World History H: 6 Glasses Chapters 3 & 4

"wine reveals what is hidden"

Eratosthenes

"for sensible men, I prepare only 3 kraters..."

Euboulous

feast was for the inauguration of the king's new capitol called __

Nimrud

formal ritual exhibitionism in which members of the hetaireia would course through the streets to ephasize strength and unity

komos

a drinking game, similar to beer pong

kottabos

wine jug that they mixed water with

krater

hardly considered a wine, terrible, usually served to slave

lora

what was "Works and Days" by Hasiod

manual for vine growing

mixture of wine and honey

mulsum

wine jug

oinochoe

drink made by mixing water and wine , turned sour and vinegarlike; drank by soldiers

posca

drinking horn

rhyton

wine flavored with roses

rosatum

Who produced wine on a large commercial scale?

the Greeks

Galen had one mission: to find the best __ in the world

wine

What was a symposium?

· Formal drinking party fro Greeks

What three factors made wine production in this area possible?

· The presence of the wild Eurasian grape fruit · Vitis vinifera sylvestris · Cereal crops were available to provide year-round food reserves for wine-making communities ○ Need food for people to eat - invention of pottery for making, storing and serving wine

Why did the Greeks and Romans mix water with wine?

· Water made wine safe and vice versa · Only gods could drink it at full strength

Where did wine spread from this area?

· West to Greece and Anatolia ○ Anatolia is modern day Turkey · South through the Levant to Egypt

Why was how you behaved important?

· believed to reveal your innermost nature · "angry drunks" or "happy drunks" · Wine affects people differently

Why does wine drinking dominate in Southern Europe and beer in Northern Europe?

- Because Rome did not conquer northern Europe

Name two other high ranking wines

- Caecuban - Surrentine

What was a convivium?

- Drinking party after their meal

Rome owed Greece a debt. Why? Explain

- Even though they defeated Greece, they took their language, alphabet, architecture, religion, literature, etc. - Becoming too much like Greeks - Everyone wanted to be Greek and liked their society - Implanted and set up colonies ○ Set the influence of Greek

What was the best wine? Where was it grown?

- Falernian - In region of Campania - Regions on the slopes of Mount Falernus - 121 BC

Explain 'black figure" vases versus "red figure" vases?

- Figures were represented in areas of black paint - Figures were the natural red color of clay; details were black paint

What happened to Marcus Antonius?

- Gaius Marius was out killing supporters of his enemy, Sulla - Marcus hid in a poor man's house - Man sent servant to get a very expensive wine - Seller asked why she needed a better wine - Servant gave out his name - The vintner went to Marius and sent soldiers to kill Marcus

Why did viticulture overtake grain production?

- It became one of Greece's main exports - Wine was produced as a commercial product - Farmers could make more money by growing grapes than selling grain

As wine production increased, why was what kind of wine you drank more important that whether you drank it?

- It distinguished your social status/class - The type of wine you had showed your wealth - It indicated how cultural you are

What was a "sumptuary law"?

- Laws to restrain the luxurious tastes of Rome's richest citizens - Not really enforced

Who was Galen? For what did he use wine?

- Marcus Aurelia's personal physicians ○ Had no training, self-educated ○ Most emperors had them - Treated gladiators: used wine to disinfect wounds - Regularly prescribed wine as a remedy - A disinfectant

How do the symposium and convivium live on today?

- Modern Dinner parties, 12 o'clock celebrations ○ Certain seating arrangements - Host choses drinks and choice of wine - Selection reflects its importance

What can amphorae tell us now?

- Origin and its contents - Stamps told their patterns and where it came from - Map patterns of trade - See influence of Roman politics on the wine business

Why was wine a symbol of social differentiation?

- Reflects if you were poor or rich by the type of wine you bought and its quality - Wealthy romans drank finest wines and brands of wines; showed they were rich enough to afford it

Why did other areas start drinking wine when they previously didn't?

- Rome was very huge and popular so their customs started spreading - When in Rome do as the Romans

Why do Christians drink wine and Muslims don't?

