World History 1350-1871
The Industrial Revolution transformed social relations throughout Europe in many ways:
- -Massive growth in urban populations. The Industrial Revolution concentrated production and people in cities where the conditions of life were increasingly depressed and even dangerous. -Growth of urban ghetto areas and consequent calls for urban reform. Pollution, crime, poor sanitation, and limited health service resulted in very difficult circumstances for the urban working classes of major industrial cities in Europe and America. -Growth of the middle class. As the middle class expanded, its members gained more influence in politics and society. -Increased attention, in the 19th century, to workplace conditions and worker safety. The poor condition of many industrial workplaces prompted calls for new labor regulations and social reforms.
Revolution of 1848
- series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. -people wanted more representative governments and reflected the identity of the people
Liberalism ideas
- started in the mid 19th century -argued that humans are by nature free and government should be constructed to protect these natural rights -Free trade -Constitutional government -Lockean natural rights (life, liberty, property) -Rule of law -Social equality -Equality of opportunity (Jefferson's "pursuit of happiness")
March on Bastille
- was a fortress used as a prison -French Citizens marched as a citizen militia - Citizens stormed the bastille and released prisoners and killed the governor
Peace of Westphalia
-1648 -end of thirty years war -allowing nations to determine state religions.
What was the Enlightenment? and went?
-17th century -intellectual movement -challenged existing sources of political and religious authority. idea of knowledge rooted in thought.
Third Estate
-97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges -formed the National Assembly or later National Constituent Assembly -proposed abolishing aristocratic privileges and establishing a constitutional monarchy.
Ming Dynasty
-A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. -massive army and mercantile fleet -art, literature -Fell bc of military costs and financial difficulties
Factors that encouraged industrialization in Great Britain.
-A significant supply of capital, as well as the presence of an entrepreneurial class ready to invest in new, emerging enterprises and technologies - The improvement of agriculture, which led to an increased worker population -Natural resources, such as navigable rivers, ample water power, and abundant coal and iron ore -The colonial empire, which provided a ready-made market for new goods
Diseases and Exploration
-Afro-Eurasian diseases introduced into Native American populations decimated the native populations. -European settlements had dramatic consequences for the Native American populations. - In some cases settlement by Africans and Europeans led to the decimation of entire cultures. Diseases such as smallpox, typhus, influenza, and bubonic plague tore through native populations.
Townshend Act
-British Tax to raise new revenue and to improve the collection of existing customs duties
Reign of Terror
-Conflict within France, and between France and much of Europe, grew, and new leaders arose -execution of almost 40,000 French citizens viewed as a threat to the new government.
Erasmus
-Dutch Renaissance philosopher -leading humanist -sought to provide a humanist interpretation of canonical religious texts such as the Christian New Testament.
Denis Diderot
-Enlightenment -philosopher and writer -editor of and primary contributor the Encyclopédie.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
-Enlightenment -popularized the idea of natural human rights. -innate human goodness
How did the Enlightenment contribute to the philosophical principles of the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Latin American wars for independence?
-Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke championed natural rights afforded to all human beings and the social contract between government and the governed. -influenced this desire for independence
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
-French monarchs (king and queen) during the French Rev. -convicted of conspiracy against the state, and ultimately beheaded in early 1793.
Thirty Years' War
-Holy Roman Empire -king tried to oppose Catholicism and protestants rebelled.
rise of the absolute monarchy
-Louis XIV of France -believed in the divine right of kings, and he did not consult with a parliament or representative assembly. -other nations followed Louis XIV's model—Spain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia all had powerful absolute monarchs at some point during the seventeenth or eighteenth century
Who initiated the period of European exploration?
-Portuguese explorers -under guidance of Prince Henry the Navigator. -sailed along the northern coast of Africa trying to counter Muslim influence in the area and looking for a passageway to the markets and resources of India.
Niccolo Machiavelli
-Renaissance -Advisor to Italian princes in Medici family -created with helping invent modern political science -wrote The Prince
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
-Renaissance -Spanish author -Don Quixote (world's first modern novel)
Leonardo da Vinci
-Renaissance painter -expert at painting, drawing, anatomy, music, philosophy, science, mathematics, engineering, botany, and more.
