World History Final Semester 1(Buehlmaier/Mann)

Tragedy

a form of drama that portrays a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a protagonist who is brought to ruin or extreme sorrow especially as a result of a fatal flaw

democracy

a form of government based on rule by the people

direct democracy

a form of government in which all citizens can participate firsthand

Republic

a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

Ethics

moral principles, generally recognized rules of conduct

Achievements of Hellenistic Era

A library in Alexandria with over 500,000 scrolls was used to study. Studying was encouraged, the city was beautiful since it was full of temples and statues. Aristarchus came up with the theory that the sun was the center of the universe that was not well accepted, Eratosthenes said the ear was round and calculated the earth's circumference. Euclid wrote a book about plane geometry. Archimedes established the value of the mathematical constant pi and may have developed a machine to lift water out of mines.

Confucian Education

All people should be educated and it should be well-trained people who work in the government.

Athens

City-state known for trade, learning, and creating the first democracy. They had great wealth after the Persian Wars.

Sparta

City-state that took over the surrounding city-states. This city-state is known for focusing on war and had an oligarchy form of government, They discouraged travel and new ideas. The forced those they conquered to become slaves.

Ionian Greece

Colony set up by the Greeks that helped them increase their trade and wealth

Herodotus

Considered the first real historian because he tried to systematically analyze events, he wrote about the Persian Wars

Thucydides

Considered the greatest historian of the ancient world. He wrote about the Peloponnesian War. He tried to present information accurately and fairly.

Mycenaeans

Early Greek group that was focused on war, they also created trade networks, and had powerful kings in control. They built great tombs for the royal families to be buried. According to Homer, the destroyed the city of Troy in a war.

Pericles

Famous politician in Athens during a great age of wealth. Athens took control of the Delian League, creating an empire. They also started to pay politicians who served in the government. This was an age where Athens had a democracy.

Plataea

Final battle where Persian forces were defeated and forced into signing a peace treaty. The Persians returned home.

Marathon

First battle of the Persian war where the Athenians were able to defeat the Persians. An Athenian messenger ran 26 miles to tell the Athenians about the victory and then died.

Dark Age

Food production slowed after the mysterious fall of the Mycenaeans. There are little records of this time. Most people went to live on islands or Ionian during this time. Iron started to be used and the Greeks did adopt the Phoenician alphabet.

Terra-Cotta Army

Found in the tomb of Qin Shihuangdi; included thousands of soldiers, horses, wooden chariots, weapons. All were slightly larger than life sized, unique, and colorful. About 1/3 of the national money was likely spent on this area.

Influence of Confucius

Han dynasty rulers had students learn Confucian ideas as well as Chinese history and law. These students would then take the civil service examination in order to try to get a job in the government.

Peasants During the Han Dynasty

It was a hard life. They had to military service and forced labor for the government. They may have only owned one acre of land which made it hard to eat or their land was owned be a wealthy aristocrat who charged high taxes.

Minoan

Lived on Crete, conquered by Myceneans

Philip II

Macedonian king who took over Greek city-states and wanted them to help him take over Persia. He died before he could accomplish his goals.

seas that border Greece

Mediterranean, Adriatic, Aegean, Ionian

Thermopylae

Mountain pass where 7,000 Greek soldiers, including 300 Spartans held the Persians for two days. A Greek traitor told the Persians how to get around the area and the Persians were not defeated.

Salamis

Narrow body of water near an island where the Athenian ships were able to destroy many of the larger Persian ships.

The Odyssey

One of Homer's two epics; it tells the adventures of Odysseus on his way home to Greece after the Trojan War

Confucian Duty

People should surrender their needs to the needs of the family and community. People should respect those who are elders or who are in authority over them. People should work hard to fulfill their duties.

Aristotle

Philosopher of Ancient Athens that studied in Plato's school. He believed in analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation. His ideas are considered the start of modern science.

Socrates

Philosopher of Ancient Athens who believed in a question and answer way of teaching.

Plato

Philosopher of Ancient Athens who wrote many of his thoughts down. He was a student of Socrates and opened a school called The Academy. He felt that philosopher-kings should be the rulers.

Homer

Poet of the Dark Age. Wrote Iliad and Odyssey Poems taught the values of courage and honor

Insulae

Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden-beam floors

Qin Shihuangdi

Ruler who started the Qin Dynasty after the Zhou dynasty fell apart. He set up a single money system and built roads throughout the empire. He gave aristocrat lands to the peasants and expanded the empire.

stoa

in Ancient Greece, an open porch used as a meeting place

Han Dynasty Achievements

Steel was developed, the use of paper, rudder and fore-and-aft rigging for ships, Confucian classics were written, history was written about also.

Persian Wars Begin?

The Greek city-states of Ionian didn't want to be under Persian rule. Athens helped them revolt. This made the Persian king Darius mad so he attacked Athens.

Qin Dynasty Legacy

The policy of censors would stay in China for many years. The next emperor take over only last 4 years because the first emperor made so many enemies with his harsh rule.

Han Dynasty Decline

The rulers stopped paying attention to the common people, raiders from the north caused problems, there were peasant uprisings, and a few wealthy aristocrats controlled most of the land. A general took over from the military in 220A.D., but then civil war began. A new dynasty did not bring peace for 400 years.

