World History II - Chapter 23

What was a consequence of the Peace of Westphalia?

A system of independent, competing states began to emerge.

Protestant reformer John Calvin was based in what city?

Geneva

Which of the following is true of the Spanish Inquisition?

It used religious justification to increase the authority of the Spanish monarchy.

Which Spanish city grew rapidly as a result of King Philip II's decision to base his government there

Madrid

Who was the leader of the parliamentary forces during the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell

What was the practical result of the partition of Poland?

Poland was wiped off the map.

What were the English Calvinists who objected to ornate ceremonies in the Anglican Church called?

Puritans

Armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War were to a large extent driven by

Religious motives

Russian rulers of the _____ dynasty tightly centralized government function.

Romanov

n an effort to extend the boundaries of a reformed Roman Catholic church, Ignatius Loyola founded the

Society of Jesus.

What qualities made England and the Netherlands constitutional states during the seventeenth century?

Their governments recognized rights pertaining to individuals and representative powers.

Why did Chinese, Indian, and Islamic rulers not embrace new military technology the same way their European counterparts embraced it?

They already possessed the forces and equipment they needed to maintain order.

How do capitalists respond to changing market conditions?

They use them to try to maximize profit.

Which of the following are reasons why Jesuits made effective missionaries?

They were disciplined. They were well educated.

In its deliberations, the Council of Trent drew heavily on the works of St.

Thomas Aquinas.

In contrast to Europe's constitutional states were a number of strong kings who created the form of government known as

absolute monarchs

What was the Council of Trent?

an assembly of Roman Catholic church officials who met to address doctrine and reform

What did not help fuel European population growth during the early modern era?

an influx of migrants from Asia and the Americas

Henry VIII formed the Church of England because

he wanted to divorce his wife but was not allowed to do so by the pope.

Within Europe, balance of power politics ______ the growth of empires.

hindered

Most of the individuals convicted of witchcraft during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were

individuals on the margins of society.

What conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia?

the Thirty Years' War

the following prevented Charles V from uniting his territories

the alliance between the French and Turks the rebellion of German Lutherans

Advances in armaments manufacture in the seventeenth century led to

the deployment of more accurate cannons the deployment of more powerful cannons a wide array of increasingly effective small arms

To what purpose did Peter I lead a group of Russians on a tour of western Europe?

to study administrative methods and military technology

English Calvinists disapproved of the Anglican church because they considered it

too similar to the Roman Catholic church.

The Catholic Reformation ______ the Protestant Reformation.

was a response to

Within Europe, military academies

were organized to educate officers in strategy and tactics.

Following the reforms of Peter I, Russian peasants

were regularly drafted for army service.

The Thirty Years' War began when the head of the Holy Roman Empire tried to force Protestants in ______ to return to the Roman Catholic church.

Bohemia

The failure of Philip II to suppress which group resulted in the establishment of the independent United Provinces?

Calvinists

Yemelian Pugachev mounted a violent uprising that challenged the rule of which leader?

Catherine II

Who took charge of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519?

Charles V

Among the most prominent constitutional states in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were

England and the Netherlands

What was the primary political cause of the English Civil War?

English kings had tried to institute new taxes without the approval of parliament.

In the first half of the sixteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire encompassed vast regions in

Europe and the Americas.

The most conspicuous absolutist state was the _____ monarchy, where a prominent church official worked to enhance the authority of the king.

French

Which of the following best characterizes the way Charles V ruled his many territories?

He ruled each in accordance with its own laws and customs.

What happened to King Charles I after his capture by the forces of Oliver Cromwell?

He was tried for tyranny and beheaded.

Who was the Sun King?

Louis XIV

Between 1772 and 1797, Poland was partitioned by the absolutist states of Austria, Prussia, and

Russia

In 1588 King Philip II of Spain attempted to force England to return to the Roman Catholic church by dispatching an enormous naval fleet called the

Spanish Armada

Amid displeasure with the king in 1688, which couple was invited to rule England in cooperation with parliament?

William and Mary

In addition to disapproval of church corruption, what other sentiment sparked a desire for reform?

a desire for a more personal relationship with God

Martin Luther, whose criticism of the Roman Catholic church led to the Protestant movement, could best be described as

a prolific and talented writer.

what were advocated by Martin Luther?

an end to priestly authority the closure of monasteries the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages

Where does the term tsar, used by Russian rulers to signify their imperial status, ultimately originate from?

ancient rome

Under the rule of Henry VIII in England, the state

assumed some responsibilities from the country's Roman Catholic Church.

As religious tensions increased, accusations of witchcraft

became a convenient way to account for any undesirable turn of events.

According to Martin Luther, the ______ was the true source of religious authority.

bible

The extravagant palace at Versailles served as

both a symbol of absolute power and as the functional center of government in France.

