World History Final

What did the Renaissance mark the beginning of?

"The Modern Era"

What was Louis XIV (14th) nickname?

"The Sun King"

Was the Third Crusade about?

(1187 - 1192) A fight between Saladin and Richard the Lionheart

How long did the Taiping Rebellion last?

(1850-1864) 14 years

Who was James I of Scotland (r. 1603 - 1625)

(r. 1603 - 1625) He inherited the throne after childless Elizabeth I passed - Believed in "Divine Right" - Taxed without consent of Parliament - Violated English custom dating to Magna Carta - He was king of England and Scotland Said to be the forgotten king (believed to be bisexual or pansexual)

Charles I (r. 1625 - 1649)

(r. 1625 - 1649) Ruled with close advisor, Archbishop Laud, displaying Catholic tendencies - Disbanded Parliament for 11 years until Scottish Rebellion of 1640 - Unrest began to grow under him culminating in Civil War

Who was Charles II (r. 1660 - 1685)?

(r. 1660 - 1685) - Known as the "merry monarch" - Brought back much of the fun and recreation banned under Puritan rule

Who was Peter the Great?

(r. 1682 - 1725) - He built St. Petersburg as his modern, western - His goal was to westernize and modernization Russia and strengthen the military - Brought the potato to Russia

Who was James II (r. 1685 - 1689)?

(r. 1685 - 1689) He was pro-Catholic & threatened "traditional liberties:" Anglican church & parliamentary government

What was the overall affect of the Agricultural Revolution?

- 190% increase in population - More productive farming increased - Livestock increased which led prices for meat to go down - Exploitation of lower classes who became tenant farmers - Allowed more British people to live in cities and work in factories

What did where the 2 challenges that Qing China faced that would threaten China's future strength?

- A population boom which led to a rise in the number of Chinese peasants & competition for land - European missionaries & merchants arrived in Asia with hopes of trading with China

During the Age of Imperialism these two continents were taken over

- Africa - Asia

Where did the French face resistance?

- Algeria - West Africa

Who were Henry VII children?

- Arthur - Henry VIII (8th) - Margaret - Mary

Major Themes to Think about from the Wars

- Balance of Power - Confirmation of Succession - Monopoly on Slave Trade - Alliances - Where Russia's power came from - Why National and Economic Motives Increase

What are the sports of Japan?

- Baseball - Sumo Wrestling

Different Phases of the Thirty Year War

- Bohemia Phase; nobility form an alliance with Protestant Union, but gets defeated by Ferdinand II's forces - Danish Phase; King Christian IV joins the Protestants - Swedish Phase; Sweden joins the protestants which causes them to start winning battles. Once their leader falls though they are vanquished - French Phase; France joins and reveals the war is about Politics. They cause a stalemate with the HRE & Spain. Ends war with the Battle of Prague.

What are 3 things who can observe from this map?

- Both France and Great Britain maintained and had a lot of the land in Africa - There were only 2 countries that remained independent during the imperialization of Africa - Although Belgium only had one country in Africa, they still managed to have one of the biggest and cruelest dealings in Africa - Belgium was one of the last countries to obtain a part of Africa

Who were the countries who carved out separate spheres of influence (exclusive trading zones) in China?

- Britain - France - Germany - Russia - Japan

Who tried to negotiate trade rights with the Japanese in the early 1800s?

- Britain - France - Russia - USA

Name three resistance movements/rebellions to Imperialism and where they occurred

- Chinese Opium Wars (China) - Sepoy Rebellion (India) - Herero Revolt (Namibia) - Zulu Wars (Southern Africa) - Tai Ping Rebellion (China)

What happened in the 2nd Opium War (1856 - 1860)

- Chinese defeated again - Forced to open ten more ports to trade - Forced to allow Christian missionaries into China

What were the criticisms of consumerism?

- Church did not approve. Clergy delivered sermons against the sinful vanity of consumerism. - Rousseau wanted a return to simpler times and wanted Geneva to stop spending on luxury goods so people would focus on nobler things (idealized Sparta)

What are the forms of imperial rule?

- Colonies - Protectorates - Spheres of Influence

How did China react to Western Influences?

- Committed to traditional values → little desire to trade with the West or adapt western ideas - Lost military conflicts against the West such as the Opium Wars - Forced to grant other nations "spheres of influence" in China

What did the Political Motive include?

- Compete with other European countries - Amass more territory than its rivals - Gain prestige by suggesting other countries were inferior - Boost national pride - Increase security by establishing military bases

Name 2 reasons why Europeans were unable to travel and dominate parts of Africa's interior in the earlier years

- Disease - Difficulty to travel

What were the motives for imperialism?

- Economic - Exploratory - Political - Ideological - Religious

What were the affects of the increase of spending?

- Economies began to expand and wages rose. Families found they could shop for small luxuries like combs and mirrors. The more people spent, the more wages rose. First "consumer revolution" occurred mostly in England. - Could buy furniture and pottery, dresses featured in magazines. Etc. - Styles in clothing and hair now began to change yearly when previously they'd changed very little

What were the benefits of the putting out system for the Entrepreneurs?

- Entrepreneurs recognized the benefits of using unskilled wage labor to make a greater profit by reducing labor costs - The work was at a set wage (The workers could not demand higher wages) - It whittled production costs - Much of this part-time production was done under contract to merchants - Their domestic productivity increased the quantity of goods available for sale in country towns and nearby cities

What 2 areas of Africa that remained free?

- Ethiopia - Liberia

What were the two only African countries to remain independent from British rule?

- Ethiopia - Liberia

What did the Exploratory Motive include?

- Explore "unknown" or uncharted territory - Conduct scientific research - Go on an adventure - Investigate "unknown" lands and cultures

What are some of the key features of paintings of Christian religious figueres?

- Eyes staring out - A disk around the head to symbolize holiness

What are the traits of Direct Rule?

- Foreign officials and soldiers brought in to rule - No self-rule - Goal: assimilation to European culture - Government institutions are based only on European styles

Results of exploration on England

- Founded Colonies starting with Roanoke, Plymouth, & Jamestown - Colonies were more independent and form their own autonomous assemblies - Separated themselves from Natives - 1660 - 16998 Royal African Company has monopoly on slave trade

Results of exploration on France

- Founded Quebec & colonies in West Indies - Focused on trading (furs) over settling - Good relationships with natives - Had good control over their colonies - Tried to convert natives with Jesuits

What 2 countries had taken the most land in Africa?

- France - Britain

What are some ideas associated with Capitalism?

- Free market and no tariff or barriers to trade - Laissez-Faire (The policy of letting the owners of industry and business fix the rules of competition, the conditions of labor, etc. as they please, without governmental regulation or control)

What did the Japanese officials use as models when reforming education in Japan?

- German - America - French Public Schools

Results of exploration on Spain

- Good control over colonies, yet colonies still creted their own governments; Viceroylaties (2 -> 4) then adopted France's form of control - Mistreated Natives - Missionaries came to both learn and convert the natives

Who was Louis XIV?

- He was the King of France (r. 1643 - 1715) - He was 5'4 - wore heels and wigs - He taxed at will to fund his Palace of Versailles and foreign wars - Believed in the divine right of kings - Revoked the Edict of Nantes, ending religious toleration in France

What are some of the good things that China had?

- Healthy agricultural economy - Large deposits of natural resources - Manufactured products like silk, cotton clothes, & porcelain

What did Belgium want from Congo?

- Ivory - Rubber

What is one economic change that developed during the 17th and 18th centuries? (There are multiple possible answers)

- Joint stock companies live United East Indian Company & British East India Company - Rise of Capitalism - Enclosures - Putting out System - Consumerism increases (though could also be a continuity)

What were some of the aspects that made exploration possible?

- Knowledge (Ptolemy's Geography) - Better made ships - Technologies (Magnets, Compasses, and Astrolabe) - Political Centralization in France, Spain,& England

What are the names of the 4 main islands of Japan?

- Kyushu - Shikoku - Honshu - Hokkaido

What did Leopold's agents do to "encourage" the Congolese to do hard labor, meet their rubber quote, etc...... ?

- Leopold's agents held families hostage until the men returned with their rubber quote - Those who refused or failed to supply enough rubber often had their villages burned down, children murdered, and their hands cut off. - Local chiefs did rebel, fleeing into the forest. Belgian officers responded by burning villages and hunting the rebels down

What are the traits of Indirect Rule?

- Local (native) government officials used - Limited self-rule - Goal: develop future leaders loyal to colonial power - Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules

What events limited the Power of the English Monarchy? (Hint there are 5)

- Magna Carta (1215) - Creation of Parliament (1295) - Petition of Right (1628) - English Civil War (1642) - Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights (1689)

What did the Economic Motive include?

- Make Profits - Increase Trade - Create new markets for manufactured goods - Acquire raw materials - Acquire cheap labour

Who were Henry VIII (8th) children?

- Mary I (Bloody Mary) - Elizabeth I - Edward VI

What is one economic continuity that remained the same from the Renaissance to the 17th & 18th centuries? (There are multiple possible answers)

- Mercantilism continues to dominate in places like France - Inequalities in wealth persist - Colonies play an integral role - Global trade continues for luxury goods

Who were the First Europeans to explore the interior of Africa?

- Missionaries - Explorers

What are the four main zaibatsu?

- Mitsui - Mitsubishi - Sumitomo - Yasuda

What did the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II do?

- Modernized his country - Purchased weapons - Hired Europeans to build roads & bridges

Africa is home to what two rivers

- Nile - Congo

What is the Taiping Rebellion know as?

- One of the bloodiest wars in human history - The bloodiest civil war in history - The largest conflict of the 19th century - 20-70 million killed

What did the Ideological Motive include?

- One race was superior to the other - It was the "duty" of Europeans to bring their culture to "less developed" regions - Only the strongest nation will thrive

What happened in Ethiopia with Military Resistance?

- Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent at the end of the Scramble for Africa - Ethiopia signed a treaty in which they promised only to conduct relations with Italy, which would essentially make Ethiopia a puppet - Italy was defeated by Ethiopia at the Battle of Adwa - Menelik II made reforms and extended his borders once he took over Ethiopia

What are some other examples of attempts to fight against imperialism?

- Opium Wars →Forcing out Great Britain - Sepoy Rebellion - Herero Revolt - Battle of Ohmaderman - Zulu Wars - Taiping Rebellion → Revolt against Qing Dynasty in China

What did the Chinese do to try to stop the opium trade?

- Outlawed opium sales - Appointed Commissioner Lin to end opium smuggling

What are the traits of the Orthodox Church?

- Patriarch is the highest official - The Emperor has power over patriarch - Priest can marry - Divorce is difficult - Greek is the language of the church - Icons represent presence of holy figure

What were some of the social thought changes that happened as a result of exploration?

- Philosophy - Cultural relativism/racial identities - Economy - mercantilism

What are the traits of the Roman Catholic Church?

- Pope is the highest official - Pope has power of kings in Europe - Priest cannot marry - Divorce forbidden - Latin is the language of the church - Icons are seen as false images of god.

What were some treatment/cures used against the Black Plague?

- Prayer - Leaches - Bathing in Urine - Placing dead animals in the home - Isolation - Pomanders

What were the benefits of the putting out system for the workers?

- Putting-out work proved a welcome source of extra income for farm families who saw their profits dwindle from new competition from larger farms with higher-yield lands. - It took place on the farm, giving farmers and their wives control over the timing and pace of their labor - Their domestic productivity increased the quantity of goods available for sale in country towns and nearby cities

What are some examples of Industrial Technology?

- Quinine - Steamboats - Rifles, - Maxim machine guns - Artillery.

What did the Japanese build when industrialization started up in Japan?

- Railroads - Steamships - Steel Bridges

Who was Mansa Musa?

- Richest man in history - Largest slave owner - African king

What was the main resource harvest out of the Congo?

- Rubber - Ivory

The 2 major conflicts that Japan fought and won

- Russo - Japanese War - The 2nd Sino-Japanese War

Where was Absolutism in the UK?

- Scotland - Ireland - Wales - England

What affect did tools & tech have on the Agricultural Revolution?

- Seed drills & threshing machines helped lag between invention & application most land still done by man and horsepower - Improved sickle & scythe did help increase productivity

What was the state of Prussia and Austria?

- Serfs were under represented - In Austria after Charles V divided his empire, Catholic Habsburgs controlled the Austria and Spanish Habsburgs separately (1555) - In Prussia Hohenzollern dynasty, started by Frederick William, and created a formidable military

What encouraged the conquest of Africa?

- Social Darwinism - Steamboats - Industrial weapons

What did the Religious Motive include?

- Spread Christianity - Spread European Values and moral beliefs through missionary activity

What were some of the motives that started the Age of Exploration?

- Spreading of Religion (Primarily Christianity) - Resources and power of resources - Plain Curiosity - Trading routes (mainly to India for spice)

What are the main continuities and changes to economic development that occurred during the 17th and 18th century? (Hint: There are 6)

- The Agricultural Revolution raised productivity and increased the supply of food and other agricultural products - The importation and transplantation of agricultural products from the Americas contributed to an increase in the food supply in Europe. - Labor and trade in commodities were increasingly freed from traditional restrictions imposed by governments and corporate entities. - The putting-out system, or cottage industry, expanded as increasing numbers of laborers in homes or workshops produced for markets through merchant intermediaries or workshop owners. - The development of the market economy led to new financial practices and institutions. - Early modern Europe developed a market economy that provided the foundation for its global role

What rivers does Africa home to?

- The Nile ( longest river in the world ) - The Congo River ( The Congo River Basin covers 12% of Africa )

What deserts are located in Africa?

- The Sahara ( world's largest desert ) - The Kalahari ( a desert in southern Africa )

What were the effects of the Scientist Revolution?

- The Scientific Revolution influenced the development of the Enlightenment values of individualism because it demonstrated the power of the human mind - The ability of scientists to come to their own conclusions rather than deferring to instilled authority confirmed the capabilities and worth of the individual The scientific revolution, which emphasized systematic experimentation as the most valid research method, resulted in developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. These developments transformed the views of society about nature.

What upset the Chinese that led to the Boxer Rebellion?

- The growth of foreign influence - Poverty among peasants - Christianity

What did the dutch reclaim in 1648?

- They reclaimed their land and then focused on internal improvements - Used United East Indian Company profits to turn swamps into farmlands

What were some places that didn't have absolutism?

- United Provinces of the Netherlands (Estates general kept the House of Orange in check) - Poland (King was elected by nobles that also held power) - England (constitutionalism)

How did the Japanese react to Western Influence?