Peter the Great
-Russian tsar -took control of Russian Church -marked the high point of absolute monarchy in Russia.
Which countries had explorers in America and Africa?
-Spanish -Portuguese -British -Dutch -French
Exchange and Exploration
-The exchange of agricultural and technological knowledge between Native Americans and Europeans led to changes in both cultures. -New agricultural techniques passed from Native Americans to Europeans, including methods for growing maize and tobacco. -Crops native to the Americas such as the potato and corn were taken to Europe and brought fundamental changes to the food supply on the continent. -crops such as grapes and wheat made their way from Europe to the Americas. - European settlers also brought new animals such as horses and pigs to the North American continent.
The Realist Movement in Literature and Art
-mid-19th century -authors and artists shifted away from idealized views of the world and moved toward more accurate depictions of the societies in which they lived. -These Realists often focused on the working class, revolution and its outcomes, brutality, and death.
Fall of the Ottoman Empire
-The rule of Suleiman from 1520 to 1566 marked the high point of Ottoman power, which declined significantly following his death. -Inflation grew, the central authority decayed, and as diversity increased, conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims became more common. - lost territory - empire had difficulty adjusting to the developing international market and ultimately collapsed in 1918.
Age of Exploration
-Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries -discovery of route in India and the Americas -advances in navigation and voyages and weapons allowed for this
Copernicus and Galileo proposed what?
-a heliocentric or sun-centered model of the universe -mid 1500s -this went against the beliefs at this time and the Church rejected
Enclosure movement of Great Britain
-allowed large landowners to close off common land that had been used as arable fields or grazing areas by small farmers. - caused the eviction of many of these people, who were forced from the countryside to seek work in urban factories.
Michelangelo
-artist and creative thinker of the Renaissance -Statue of David, Sistine Chapel
Communism vs Socialism
-both public rather than private ownership. communism: most property and economic resources are owned and controlled by the state (in the hands of the state) socialism: all citizens share equally in economic resources as allocated by a democratically-elected government. (in the hands of the government)
Competition in Early Exploration
-competition for territory and trade in Asia, Africa, and the Americas intensified in the 17th century. -The nations of Europe, in rapid fashion, laid claim to new territories, often ignoring local conditions or indigenous populations. - Political and military conflicts quickly emerged as European powers struggled to take control of newfound lands.
Fall of Qing Dynasty
-conflict and wars with Great Britain about trade -undermined by an internal conflict to establish Christian Chinese state -fell 1911
Napoleon achievements
-creation of a merit-based modern civil service - the establishment of the Napoleonic Code -a law system that unified the patchwork of French legal codes and formalized many of the reforms of the Revolution. -Defeat in Russia ended French empire
Marxism theory
-developed in industrialized revolution -argued that socialist and communist societies would emerge after a series of major conflicts between the different social classes. -battle of factory workers vs owners
Socialist theory
-developed in industrialized revolution -proposed that all members of a society should own and control either part or all the means of economic production.
Ptolemy's model and who opposed?
-earth centered universe -Galileo opposed it.
What is the foundation of Protestant worship?
-education was needed to help people read and understand the Bible -universal education, and Protestant churches established schools to advance their ideas.
What did the English, American, and French revolution bring an end to?
-end of unrepresentative monarchies in Europe -unfair taxation -colonial rule in America
Treaty of Paris in 1783
-ended the American Revolution -recognized the US as an independent nation -established US borders
Voltaire
-enlightenment -French author -contributions on civil liberties, particularly freedom of religion.
John Locke
-enlightenment -philosopher -argued that governments should have limited power and that individuals should be protected in their life, health, liberty, and possessions. - father of liberalism -influenced political thinkers who wanted to limit the power of absolutist monarchs and expand individual rights.
Baron de Montesquieu
-enlightenment -political philosopher -popularized the modern notion of separation of powers that is a central component of democratic governments today.
