World History Final

How had President Eisenhower reacted to the Brown decision?

He did not seem to accept the ruling completely, refusing to provide it with the backing of his office.

Why did President Hoover do very little during the Great Depression to alleviate poverty?

He strongly believed that individuals or charities, not the government, should help alleviate poverty.

Which of the following is true about blacks in business in the late nineteenth century?

In order to succeed in business, blacks generally had to cater to other blacks

What was the significance of the Guinn v. United States case in 1915?

It overturned the grandfather clause in Oklahoma

What is true about school desegregation under Brown by 1960?

Only 17 school systems had been desegregated.

What successes did the NAACP see during World War II?

The NAACP grew tremendously in membership and influence, even in the South

What is true about violence against blacks in America around the time of World War I?

The violence expanded from the South to include the North as well.

Why did blacks serve in the Spanish-American War?

They hoped to demonstrate their bravery and worth to whites, and thereby eliminate racism and hostility

What methods did the NAACP use to try to gain black civil and political rights?

They worked within the court and legislative system, chipping away at discrimination, racism, and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.

What black college did Booker T. Washington found in 1872?

Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

How did Woodrow Wilson act toward black people when he became president?

Wilson held southern views about race; he segregated federal offices to avoid friction between the races.

What did the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakkeinvolve?

a white man who said that the University of California's admission requirements discriminated against him

What was the Tuskegee Experiment?

when the federal government sponsored a health study that monitored, but did not treat, black men with syphilis

What provoked the 1906 race riot in Atlanta, Georgia?

A white sheriff accused a black man of raping a white woman.

Who organized the proposed 1942 March on Washington Movement?

A. Philip Randolph

What is true about black migration between 1910 and 1940?

About 1.75 million blacks left the South, doubling the population of blacks outside that region.

How did events in Ethiopia in 1935 and in Spain in 1936-1937 affect how some African Americans thought about world events leading up to World War II?

African Americans supported anti-fascist movements in both countries, and the events demonstrated the threats of that type of government.

What did the case ofNorris v. Alabama, decided by the Supreme Court in 1935, state?

All Americans have the right to a jury of their peers. Excluding blacks from jury pools was deemed unconstitutional.

What was the ultimate result of the Dyer anti-lynching bill?

Although the NAACP gained publicity for the anti-lynching crusade, the bill ultimately failed

What is true about segregation in the North?

Although the North had laws against discrimination of blacks, enforcement was often overlooked.

What was the Spanish-American War about?

America wanted to liberate Cuba from Spanish control

Why did five of the seven existing black medical schools close down around 1910?

Because whites recommended the strengthening of the medical profession, partially by eliminating weaker medical schools.

What prompted the Houston Riot in 1917?

Black soldiers were disgusted over the racist treatment they received at the hands of the police in the segregated city

Which of the following is true about the role of black women in the NAACP?

Black women often made huge contributions through organizing and fundraising.

How did black voting patterns begin to change after the first election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt?

Blacks began to shift from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party

Which of the following was a reason for blacks to move over to the Democratic Party during the 1936 election?

Blacks felt that Roosevelt had been doing more for them than any other president.

Why did many black lawyers have a hard time making a living?

Blacks often preferred to hire white lawyers, which they believed could improve their chances of winning their cases.

What were some of the differences between life for a black soldier and life for a white soldier?

Blacks received far worse food rations, equipment, and horses.

How did the Rodney King verdict show differences between whites and blacks regarding American justice?

Blacks saw the acquittal of the police officers as an example of continued injustice while whites saw it as preserving law and order

The Niagara Movement leaders stated, "We repudiate the monstrous doctrine that the oppressor should be the sole authority as to the rights of the oppressed." What does this mean?

Blacks wanted to have an active role in determining what they wanted, rather than leaving it all up to whites.

What African American author influenced Jamaican born Marcus Garvey's early ideas about changing the situation of blacks?

Booker T. Washington

Why was the railroad train Pullman Company an early area for black labor organizing?

By the 1920s, it was the largest employer of black people in America.

Who was central to the NAACP's legal effectiveness during the 1930s in chipping away at segregation through the court system?

Charles Hamilton Houston

Why did the United States take so long to get involved in World War II?

Congress, with most of the American population, was isolationist, and thought that we should not have been involved in World War I.

What was not a reason why some people were critical of Washington's approach with the Tuskegee Institute?

Critics often felt that Washington was pushing too hard for change.

What is not true about Du Bois's and Washington's approaches to improving the condition of black men?

Du Bois did not think blacks should be submissive to whites and merely wait for change.

How did Du Bois's background shape his views, just as Washington's shaped his?

Du Bois was born free in the North, encountered little racism during his early years, and was incredibly intelligent and allowed to obtain a superior education.