- Valued tradition but also considered modernization necessary - Adapts western technology and other reforms by studying successes and failures of other countries - Strengthened its military and economy - Began to build its own empire

What caused the continual decline of the Ottoman Empire?

- Weak Sultans - Financial debt - Failure to modernize their army

What were some inequalities that women faced in Japan?

- Women could not divorce their husbands - Marriages were arranged, usually when the woman was about 16 years old - Women were supposed to remain at home

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Basic Latrines:The toilet facilities at Gallipoli were far from luxurious. Latrines in a war zone are never of a particularly high standard, but the cramped nature of the peninsula, the difficulty of keeping clean, and the widespread dysentery meant those at Gallipoli were in an especially poor state.

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Dysentery Epidemic:A particularly debilitating aspect of service at Gallipoli was the widespread presence of illness and disease, especially dysentery. Brought on - and exacerbated by - the unhygienic living conditions, rotting corpses and huge numbers of flies, there was hardly anyone who had not been affected by it by the end of the campaign. It sapped men of their strength, made them and their clothing filthy and resulted in thousands who suffered from it being evacuated off the peninsula.

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Extreme Weather: Gallipoli had extremes of weather. During the summer months, it was blisteringly hot, which helped the spread of disease and flies and made the men's tiny water rations feel even more inadequate. But the temperature could also plummet, and in the autumn and winter of 1915, the troops were shivering in their light uniforms; large numbers suffered from trench foot and frostbite.

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Fly Swarms: The hot climate, putrefying bodies and unsanitary conditions led to huge swarms of flies at Gallipoli, which made life almost unbearable for the men there. The flies plagued them all the time, covering any food they opened and making it impossible to eat anything without swallowing some of the insects with it.

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Inhospitable Terrain:The small Gallipoli peninsula was unsuited for the lengthy campaign that took place there in 1915. The terrain was inhospitable, characterized by rocky ground with little vegetation and hilly land with steep ravines. After initial assaults on Gallipoli in April 1915, the Allied invasion lost its momentum in the face of strong Turkish resistance. Complex trench systems developed as the situation descended into an uneasy siege-like state. In some places, the Turkish and Allied lines were just a few dozen metres apart.

How did crop rotation affect the Agricultural Revolution?

-Land production doubled -Ended the practice of leaving land fallow -Planted crops like clover and turnips in addition to wheat & barley making land more fertile

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Lice infestation:The unsanitary conditions at Gallipoli soon led to a widespread infestation of body lice amongst the men. Men scratching at their louse-ridden skin and inspecting the seams of their uniforms for the parasites became a familiar sight. Unable to keep either themselves or their clothes clean, the men became lousy - and it was very difficult to get rid of the lice once they had them.

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-No Water:Fresh water was scarce on the dusty, dry Gallipoli peninsula - particularly at Anzac Cove - and was strictly rationed out. Getting water supplies to the troops was an arduous process. It was brought from abroad by sea and kept in tanks on the coast, then taken up to the trenches by troops or animal transport. The water shortage soon took its toll on men who were already weakened by the harsh climate and living conditions.

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Rotting Corpses:Another unpleasant feature of life at Gallipoli was the stench of decaying bodies left out in no man's land. The high casualty rates of the campaign - coupled with the risk of being shot at by snipers if any attempt was made to bring in the dead from out in the open - meant that putrefying corpses were common. These only added to the unhealthy conditions, providing ideal places for flies and disease to thrive.

Explain a reason why Gallipoli was one of the worst fronts in WW1.

-Unappetizing foods:The food supplied to the men at Gallipoli was a source of much complaint. Hard biscuits, unappetising jam and tinned bully beef was the staple diet and many became fed up with its limited range. The rations they received were smaller than they'd have liked, too.

What was Versailles?

-a palace that Louis XIV built -symbol of wealth/power ( major flex ) -Louis XIV's home - Hall of Mirrors - Where WW II ended Versailles also was the center of political life & nobles aspired to be close to the king— "robe nobles"

What were some good uses of Absolutism? (more than one possible answer)

1. An absolute rule can enforce law and order and bring about a stable society ex: Augustus Caesar and the Roman Empire (He restored order and sparked the "Pax Romana") 2. An absolute ruler can bring about rapid, positive changes that benefit the people ex: Emperor Meiji of Japan (He transformed Japan into a modern, industrialized westernized nation)

What were some bad uses of absolutism? (more than one possible answer)

1. An absolute ruler can terrorize and deny his subjects basic human rights ex: Emperor Nero and the Roman Empire (He raised taxes to enrich himself and did a bunch of bad stuff) 2. An absolute ruler can commit terrible atrocities and acts of pure evil ex. Pol Pot and Cambodia (He committed one of the worst genocides in history)

What are Newton's laws of motion?

1. An object will not change it's motion unless a force acts on it 2. The force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration 3. When objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction

What were the 3 Obediences?

1. Child to Father 2. Wife to Husband 3. Widow to Son

What did the Closed Country Edict of 1635 entail?

1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. 2. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority. 3. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. 4. If there is any place where the teachings of padres ["fathers," as in Catholic priests] is practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation. 7. If there are any Southern Barbarians [Europeans] who propagate the teachings of padres, or otherwise commit crimes, they may be incarcerated in the prison.... 8. All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of padres. 9. No single trading city shall be permitted to purchase all the merchandise brought by foreign ships.

What were the 5 motives for imperialism?

1. Religious 2. Economic 3. Political 4. Exploratory 5. Ideological

What were some Global Impacts of WW2?

1. The Fascists were defeated in Germany, Italy and Japan had been replaced by Democratic governments. 2. 50 million people were dead and there was massive destruction throughout Europe and Asia. 3. Some nations were economically ruined. Nations such as Britain, France, Germany and Japan. The total cost of the war, 2 trillion dollars which nowadays equal to around 4 trillion 4. The European colonial powers were too weak to hold on to their colonies in Africa and Asia 5. The U.S. and the Soviet Union were in command of the world. Their ideological differences led to the Cold War.(Capitalism=U.S. vs Communism=USSR)

What 3 new pieces of technology impacted WW1?

1.Barbwire 2.Machine guns 3.Artillery

Describe 3 effects of the Battle of Tannenberg

1.Over 50,000 russian soldiers were killed and 92,000 were taken as POW 2.Russia would be unable to support their comrades in the Battle of the Marne 3.General Alexander Samsonov commits un-alive

How long did the Hundred Years' War last?

116 years (1337-1453)

What year did the ship carrying the Plague infested rats arrive in Europe?

1347

What year did the Byzantine Empire fall?

1453 AD

When did the dutch win independence?

1648

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended the War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended the golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire. The throne was given to Louis XIV's Grandson who renounced any right to the French throne for future generations to come.

When did Germany become a country?

1871

When was the Boxer Rebellion?

1899-1901

When was the U.s. pulled into the war?

1917

Totalitarianism Files notes: Chronology

1922 - MUSSOLINI APPOINTED PRIME MINISTER OF ITALY. Mussolini's Black Shirts marched on Rome. In the party's conference in October of 1922, Mussolini said: "Either the Government will be given to us or we shall seize it by marching on Rome." King Victor Emanuel III refused to allow the army to stop the marchers, and the Fascists seized power without firing a shot. 1924 - STALIN TAKES OVER THE USSR AFTER THE DEATH OF LENIN. He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, and after the death of Lenin, he outmaneuvered Trotsky to become dictator of the Soviet Union, using a combination of manipulation and terror to destroy his opposition. 1933 - HITLER BECOMES CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY. After his failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, Hitler was sent to jail where he wrote "Mein Kampf," in which he laid out his nationalist and anti-semitic plans for Germany. As unemployment rose in the 1930s, the Nazi party gained votes in the Reichstag. President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933.

How many people died in the Boxer Rebellion?

200 Christian missionaries 30,000 Chinese Christians

When do the dark ages in the western empire begin?

476 AD

What was the worst year in history?

536 AD

How many more Jews were now under Nazi control?

750,000 more jews

How many kills did the Red Baron have?

80 kills

By 1914 how much of Africa did Europeans control?

90% of Africa

Who was Voltaire?

A French writer, one of the most famous Enlightenment philosophers In his lifetime he published numerous works, including books, plays, poems, and polemics. His most famous works included the fictitious Lettres philosophiques and the satirical novel Candide His 'common sense' crusade against superstition and prejudice and in favour of religious toleration was his single greatest contribution to the progress of Enlightenment Voltaire is remembered as a crusader against tyranny and bigotry and is noted for his wit, satire, and critical capacity

In 1922, Mussolini was popular enough to lead a what?

A March On Rome

What was adopted to protect Japan from European influences?

A ban of all foreign merchants & missionaries

What was the Battle of Omdurman?

A battle between the British and Sudanese in which the British killed 10,000 Sudanese soldiers

What is constitutionalism?

A government of laws, not people, operating on the principle that governmental power must be limited, that government officials should be restrained in their exercise of power over individuals.

What is the Universal law of gravitation?

A law stating that any two masses attract each other with a force equal to a constant multiplied by the product of the two masses and divided by the square of the distance between them.

Define belligerent

A nation or person engaged in war or conflict

What happen after Japan's victory over China?

A rivalry developed between Japan & Russia

17th Century Dutch Wars

A series of wars between the Unites Provinces of Netherlands and Britian/France. This was a series of naval, commercial, dynastic, and territorial disputes. Split into 3 wars.

Treaty of Nystad

A treaty that ended the great Northern War. Prussia and Russia are the big winners in this treaty and Poland and Sweden (lose Baltic lands) are the losers. This marks the end of Sweden as a great power. Russia gained many ports for trading.

What did Romanov czars continue to rule as?

Absolute Monarchs

What did absolute monarchs believe in?

Absolute monarchs believed in divine right, the idea that God created the monarchy & kings answered only to God, not the people.

By 1600, some European kings had become absolute monarchs What is an Absolute Monarchy?

Absolute monarchy is a government in which one king should hold all the power within a country

What was absolutism the age of?

Absolutism was the age of kings

What gave the Western nations many advantages?

Advances in science, industry, and technology

What is continent is the most geographically diverse and home to the most human diversity?

Africa

What is the 2nd largest continent? (It houses 10% of the world's population)

Africa

After WW1, what was the strongest nation in Asia?

After WW1, Japan was the strongest nation in Asia and was ready to conquer new lands to provide resources for Japanese industry.

What was happening to many nations after WW1?

After WW1, many nations were struggling to rebuild

After being freed from jail, what did Hitler do?

After being released from jail, Hitler spent years organizing the Nazis into Germany's most powerful political party.

What started the Dutch Golden Age?

After the Netherlands were able to succeed from Spain's grasp and their trade with Eastern Countries started to flourish, the Dutch were launched into a golden age.

The Battle of Tannenburg: What occurred after three days of battering by German artillery?

After three days of battering by German artillery, Samsonov's troops began their retreat; more German forces cut off their path and a massive slaughter ensued.

Alexandra's son had what kind of disease?

Alexandra's son, Alexi, was hemophiliac.

What did the European colonizers claim their intent was with Africa?

All the European colonizers claimed their intent was to bring civilization and expand trade into Africa

Growing rivalries among nations led to the formation of two military what?

Alliances

During the Dutch Golden Age, how did the Netherlands' Government change?

Along with the other provinces that succeeded from Spain, they decided to have a loosely created confederation known as the States-General. There is where representatives or stadhtholder came together. Each of these representatives had authority over their respective provinces. Constitutional Government

Who was Marco Polo?

An Italian explorer of the 13th century that traveled to China He wrote a book about what he saw and according to the book he saw... - People with dog heads - Cyclopes - A giant floating head

What finally ended the Boxer Rebellion?

An army of 19,000 British, French, American soldiers

2nd Dutch War 1665 - 1667

An encounter in Africa, the fall of New Amsterdam, and another naval defeat lead to the second war starting. Meanwhile, when Charles II was having financial difficulties, the Dutch took the opportunity to raid a British dockyard. Peace was made and the Navigation Acts were modified in favor of the Dutch.

On an estimate, how many people were killed in WW1?

An estimated 187 million.

How many Jews were estimated to be killed?

An estimated 6-7 million Jews were killed.

What is humanism?

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. Humanism stressed the study of classical subjects such as history and literature. The goal for Humanism was to get Europeans to think more on their own, to form ideas for their self and to achieve all they could out of their life.

What was ancient Japan?

Ancient Japan was a territory divided by clans that borrowed ideas from China, like Buddhism, emperors, writing, & architecture

What was the massacre of the Sudanese by Great Britain called?

Anglo-Sudan war or Sudan Campaign

What were the Zulu Wars?

Anglo-Zulu War, also known as Zulu War, decisive six-month war in 1879 in Southern Africa, resulting in British victory over the Zulus. During the second half of the 19th century, the British were interested in Zululand for several reasons, including their desire for the Zulu population to provide labour in the diamond fields of Southern Africa, their plan to create a South Africa federation in the region (thereby destroying autonomous African states), and Boer land claims (supported by the British) on territory held by the Zulu kingdom.

What was missing at the Berlin Conference?

Any representatives from Africa

Term used in South Africa regarding segregation of the population

Apartheid

Notable Dates

April 28th 1945:Italy kills Mussolini April 30th 1945:Hitler "commits suicide" May 1st 1945:Goebbels kills his entire family then himself May 8th 1945:Victory in Europe Day

What did Arab invaders do in the 7th century?

Arab invaders termed the area Ifriqiya in the 7TH century

On June 28th 1914, who was assassinated by a Serbian terrorist?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife

What type of island chain is Japan?

Archipelago

What day did this become known as?

Armistice day/Veterans day

Why did the U.S. enter World War I?

As a neutral nation, the USA was trading with the Allies during the war which created Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare led to attacks on U.S. merchant ships & British passenger ships.

What caused the War of Spanish Succession?

As the current King of Spain's health was declining, and he was childless, the question of who would succeed him became a big topic. The successor would dramatically increase the power of either France or Austria.

Did the Schlieffen Plan work?

At first it did, the Schlieffen Plan seemed to be working when the German army marched through Belgium & France, within miles of Paris. But, English & French troops saved Paris at the Battle of the Marne.

Describe planes in WW1

At the outbreak of World War I, heavier-than-air craft were used only for visual reconnaissance, since their feeble engines could carry little more than a pilot and, in some cases, an observer aloft. They soon proved their worth in this mission, however, and RFC aviators provided reconnaissance that enabled the British and French armies to counterattack in the decisive Battle of the Marne on September 6-12, 1914, turning back the invading Germans just short of Paris.

What forced Japan to surrender?

Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki forced Japan to surrender. This would be the end of WW2.

