from the stuff to go onto the soil - soil is only good for foot and that allows them to plant then harvest and fallow (allowing the place to rest)
igned in 1977 handed control of the Canal Zone to Panama at the end of 1999. Tolls for the canal bring in more than U.S. $1.9 billion a year, and Panama is currently expanding the canal with new locks and a deeper channel for larger supersized ships. (Marston 286) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
igned in 1977 handed control of the Canal Zone to Panama at the end of 1999. Tolls for the canal bring in more than U.S. $1.9 billion a year, and Panama is currently expanding the canal with new locks and a deeper channel for larger supersized ships. (Marston 286) Marston, Sallie A. World Regions in Global Context, 6th Edition. Pearson, 20170324. VitalBook file.
Tierra Fria ( cold)
potatoes and tubers - you can grow these in colder weather as it grows underground
Rio do janeiro is extreme
poverty and ealthy
Netherlands- Amsterdam
salsa - globalization
south america southern cone
southern cone includes Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay
when llamas are upset at you they what
spit
vegetion in the rainforest
strangler fig - ficus (fig) matapalo- it grows from the ground - it grows up the tree - it does not strangle the tree, if the eses are big than the tree cant get sunlight and it dies not the plant just supports itself and grows
fauna in latin america
tarantulas in (pencil attack)coati
Ricky martin
telenovelas - maria del barrario - maria from the hood - Cinderella story
two largest regional ecosytems
the Andes, highlands (angel falls, Venezuela Guyana highlands) - angel falls is the tallest waterfall in the world
Columbia exchange
the biological exchange between the old and the new world - disease, people, plants, animals (corn is from the new world from Morelia mexico)
the airport bar is outside and all of the airplane arrivals are on what
the surfboard