Which devastating disease of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries did not have a major outbreak after 1720?

bubonic plague

The Thirty Years' War was fought

by forces from several countries.

The Thirty Years' War

caused severe damage in Germany.

John Calvin's influential Institutes of the Christian Religion

codified Protestant teachings and presented them in a coherent and organized package

Cardinal Richelieu created a large bureaucracy of ______ who were loyal to the monarchy in order to undermine conspiracies against the power of the king.

commoners

What caused Europeans to continuously seek to improve their military arsenals

constant foreign threats

The growing wealth and power of the Roman Catholic church, together with its involvement in political affairs, led to ______ among church officials

corruption

The standing armies established by the new monarchs of France and Spain ______ the power of the nobility in those nations.

decreased

the following caused the population of Europe to rapidly increase from 1500 and 1700

decreased mortality rate improved nutrition

In order to weaken the likelihood of rebellion, Louis XIV did

diverted the nobility with lavish entertainment strongly encouraged the nobility to live at Versailles, where he could keep an eye on them rewarded the nobility by allowing them to be near him

The theoretical foundation of absolutism was known as the

divine right of kings

The new monarchs of England and other countries used their increased revenues to do which of the following?

enlarge their administrative staffs increase their power over the nobles collect taxes more efficiently

Under the balance of power principle, what would states do if any one state became too powerful?

form coalitions to oppose the rising power

According to the concept of absolutism, the source of the right to rule in absolute monarchies comes from

god

esuit missionaries had ______ success as missionaries outside Europe.

great

Early modern European capitalism depended on all of the following except

guilds

Among his criticisms, Martin Luther attacked the sale of _____ by the Roman Catholic church.

indulgences

By the mid-1500s, Protestantism was present in _____ but suppressed by local authorities who resented the challenge to the Roman church.

italy and spain

By spreading the risks involved, ______ encouraged the development of new business ventures overseas.

joint-stock companies

Protestant reformer John Calvin was trained as a

lawyer

In her efforts to change conditions in the Russian countryside, Catherine II

limited the punishments noble landowners could inflict on their serfs.

Who was the most common target of witch hunts?

marginalized women

The center of a capitalist system is the

market

The capitalist economic order developed as

merchants learned how to take advantage of efficiencies in transportation and communication.

Entrepreneurs encountered ______ interference from constitutional states.

minimal

In terms of lethal sentencing of accused witches, church courts were generally ______ secular courts.

more lenient than

All of the following were hallmarks of Catherine II's reign except

new tax exemptions for nobles.

Imperial princes within the Holy Roman Empire ______ used religious controversy to challenge the authority of Charles V.

often

In his efforts to reform Russia's military, Peter I did

ordered aristocrats to study mathematics and geometry provided extensive training and modern weapons began the construction of a navy

Catherine's response to the rebellion led by Yemelian Pugachev

ordering imperial forces to crush the uprising a renewed commitment to autocratic rule

From the early seventeenth century, English kings attempted to raise new taxes without approval of the

parliament

In the 1520s and 1530s, important German cities like Augsburg and Nuremberg

passed laws banning Roman Catholic observances.

State policies in England and the Dutch Republic did which of the following?

represented an alliance between merchants and rulers encouraged the growth of commercial empires overseas fostered maritime trade

England formed a constitutional monarchy, whereas the Netherlands was a _____ based on representative government.

republic

Which of the following was not a factor in the population growth of Europe in early modern times?

rising birthrates

Which of the following did the new monarchs not use as a means of raising income?

selling indulgences on behalf of the Roman Catholic church

All the following were introduced into Europe from the Americas except

silk

Before devoting himself to religious matters, Ignatius Loyola was a

soldier

Protestants in the Low Countries fought for independence from which country?

spain

Which best describes the moral code Calvin helped authorities impose in his region?

strict

In his desire to transform Russia into a great military power, Peter I

studied the armies of western Europe.

The goal of the Spanish Inquisition was to identify and punish those who

supported anything the inquisitors deemed heretical, including Judaism, Islam, and Protestantism.

In 1567, King Philip II of Spain sent an army to _____ to tighten his control over the provinces and suppress the Calvinist movement there.

the Netherlands

All of the following contributed to Europe's economic expansion in the seventeenth century except

the eradication of smallpox

he bloodless change of power that deposed King James II of England is called

the glorious Revolution

Which of the following posed major international challenges to the authority of Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire?

the king of France and the Ottoman sultan

To demonstrate his belief in relief in absolutism, what did King Louis XIV of France declared that he was?

the state

Which event, along with the famine and disease it caused, led to a temporary dip in the population growth of Europe in early modern times

thirty years war

Which of the following is not a reason why the Roman Catholic church undertook the Catholic reformation?

to adopt many of the teachings of the Protestant church