Result of the Great Turkish War

Austria gained Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia. Polan recovered territory, and the Republic of Venice also gained territory. Some of the lands was later returned to Turkey.

What type of rule did the Byzantine Empire have?

Autocratic rule....The emperor appointed the church leader (Patriarch) and controlled the government and military.

What were the "Ancient Ideas" from before the Scientific Revolution?

Before the Scientific Revolution, most educated people who studied the world took guidance from the explanations given by authorities like ancient Greek writers and Catholic Church officials Previous to the scientific revolution, science regarding the placement of Earth in the universe was restricted by views held by the heavily religious society The common held belief for a long time was that the Earth was the center of the universe and that all the planets revolved around it After the Scientific Revolution, educated people placed more importance on what they observed and less on what they were told

King Leopold II was the king of this European country

Belgium

Who were the 2 biggest people who believed in fascism?

Benito Mussolini(Italy) and Adolf Hitler(Germany)

What was the English Bill of Rights?

Bill of Rights, formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown (1689), one of the basic instruments of the British constitution, the result of the long 17th-century struggle between the Stuart kings and the English people and Parliament The English of Rights (1689) included that... - Parliament had be called at least every three years-Protected free speech-Laws would be made in Parliament -Judiciary independence from the crown The English Bill of Rights created a constitutional monarchy in England, meaning the king or queen acts as head of state but his or her powers are limited by law Under this system, the monarchy couldn't rule without the consent of Parliament, and the people were given individual rights

Who was Blaise Pascal? What did he do?

Blaise Pascal was a French - Mathematician - Physicist - Religious Philosopher He is regarded as the founder of the modern theory of probability He propagated a religious doctrine that taught the experience of God through the heart rather than through reason Credited for inventing the calculator Inventions: - Pascal's Calculator - Mechanical Calculator - Adding Machine

What Bolsheviks seized control of the provisional government and declared themselves the new government leaders of Russia?

Bolshevik Red Guards

Serbians vowed to take what country from Austria-Hungary?

Bosnia Herzegovina

Totalitarianism Files notes:The Secret Police

Both Stalin & Goering dealt with any opposition ruthlessly. Goering warned his police to proceed cautiously to avoid errors and mistakenly arresting the wrong people. He said it was better to make errors in acting that to fail to act. Both Goering and Stalin's secret police were instructed to find and execute Communists. The USSR was Communist. The Secret Police was used to eliminate any opposition to the ruling party in both Germany & the USSR. Stalin had people executed without trial for alleged crimes against the state. The main purpose of the secret police was to keep citizens safe from crimes such as murder and robbery. The Secret Police served the Party & its leader not the citizens

Who did China declare war on in response to the opium trade?

Britain

Who took advantage of the weakness of the Qing Dynasty? What did they use this advantage to do?

Britain & other industrial powers took advantage of China's weakness to force China to sign unequal trade treaties in particular ports

What did get in the Treaty of Nanjing?

Britain received Hong Kong & extraterritorial rights in China ( foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws) 5 more Chinese ports ports are opened to the West

What did the British do in 1882?

Britain seized control of the Suez Canal from a French company

Who won the Opium Wars?

Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars

What nations supported the White Army?

Britain, France and the U.S. all supported the White Army to get Russia back into WW1.

Who was the most important empire-builder in Africa?

British businessman: Cecil Rhodes His DeBeers Company created diamond mines in South Africa Rhodes gained new colonies for Britain in southern Africa Rhodes used his wealth to build railroads & telegraph lines in Africa

Why did America's anger with Germany increase in 1917?

British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, Heinrich von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. This message helped draw the United States into the war and thus changed the course of history.

Great Northern War

Broke out as Peter attacked Sweden(with assistance from Poland and Denmark) in his quest to establish a Russian trading port on the Baltic. After being routed initially, Peter re-organized his army on the western model and eventually gained Estonia, Livonia, and Karella on the Baltic. War is decided with the Battle of Poltava, but ends with the Peace of Nystad in 1721. Sweden becomes a second-rate power after the war.

On September 29th, October 30th and November 3rd, what 3 countries of the Central Powers surrendered?

Bulgaria(Sept 29th), Ottoman Empire(Oct 30th) and Austria-Hungary(Nov 3rd) 1918

What was the code of the warrior known as?

Bushido

What did outside merchants have to do to trade with China?

But, outside merchants always had to obey Chinese rules & show respect

How much of the world's land did the Europeans control?

By 1800 Europeans only controlled 35% of the world's land By 1878 it will reach 67% and by the year 1914 Europe will control 84%

What had happened by 1860 in Japan?

By 1860, England, France, the Dutch, Russia, & USA all had unequal trade treaties & extraterritorial rights in Japan

What year did the Japanese have a modern navy and army?

By 1890s had modern navy & army and forced conscription (all men had to enter military service)

By 1900 what happened in China?

By 1900, China was carved into a series of spheres of influences: areas where a foreign nation had exclusive trade rights

By 1918 what was happening to the Central Powers?

By 1918, the Central Powers were running out of supplies & tried a massive attack into France

How did the Japanese view itself by the 1890s?

By the 1890s, Japan saw itself as a modern nation that needed raw materials... Japan lacked the key resources needed for industry (coal, oil, rubber, and metals

When did Japense feudalism?

By the mid 11th century, Japanese feudalism began

What is Cartesian Dualism?

Cartesian Dualism is the view that mind and body are two separate substances This view was introduced by the French philosopher Rene Descartes He argued that the natures of mind and body are completely different from one another and that each could exist by itself

Who was Catherine the Great?

Catherine II, called Catherine the Great, reigned over Russia for 34 years—longer than any other female in Russian history As empress, Catherine westernized Russia She led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe She championed the arts and reorganized the Russian law code Catherine II, called Catherine the Great, reigned over Russia for 34 years—longer than any other female in Russian history. As empress, Catherine westernized Russia. She led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe. She used the ideals of the Enlightenment in order to increase the power and security of Russia Catherine improved the Russian economy through free trade, turned the country's bureaucracy into a more efficient one, and provided the people with social services such as education and health care

Who was Cesare Beccaria?

Cesare Beccaria, an Italian politician and philosopher, greatly influenced criminal law reform in Western Europe He argued that the effectiveness of criminal justice depended more on the certainty of punishment than on its severity Beccaria helped form a society called "the academy of fists," dedicated to economic, political and administrative reform In 1764, he published his famous and influential criminology essay, "On Crimes and Punishments." In 1768, he started a career in economics, which lasted until his death Beccaria's treatise marked the high point of the Milan Enlightenment In it, Beccaria put forth some of the first modern arguments against the death penalty His treatise was also the first full work of penology, advocating reform of the criminal law system

Author of Origin of Species, explained natural selection, and evolution

Charles Darwin

What caused the English Civil War?

Charles I raised an army against Parliament, the Roundheads responded by forming their own army : The Model Army led by Puritan Oliver Cromwell

Who was the lead power in Europe in 1491?

China

What was happening in China by 1850?

China's population grew so rapidly that agriculture could not keep up

Who was Ptolemy?

Claudius Ptolemy was a - Egyptian astronomer - Mathematician - Geographer He was the most famous astronomer of Classical antiquity. He synthesized Greek knowledge of the known Universe which enabled astronomers to make accurate predictions of planetary positions and solar and lunar eclipses. Main work: Geocentric Model

European nations competed fiercely for what in Africa and Asia?

Colonies

What did combining Greek and Roman architecture create?

Combining the two created domed churches.

What happened when the British refused to end the opium trade?

Commission Lin appealed directly to British Queen Victoria

What was the radical form of socialism that was developed?

Communism

What was communism?

Communism was where the working class led a revolution, seized property and shared all wealth without a government.

What is key?

Competition

What caused the world to be divided into colonial spheres of influence?

Competition for power and empire among European countries (which escalated in the 19th century)

Define conscription

Conscription, also called draft, compulsory enrollment for service in a country's armed forces.

Who created feudalism?

Constantine

Who was Constantine?

Constantine was the Roman emperor from 306 - 337 AD. He made christianity legal and moved the Roman capital to Byzantium (later called Constantinople)

What is Byzantium renamed?

Constantinople

What were the cash crops that were labor intensive that colonies bought slaves for?

Crops like sugarcane, tobacco, and cotton were labor intensive and there were not enough settlers to produce those cash crops.

What areas did the Renaissance affect?

Cultural: Renaissance (new learning), Reformation (we get it from the Renaissance), Scientific Revolution (new learning/science), & Enlightenment (Scientific method is applied to governments) Political: Strong Centralized Government-- Monarchy Technology: New Tech & Capitalism

When Russian liberal called for democratic reforms, what did Nicholas 2 do?

Czar Nicholas 2 ordered his secret police to persecute those calling for reform.

In March, what happened to Czar Nicholas II?

Czar Nicholas II abandoned the throne and the Duma created a temporary government.

Czar Nicholas II refused to pull Russia out of the war. What did he do next?

Czar Nicholas II went to the Eastern Front to personally take command of the army.

What did czars organize and inflict violent attacks against ethnic minorities like Jews and Poles in Russia?

Czars organized pogroms.

What and when was the DDay?

D-Day was on June 6th 1944. It was where a Huge Allied army landed in France and opened a second front against Germany.

Africa was known by this nickname

Dark Continent

Who was David Livingstone?

David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary, doctor, abolitionist, and explorer who lived in the 1800s. He sought to bring Christianity, commerce, and "civilization" to Africa and undertook three extensive expeditions throughout much of the continent. In 1855 David Livingstone became the first European to see Victoria Falls (at the border of modern Zambia and Zimbabwe); he named them for Queen Victoria. In that same expedition he became the first European to cross the width of the African continent.

When was Pearl Harbor attacked?

December 7, 1941

What is deductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning, also known as deduction, is a basic form of reasoning. It is making an inference based on widely accepted facts or premises.

What is deism?

Deism or "the religion of nature" was a form of rational theology that emerged among "freethinking" Europeans in the 17th and 18th centuries Deists insisted that religious truth should be subject to the authority of human reason rather than divine revelation Deism emerged as a theological position that attempted to define the natural world and man's relationship to God through the application of Enlightenment ideals

Western Europe vs Russia: The Enlightenment led to new what throughout Europe?

Democratic Reforms

How did dictators hang on to their power?

Dictators held on to their power by using censorship, secret police, denying liberties and eliminating opposing rivals or political parties

Who was Diocletian?

Diocletian was a Roman Emperor from 284 - 305 AD who laid down the foundation for the Byzantine Empire.

Is this Direct or Indirect? Military Resistance Targets of imperialism fought back by waging war officially or unofficially. This strategy was characterized by violence by both sides. Due to superior weapons, the western powers typically emerged triumphant.

Direct

Is this Direct or Indirect? Sabotage Targets of imperialism found sneaky ways to undermine the power and profits of the colonizing powers.

Direct

What are the two ways to govern a colony?

Direct and Indirect

Define ultimatum

Do this or else

What was Dunkirk?

Dunkirk was where Hitler allowed 300,00 British soldiers to be rescued from Dunkirk, France.

What were some turning points in Europe?

Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Invasion of the Soviet Union, the U.S. Joining the War and the Battle of Stalingrad

What golden age occurred under Elizabeth I's reign as queen?

During Elizabeth's reign as queen, England experienced a golden age in culture, especially literature & theater

Religion During the Dutch Golden Ages

During the DGA, the Netherlands was quite radical in their command over the population's beliefs. Religious freedom and tolerance was quite high in the Netherlands. It was only limited to the beliefs of each province.

What were salons in the Scientific Enlightenment?

During the Enlightenment, salons were a place where civilians (women and men) of all social classes could gather and discuss idea The salon was also an informal education for women, where they were able to exchange ideas, receive and give criticism, read their own works and hear the works and ideas of other intellectuals Many ambitious women used the salon to pursue a form of higher education

This technically isn't a question but you should know.... A political cause for either the change or continuities discussed above

EXAMPLE: Parliament in England passed Acts allowing the enclosure of common land. Dominated by wealthy in both the House of Lords and Commons, the government passed laws that supported and enriched those with wealth and power.

After Mary I death in 1558 who ruled?

Elizabeth I

Who was Emilie du Chatelet? What did she do?

Emilie du Chatelet was a French - Natural philosopher - Mathematician - Physicist - Author She was one of the great figures of the Enlightenment in France She collaborated with Voltaire on his book about the elements of Newton's philosophy, which was radical stuff at the time. Greatest Achievements: - Her translation of Newton's Principia into French with her own commentary - Her elucidation of the concepts of energy and energy conservation She died due to complications during a pregnancy

Which emperor gave full control of the Japanese military to Hideki Tojo who served as a military director?

Emperor Hirohito

Who was Emperor Justinian?

Emperor Justinian was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 - 565. He was married to Theodora.

Who led the Ethiopians to victory against Italy

Emperor Menelik II

Who took over after the Tokogawa shogunate retired in 1867?

Emperor Mutsuhito took control of the government & took the title "Meiji" ("enlightened rule")

Who was Franz Joseph?

Emperor of Austria-Hungary

What is Empiricism?

Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion. Caused Spain to lose its hold over Portugal and the Dutch Republic.

Who was the Hundred Years' War between?

England and France

What did the new weapons transform?

Europeans and Africans from battles into massacres

What was the impact of European Imperialism in Africa?

Europeans introduced new technologies like railroads, telegraph lines, & steamboats... BUT transportation routes only connected areas that benefited European businessmen Europeans brought an end to the slave trade... BUT Africans were paid low wages & exploited Europeans built schools, churches, & hospitals... BUT Africans were taught European culture Europeans profited off Africa's raw materials & cheap African labor Africans were unable to rule themselves, participate in voting, or learn professional skills

Who discovered that Africa was a continent?

Europeans voyages explorations discovered that Africa was a continent

How were factories changed during WW1?

Factories were converted to make war equipment

True or false, dogs were kept as pets for companionship only in the trenches

False

True or false, trench Warfare would be used to a great extent in World War II also

False

True or false, trench Warfare was first used in WWI

False, it was used in the American Civil War

Who are some famous people who served in WW1?

Famous people who served in WW1 include JRR Tolkien, AA Milne, Harry S Truman, C.s. Lewis, Bela Lugosi and most notably, Adolf Hitler

Totalitarianism Files notes:Fascism

Fascism identified Democracy with weakness. Fascist leaders promised a stronger and greater society. Fascism emerged in Germany first. It emerged in Italy first. Mussolini founded the Fascist party in 19194. Nationalism and racial or cultural purity was a key part of Fascism. Citizens are expected to have complete faith in one party. Fascism is clearly a left wing political ideology. Is usually characterized as right wing but does not clearly fit on the spectrum n one side of the other. Multiple political parties are a priority to fascist governments. Only one party is allowed.