- Symbolic significance, Jesus turned water to wine ○ Eucharist, blood of Christ - Christian ritual - Muslims avoid alcoholic drinks ○ Bad thing because of what Mohammad said

How was a convivium different from a symposium?

- Symposium: people drank as equals from a shared krater; all about equality ○ Drank same wine ○ Mixing bowl was the same - Convivium: emphasized social division ○ All about social status ○ Shown by their wine

Why were wines adulterated with various additives? What were some of these additives?

- To serve as preservatives or to conceal the fact that they were spoiled - Pitch, salt, seawater

Explain "water made wine safe but wine made water safe"?

- Wine contained antibacterial agents - Greeks were unaware of the dangers of drinking contaminated water - back then, water ran through lead pipes

Why did wine production expand at the expense of grain?

- Wine made more money than grain - More profitable - Wine production was more sophisticated product ○ Needed to know how to produce wine ○ Very complex farming

Why was serving wine such an impressive display of wealth?

- Wine was very expensive to transport - It had to be transported from the mountainous regions - Wine was 10 times more expensive than beer

2 things affected the worth of wine

- age of wine - origin and where it came from

when was wine first produced

- between 9000 - 4000 BC - Neolithic period

Describe the feast of King Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria

- big, elegant feast - served lots of wine and beer

effect wine had on Pelopponesian war

- during harvesting time, Sparta did not burn the vines, but kept it for themselves

story of Braccus and Falernian

- he covered Mount Falnerus with vines in gratitude to a farmer who gave him shelter for the night, not knowing it was him

what was a symposiarch

- host of the party - determined the ratio of water to wine

"to rich and poor alike hath he (Dionysus) granted the delight of wine, that makes all pain cease"

- playwright Euripides in The Bacchae

what wine did for Greece

- separated social classes - transformed economy (wine production over grain production)

where knowledge of wine spread to

- spread west to Greece and Anatolia, south to Levant to Egypt

Describe the mixing of water and wine for the Greeks?

- took place in anadron - mixed in krater - water and wine ratio depended on the one stirring/mixing it

Greece was the ideal terrain for __

- viticulture - b/c center of trade, lots of hills and mountains for vines

greatest wine tastings in history took place in ___

170 CE in the imperial cellars in Rome

When did viticulture take place through Greece?

7th Century

"woe is me" "the wine is gone from our wineskins and bitter beer rages in out bellies.."

Alcuin

author of gastromania, first cookbook

Archestratus

Roman version of Greek god Dionysus

Bacchus

"the vanquished have conquered us, not we them"

Cato

Roman agricultural writer who wrote about preservatives and wine

Columella

greek god of wine

Dionysis

"always try to get the best"

Galen

earliest evidence of wine residue in a jar was found in what neolithic village

Hajji Firuz Tepe

Greek historian who described the boats that carried goods up the Babylon River

Herodotus

Opmian Falnerian was drank by __

Julius Caesar

"we are blocked/In our Hurry by a surging mass before us..."

Juvenal, Roman satirist

king who was buried with 7 wine jars

King Scorpion I

first-century Roman poet who described Falernian as immortal

Martial

conducted series of experiments, poisoned prisoners, looking for universal antidote for poisons

Mithradates

the land of the trained vines

Oenotria

Opimian Falnerian was named after __, a consul elected that year

Opimius

Galen was born in __

Pergamin

wine he declared "was given as a balm, and in order to implant modesty..."

Plato

Ashurnasirpal's son

Shalmaneser III

"the peoples of the Mediterranean began to emerge from barbarism when they learned to cultivate olives and the vine"

Thucydides

Where was wine first produced?

Zargos mountains

tall wine jar, cheap for transportation

amphorae

drinking/mixing wine room

anadron

greek word for people that did not speak their language; sounds like babbling

barbaroi

larger, deeper vessels for wine

cantharos

the thing they drank wine from

cylix

drinking group

hetaurreia

where was Nimrud located

in Mesopotamia