What was true about the NAACP publication, "The Crisis"?

Edited by Du Bois, it generally contained strident language denouncing racism and demanding that blacks stand up for their rights.

What did the Supreme Court decide in Sweatt v. Painter?

Equality in educational facilities included a lot of intangibles. The justices were basically saying that Sweatt had to be admitted to the main law school, not simply give space for him in the basement of the university.

What amendment did the NAACP claim southern states were violating when they lacked black graduate education facilities or refused admittance to blacks?

Fourteenth Amendment

What was not true about Marcus Garvey and his ideas?

Garvey was very poorly educated, since he grew up in Jamaica, and left school at 14

What was not a difference between German POWs' treatment in prison camps and the treatment of African Americans in the military?

Germans, like other non-black ethnic groups, faced no discrimination within American society during the war

What 1930s movie most solidified blacks in the roles of servants in the American mind?

Gone With the Wind

Why did most strikes fail during the late nineteenth century?

Government and the police helped the businessmen over the workers.

How did Booker T. Washington react to the new Niagara Movement?

He paid newspaper reporters to criticize Du Bois.

How did Garvey react to the KKK?

He praised the organization as being the only honest white men in America

How was Roosevelt unlike Hoover in his attempts to end the Great Depression?

He proved very flexible, and willing to experiment with new changes and ideas.

How did Booker T. Washington react to the Atlanta Riot of 1906?

He said that black resistance would only lead to more black deaths, and urged racial harmony

How did Booker T. Washington feel about the NAACP?

He sent in aides and supporters to disrupt meetings, and attack Du Bois publicly

Which of the following was not an element of Booker T. Washington's famous speech at the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition in 1895?

He thought that blacks should work for voting rights at the same time they were trying to impress whites with their hard work, cleanliness, and good morals.

What types of political activities was Washington supporting behind the scenes?

He tried to both improve conditions for blacks on segregated railroad cars and get the grandfather clause overturned in the courts.

What was Charles Hamilton Houston's legal focus?

He tried to force the South to equalize facilities, especially in education

How did Arkansas Orville Faubus react to the Brown decision?

He tried to keep blacks from attending the local high school by posting the National Guard there, and closing the schools down

What benefits did Marcus Garvey and his ideas bring to many black people?

His ideas brought an opportunity to celebrate their culture, history, and heritage in a world that generally saw them as inferior or meaningless.

How did President Herbert Hoover deal with African Americans during the Great Depression?

Hoover wanted an all-white Republican Party in the South, and tried to appoint a racist to the Supreme Court.

How did the relationship between African Americans and labor unions change during the 1930s?

In the 1930s, more labor unions allowed blacks membership, and some even began integrated unions

What did the 1965 Voting Rights Act not do?

It created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

What did the case of State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada involve?

It forced states to provide equal facilities to blacks for legal education within their borders.

What did President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9981 do?

It officially desegregated the armed forces.

What did the American Federation of Labor think about black involvement in unions?

It refused entry to blacks or women.

What reaction did the NAACP have to the violence of the East St. Louis riot?

It sent members in to investigate, publicized the issues, and organized a silent march in New York City as a protest.

How was the case of Briggs v. Elliot different from prior NAACP cases in education?

It was the first case to involve elementary school education, rather than graduate school education.

What organization reemerged with millions of members shortly after the release of the movie, The Birth of a Nation?

Ku Klux Klan

What 1960s civil rights leader was very influenced by Garvey, and continued promoting some of his ideas?

Malcolm X

Which of the following is true about black migration destinations?

Many black families moved several times before settling down. c. Black migrants universally found "heaven" in their destinations.

What does the case of Sacco and Vanzetti tell us about America in the early 1920s?

Many felt their conviction and execution had more to do with xenophobia than legal evidence that they had been involved in a crime.

What was true about the formal education of many of the black writers and artists of the Harlem Renaissance?

Many of them went to very elite schools, at a time when any college education was rare.

How did the free black family in the North change in the time period between 1820 and 1860?

More became single-parent households, with women heading them

What is true about the occupations of black people after World War I and the great migration?

Most black people were still employed in agricultural work or domestic service

How did blacks feel about fighting Native Americans?

Most felt no worries or concerns at all. They felt a genuine pride in being professional soldiers.

How did most African Americans feel about entering World War I?

Most supported it, and many served in the armed forces as a way to demonstrate their patriotism and loyalty.

How did the typical early 20th century Progressive reformer feel about racism?

Most were racist themselves. They showed little interest in altering white supremacy

How were most black troops used during World War I used?

Most were used in manual labor, in building roads and as cooks.

Where did the term "buffalo soldiers" come from?