Frances new constitution
-established a constitutional monarchy -Legislative Assembly was elected. -declared France a republic
Ottoman Empire
-established in the 14th century but expanded dramatically in the 15th and 16th centuries as they acquired territories in the Middle East and North Africa -developed powerful military and state organizations to maintain power in the region and within the empire itself.
Naopleon
-general in the French army -in 1799 he seized power from the Directory (executive power) and declared himself First Consul of France -he established a centralized government, and in 1804 declared himself emperor of France.
Martin Luther
-german -priest and theology professor -disputed practice of selling indulgences by which sinners could purchase forgiveness from God. (paying for salvation and confessing to a priest) - started Protestant Reformation
William Shakespeare
-greatest writer of English Renaissance Era -38 plays -Roman and Juliet
Meiji Restoration of 1868
-in 1868, power was restored to the emperor of Japan as being a deity instead of a figurehead -introduced western industrial practices and a constitution based on European models
effects of Industrialization
-increased the production of goods and services. -need for labor increased -move from rural to urban -population skyrocketed
What is the Renaissance?
-intellectual curiosity by Italians -revived Greek and Roman ideas about government and nature -focus on arts! more realistic approach to art
John Calvin
-led second ave of the Reformation, beginning in the Swiss city of Geneva and spreading through France, the Netherlands, and Scotland. - The new branch of Christian theology known as Calvinism emphasized the sovereignty of God, the depravity of humans, and predestination.
Early motive from European exploration?
Asian luxury goods -passageway to Asia
Who was at the forefront of the scientific revolution?
Astronomers
The Romantic Movement in Literature and Art
-near the end of the 1700s and continued until about the mid 1800s. -emphasized imagination over reason, nature and sensation, and symbolism and myth. -authors emphasized self, romantic hero
What was the scientific revolution?
-new ideas in science - new means for verifying knowledge came to be accepted. -Ideas about the atomic nature of matter, the centering of the sun in the solar system, and the establishment of physical laws that explained movement and energy challenged traditional explanations of how the physical world operated. -argued that material in the world consisted of particles of matter that were fundamentally inert. -Chemists, physicians, and alchemists experimented with various elements in nature, trying to manipulate the active properties of these materials to improve living conditions. -Astronomers introduced new devices such as the telescope, and improved measurement and calculation in the field.
What led to the popularization of Renaissance ideas?
-new technologies such as printing press -promote spread of literacy -spread of ideas
Protestant Reformation
-opposition toward Rome and Catholic Church -against the idea of paying for salvation -Christians in Europe who felt repressed and misled by the Catholic Church. - challenged Pope -wars and conflict
Glorious Revolution
-overthrow of James II of England and new civil liberties formed -In 1685, when Charles II was succeeded by his brother James II as king of England, English people feared the new monarch's Catholicism and authoritarian policies posed grave threats to traditional liberties. -Parliament invited William of Orange to invade England - William III and Mary II became the new monarchs, and parliamentary government was strengthened. -Monarchs would rule by consent of Parliament, and their power was limited; citizens gained civil liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of association.
What factors in France led to the French Revolution?
-price inflation - unemployment - constant food shortages -rising popular discontent -commoners of the Third Estate resented the tax burden imposed on them or aristocrat priviledges
Tea Act of 1773
-prohibited colonists from purchasing tea from any companies other than the East India Company. -These acts led to protests by the colonists, including the Boston Tea Party in 1773.
Galileo Galilei
-scientific revolution - sun centered universe -father of modern science -He challenged popular understanding of Earth's position in the universe with his discovery of the planetary moons.
Francis Bacon
-scientific revolution -developed methods for conducting scientific inquiry. -His work on inductive reasoning provided an important framework for the development of later scientific knowledge.
Sir Isaac Newton
-scientific revolution -law of physics -Newtons laws based on principles and motion -all objects in the universe are governed by the same laws of motion -all the world followed strict mechanical and mathematical principles. -His development of specific laws of physics became the basis for physical science for over 300 years.
Nicolaus Copernicus
-scientific revolution -investigated the solar system -arguing that the Earth revolved around the sun.