Who were fascist governments controlled by?

Fascist governments were controlled by dictators who demanded loyalty from citizens.

Totalitarianism Files notes:War Economy/Shaping the Youth

Fascist youth groups toughened children and taught them to obey strict military discipline. Boys and girls learned about the glories of Ancient Rome. Young Fascists marched in torchlight parades, singing patriotic hymns and chanting, "Mussolini is always right." By the 1930's a generation of young soldiers stood ready to back I1 Duce's drive to expand Italian power. In January 1933, there were 50,000 members of of the Hitler Youth. By the end of the year, there were more than 2 million. In 1936, all other youth groups including the Boy Scouts were banned. By 1939, over 90% of German children were part of the organization.

Unlike Communists, fascists believed what?

Fascists believed people could keep their property.

What did fascists not offer?

Fascists did not offer democracy and used one party to rule the nation

Mercantilism

Favorable economy based on trade balance, and money piling off of colonies. Brought trade power to the state, and allowed more money to be let in then let out.

What was the most important Italian city where wealth from trade sparked Renaissance?

Florence

As Japan's sense of power grew, the Japanese were determined to show the world that they were a powerful nation What should Japan do?

Follow the model of the industrialized Western nations and claim Japanese imperial territories in Asia

Did the Chinese export goods to European merchants? Did they buy European products?

For decades, China exported goods to European merchants but refused to buy European products

Battle of the Somme: What was the significance?

For many in Britain, the resulting battle remains the most painful and infamous episode of the First World War. Over the next 141 days, the British advanced a maximum of seven miles. More than one million men from all sides were killed, wounded or captured. British casualties on the first day - numbering over 57,000, of which 19,240 were killed - make it the bloodiest day in British military history.

Where was the Battle of Verdun?

France

Who had taken most of Africa by 1914?

France

Who gained the most territory in the Berlin Conference?

France, Germany, and Great Britain gained the most territory

What were the important countries during the Age of Exploration? (Hint: there is 5)

France, Italy, Spain, England, and Portugal

Who was Francis Bacon? What did he do?

Francis Bacon was an English - Statesman - Philosopher He served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England Bacon is famous for laying down the foundation for a new scientific culture He introduced the scientific method and popularized it Major Works: - Novum organum - New Atlantis - The Advancement of Learning

Who was Fredrick II?

Frederick II, king of Prussia was a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic stratagems and wars against Austria and other powers, greatly enlarged Prussia's territories and made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his re-organization of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment. He reformed the military and government, established religious tolerance and granted a basic form of freedom of the press He bolstered the legal system and established the first German code of law

What are some examples of absolute monarchs?

Fredrick the Great of Prussia Louis XIV (14th) of France Phillip II of Spain Maria Theresa of Austria

From 1192 - 1867 who was Japan ruled by?

From 1192 to 1867, Japan was ruled by military dictators called shogun

From 1560 to 1600 how many powerful shogun unified Japan?

From 1560 to 1600, 3 powerful shogun, unified Japan - Oba Nobunaga - Toyotomi Hideyoshi - Tokugawa leyasu

What did the European nations use to dominate the continent of Africa from 1880 - 1914?

From 1880 to 1914 European nations used imperialism to dominate the continent of Africa

What caused the decline of the Dutch Golden Age?

From a combination of over taxation and a series of wars lead to the eventual end of the Dutch Golden Age. ( the Anglo Dutch War, the Franco Dutch War, & teh Spanish Succession)

Who was the assassin that killed Archduke Ferdinand?

Gavrilo Princip

Who started the Spanish Civil War?

General Francesco Franco who favored a fascist-style government.

The first genocide of the 20th century

Genocide of the Herero

Who was George Washington Williams?

George Washington Williams was a late 19th Century African American journalist, lawyer, minister and historian who wrote the first comprehensive history of African Americans from their own point of view. Called the greatest historian of the race by W.E.B.

Who presided over the Berlin Conference?

German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck He wanted to avoid future conflicts between European Countries over territory in Africa

Define Kaiser

German emperor

In 1936 German troops entered where?

German troops entered the demilitarized Rhineland.

The Battle of Verdun: What happened?

Germans attacked the fortified French town of Verdun because of the history and value of Verdun.

During the war this country and Austria-Hungary became the Central Powers and then were joined by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.

Germany

Instead of invading Austria and Czechoslovakia, what did Germany do?

Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia

Who also had many colonies throughout Africa in 1914?

Germany had many colonies throughout Africa

What was the affect of Russia mobilizing faster than expected?

Germany had to divert troops from France

How did Germany respond?

Germany responded by using unrestricted submarine warfare to attack the British navy & any merchant ships supplying the Allies

Describe U-boats

Germany retaliated by using its submarines to destroy neutral ships that were supplying the Allies. The formidable U-boats (unterseeboots) prowled the Atlantic armed with torpedoes. They were Germany's only weapon of advantage as Britain effectively blocked German ports to supplies. The goal was to starve Britain before the British blockade defeated Germany.

When the war began, what was Germany's biggest problem?

Germany's biggest problem was the potential of fighting on the two fronts

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

Germany's plan to quickly attack France in the west then send troops east to Russia before Russia could fully mobilize for war.

What are the 3 G's?

God, Gold, Glory

What is Ishiro Honda's 1954 movie?

Godizilla

Who was the most dominant imperial power in Africa?

Great Britain The British industry fueled demand for raw materials Britain claimed colonies in Egypt & in East Africa

This is the only man-made structure that can be seen from space

Great wall of China

What Chinese discovery led to the development of the canon?

Gunpowder

What is a famous Orthodox Church?

Hagia Sophia

Who did Hong Xiuquan believe he was?

He believed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ, the Chinese son of god

What did Hitler call his secret police?

He called the secret police the Gestapo to eliminate rivals and control all aspects of Germany

What did Emperor Menelik II do in 1896?

He defeated an attacking Italian force So Ethiopia remained independent

Who did Lenin give control to of all the factories?

He gave control to the workers.

What did the U.S president, Teddy Roosevelt do in 1905?

He helped draft the treaty that Korea to Japan & removed Russia from Manchuria

Peter the Great introduced a new style called what?

He introduced a western style navy, fashion and city planning.

Who was Sun Yat-sen (Yixian) ?

He is called the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China, and the "Forerunner of the Revolution" in the People's Republic of China for his instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution.

Why did Lenin leave Russia?

He left Russia to avoid arrest by the czar's secret police.

Vladimir makes what city convert to Orthodox christianity?

He makes the city of Kiev convert and he orders the construction of Byzantine style churches.

Who did Vladimir of Kiev marry in 988 AD?

He married the sister of the Byzantine Emperor, Anna Porphyrogentia.

As chancellor, Hitler used his power to name himself what?

He named himself dictator

Where did Mussolini plan to conquer for Italy?

He planned to conquer new territories in Africa for Italy

What did Stalin use his secret police and the Great Purge for?

He used a secret police and the Great Purge for eliminating rivals.

What did Lenin do after he left?

He waited for an opportunity to return and lead his revolution.

Who was Galileo and what did he discover?

He was a Italian - Natural philosopher - Astronomer - Mathematician He made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strengths of materials and to the development of the scientific method Major works: - Telescope Major Discoveries: - Four largest moons of Jupiter - Sun spots - Rings of Saturn - Rugged moon surface - phases of Venus

Who was Ivan the Great?

He was a Russian leader who brought much of northern Russia under his rule, and built the framework for absolute rule Under his rule the Russian state gained independence from the Mongol Tatars

Who is Otto von Bismarck?

He was an architect for the Alliance system

Who is Vladimir of Kiev?

He was the grand prince of Kiev who is credited as the person most responsible for the Christianization of Russia.

Who was Kaiser Wilhelm?

He was the last German emperor and last king of Prussia

What were the affects of enclosures?

Hedges & ditches Replaced the open field system with more specialized and productive farming Grouped small holdings into larger farms who out-competed small landowners

What is the heliocentric theory?

Heliocentrism is a cosmological theory/model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it. ex: The solar system or of the universe

What happened in 1485? (Hint: It had to do with the Tudor family)

Henry Tudor (Henry VII [7th]) emerged from War of the Roses to establish the Tudor dynasty

What did Hitler and Mussolini send to help the Nationalists?

Hitler and Mussolini sent men and materials to help the Nationalists.

In 1935, Hitler began a series of anti-semitic laws called what?

Hitler began a series of anti-semitic laws called the Nuremberg laws that deprived German Jews of the rights of citizens, forbade mixed Jewish marriages and required Jews to wear a yellow star.

What did Hitler call his government?

Hitler called his government the 3rd Reich to promote pride and nationalism

Hitler created the government's protection squad, what were they called?

Hitler created the government's protection squad called the SS

Hitler declared that Germans needed what?

Hitler declared that Germans needed lebensraum(living space) and should conquer Eastern Europe and Russia.

Totalitarianism Files notes:Hitler's Rise To Power

Hitler offered promises to restore German greatness and gave people scapegoats to blame for their problems. The position of Chancellor was the most powerful position in Germany, even before Hitler took the position. The Reichstag fire was used to justify suspending freedom of the press and disband other political parties. Hitler used mass repression to force the unwilling public to comply with his policies. Democracy can be fragile when a leader exploits people's fears

In 1935, Hitler began what a program of what?

Hitler openly began a program of rearmament

Where did Hitler plan to march on? Was he successful?

Hitler planned a march on Munich but he was arrested and jailed for 9 months

Hitler put Germans to work by building what?

Hitler put Germans to work by building factories, highways, weapons and increasing the military

Totalitarianism Files notes:Propaganda&Censorship

Hitler relied on his speeches to reach the masses. Propaganda was used to advance nationalist policies and ideas. The Nazi ministry of propaganda was led by Joseph Goebbels. Nazi Propaganda encouraged German men and women to join the military. Men were expected to join the military but women were to focus on being mothers, raising Aryan ("pure blooded" German children. Euphemistic terms were used to describe the most horrific Nazi policies -- things like "Euthanasia" or "Final Solution," never "murder" or "killing". Though Mein Kampf was full of mistruths, newspapers continued to report the truth Newspapers were also instruments of propaganda and censored by the government. All Quiet on the Western Front was banned in Germany -- though it was written by a German, it depicted war and Germany's participation in it negatively

What did Hitler vow to do after calling the Versailles Treaty an outrage?

Hitler vowed to regain land taken from Germany after the war.

Hitler was impressed by who?

Hitler was impressed by Mussolini and used many of his ideas to make the Nazi Party strong in Germany.

In 1933 what did Hitler accomplish?

Hitler was named chancellor in 1933.

When was Hitler released from jail?

Hitler was released from jail in 1924.

In 1933, Hitler withdrew from which organization while proclaiming his peaceful intentions?

Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations

While in jail, Hitler wrote what infamous book?

Hitler wrote Mein Kampf which outlined his plans for Germany.

What was the master race that Hitler said that all pure Germans were?

Hitler wrote that Germans were members of the master race Aryans and that all non Aryans were inferior

What city was returned to China after 137 years?

Hong Kong

What happened in 1853 in China?

Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion in an attempt end poverty among peasants

What new way of thinking began during the Renaissance?

Humanism

Who was Immanuel Kant?

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment. His comprehensive and systematic work in epistemology (the theory of knowledge), ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced all subsequent philosophy, especially the various schools of Kantianism and idealism Kant essentially invented philosophy as a modern, academic discipline. He distinguished the practice of empirical science from the philosophical question of why empirical science is the paradigm case of knowledge, and what this means for us

What is the Empire building policy where countries competing against each other to build the best empire called?

Imperialism

What finally ended the disputes between the Spain/Britain and the Dutch?

In 1672, King Charles II -- bound by the Treaty of Dover -- aided Louis XIV in his fight against the Netherlands. After their naval defeats thought, Parliament forces King Charles II to make peace.

What happened in 1853 in Japan?

In 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Harbor with 4 well-armed, steamships & demanded that the Japanese trade with the USA

What did the Tokogawa shogunate do in 1867?

In 1867, the Tokugawa shogun stepped down which brought an end to 600 years of military dictatorship

What caused the Battle of Omdurman?

In 1896 to protect British interests, in particular the Suez Canal, and to suppress the slave trade, the British government decided to reconquer the Sudan. An Anglo-Egyptian army under British Commander-in-Chief of Egyptian Army major general Herbert Kitchener marched south from Egypt.

What did the USA propose in 1899?

In 1899, the USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China so merchants from all nations can trade freely

Describe artillery "Big Bertha"

In 1900 Alfred Krupp's armaments factory at Essen, Germany, began building a 350-mm howitzer that could fire an 800 lb shell over 10,000 yards. In 1908 the German Army asked Gustav Krupp to build an improved version of this gun with the capability of destroying the heaviest fortification. Krupp had produced a 420mm weapon that fired a 2,100 lb shell over 16,000 yards. As it weighed 175 tons, it was designed to be transported in five sections by rail and assembled at the firing site. This concerned the German Army and they asked for it to be adapted to be moved by road. By 1914 company had produced a mobile howitzer called Big Bertha (named after Gustav Krupp's wife). This 43 ton howitzer could fire a 2,200 lb shell over 9 miles. Transported by Daimler-Benz tractors, it took its 200-man crew, over six hours to reassemble it on the site.

What was formed in 1912?

In 1912, a new elite of Western-educated Africans formed the African National Congress to pursue independence from colonial rule.

In 1938, what did Hitler order?

In 1938, Hitler ordered Kristallnacht(night of broken glass) which was a series of attacks on Jewish synagogues and businesses.

What happens in 286 AD?

In 286 AD Emperor Diocletian divides the Roman Empire into 2 halves ( western & eastern )

What happens in 330 AD?

In 330 AD Constantine moves the capital from Rome to Byzantium in the East.

What happened in 476 AD?

In 476 AD barbarians conquer the western part of the Roman Empire.

What did Thomas Hobbes book Leviathan about?

In Leviathan (1651), Hobbes argued that the absolute power of the sovereign was ultimately justified by the consent of the governed, who agreed, in a hypothetical social contract, to obey the sovereign in all matters in exchange for a guarantee of peace and security

What exactly happened in November of 1917?

In November 1917, Russia signed a peace treaty & exited the war

What did the British segregate in South Africa?

In South Africa, the British segregated society called apartheid which remained in place for over 100 years

Who won the Sino-Japanese War from 1894 to 1895 and what did they gain?