Native Americans admired blacks' fighting abilities, and thought their hair similar to the buffalo

What is true of Obama's winning percentage for the election of 2008?

Obama received one of the largest winning percentages in American history

What is true about academic studies and academic views of race in the 1920s?

Prominent scholars published numerous books warning about the threat to America from immigrants, and the dangers of "diluting" the white race

What political party did blacks generally support in the early twentieth century?

Republican

What was significant about the 1936 presidential election?

Republican Black voters outside the South shifted in significant numbers to the Democratic Party.

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 not do?

Restored all voting rights to African American men and women.

What did the Brown II decision say?

Schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed."

What did the Supreme Court decide in the case of Browder v. Gayle?

Segregation in public transportation was unconstitutional

How did white people react to Washington's Atlanta Compromise speech?

Since it was so non-threatening, they thought it was sensible and praiseworthy. Many whites supported Washington's leadership

Which of the following cases involved a young woman who had been denied admission to a the law school because she was black?

Sipuel v. Oklahoma State Board of Regents

What case ended the all-white primary strategy altogether?

Smith v. Allwright

Which of the following was a major enduring program initiated during the Second New Deal?

Social Security Act

What does the story of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company tell us about blacks during the Great Depression?

Some black businesses were able to succeed even with the difficulties of the Great Depression.

How did many whites react to the increased presence of blacks in the Democratic Party?

Some southern white Democrats were infuriated, and actually walked out of the presidential convention when blacks spoke.

What was the March on Washington Movement designed to do?

Stop discrimination against blacks in wartime industries and the military

Why did the all-white primary law disfranchise black voters in Texas, when they could still vote in the general election?

Texas was so heavily Democratic that the only really contested election was the primary race.

What did the Niagara Movement demand in 1905?

That blacks should protest vigorously for their rights, better schools, housing, and an end to racial prejudice.

What lessons did Amos 'n' Andy teach white America?

That it was acceptable to make fun and laugh at black people's efforts to make it in America

Garvey wanted to establish a settlement in Liberia. What stopped him?

The American, British, and French governments blocked his requests to the League of Nations, since they wanted to maintain power for themselves

How was the Klan of the 1920s different from the Reconstruction Klan?

The Klan of the 1920s expanded their hate targets to include Catholics, Jews, and immigrants as well as blacks.

What do the activities of the NAACP regarding "white primaries" and in the Sweet case tell us about their tactics during the 1920s?

The NAACP continued to use the court system to gain changes and civil rights in America.

What was the result of Washington's scheming to destroy the NAACP?

The NAACP eventually triumphed, in goals and tactics

What did the case of Powell v. Alabama, decided by the Supreme Court in 1932, state?

The Scottsboro Boys had not been given adequate council, and the trial was not fair because it had occurred in a hostile environment

What happened to much First New Deal legislation during the Great Depression?

The Supreme Court declared much of it unconstitutional.

What was true about the administration of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

The WPA was actuallyadministered far more equally than previous programs. It helped many black families.

Which of the following is true about the Civil Rights Act of 1957?

The act created a commission to study infringements on black voting

What was the result of the Brown case?

The court declared that separate educations for blacks and whites were not equal, therefore overturning the Plessy rule

What was not a popular reaction to the film, Birth of a Nation?

The film encouraged students to study the American Revolution.

Why did Charles H. Houston and Thurgood Marshall focus on gaining blacks access to professional and graduate schools?

The inequalities were very obvious; almost no graduate facilities existed for blacks in the South.

How did Pullman porters react to discrimination and unjust treatment on their railroad coach jobs?

The porters tried to work behind the scenes, very quietly, to try to get helpful legislation passed by Congress.

How did Billie Holiday's song "Strange Fruit" protest racism?

The song was about the horror and violence surrounding lynching

What was the role of the "Talented Tenth," according to Du Bois?

The top ten percent of blacks were to be responsible for working to achieve the civil and political rights of African Americans.

How did men like W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter feel about Booker T. Washington's efforts and views?

They became vocal, intense critics of Washington's. They felt he was yielding too much to whites

What was not a reaction by southern whites to implementing Brown?

They began a policy of massive, organized violent resistance.

What tactic did whites in Atlanta not use to break the widespread washerwomen's strike in 1881?

They brought in convict labor to perform washing duties for white Atlantans

How did other black leaders, like W. E. B. Du Bois and A. Philip Randolph, view Garvey?

They continually denigrated him and his ideas, calling him dangerous and a fool.

World War I was supposed to be a war "to make the world safe for democracy." With all this language, how did Americans apply these ideals to the treatment of blacks?

They didn't. Americans continued to hold onto racism, and reacted violently against blacks.

What did many of the race riots of the early twentieth century not have in common?

They generally led to some sort of improvement in race relations.