Christopher Columbus
-search for a water passageway to East Asia -ended up in America
Church of England
-separated from the Catholic church during Reformation -King Henry VIII started -maintained many of the sacraments and traditions of the Catholic Church but removed the Pope as an authority figure.
What laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution?
-series of changes in agriculture -many inter-related factors related to the development of new technologies and changing political and social structures.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
-the National Constituent Assembly of France presented -a charter of liberties that drew heavily on Enlightenment ideas and the U.S. Bill of Rights.
Qing Dynasty
-the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) -expanded China's borders.
Charles Darwin
-theory of evolution -Darwin's theories seemed to contradict traditional Christian teachings about the origins of life.
Starting point of the Scientific revolution?
-year 1543 -the publication of Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
When did the European Renaissance start?
14th century in Italy
The Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Place the following events in order of their occurrence. -The start of the Thirty Years' War -The birth of William Shakespeare -The publication of Diderot's Encyclopédie -The founding of the Qing Dynasty in China -Columbus's first voyage
Columbus's first voyage The birth of William Shakespeare The start of the Thirty Years' War The founding of the Qing Dynasty in China The publication of Diderot's Encyclopédie
When was the modern scientific method developed?
During the Scientific revolution
Which of the following best describes the primary motivation for European exploration of the Indian Ocean and nearby lands during the sixteenth century? a. Europeans wanted resources for new technologies. b. Europeans were driven by scientific exploration and discovery. c. Europeans were seeking lucrative trade opportunities. d. Europeans hoped to create new converts to Christianity.
Europeans were seeking lucrative trade opportunities. Early European explorers were looking for trade routes to areas rich in gold, silver, and spices, among other resources.
What was the general reaction of scholars and religious authorities to the work of Copernicus and Galileo?
In the mid-1500s, Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. Most scholars of the time rejected this idea because they believed that Earth was the center of the universe. The church later considered Galileo's work, which supported Copernicus's heliocentric theory, to be heresy because it contradicted Church teachings that the heavens stand in a fixed position to Earth.
What were the short- and long-term consequences of Martin Luther's actions?
In the short term, many Christians rallied around the ideas presented by Luther and began to organize new protestant churches, which resulted in conflicts all over northern Europe. In the long term, the role of the church in government was reduced.
What were some of the consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?
Industrialization generated considerable wealth, but its inequitable distribution widened differences among major social groups. It also contributed to urbanization. With industries forming primarily in urban areas, many people flocked to cities for newly created jobs. Pollution, crime, poor sanitation, and limited health services resulted in difficult circumstances for the working class and ultimately brought calls for reform.
What were the laws passed by the British on the colonies?
Intolerable Acts
What is the theory of liberalism?
Liberalism suggested that humans are by nature free and that government should be formed to protect their natural rights. Liberal thought began to change in the mid 19th century as classical liberalism remained focused on freedom and small, unobtrusive government but liberal reformers sought to use government to protect vulnerable classes of people in society.
The Swiss city-state of Geneva became a model of Protestant morality under the leadership of: Martin Luther. John Calvin. John Knox. Ulrich Zwingli.
John Calvin
Who Initiated the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther
Ottoman Empire Power
The Muslim subjects formed the ruling class, with a sultan as the state leader, and the judicial system was run by religious scholars.
When did the French Revolution occur? a. after the American Revolution b. many years after Napoleon's invasion of Russia c. during the Reign of Terror d. before the Seven Years' War between France and Great Britain
after the American Revolution The French Revolution began in 1789. The American Revolution started in 1775.
Stamp Act
an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
The Sino-Japanese War
began in 1894 when China and Japan went to war over control of Korea. Japan won handily
What type of government was created in England by the Glorious Revolution? a. absolute monarchy b. republic c. totalitarian d. constitutional monarchy
constitutional monarchy The Glorious Revolution placed limits on monarchical authority by prohibiting rulers from undertaking a wide range of actions without parliamentary consent.
Diderot's Encyclopedia was important because it: a. was the first publication printed with moveable type. b. reprinted numerous classical Greek and Roman works. c. spread Enlightenment ideas. d. was the first publication to include articles by women.
spread Enlightenment ideas. Diderot's Encyclopedia was a compilation of knowledge developed during the Enlightenment that was designed as a teaching text for literate members of the general public.