In a short time, Japan defeated the Chinese army & destroyed their navy For their victory, Japan gained Taiwan & spheres of influence in China

What did George Washington William expose?

In the late 1880s, Williams turned his interest to Europe and Africa. After having been impressed by meeting King Leopold II of Belgium, he traveled in 1890 to the Congo Free State (then owned by the king) to see its development. On July 18, 1890, Williams sent "An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Léopold II, King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo." In this letter, which was published in newspapers across the world, Williams condemned Léopold II for the brutal treatment of residents of the Congo.

The Battle of Tannenburg: What happened in the middle of August 1914? Where were most of the German soldiers at this time?

In the middle of August 1914, much sooner than had been anticipated, Russia sent two armies into East Prussia, while Germany, according to its war strategy, had the bulk of its forces concentrated to the west, against France.

How does this picture differ to the Speech by King Leopold II of Belgium explaining his goals in Congo, 1876? Why are they so different? The speech: "To open to civilization the only part of our globe which it has yet to penetrate, to pierce the darkness which envelops entire peoples, is, I dare to say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress. . . . It appears to me that Belgium, a centrally located and neutral country, would be a suitable place for such a meeting. . . . Needless to say, in bringing you to Brussels I was in no way motivated by selfish designs."

In the speech by King Leopold II he describes Congo and Africa as a place without civilization. Saying things like "To open to civilization the only part of our globe which it has yet to penetrate," He goes on to say how bringing them civilization is a crusade worth taking in this "century of progress". While in the picture called "In the Rubber Coils,", which name is taken from the horrific treatment of Congo's rubber workers and the terrible work conditions in the Congo rubber plantations, you can see a worker from Congo being constricted by a anaconda with the head of King Leopold II. This anaconda represents how King Leopold II constricted them, tortured them and took away the life they once new.

What was the result of the English Civil War?

In theory: a commonwealth with power in Parliament In reality: army controlled the government and Cromwell became a dictator ("Lord Protector") imposing Puritan values on England

Habsburg Monarchy VS the Ottomans (1683)

In this mini war, The Ottoman army was defeat in the Battle of Vienna and thus starts it major decline. The opposing forces involved the HRE joining forces with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the command of Polish-Lithuanian King John III.

What was the Sepoy Rebellion?

Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-59. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow. A revolt of the sepoy troops in British India (1857-59), resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown. Indian troops during the Indian Mutiny of 1857. The rebellion began when sepoys refused to use new rifle cartridges, which were thought to be lubricated with grease containing a mixture of pigs' and cows' lard and thus religiously impure for Muslims and Hindus.

Is this Direct or Indirect? Adaptation Targets of imperialism embraced the ways of the west and used this strengthen their military & sometimes even to create their own empires

Indirect

Is this Direct or Indirect? Intellectual Resistance Targets of imperialism made logical or emotional arguments against the claims of imperialists. They also would maintain their traditional culture and customs rather than assimilate

Indirect

Who became the center of attention during the Renaissance?

Individuals

What did the Petition of Rights (1628) allow Parliament to do?

It allowed Parliament the right to restrict the Monarchs power to collect taxes, quarter troops in homes and declare marshal law

What did the invention of the long bow allow soldiers to do?

It allowed soldiers to shoot accurately up tp 300 yards

Fighting wasn't only in Europe but it was in 2 other places, what places?

It also took place in Middle East & Africa.

Why did Constantinople become a favorite target of foreign invader throughout the centuries?

It became a favorite target of invaders because of its immense wealth.

What did this protest become known as?

It became known as Bloody Sunday. It was called this when the czars' guards fired into the crowd. From then on, riots broke out all around Russia.

Why does Constantinople become the richest city in the world?

It becomes the richest city in the world because of its strategic location along the Mediterranean and Black Sea trader routes.

What were some effects of mustard gas?

It burned and destroyed the lungs.

What did the new powerful middle class consist of?

It consisted of bankers, merchants & skilled craftsmen

What happens to the eastern empire?

It continues on and becomes known as the Byzantine Empire.

When did Capitalism gain populatrity?

It gained popularity in the 18th century

During the Renaissance what options did the rise of trade give people?

It gave people the option to leave the manor and move to cities to serve as merchants or skilled artisans

What did the discoveries of a missionary named David Livingstone do?

It increased European interest in Africa

The czar's unpopularity and failure of the government to respond to problems increased to what?

It increased to call for socialism.

What was Parliament?

It is a legislative (lawmaking) branch of government established in 1295 It provided a further check on royal power It is a bicameral (House of Commons and House of Lords) This means the King cant make all of the laws anymore

What was the manorial system?

It is a political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord

What is a sphere of influence?

It is a territory in which another nation claims exclusive economic influence

What is a Protectorate?

It is a territory or sovereign state where local rulers maintain control and govern, but they are under the control of another nation Though formally independent, the territory's policies are guided by an outside power

What is the geocentric theory?

It is any theory in which Earth is assumed to be at the centre of it all - The most highly developed theory/model of this is that of Ptolemy of Alexandria

What is the Pax Romana? How long did it last?

It is the 200 years of peace and growth in the Roman Empire.

What alphabet was the basis of the modern day Russian Alphabet?

It is the Cyrillic Alphabet and it was introduced by the Byzantine Missionary.

What is excommunicate?

It is the action of getting thrown out of a Church

What is imperialism?

It is when one country exerts it's influence over another country

How many people did the Plague kill in Europe in 5 years?

It killed 25 million people in 5 years or 1/3 of Europe's population

What did the power of foreign imperialists & the violence fo the Boxer Rebellion lead to?

It led to calls to reform China

What does mono mean?

It means 1; one singular

What is Divine Right?

It means God given right

What does archy mean?

It means to rule

What does Absolute mean?

It means total power/control

What was the Children's Crusade?

It occurred between the 4th and 5th Crusades It was a full hearted attempt by children to take over the Holy Land Children died by... - Starvation - Fell off mountains - Drowned - Sold into slavery when they arrive - Killed because they don't accept Islam

What was the Magna Carta?

It was a agreement in 1215 between King John and the Nobles in which the right by trial by jury was established English nobles revolted against a cruel king who overtaxed them This meant that the King could no throw people in prison whenever he wanted It created a "limited monarchy"

Battle of the Somme: What happened?

It was a joint operation between British and French forces intended to achieve a decisive victory over the Germans on the Western Front. The Somme, like Verdun for the French, has a prominent place in British history and popular memory and has come to represent the loss and apparent futility of the war.

What was the Berlin Conference?

It was a meeting in 1884 where the leaders of 14 European nations and the US met to discuss how to divide up Africa & extract Africa's plentiful natural resources

What was the putting out system?

It was a production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes

What was the Munich Agreement?

It was an appeasement policy where Britain gave in to Hitler's aggressive demands in order to keep peace in Europe. It was a weak response to German aggression.

During the Renaissance what was social statues based on?

It was based on wealth & ability

What was the Great Wall built for?

It was built to protect China from barbarian attacks

Why was the Battle at the Marne so crucial?

It was crucial because there was no retreat. There was no going back. The Allied Powers were stuck in this war and in this battle.

Where was the battle of Tannenberg?

It was in Germany

Who was the led the revolt of the Herero people?

It was led by Samuel Maharero

What was the Model Army and who was it by?

It was the army against Charles I and it was led by Oliver Cromwell

What was Hagia Sophia?

It was the greatest Christian cathedral of the Middle Ages. It was built in 537 AD.

What is Pan-Slavism?

It was the movement to united all Slavic people in Eastern Europe.

What the Great Schism?

It was the split between Roman Catholic Church in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople in 1054 AD

What is Quinine?

It was used as a prophylactic (preventative medicine) after 1850 to help prevent malaria (it doesn't work anymore)

What was the Stuart Restoration

It was when Cromwell's son was deposed & the Stuart family was restored to the throne

What was the Munich Conference?

It was where western democracies allowed Hitler's 1938 moves if he promised no more further aggression in Europe.

Who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"? Why was this book important?

It was written by Nicolaus Copernicus This book is important because it established his idea that the planets orbited the sun rather than the earth

During the Renaissance, European kings taxed merchants & bankers... What did this money go to?

It went to building powerful armies

What did German Imperialism spark?

It will spark a revolt by the Herero people

What European nation failed to conquer Ethiopia

Italy

Which nations did Italy invade?

Italy invaded Ethiopia and Albania

Who made up the Axis Alliance?

Italy, Germany and Japan

In what countries did people turn to an extremely nationalist government called fascism.

Italy, Germany and Spain

Who was Ivan the Terrible?

Ivan the Terrible was the first to be proclaimed tsar (caesar) of Russia - Killed his son - Caused a miscarriage to his sister in-law Consolidated Russias power

Who was apart of the the Staurt family?

James I Charles I

After the "closed country policy" was adopted what did Japan enter?

Japan entered an era of isolation that lasted for 200 years

Which nations did Japan invade?

Japan invaded Manchuria, northern China, Indochina and the East Indies

What country did Japan look to imperialize?

Japan looked to take Korea, but China always had a claim to the land

What did Japan do in an attempt to help modernize?

Japan sent diplomats to Europe & America to study Western ways & adapt them to their own country

How was Japan ruled by?

Japan was ruled by regional landowners called daimyo Daimyo were served by loyal warrior samurai The Emperor had little power

In the 1930s which nations began aggressively expanding into new territories which caused WW2 in 1939?

Japan, Italy and Germany

What happened in Japan which became a focal point of WWW II

Japanese imperialism surged again in the 1930s & 1940s

Did the Japanese leaders support industrialization?

Japanese leaders eagerly supported industrialization & began building modern factories and and sold it to wealthy business families called Zaibatsu

What were the Japanese angry at the Shogun about?

Japanese were angry that the shogun had given in to foreigner's demands & feared Japan would become as powerless as China

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation Rousseau was the least academic of modern philosophers and in many ways was the most influential His thought marked the end of the European Enlightenment (the "Age of Reason") He propelled political and ethical thinking into new channels His reforms revolutionized taste, first in music, then in the other arts Rousseau's notions about natural human kindness and the emotional foundations of ethics still furnish the core of today's moral outlook, and much of modern political philosophy likewise builds on the foundation of Rousseau's On Social Contract

What happened in 1187?

Jerusalem was conquered by the Muslim leader Saladin

Where were Jews put?

Jew were put in concentration camps. Jews were also enslaved in death camps in Poland and were killed using gas chambers and crematoriums.

Nazi Myths Jews were responsible for all of Germany's problems after WW1

Jewish Reality Blaming the Jews was convenient for the Nazis because antisemitism already existed.

Nazi Myths Nazi's discriminated Jews because they were aliens or outsiders

Jewish Reality German Jews had been living in Germany for more than 400 years and were very patriotic and nationalistic

Nazi Myths The Nazis promoted the idea that Jews were the lowest and most dangerous of all races

Jewish Reality Jews are not a race nor an ethnic group, they are simply members of the Jewish religion.

Nazi Myths Jews were conspiring to take over the worlds financial instituition.

Jewish Reality Many European Jews were poor and they controlled a very small percentage of the economy.

Nazi Myths Jews were blamed for the murder of Christ

Jewish Reality The Romans carried out the execution of Christ

What did Jews refuse to accept?

Jews refused to accept the religion of the countries in which they live. They often discriminated against other because they are perceived as "different".

Who was Kepler?

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer He discover the three major laws of planetary motion 1. Planets move in orbits shaped like an ellipse 2. A line between a planet and Sun covers equal areas in equal times 3. How long a planet take to go around the Sun is related to the radius of the planet's orbit

Who is John Locke?

John Locke was an English philosopher and political theorist He is recognized as the founder of British empiricism and the author of the first systematic exposition and defense of political liberalism He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious tolerance and educational theory John Locke is regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of modern times He is one of the most outstanding of enlightenment thinkers, who explained many of the ideas that affect human life in today's society Locke pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution

Who was Joesph II?

Joseph II was a Holy Roman emperor Joseph's reforms included abolishing serfdom, ending press censorship and limiting the power of the Catholic Church With his Edict of Toleration, Joseph gave minority religions, such as Protestants, Greek Orthodox and Jews, the ability to live and worship more freely He is one of the best examples of Europe's enlightened despots

Who was among one of the first totalitarian dictators?

Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union

When did Austria -Hungary declare war on Serbia?

July 28th 1914

Who developed communism?

Karl Marx

What did King Leopold II treat Congo as?

King Leopold of Belgium treated the Congo as a personal colony to exploit for his own enrichment.

Who was Margaret Cavendish?

Lady Margaret Cavendish was a English - Philosopher - Poet - Scientist - Fiction Writer - Playwright She was the Duchess of Newcastle Her philosophical writing were concerned mostly with issues of metaphysics and natural philosophy but also extended to social and political concerns She helped to popularize some of the most important ideas of the scientific revolution, including the competing vitalistic and mechanistic natural philosophies and atomism.

What were the Enclosure Acts?

Land became individually privately owned passed by British parliament

What should the new Japanese emperor do? Did he do this?

Learn from the Western Nations and modernize Japan's industry, government and military YES

After the success of the Bolshevik Revolution, what did Lenin announce?

Lenin announced for major reforms for Russia.

What did Lenin order?

Lenin ordered that all farmland be distributed among the peasants.

What did Lenin do in 1922?

Lenin renamed Russia the Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics aka the USSR. Along with that, Lenin created the Communist Party which ruled the USSR as a dictatorship.

What was Lenin's message?

Lenin's message was "Peace, land and bread" which helped him gain popularity among the Russian people.

What is a samurai?

Like knights in Medieval Europe, samurai were professional warriors that pledged their loyalty and fought for daimyos (aristocrats) Some were loyal and some were treacherous; some were very brave and some were cowardly The primary weapon was the katana, a long sword considered the soul of the samurai He also carried a tanto, a small knife-sword used primarily for seppuku, ritualistic suicide The yumi was a longbow shot from horseback

What are the Natural rights according to John Locke?

Locke said, are "life, liberty, and property." Locke believed that the most basic human law of nature is the preservation of mankind. To serve that purpose, he reasoned, individuals have both a right and a duty to preserve their own lives.

What was Middle Kingdom?

Longest Continued Civilization Formations/Rivers - River Valley - Yellow River - Huang He Had natural Barriers which hindered all interactions

Who laid the foundations of absolutism?

Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu laid foundations of absolutism

What did the Crusades increase the European demand for?

Luxury goods from Asia

What does "MEIJI" stand for?

M = Major E = Explosion I = In J = Japanese I = Industry

What was the Red Baron's real name?

Manfred von Richthofen

Who was Mangal Pandey

Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, India—died April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other ...

Did Africans resist against imperialism?