Greek Women

They had very little power in most Greek city-states. In Athens, they could not own property and always needed a male guardian. In Sparta, women had more freedom to own property since the men were often gone.

Confucian Rulers

They should set a good example of kindness for others to follow.

Great Wall

This was started during the Qin dynasty to stop the Xiongnu from attacking China on horseback. It was later rebuilt and added to when when the Mongols were attacking China. The first wall was made of sand and other rubble.

Harsh Legalistic Rule

This was the way Qin Shihuangdi ruled. He had censors that closely watched all officials in the civil division, military division, provinces, and counties. Those who did not follow the rules were killed. Books presenting opposing ideas were burned, harsh taxes were enforced, and forced labor projects were done.

Alexander the Great

Took over the Persian empire and all of Greece, he created many cities named Alexandria after him.

Cleisthenes

Tyrant who took over Athens with the backing of the people. He established the Council of 500 that would propose laws. The final decisions then were made by an assembly of all citizens. This started democracy in Athens.

Peloponnesian War

War between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies. The Athenians had a better navy and Sparta had a better army. Eventually, Athens suffered from a plague while staying inside the city surrounded by the Spartans. Later, much of their navy was destroyed and they had surrendered. This severely weakened Greece which disintegrated into civil war.

epicureanism

a Hellenistic school of philosophy that developed in Athens about 300 B.C. and stressed the importance of simple pleasures

Consul

a chief executive officers of the Roman Republic, two were elected each year to run the government and to lead the army into battle

polis

a city-state of ancient Greece

helot

a farm laborer in ancient Sparta

Triumvirate

a government by three people with equal power

Epic Poem

a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer

Legalism

a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it proposes that human beings are veil by nature and can be brought to the correct path only by harsh laws

tyrant

a ruler who held complete power in a Greek city-state; a dictator

Tyrant

a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired solders and fighting tactics

colonies

a settlement of people in a territory outside their homeland that is bound to the parent country by government, trade, or culture

Patrician

a social class of wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic

classicism

a style of art and thought emphasizing order and simplicity

Direct Democracy

a system of government in which the people participated directly in government decision making through mass meetings, they voted directly on issues

Daoism

a system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi; teaches that the will of Heaven is best followed through inaction so that nature is allowed to take its course

Socratic Method

a technique emphasized by Socrates that encouraged people to become aware of their own views and those of others by asking questions

oracle

a temple where priests and priestesses in ancient Greece gave prophecies; also the priest or priestess giving the prophecy

Phalanx

a wall of shields, created by foot soldiers marching should to shoulder in a rectangular formation

Dictator

an absolute ruler

stoicism

an important Hellenistic school of philosophy that developed in Athens about 300 B.C.; emphasized dignity, self-control, and reason

Praetor

an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law

Philosophy

an organized system of thought, from the Greek for "love of wisdom"

Imperator

commander in chief; Latin origin of the word emperor

Ostracism

in ancient Athens the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote

ostracism

in ancient Athens, the practice of forcing a person believed dangerous to leave the city-state for 10 years

Oracle

in ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess

Helot

in ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror

Arete

in early Greece, the qualities of the excellence that a hero strives to win in as a struggle or contest

Acropolis

in early Greek city-state, a fortified gathering at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings

Agora

in early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market

Plebeian

in the Roman Republic, a social class made up of minor landholders, craftspeople, merchants and small farmers

Paterfamilias

in the Roman social structure, the dominate male had of the household, which also included his wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried daughters and slaves

archon

one of a group of officials, chosen from the nobility, who ruled Athens before Solon's political reforms

Ephor

one of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens

The Iliad

one of two epic written by Homer, which tells of the tragic quarrel between two heroes of the Trojan War

Censorate

part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs; active during Qin Dynasty

Martial

relating to, or suited for, war or a warrior

Civil Service

the administration service of a government, not including the armed forces, in which appointments are determined by competitive examination

Hellenistic Era

the age of Alexander the Great; period of when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world

Polis

the early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or a town and its surrounding countryside

Regime

the government in power

acropolis

the highest ground in a Greek city, on which stood a fortress

Persian Wars

the long struggle of the Greek city-states against the Persian Empire's attempt at conquest (499-479 B.C.)

agora

the marketplace of an ancient Greek city

Socratic method

the method of teaching used by the Greek Philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-and-answer forms to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason

Sophists

the name for a Greek teacher who, in the decades after the Persian Wars, traveled from city to city teaching speech, grammar, gymnastics, mathematics, and music

Hellenistic Age

the period (about 323-100 B.C.) following Alexander's conquests when Greek culture spread throughout the lands he had conquered

Hellenic Age

the period (about 800-323 B.C.) when the civilization of the ancient Greeks took shape and reached its height

Age of Pericles

the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power

Peloponnesian War

the war between Athens and Sparta that began in 431 B.C. and eventually led to the weakening of the Greek city-states

Oligarchy

the rule of a few, a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

Democracy

the rule of many, government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives

Epicureanism

the school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure

Stoicism

the school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers

Confucianism

the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty; it was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion

Parthenon

the temple of Athena, which stands on the Acropolis in Athens