What was at the root of the revolutionary movement?
esire to be free and to create a system of government that ensured and protected that freedom.
Portuguese activities in Africa during the Age of Exploration focused on the acquisition of: a. gold and diamonds. b. silver and gold. c. salt and ivory. d. gold and slaves. e. slaves and diamonds.
gold and slaves. Portuguese explorers were initially searching for gold along the African coast. With the development of plantation agriculture in the Americas, the slave trade became increasingly important.
values that characterize romanticism.
intuition, imagination, passion, emotion, and a reverence for nature.
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, European aristocrats found themselves in general: a. less independent from monarchs than they had been during the Middle Ages. b no more or less independent from monarchs than they had been during the Middle Ages. c. winning most of the civil wars that they fought against monarchs. d. more independent from monarchs than they had been during the Middle Ages.
less independent from monarchs than they had been during the Middle Ages. Absolutist monarchs largely controlled the aristocracy, who found themselves serving the court in grandiose palaces as the monarchy took over responsibility for the military, collection of taxes, and the judicial system.
There is widespread agreement that the origin of the Renaissance can be found in: a. medieval Italy's unique urban institutions. b. patronage of the arts by church authorities. c. German unification efforts in Italy. d. the trade and merchant guilds of Spain. e. the communes of Paris.
medieval Italy's unique urban institutions. The Renaissance began in Italy during the late Middle Ages.
When did European exploration begin unfolding?
middle of 15th century
From the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, the Ottoman military forces: a. focused their modernization efforts only on their army, but allowed their navy to fall behind. b. modernized their military sufficiently to rival any contemporary power. c. modernized their military only enough to stay ahead of other Muslim powers, but failed to keep up with European armies. d. fell far behind other contemporary military powers.
modernized their military sufficiently to rival any contemporary power.
The Scientific Revolution was revolutionary in the sense that it: a. set the standard for evaluating knowledge in the Western world. b. rejected all traditional knowledge in favor of new discoveries. c. led to the replacement of the craftsman with the scientist. d. involved thousands of people in the pursuit of scientific goals.
set the standard for evaluating knowledge in the Western world.
Which of the following factors most influenced the European conquest of indigenous civilizations in the Americas? a. the decimation of native populations by European diseases b. the declining condition of indigenous civilizations c. the peaceful and conciliatory culture of the native peoples d. prior missionary work done by the Catholic church
the decimation of native populations by European diseases European explorers and settlers introduced diseases such as smallpox, typhus, and diphtheria to the Americas. With no immunity to these new diseases, thousands of Native Americans fell ill and died.
What created a need for African slave labor from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries? a. the need for a people knowledgeable about agricultural production b. the expansion of agricultural production in the Americas c. the decline in agricultural prices created the need for an unpaid labor source d. the inability of Europeans to develop commercially viable crops
the expansion of agricultural production in the Americas Europeans expanded agricultural production in the Americas and therefore required a large labor source. Using European indentured servants and enslaved Native Americans proved unsustainable. Using African slave labor addressed the need.
One radical change that Martin Luther advocated and the Catholic Church resisted was that: a. all images should be removed from churches. b. marriage had to be performed in the church. c. devotional books could be written in the vernacular languages. d. the liturgy should be performed in the vernacular languages.
the liturgy should be performed in the vernacular languages.
Enlightenment thinkers believed that: a. the revival of knowledge from the ancient world would set them apart from their predecessors. b. the progressive increase of knowledge was the key towards making the world a more perfect place. c. knowledge is relative to the society from which it emerges and can as easily be lost as found. d. the obtainment of knowledge was the highest calling of God.
the obtainment of knowledge was the highest calling of God.
One way that Renaissance artists reflected the new ideas of humanism was by painting: a. scenes that appeared two-dimensional. b. large, Gothic-style buildings. c. well-known people of the day. d. stylized rather than realistic people.
well-known people of the day. Renaissance artists used realistic techniques in their depictions of influential figures of the period.
Seven Years War
worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land 1754-1763