Many Africans resisted imperialism, but could not overcome western military superiority.

Why was Rasputin killed?

Many people thought that Rasputin was controlling the royal family.

Who was Maria Winkelmann and what did she do?

Maria Margarethe Kirch was a German astronomer She was the first woman to discover a comet

Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?

Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer and a passionate advocate of educational and social equality for women She called for the betterment of women's status through such political change as the radical reform of national educational systems She was a renowned women's rights activist who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, a classic of rationalist feminism that is considered the earliest and most important treatise advocating equality for women Her ideas about women's rights, particularly women's education, brought a radical new perspective to male-dominated Enlightenment discourses, suggesting that universal human rights applied to women as well as men

Islamic Empire

Math & Science

What was the most influential and rich family in Italy?

Medici Family

time period in the late 19th century during which Japan modernized and industrialized

Meiji Reformation or Meiji Era

Who was Emperor Menelik II?

Menelik II (also written as Menilek; 1844-1913) became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. After his army defeated Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa (also written as Adowa) in 1896, Ethiopia's independence was recognized by Italy and other European countries that were colonizing Africa

What is a Ninja?

Mercenaries hired by daimyos that committed espionage, sabotage, and assassinations Espionage is spying, and they used disguises togather intelligence The main sabotage for the ninja was arson Ninjitsu was the basic survival techniques ninjas studied, and included disguise, impersonation, escape, concealment, archery, and medicine Most TV shows and movies about ninja are very fictionalized

Who did Kings tax to use their wealth to build armies & strong nations which hurt the power of feudal lords?

Merchants

Europeans believed that to be great, nations had to have strong what?

Militaries

What were the MAIN cause of WW1

Militarism Alliance Systems Imperialism Nationalism

What did modernization in the Meiji era transform Japan into?

Modernization in the Meiji era transformed Japan into the most industrial & militarized nation in Asia By 1900, Japan had 7,000 miles of railroad track; thousands of factories; profitable tea, silk, shipbuilding industries; & an modern army & navy

Who was Baron de Montesquieu?

Montesquieu was a French lawyer, man of letters, and one of the most influential political philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment His political theory work, particularly the idea of separation of powers, shaped the modern democratic government Montesquieu was best known for The Spirit of Laws, one of the great works in the history of political theory and of jurisprudence He was one of the great political philosophers of the Enlightenment

What happened following the opening of the 2 ports to American Merchant?

More Western Powers entered Japan

What are mosaics?

Mosaics are the use of decorative tiles, glasses, and jewels to create images.

What is the largest mountain/ volcano of Japan?

Mount Fuji

Why did Mussolini build up the military?

Mussolini built up the military to create new jobs.

What was the name of Mussolini's secret police?

Mussolini created the Blackshirts to enforce the goals of his Fascist Party.

Mussolini ended what 2 things?

Mussolini ended democracy and all opposition parties.

How did Mussolini gain popularity?

Mussolini gained popularity by promising to revive the economy, rebuild the military and expand Italy to create a new Roman Empire.

What did Mussolini name his Fascist Party after?

Mussolini named his Fascist Party after the fasces which is a Roman symbol of authority and power.

What was Mussolini known as when he was prime minister?

Mussolini was known as II Duce(the chief)

What country did Germany take over in Africa?

Namibia

Rivalries due to militarism and imperialism increased what among European powers?

Nationalism

What changed during the Hundred Years' War?

Nationalism increased and people became more loyal to their King and Nation rather than their lord

What increased in the postwar climate?

Nationalism increased, citizens turned to totalitarianism dictators to rule the nation.

What does Mutual Defense Agreement mean?

Nations agreement to defend each other in case of attack.

What is natural rubber deprived from?

Natural rubber was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid produced by some vines and trees. These plants would be 'tapped', that is, an incision made into the bark of the tree and the sticky, milk colored latex sap collected and refined into a usable rubber.

What decreased the power of feudal lords & knights during the Hundred Years' War?

New military weapons

In 1905, Nicholas 2 agreed to what?

Nicholas 2 agreed to a new constitution that created a Duma(parliament) and limited monarchy. But the problem was, Nicholas ignored the Duma.

Who did Nicholas II leave in charge while he was at war?

Nicholas II left his wife, Alexandra, in charge of the day to day operations of the Russian government.

Who was Copernicus?

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer He proposed a heliocentric system: that the Sun is the center of the solar system and that the planets circle the Sun

When Russia did commit, where they close to being at the same level as the countries in Europe?

No, in fact when Russia committed to industrialize, it led to poor wages, long hours and discontent among the Russian people.

Was life in the trenches good?

No, the soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats. These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

What happened in 1644 in China?

Northern invaders called Manchus conquered China & created the Qing Dynasty

Note that not all totalitarian dictators were communist

Note that not all totalitarian dictators were communist

When did Lenin return to Russia and lead the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution?

November 1917

When did the US officially enter the war?

On April 2, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany & entered the war

The Battle of Tannenburg: What happened on August 26?

On August 26, 1914, the German 8th Army, under the leadership of Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, strikes with lethal force against the advancing Russian 2nd Army, led by General Aleksandr Samsonov, in East Prussia during the opening weeks of the First World War.

On what day did Germany finally call it quits?

On November 11, 1918 Germany agreed to an armistice (ceasefire) & World War I finally came to an end

Until the 1800s, this conquering took place in the America, Asia, and Australia; not Africa. Why?

One major factor was tropical diseases. Europe is a relatively cold place where rainforests cannot thrive. As a result, the inhabitants of Europe never had to deal with the deadly diseases that thrive in tropical latitudes, and as a consequence never developed any resistance or immunity to them either. The most disease was Malaria.

What happened in 1869?

Opening of the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea The canal is 120 miles long and 76 feet deep

Who called the Congress of Berlin?

Otto von Bismarck

Where was the Battle Of Gallipoli?

Ottoman Empire

What is the Bushido code?

Out of feudal Japan arose an unwritten code of Samurai warriors. The Bushido code guided the samurai in life and death, and stressed loyalty to the leader and honor in every aspect of life. The Bushido code arose from Zen-Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism, and taught the importance of service to master and country.

How did outsiders get exotic goods from China? How did this affect China?

Outsiders came across the Silk Road for China's exotic goods As a result, China became the dominant empire in Asia (and the world)

Summary of 17th Century Dutch Wars (Quote)

Overall, the English were successful in the, while the Dutch were successful in the second and third clashes, ending in 1674. The conflict with France marked the end of the long-standing Franco-Dutch alliance, and was the first of the French wars of expansion that dominated Europe for the next 50 years. The Dutch Republic was at the peak of its power in the 17th century, but by the time of the fourth war with England in the 1780s. the British Royal Navy had become the most powerful maritime force in the world and the balance of power shifted away from the Dutch.

Having a strong army increased what among citizens?

Patriotism

During the Middle Ages what was the only option for peasants?

Peasants couldn't own land so they had no other option but to remain loyal to a feudal lord & work within the manorial system

What was the Agricultural Revolution?

Period from the early 1700s until the mid-1800s during which machines and improved technology replaced manual labor and traditional methods in farming.

In the 1700s, what Czar expanded and modernized Russia?

Peter The Great

What was used to cause agonizing pain to the enemy?

Poisonous gas more famously mustard gas.

Describe poison gas.

Poisonous gas was used back in ancient times as well. It was used in WW1 to inflict agonizing pain to the opposition.

Who called the Christian Knights together to save Jerusalem? "God wills it!"

Pope Urban the Second

Who started the slave trade?

Portugal They were the first out of the gate and they set up forts and then started the slave trade

What were some of the important Explorers that we learned about?

Portugal - Diaz (1487); found a way around Africa - Gama (1497); with help found India - Magellan; 1st person to make it around the world Italy - Vespucci; figured out America was a new continent Spain - Colombus (1492); - Balboa (1510); first European to see the Pacific Ocean - Cortez: mass killing in Mexica (Aztecs) - Pizarro; Incan Leader

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. He also burned Muslims alive in Mecca and opened fire on Calcut.

The Balkans became a what waiting for a spark to blow up?

Powder Keg

What did President Woodrow Wilson demand?

President Woodrow Wilson demanded "freedom of the seas" but Germany refused

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

What 3 monarchs were related to Kaiser Wilhelm?

Queen Victoria(grandmother), Czar Nicholas(cousin) and King George V(cousin)

What was the medicine used to fight Malaria?

Quinine

What did the Japanese do in 1853 in response to demands to trade with the USA?

Realize that they were overpowered and accepted America's trade request

What was the nonacceptance of other religions called?

Religious Devotion

Who was Rene Descartes?

Rene Descartes was a French - Philosopher - Mathematician - Scientist He is heralded as the first modern philosopher He is known for making made an important connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for the solving of geometrical problems by way of algebraic equations Major Discoveries: - Cartesian coordinate system - Cartesian Method - Developed analytic geometry - Laid the foundation for the development of calculus - Groundbreaking work in physics & the field of optics

What set off Europe on a race for Africa?

Reports of large deposits of natural resources & the rise of nationalism in Europe set off a race for African

Africa

Riches, Gold, Trade

The English Civil War had two sides what were they?

Roundheads (Parliamentalists) - Opposed the King Cavaliers (Royalists) - Supported the King

Who were the main contender for the Spanish Throne?

Royal French Descendants and Austrian Nobility

This country had a large population of Slavs and was an ally of Serbia.

Russia

What where did the Byzantine Empire trade with?

Russia (Furs, Salt, Corn) Egypt ( Grains ) Middle East ( Sugar, Honey, Wax ) India & China ( Silk, Damask, Porcelain, Amber ) Africa ( Gold, Slaves )

How many time zones does Russia cover?

Russia covers 11 time zones.

How many soldiers were drafted?

Russia drafted 15 million soldiers. But nearly 7 million were killed or wounded and 1.5 million civilians died.

What was happening while Germany was marching to take Paris?

Russia mobilized faster than expected.

Lenin signed a truce with who that gave up huge territories in order to get Russia out of war?

Russia signed a truce with Germany.

Did Russia defeat the Japanese?

Russia suffered a humiliating loss that exposed the flaws and weaknesses in the nation's military and government. It also led to a series of riots among commoners who were unhappy with Nicholas' government.

What type of alphabet is used in Russia and how many letters are in it?

Russia uses Cyrillic and there are 33 letters.

Why was the Russian military no match for the German army?

Russia was no match compared to Germany because they had difficulty producing weapons for soldiers on the front. Russia had food shortages which were common for troops and civilians. They also lacked of trains which slowed supplies and communication.

While Europe was thriving and very much industrializing, what country wasn't?

Russia was not industrializing. Russia had few railroads and most citizens were poor farmers.

In 1904, Russia and what country went to war over Manchuria and Korea?

Russia went to war with Japan. It was known as the Russo-Japanese War.

What was the Invasion of the Soviet Union?

Russia's size climate(general winter), population, scorched earth policy and exchange of land for time helps defeat Germany. This was Hitler's biggest mistake because a man named Napoleon tried to do the same thing and also failed.

What 4 empires will cease to exist at the end of WW1?

Russian empire, Ottoman empire, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire.

What war ensued through 1904 - 1905?

Russo-Japanese War It began over control of Port Arthur & Manchuria

What is a famous Roman Catholic Church?

Saint-Peters Cathedral

Who was Samuel Maharero?

Samuel Maharero was the Herero leader in the German - Herero Conflict

The warrior class of Japan

Samurai

Where was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?

Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina

What did czars such as Alexander 3 use?

Secret police to monitor citizens, censor the media and to send political prisoners to labor camps in Serbia.

The ritual suicide a samurai would perform

Seppuku

Slavic people in what country wanted to unify all Slavs but Austria-Hungary opposed giving up the largely Slavic territories Bosnia&Herzegovina?

Serbia

What importance did East India have to the Dutch?

Served as their main income for trade. Kickstarter for the Netherlands' VOC

What island were the Herero shipped to

Shark Island

Who did Alexandra bring along to help Alexi?

She brought a mystic named Rasputin.

How did Elizabeth I promoted capitalism & mercantilism?

She promoted capitalism & mercantilism by encouraging joint-stock companies to invest in oversees exploration & colonization

How long did Elizabeth I rule and what was she known for?

She ruled for 45 years and became the greatest monarch in English history She promoted capitalism & mercantilism She refused to share power with a man & never married The "Virgin Queen" She worked with Parliament to settle important issues

Who was Theodora?

She was the Byzantine empress married to Emperor Justinian. She is remembered as one of the most powerful women in Byzantine history.

Who was Shi Huangli

Shihuangdi was emperor of the Qin dynasty (221-210 BCE) and the creator of the first unified Chinese empire. He is also known for his interest in immortality, his huge funerary compound that contains some 8,000 life-sized terra-cotta soldiers, and for his contribution to the Great Wall of China.

What is the traditional religion of Japan?

Shinto

What did the opening of the Suez Canal allow for?

Ships could travel directly from Europe to Asia without having to go around Africa This increased the speed of trade and controlling Egypt became extremely important if wanted to make $$ from trade

Who was Sir Isaac Newton?

Sir Isaac Newton was a English - Mathematician - Physicist - Astronomer - Alchemist - Theologian - Author He is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time Discoveries: - Invented Calculus - Universal law of gravitation - Laws of motion - Advanced Early Chemistry - Proposed new theory of light and color

What did socialists demand?

Socialists demanded that the government control all means of production to create an equal society.

What did soldiers get from being in the trenches?

Soldiers got trench foot

How did overseas exploration contribute to some some monarch?

Some monarchs used overseas exploration to gain colonies to increase their wealth & power

Where was the Battle of the Somme?

Somme River, France

What side was Spain on in WW2?

Spain remained neutral in WW2

Define propaganda

Spreading of ideas to promote citizen involvement in the war effort or to portray the enemy as evil.

What did the communist Stalin do?

Stalin seized all property, farms, factories in order to control the economy and create equality.

Inflation (Price Revolution)

Starting in Spain, all of the silver obtained from the Americas caused the rise of prices. This ended up spreading through all of Europe. Poor people were the most affected by this rise in prices. Since the population was going up (starting in Spain), and farmers were going to the New World, food was scarce. Thus, the prices rose.

Emperor Ferdinand II

Strict Catholic, Jesuit-educated emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. His election and the anticipation of his suppression of Protestantism in the Empire was one of the events to spark the 30 Years War.

The man-made waterway built, connecting the Med to the Red sea

Suez Canal

What happened in 1911 in China?

Sun Yat-sen led an overthrow of the Qing Dynasty & created a democracy with a written constitution

What was Sun's goal?