How did white authorities harass heavyweight champion Jack Johnson?

They had him arrested for violating the Mann Act when he married a white woman.

What is true about black women's support for women's suffrage?

They had long supported the issue, and understood that political power was needed to change discrimination in America.

What was the reaction of many white southerners to Truman's interest in African-American rights?

They left the Democratic Party to form the Dixiecrat Party, which favored white supremacy.

What was the role of FDR's "Black Cabinet"?

They lobbied and pressured the president and other governmental agencies to create color-blind policies

How did the French troops and people feel about black soldiers?

They praised their ability and courage, and asked for more black troops.

What principles did the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), created in 1942, stand by?

They were very democratic in their organization, and wanted America to stand up to its principles.

What was different about the black soldiers who served in World War II versus those who served in World War I?

Those who served in World War II were more likely to be high school or college graduates.

What organization did Marcus Garvey form in Jamaica in 1914?

Universal Negro Improvement Association

What type of political influence did Booker T. Washington have?

Washington actually had tremendous influence for a black man at the time. President Teddy Roosevelt respected him, and consulted with him regularly on political appointments

What was not a belief of Booker T. Washington about opportunities for blacks?

Washington believed that blacks should work for the right to vote while they worked for economic success.

What is true about the National Industrial Recovery Act's effect on black Americans?

When the NIRA increased wages, employers fired blacks in order to be able to hire whites.

What were the limitations of the early antislavery movement?

White abolitionists did not think that blacks should have equal rights

Why were black women often affected more than black men during the Depression?

White families could not afford domestic help during the Depression, or could get it at almost no cost at all, since some black women were so desperate.

Why was it difficult for blacks to find jobs in the North after 1820?

White immigration increased, and employers preferred to hire whites.

How was the Agricultural Adjustment Actunevenly implemented?

White landlords sometimes evicted black tenants from their land during the Great Depression.

What is true about the early NAACP?

White leaders dominated it and financed it.

How was Booker T. Washington's message received by whites?

Whites embraced his non-threatening acceptance of white superiority, and many supported him financially.

What did Du Bois and Garvey, as well as other black leaders, have in common?

a great interest in Africa, and trying to improve or eliminate colonial rule there

What was the "Double V" campaign?

a slogan adopted by African Americans to work for victory in World War II and victory over racism at home

What was social Darwinism?

a theory that applied Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to human society; white English and Germans were biologically superior to blacks

What was the "Bronx Slave Market"?

an area in New York where white women could very cheaply obtain day help from black women

What was the Cold War?

an ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union over different interests for Europe and the rest of the world

What did the film, Birth of a Nation, depict?

an incredibly racist view of black men as either ignorant or rapists, along with a glorification of the Ku Klux Klan

For what proposal is Garvey best remembered?

establishing the Black Star Line, a group of steamships that were supposed to help blacks get back to Africa

Which of the following was not a program of the Depression era WPA?

giving food to hungry blacks and whites

Where did most black men in the army after the Civil War spend their time?

in the West, fighting Native Americans

What skills were stressed for blacks and Native Americans at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute?

learning hard work in a trade, Christian morality, and middle-class values

What finally lifted the United States out of the Great Depression?

military spending by the United States to prepare for World War II

During the Great Depression why W. E. B. Du Bois begin to criticize the NAACP?

not putting enough emphasis on economic development for blacks

What was the primary force behind much of Adolf Hitler's policies?

racism, focusing on blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems

What did FDR's Executive Order 8022 do?

technically ended discrimination by race in defense industry employment

What did authors like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston think the purpose of black literature should be?

that art should portray ordinary, even poor black people, with their good and bad sides

Which was the first war to see integrated American troop units in conflict?

the Korean War

What legal organization did blacks form, since the American Bar Association would not include them?

the National Bar Association

What did Du Bois ask for at the first Pan-African Congress?

the creation of a central black nation, but he did not demand the immediate withdrawal of the Europeans

What did the Springfield Riot of 1908 lead to?

the creation of the NAACP

What was the "white man's burden"?

the duty of superior, more civilized white countries to educate and bring culture to backward, inferior races

What was the "talented tenth"?

the top ten percent of black society; leaders like Du Bois felt that this group should lead blacks to greater social and political equality

How were social services and relief programs handled beforethe Great Depression?

through private charities and individuals

What was the goal of the Urban League?

to help blacks as they moved into cities, with housing, discrimination issues, and medical care

What were "minstrel shows"?

traveling groups of actors and musicians, some portraying blacks as stereotypical caricatures

What did the case of the Scottsboro Boysinvolve?

two young white women who falsely accused nine young black men of rape on a train

What did many people think was an appropriate education for black students?

vocational training, in a skill or trade