Sun's goal was to promote nationalism, democracy, & economic security for all Chinese citizens

What did the survivors of the Herero revolt go after?

Survivors were eventually put into concentration camps, like Shark Island. Food was commonly scarce. German scientists also performed medical experiments. Including sterilization and injections of smallpox.

Dutch Domestic Industries

Taking advantage of it's agricultural base the Netherlands also built their economy on fishing, textiles, and finances, as well as trading built their booming economy

What is power?

Technology is power The Industrial Technology made the difference

This US President helped develop the treaty to end the Russo-Japanese War

Teddy Roosevelt

What states did Germany say they would "give back" to Mexico?

Texas, Arizona and New Mexico

In 1894, what czar came to power but failed to address major problems from 1904 to 197?

That czar would be Czar Nicholas 2

What was the "ideal man" in the renaissance?

The "ideal man" was well educated, smart, can dance, write poetry & play music Also called a "Renaissance Man"

What was the "ideal woman" in the renaissance?

The "ideal woman" should have the same qualities as men but should not seek fame or political power (Renaissance women were better educated but had fewer rights than medieval women)

Describe machine guns and how they worked.

The 1914 machine gun, usually positioned on a flat tripod, would require a gun crew of four to six operators. In theory they could fire 400-600 small-caliber rounds per minute, a figure that was to more than double by the war's end, with rounds fed via a fabric belt or a metal strip. The reality however was that these early machine guns would rapidly overheat and become inoperative without the aid of cooling mechanisms; they were consequently fired in short rather than sustained bursts.

What was one big competition?

The Age of Exploration (1400 - 1700)

What did the Agricultural Revolution do that caused the 190% in population?

The Agricultural Revolution caused a giant food increase that cause a enormous food population increase

What was the result of this massive attack?

The Allies halted the attack & pushed back

What war foreshadowed what WW1 would look like?

The American Civil War

What region was more tense in the years before WW1?

The Balkans

What was the Battle of Britain?

The Battle of Britain was where Germany tried and failed to destroy the British Air Force. (Britain will be the location for the Allies to open a second front against Germany in 1944.)

What was the Battle of Stalingrad?

The Battle of Stalingrad was where the German army was decisively beaten at Stalingrad.

The Battle of Verdun: What was the significance?

The Battle of Verdun (21 February - 18 December 1916) was the longest battle of the First World War. It was also one of the costliest. It began in February 1916 with a German attack on the fortified French town of Verdun, where bitter fighting would continue for most of the year. The Germans had lost over 430,000 men killed or wounded and the French approximately 550,000. The trauma of this loss not only affected French political and military decision-making during and after the war, it had a lasting effect on French national consciousness.

This meeting was called to divide Africa up among European Powers to avoid war

The Berlin Confrence

What was another reason for the decline of the manorial system?

The Black Death

What was the terrorist group that was associated with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?

The Black Hand

Who did the Bolsheviks arrest and kill to end 300 years of rule by czars in Russia?

The Bolsheviks arrested and killed the Romanovs.

What were the Bolsheviks?

The Bolsheviks were a group that supported a revolutionary overthrow of the Russian government.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China. Several countries sent troops to halt the attacks

The Trade company that would control 3/5 of India

The British East India Company

What did the British due to China in 1800s?

The British smuggled opium from India into China By 1835, 12 million Chinese citizens were addicted to opium

What were the British desperate to do for the Chinese?

The British were desperate to find a product that the Chinese would buy...

How did the Byzantine Empire fall?

The Byzantine Empire fell when Ottoman Empire surrounded Constantinople with an army and navy. The Ottoman canons destroyed the city walls the Byzantine Empire came to an end.

Because the Schlieffen Plan failed, what were the Central Powers forced to do?

The Central Powers were forced to fight a two-front war

Did the Chinese want to trade with the West?

The Chinese had little interest in trading with the West & were able to reject trade offers

Who was Commissioner Lin?

The Chinese official Lin Tse-hsü (1785-1850) was the imperial commissioner in charge of suppressing the opium trade in Canton in 1839 and the first Chinese to advocate learning about the West.

How did the Chinese view outsiders?

The Chinese viewed outsiders as barbarians & saw little value in trade with foreign merchants

What were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a Holy War between Christians and Muslims over Jerusalem, the Holy Land Famous Christian Knight Order: Knights Templar Famous Muslim General/Hero: Saladin

What was the Diaspora and when did it occur?

The Diaspora, 722B.C.-79A.D. was were the Jews were persecuted and pushed out of their ancient homeland.

Who did the British seize control of South Africa from?

The Dutch

1st Dutch War 1651 - 1666

The Dutch were undermined by the English who enacted the Navigation Acts of 1651. This made it so that all Dutch middlemen in trade had to be cut and only English ships could bring good in and out of England. This caused many Dutch ships to be looted and attacked by British 'pirates.' Ended with a Treaty.

What did the English Bill of Rights (1689) entail?

The English of Rights (1689) included that... - Parliament had be called at least every three years -Protected free speech -Laws would be made in Parliament -Judiciary independent from the crown

During the Renaissance what new ideas did the Europeans develop?

The Europeans developed new ideas in art, government, literature, architecture and human potential

What government did the Japanese admire and use as a model to create their new constitution an parliament?

The German government

What boat did a German u-boat take out?

The Germans took out and sunk the Lusitania which killing 1,200 people including 128 Americans.

What was considered the first genocide of the 20th century?

The Herero genocide

The Holocaust fell into what group?

The Holocaust became known as a genocide. A genocide is where a group of people attempt to destroy an entire ethnic or religious group.

What was the Holocaust?

The Holocaust was a mass murder by the Nazis. 2/3 of the Jews living in Europe were murdered.

What revolution let to large, advanced militaries in Europe?

The Industrial Revolution

What event made European militaries and economies the strongest in the world?

The Industrial Revolution.

After Charles I death in 1649 what was established?

The Interregnum

What was the Battle of Adwa?

The Italian army was defeated by the Ethiopians in one of the greatest battles in the history of Africa—the Battle of Adwa, on March 1, 1896. A settlement after the battle canceled the Treaty of Wichale and acknowledged the full sovereignty and independence of Ethiopia, but the Italians were allowed to retain Eritrea.

During this era of isolation in Japan what did the Japanese allow only Dutch & Chinese merchants to do?

The Japanese allowed one port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay to remain open to trade.

What is the Justinian code the foundation of?

The Justinian code was the foundation for the legal systems of many western nations today.

What did the Justinian's do to the Roman legal system?

The Justinian's compiled, preserved and simplified the Roman legal system.

What is the Mandate of heaven?

The Mandate of Heaven is a Chinese political philosophy that was used in ancient and imperial China to legitimize the rule of the King or Emperor of China.

What did the March On Rome do for Mussolini?

The March On Rome made Mussolini force the Italian king to name him prime minister.

What did the Meiji reforms give Japan?

The Meiji reforms gave Japan power & respect; Japanese nationalism led to the end to Western extraterritorial rights & unequal trade treaties

What were some causes of WW2

The Munich Agreement, The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Italy had the Blackshirts, what did the Nazis create?

The Nazis created their own militia called the Brownshirts.

Who did the Nazis want to overthrow?

The Nazis wanted to overthrow the disloyal Weimar Republic.

What was the Nuremberg Trial?

The Nuremberg Trial was were Nazi leaders were put on trial. The horror of Nazi atrocities was revealed. Atrocities such as slave labor, medical experiments on humans, forced starvation and genocide. Along the way, as many as 18,000 may have died from starvation, dehydration, torture and murder.

What event forced China to open up trade?

The Open Door Policy

What happened between 1839 - 1842

The Opium Wars

Serbia, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and Romania broke from this empire to create new nations.

The Ottoman Empire

Who was the sick man of Europe?

The Ottoman Empire

Who fought the Great Turkish War?

The Ottoman Empire (lead by Suleiman) and the European Power AKA the Holy League

What was the state of the Ottoman Empire at the time of the wars?

The Ottoman Empire had been going through a golden age of art. They were more religiously free and separated those with different beliefs into millets. With Sultan Suleiman rising to the head of the country the country was also experiencing a growth in power and land. They took control of Iran Iraq, and got a large portion of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This all ended with the death of the Sultan, and a series of conflicts with the Holy League.

What was one positive thing the Plague caused for the survivors?

The Plague caused a labor shortage that allowed survivors to demand higher wages & more rights

What was the Principia Naturalis? Who wrote it?

The Prinicipia Naturalis is a book by Sir Isaac Newton It is a work expounding Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation It lays out his laws of motion, law of universal gravitation and an extension of Kepler's laws of planetary motion

What was the importance of the Productive Class?

The Productive Class was the main driving force that lead the Netherlands' economy to flourish. They made more food for everyone (a result of the agriculture revolution) which lead to both animal and human population growth, (This, in turn, leads to a small inflation and price revolution)

What was the Qing Dynasty?

The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. It was an era noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people.

After 3 years of fighting, who won?

The Red Army won and Lenin became the unquestioned leader of Russia.

Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages during an era known as.....

The Renaissance

In 1939 which side collapsed?

The Republic collapsed and Franco establish an authoritarian regime.

What happened after the Pax Romana?

The Roman Empire entered an era of decline.

What meeting was held with the Japanese in 1779?

The Russian - Japanese Meeting

What was the Russian Emperor known as?

The Russian Emperor was known as "Czar" which means Caesar in Russian.

The Russian Revolution led to what between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army?

The Russian Revolution led to a civil war.

By 1917, why was Russia on the brink of collapsing?

The Russian army was struggling to hold on against the German military. Russia was not as industrialized as the rest of Europe & failed to produce enough weapons or food. Millions of Russian soldiers & civilians died during the war.

What was the cause/causes of the scientific revolution?

The Scientific Revolution was caused by a shift in the way people viewed the world and its future These paradigm shifts included the willingness to accept our own ignorance, an emphasis on math and observation, the desire for imperial dominance, and the new belief in progress Also - Collaboration - The derivation of new experimental methods - The ability to build on the legacy of existing scientific philosophy - The institutions that enabled academic publishing.

What did the dispute with China over Korea result in?

The Sino-Japanese War from 1894 to 1895

In 1936 how did the Spanish Civil War begin?

The Spanish Civil War began when Nationalist forces led by Franco rebelled against the Republic.

Who took over after Elizabeth I's death in 1603?

The Stuart family assumed the monarchy

What helped create bitterness among nations?

The Treaty Of Versailles

What Treaty Opened Up Trade Between the US and Japan?

The Treaty of Kanagawa

What treaty ended the Opium Wars?

The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars (1842)

What Treaty signed in 1919 officially ended WW1?

The Treaty of Versailles officially ended war with Allied Powers victorious.

England, France and Russia formed what?

The Triple Entente

What prevented president Roosevelt from joining the Allied side?

The U.S. Neutrality Acts of the 1930's where Congress prevented Roosevelt from joining the Allied side.

When and why did the U.S. join WW2?

The U.S. joined the war in December of the year 1941 is when they declared war on Japan. The attacking on Pearl Harbor ultimately was the final straw for the U.S.

When WW1 began in 1914, what side was the US on?

The U.S. remained neutral.

In June 1942 where did the U.S. win major victories?

The U.S. won major victories at Midway Island and the Guadalcanal.

What was the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact?

The USSR and Germany agreed not to attack each other and split Poland

The Importance of the VOC

The VOC was the Dutch East India Company that was set up by the Netherlands in order to deal with their trading to and from East India (Spices). The VOC is quite importance economically as is started the first stock market. This is turn helped the Netherlands´ economy flourish even further.

Who did Reformers look to for ways to fix China?

The West

Who were the White Army?

The White Army was a group of people who wanted a new czar, democracy or land back.

How did the arrival of US troops help the Allied Powers?

The arrival of the U.S. in 1918 gave a boost to the Allies with fresh troops and financial & industrial power.

What were the causes of the Enlightenment?

The causes of the Enlightenment was the Thirty Years' War, centuries of mistreatment at the hands of monarchies and the church, greater exploration of the world, and European thinkers' interest in the world (scientific study)

Describe tanks

The development of the first tank began in 1915 and was based on earlier armored vehicle designs that had already been used in World War I. More specifically, the first practical tank design was undertaken by William Foster & Co Ltd in Lincoln, England. This first design, which was completed in September of 1915, was called 'Little Willie' and is considered to be the prototype to the first British tank. The 'Little Willie' tank was a 14 ton armored box with a 105 hp Daimler engine. It also included caterpillar tracks, which became the standard form of movement for all later tanks. Regardless, the construction of 'Little Willie' proved to the British Army that the invention had potential. Revisions were made to the original design, including changing the body shape to better meet the needs of the battlefields of the Western Front. For instance, a rhomboidal shape was chosen because it allowed the tanks better ability to scale over and out of enemy trenches. As well, the new design, which was first referred to as 'Big Willie' or 'Mother' included side mounted 6-pounder (57 mm) guns. After testing, the British government ordered the production of 150 'Mother' style tanks, which occurred in early 1916.​

What did worried the USA about China?

The division of China worried the USA that it would be shut out of Chinese trade

What did Japan's victories over China & Russia transformed Japan into?

The dominant force in Asia Western nations relied on Japan to keep order in Asia

What made the Europeans afraid that wars would break out?

The ferocity of the race African Colonies

What was the fighting between Germany and France?

The fighting between Germany & France was known as the Western Front

What was the fighting between Germany and Russia known as?

The fighting between Germany & Russia was known as the Eastern Front

What was the one Crusade that was successful for the Christians?

The first Crusade

What did the invention of the long bow decrease?

The importance of knights on horseback

What led to imperialism in Africa in the mid - 1800s?

The industrial revolution

What increased the prevalence and destruction of Civil Wars in Africa?

The influx of European weapons into Africa led to an increased prevalence and destruction of Civil Wars.

What did ships lack that caused many slaves to die on the Middle Passage?

The lack of sanitation caused many to die onboard ships on the Middle Passage.

What caused the Pope & the Catholic Church to lose some of their influence?

The losses to the Muslims during the Crusades Although they has less influence the Catholic Church and the Pope remained an important part of peoples' live

What is the Silk Road?

The main route between much of Asia and the Mediterranean

When did European merchants and missionaries first arrive in Japan?

The mid - 1500s

What happened as the Romans grew more in debt?

The military became weak and they began using foreign mercenary soldiers.

What did the nuking of Hiroshima and Nagasaki start?

The nuking of Hiroshima and Nagasaki signified the beginning of the Nuclear Age.

What is population limited by?

The population is naturally limited by the food supply. The amount of food produced increases more slowly than natural population increase, so that limits population growth.

Define diplomacy

The profession, activity or skill of managing international relations.

What worried Tokugawa?

The rapid conversion of Japanese to Christianity worried Tokugawa who banned Christianity in 1619

While Japan was isolated from 1640 - 1853 what was happening with the rest of Asia?

The rest of Asia became imperialized by Western Powers

How many people died in the revolt?

The revolt will end with 65,000 perishing in the desert

What is the scientific method?

The scientific method is the principles and produces for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formation and testing of hypotheses.

What was the race to colonize Africa known as

The scramble for Africa

What was the social contract?

The social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual The Social Contract helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially in France The Age of Enlightenment and the ideologies that came with it arose because people decided to think for themselves and question the status quo. The social contract theory in particular was an attempt to justify authority and what limits it should have in connection with man's moral nature The social contract was introduced by early modern thinkers—Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, Samuel Pufendorf, and John Locke

What was the solution to this?

The solution to solve Germany's problem was the Schlieffen Plan.

What was the Nazi Blitzkrieg?

The spark of the Nazi Blitzkrieg was the German invasion of Poland in Sept 1934. The Nazi Blitzkrieg (which meant lightning war), was to overwhelm the enemy with a 1-2-3 attack of motorized infantry, tanks and airplanes.

What was the Spice Race?

The spice race was a race between countries to be the first to find a sea route to middle east It was a race between France, the U.K, Portugal and Spain

What is the separation of powers?

The term "Separation of Powers" was coined by the 18th century philosopher Montesquieu. Separation of powers is a model that divides the government into separate branches, each of which has separate and independent powers.

What is Social Darwinism?

The theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature.

What was the Nanjing Treaty the start of?

The treaty was the first of several "unequal" treaties with the West, forcing China to make concessions or face invasion

What other names was WW1 known as?

The war to end all wars The Great War

What did the Rebellion expose?

The weakness of the Qing Dynasty

Name the weapon, I will never forget last Monday for as long as I live. They used liquid fire on us that day, and to tell you the truth, Mother, I cannot tell you how I got away from it. For the fellow who used it (a German soldier), turned it right at me. It shot in my face and over my head and all around ,me, but never touched me. Well, it sure made me a good boy. I said my prayers more than once when I was out in No Man's Land.

The weapon was a flamethrower.

The four Fokkers saw him coming and were ready. They closed up and turned. Henry took the leader head on. The leader turned and Henry was on his tail in a flash. But before he could get his sights on him another Fokker was firing at him. The Fokker stuck on his tail. He circled and turned to shake him off. Where was Johnny? The Fokker was firing again. Pretty close, that! Here were the others! Down came five Camels, guns blazing tracer sparklets and phosphorus

The weapon was airplanes

Name the weapon, Suddenly it howls and flashes terrifically, the dug-out cracks in all its joints under a direct hit, fortunately only a light one that the concrete blocks are able to withstand. It rings metallically, the walls reel, rifles, helmets, earth, mud, and dust fly everywhere. Sulfur fumes pour in.

The weapon was long-range artillery

Name the weapon, Now a new sound was added to the rising din or battle - something besides the crack of German rifles and the scream of descending artillery. It came in stuttering bursts, like a thousand rifles firing one after the other. Long fiery streaks of tracer bullets spurted across the battlefield. ...The British went down like grain cut by a scythe, their bloody hands clutching at the wire. The second wave surged up, and again the hammering of the ...sliced through their line and draped bodies, like broken sacks of grain, over the wire. Then the third wave, and the fourth

The weapon was machine guns

Name the weapon, These first minutes with the mask decide between life and death: is it air-tight? I remember the awful sights in the hospital: the gas patients who in day-long suffocation cough up their burnt lungs in clots. Cautiously, the mouth applied to the value, I breathe. The gas still creeps over the ground and sinks into all hallows. Like a big, soft jellyfish it floats into our shell-hole and lolls there obscenely. I nudge Kat, it is better to crawl out and lie on top than to stay where the gas collects most. But we don't get as far as that; a second bombardment begins.

The weapon was poison gas or mustard gas

Name the weapon, the British, aided by a small French force, launched an offensive against the Germans in the valley of the Somme River in northern France. There, the British introduced another new weapon...The clumsy armored vehicle, mounted on caterpillar tracks, had been designed to survive machine-gun fire as it demolished barbed wire. But...little ground was gained. The battle turned out be an even greater struggle of attrition than Verdun

The weapon was tanks

When Japan built their modern military who did they model it after?

Their army was modeled after the Germans Their navy was modeled after the British

How many crusades were there?

There were 9 Crusades in total

What did these "Dutch studies," help Japan with?

These "Dutch studies" helped Japan learn about some of the new scientific & industrial technologies in Europe

Did women gain or lose rights during the Meiji era?

They actually lost rights and continued to face inequality?

What form of tradition form of ruling does Russia adopt from the Romans and Byzantines.

They adopt the autocratic rule ( rule by an Emperor)

What else did the Japanese gain from their trade with the Dutch?

They also learned from them about new Western ideas

The Triple Entente became known as what and eventually were joined by many nations around the world.

They became known as the Allied Powers

What did radical workers peasants and soldiers began to form what?

They began to form councils called Soviets that held meetings and assumed control over local governments.

What caused the Romans large trade imbalance?

They bought more than they were importing. It was also caused by the Roman empire's series of weak emperors.

By 1917, what were citizens in Russia demanding an end to?

They demanded an end to not only the monarchy but an end to WW1.

In 1905, Russian commoners the outside the czar's Winter Palace to demand what?

They demanded better working conditions, right to form unions and a democratic constitution.

How did totalitarian leaders gain support?

They gained support from promising jobs, promoting nationalism and using propaganda.

How did Leopold's soldiers force Congolese men to do hard labor?

They held them at gunpoint

What did canons do?

They helped armies penetrate castles

The Battle of Tannenburg: What did Hindenburg & Ludendorff authorize?

They immediately authorized an aggressive counter-action against the Russians, previously planned by a senior staff officer in the region, Colonel Max Hoffmann.

What did Stalin's 5 Year Plan and collective farms improve?

They improved the Soviet Union's industrial and agricultural output.

What did Italian merchants do that formed cities & a wealthy middle class in Italy?

They meet the demand for trade in Europe

What religion did Elizabeth I and Parliament decide to be the official religion of England

They passed the Act of Uniformity that made Anglicanism the official religion of England (Many Catholic tradition & rituals remained)

How did Byzantine monks preserve Greco-Roman civilization?

They preserved Greco-Roman civilization by copying their knowledge into manuscripts.

What did the European nations do in the 19th century?

They pursued an aggressive expansion policy. Both made possible possible and necessary by the Industrial Revolution

What was the Japanese's response to negotiation of trading rights in 1800s?

They repeated refused Western Trade

What did humanists study?

They studied the "classical" ideas of Greece & Rome and believed that education could make the world a better place

When did the Staurt family take over?

They take over when the Tudor family dies out

What did governments use to draft civilians into the military?

They used conscription.

What did Monarchs use their power for?

They used their power to build centralized governments to control their nations

What did the Medici family do to Florence?

They used their wealth to turn Florence into Italy's most artistic city

Who were David Ricardo and Adam Smith?

They were British political economists They were some of the most influential classic economists

What were the German submarines known as?

They were known as U-boats

The universal minority status of the Jewish people caused them to be used a what?

They were used as a scapegoat for the problems of the country they live in.

What did the struggling of nations to rebuild cause?

This caused a global depression in the 1930s that led to a high rate of unemployment and a sense of desperation.

What did the indigenous police force the rest of the population of Congo to do?

This indigenous police force in turn forced the rest of the population to give up farming for food and instead produce rubber

What is false about this statement? "Slavery always had a racial basis, even before the slave trade to the Americas."

This is not true. Ideas of racial hierarchy developed to rationalize the inhumane treatment of enslaved people. In history, people who were captured in war were enslaved but not along the basis of race.

Great Turkish War (1683 - 1699)

This part of the war marked the end of the Ottoman empire's territory growth and symbolized the start of it's retreat. This war ended in defeat for the ottomans who had give up a lot of it's land. This war also marked the first time Russia was involved in western European Alliance.

What does the quote "The sun never set on the British Empire," mean?

This quote was used to describe how the British Empire was so extensive that it seemed as though it was always daytime in at least on part of it's territory

This scattering caused them to become a what?

This scattering caused them to be a minority group in all of the places that they emigrated to.

War of Devolution 1667 - 1668 (3rd Dutch War)

This was caused by a claim made by Louis XIV. He claimed that that the Spanish Netherlands territories were owned by him due to marriage. Settled with Traty of Aix-la-Chapele

Who is Thomas Hobbes?

Thomas Hobbes is a English political philosopher best now for his masterpiece Leviathan and his contribution to social contract theory Throughout his life, Hobbes believed that the only true and correct form of government was the absolute monarchy He argued this most forcefully in his landmark work, Leviathan This belief stemmed from the central tenet of Hobbes' natural philosophy that human beings are, at their core, selfish creatures His enduring contribution was as a political philosopher who justified wide-ranging government powers on the basis of the self-interested consent of citizens. In Hobbes's social contract, the many trade liberty for safety.

How did the Europeans countries dominated the continents of Africa and Asia?

Through the use of direct military force, economic spheres of influence, and annexation

What was the goal of the Boxer Rebellion?

To expel foreigners from China

What did Britain do to keep Germany from not trading with other nations?

To keep Germany from trading with other nations, Britain used its navy to blockade Europe

The ruling family of Japan for 300 years

Tokugawa

Who unified Japan in 1600 & created a strong line of succession called the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1867?

Tokugawa Leyasu

What is the capital of Japan currently?

Tokyo It is the most expensive megalopolis in the world with 14 million people

What are totalitarian leaders?

Totalitarian leaders are dictators who control all aspects of the government and the lives of the citizens.

What caused the plague to sweep quickly through Europe?

Trade Routes caused the plague to sweep through Europe quickly

How did Chinese Culture spread through Asia?

Trading

The unequal treaty signed that ended the Opium War

Treaty of Nanjing

Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary made up the?

Triple Alliance

What were the 2 main alliances formed and what countries were in them?

Triple Alliance:Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary Tripe Entente:England, France and Russia

True or False: Austria and France tried to Avoid War when fighting for Spanish Succession?

True

True or false, the trench system in WWI were typically in a zigzag pattern and connected to other trenches

True

True or false, the trenches spanned 400 miles from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border

True

True or False, trench Warfare was a response to more advanced weapons

True, weapons such as tanks

What was the ultimatum of Austria-Hungary on Serbia?

Turn over conspirators and allow an investigation or go to war.

Who was Tycho Brahe? What did he do?

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer He is best known for developing astronomical instruments and measuring and fixing the positions of the stars He paved the way for future astronomical discoveries he created detailed mathematical tables that astronomers used for centuries

Who forced Japan to Open Trade, ending its isolation

USA or Matthew Perry

On July 23rd Austria-Hungary issued an what to Serbia?

Ultimatum

When the Qing Dynasty was unable to defeat the Taiping what did they do?

Unable to defeat the Taiping, the Qing Dynasty turned to the British & French who helped end the rebellion in 1864

What was the difference between Elizabeth I and the Stuarts?

Unlike Elizabeth, these Stuart kings refused to work with Parliament & tried to create an absolute monarchy in England

What was the support of consumerism?

Vanity actually helped the economy. Bernard Mandeville's "Fable of the Bees" proposed that what made countries rich was shopping and consumption of frivolous goods.

In 1903, who formed the Bolsheviks?

Vladimir Lenin

From 1300 - 1600 what did Western Europe experience?

Western Europe experienced a "rebirth" in trade, learning and Greco - Roman Ideas

What drastically changed Japan?

Western imperialism in Asia dramatically changed Japan

What was one of the more important issues during Elizabeth I?

What religion England would be: Anglican or Catholic

What did the Japanese sign in 1854 when Matthew Perry returned? What did this Treaty entail?

When Matthew Perry returned in 1854, Japanese officials signed the Treaty of Kanagawa which opened two ports to American merchants

What was the state of Spain at the Start of the War of Spanish Succession?

While it was no longer a power house, Spain still had the biggest overseas empire therefore making it a valuable empire.

Who did Parliament invite to take over the throne for James II?

William of Orange III & Mary

William of Orange III stance during the Spanish War of Succession

William of Orange III wanted neither France nor Austria to win the throne as it would cause a major power imbalance between the European states.

What "Great War" was the largest, most destructive war the world had yet seen?

World War 1

Totalitarianism files notes:1920's&1930's

World War I made governments LESS stable as people lost faith in their leaders and sought alternatives like Hitler & Mussolini. Italy and Germany did NOT have strong democratic traditions prior to the 1920s. Both were monarchies. Economic problems made the government more susceptible to dictators taking over. Dictators made promises to improve the conditions of their country through strong leadership. The German currency hit its peak of hyperinflation (lowest value) in 1923. As economic conditions worsened, the Nazi party gained popularity. The effects of World War I created instability in Europe

Was the world surprised by Japan's win over a western power?

YES

Did the Japanese Shogun like trade with the Europeans?

Yes and they were fascinated by their military & technologies

Rich families in japan that bought the factories that the Japanese government built

Zaibatsu

What does zaibastu mean?

Zaibatsu is a compound formed by the Japanese words zai, meaning "money" or "wealth," and batsu, meaning "clique" or "clan." The word refers to one of several large capitalist enterprises that developed in Japan after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and that expanded rapidly during World War I.

Who fought against the British in South Africa?

Zulu nation

What aspects did absolute monarchs control?

absolute monarchs controlled all aspects of their nations, including taxes, religion, the military, & the economy

What does bicameral mean?

having 2 branches ex. Two branches of government

What does the Africa come from?

is referred to Roman North Africa, borders established after the fall of Carthage (146 BCE)

cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

What is nationalism?

pride in one's country

What was the word that LaTorre used?(Hint it begins with an S)

stalemate

Grand Alliance of 1701

summoned by Wm III of England in response to Sp succession. Included England, Holland, HREmperor with support of Brandenburg, Portugal, and the Italian duchy of Savoy. Came against France, Spain, and Bavaria(been a perpetual ally of Fr against HRE due to jealousy of Hapsburg power).

During the Renaissance, people had more options than ever before which caused them to believe...

that people could accomplish everything

What have the Chinese always referred to themselves as?

the "Middle Kingdom," = Center of the Universe = Chinese Superiority

What is cultural diffusion?

the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another

Define unrestricted submarine warfare.

the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters.

What kind of warfare was fought in WW1?

trench warfare

What is absolutism?

was the political belief that one ruler should hold all power within the boundaries of a country