World History Midterm (#1)

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

7 Year War

1756-1763 also known as the French and Indian War: worldwide war that ended when Russia defeated Austria establishing itself as a European power and when Britain gained control of India and many of France's colonies through the Treaty of Paris

Successive forms of exploitative production and rebellions against them

According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, history consisted of

The Ottoman Empire was the power base at the early 1500's, and was a land based organization, and was blocked trade via sea. The Europeans were very poor and started searching for different means to get rich. Portugal starts setting up militarized outposts. The modern goods were weapons and guns that they often traded in Africa, India, and Asia. then Colombus came to America so Spain and Portugal starts exploring west and exploiting land from the Americas

Describe the most detailed historical events of the early 1500s involving the Ottoman Empire, Africa, Spain, and Portugal.

So America is now its own independent country, and the French is now broke. The US left the French in the cold. The absolute monarch of Louis XVI was on a high horse, and he beheaded him. The French went through a series of failed governments for 4 years. The failed government killed massive amounts of people. The Napoleonic years were a continuation of the French Revolution. The French got rid of absolute monarchy then they had absolute dictator, and then he made himself an emperor. Napoleon invaded Russia, and got nothing out of it because it's so hard to survive in. By 1815 France was put under French control

Give your view of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Years

Proletarians (Marx)

Industrial wage workers.

The Ottoman Empire

Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following?

Conquistadors

conquerors

Absolute Monarchy

form of government in which one body usually the monarch, controls the right to tax, judge, make war, and coin money

Biomes

two distinct biological systems, including humans, that have formed in response to shared physical conditions

Aztec Empire

united numerous small independent states under a single monarch who ruled with the help of councilors, military leaders, and priests

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia. It possessed it's own armed weapons

Death caused by inadequate rations, harsh labor, and mistreatment byenslavers

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, why did enslaved Africans whowere brought to the Caribbean work for only an average of three years?

Wahhabism

Early-eighteenth-century reform movement organized by Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab, who preached the absolute oneness of Allah and a return to the pure Islam of Muhammad.

Protestant Reformation

Europe began as a movement devoted to returning to the ancient sources, in this case, biblical scriptures, but it was also provoked by long-simmering despotic dysfunction with the Catholic Church that came from below

He was trying to galvanize a lot of Native Americans to come to his side. They sided with the British when they pulled out the Native Americans who were at the vices of the American government

Explain Tenskwatawa struggle for independence for Indigenous Americans

In Asia, European merchants did not conquer large areas, and insteadserved as intermediaries in pre-existing trade networks.

How did Europe's seaborne commerce in Asia compare with its commerce in theAmericas?

In terms of a common language, culture, and history

How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"?

India came under the British crown's direct control

How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857?

Divine Rights of Kings/Absolutism

In European history, a political doctrine in defense of monarchical absolutism, which asserted that kings derived their authority from God and could not therefore be held accountable for their actions by any earthly authority such as a parliament. The belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

Enlightenment thinkers criticized corrupt church practices and irrationaldoctrines, weakening clerical authority in some places

In what way did the Enlightenment affect religious belief in Europe?

It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights

In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenmentdocument?

Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state

In which of the following ways did the Zulu leader, Shaka, resemble Mongolleaders?

Determine latitude

Newfound expertise with the compass and astrolabe allowed Portuguesenavigators to

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate agrowing English settler population

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other Europeanstates in that it

One of the primary reasons was disease because it killed 85-90% of people. They were native to European warfare. The Europeans were taking territory and land. The Europeans had guns, knives, steel, armor, big dogs, and horses. They were more mobile in order to be able to kill them.

The defeat of millions of Indigenous Americans by only several thousand European colonizers can be attributed to several major reasons. Explain in Detail

Piri Reis

The work of which admiral and cartographer provided the foundation for importantOttoman gains in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean?

Atlantic System

This is a three cornered system, with Africa supplying the labor, the Americans supplying the land and minerals, and Europe supplying the technology and military power to hold the system together

Only a united European effort could combat the Ottomans' advance

What did the Battle at Lepanto in 1571 demonstrate?

They wanted to use universal, objective knowledge to improve their societies

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?

It served as the Ottomans' breadbasket, providing Istanbul with the largestrevenue stream of any province

What was Egypt's main significance within the Ottoman Empire?

30 Year War

conflict began between protestants and Catholics in Germany that escalated into a general European war fought against the unity and power of the Holy Roman Empire

Inca Empire

controlled a vast domain incorporating 4 to 6 million people and running from what is now Chile to southern Colombia

Calvin Jean

in France Calvin modified Luther's ideas to Luther's emphasis on the individual relationship with God. Calvin added a focus on preaching and moral discipline Which he believed was best applied by autonomous religious communities

Martin Luther

initially a pious Catholic believer, Luther nonetheless believed that morals were to be given to sin, and then none would ever be worthy of salvation

Chartered Companies

privates firs that were awarded monopoly trading rights over vast areas by European monarchs (ex: the Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company)

Canton System

system officially established by imperial decree in 1759 that required European traders to have Chinese guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees

Counter-reformation

the Catholic Church responded to Lither and embarked on its renovation, known as the counter reformation

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Holy Roman Empire

the sprawling, loosely hinged, mostly epic empire that covered much of central and eastern Europe

Hobbes believed people were inherently evil and self. Locke disagreed, and believed that individuals were born with natural rights, focusing on three in particular life, liberty, and happiness. Montesquieu believed in the separation of powers: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branch. Voltaire believes there needs to be separation of the church and the state. A separation creates greater tolerance for all religious within group within the government

Explain the Enlightenment views of Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu , Rousseau andVoltaire

The Europeans used Africa and India as an outpost to establish their home base. They were able to bring these goods to the americas. The Americas was just colonization because there was no trading going on; they just took and landed the land. The Spanish conquered the land. The English and French conquered the land in middle West America. They didn't change the political structure in Africa and India, but they chose the Americas to change their political structure

Explain the differences in how European powers treated Africa, India, and Asia compared to their expansion in the Americas.

Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making itharder for Indigenous people to pit European powers against one another

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War?

They wanted to prevent the spread of wealth to states other than their own

What was the major reason why European states wanted to prevent their NewWorld colonies from trading with other states?

The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking

What were some of the long-term consequences of the Enlightenment in the West?

Enslaved people sometimes dropped dead from exhaustion, working up tosixteen-hour days

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugarplantations?

China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation

Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China?

Calvin, unlike Luther, emphasized autonomous religious communitiespopulated by the morally righteous

Which of the following is a difference between Luther's and Calvin's beliefs?

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliamentin order to raise funds

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I,from establishing an absolutist regime?

The Ottomans were focused on conquering the Balkans

Which of the following rationales best explains why the Ottomans failed tovigorously contest the Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean during the earlysixteenth century?

European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars againstone another

Which of the following was a consequence of European states' extraction ofwealth from colonies?

Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of thetransatlantic slave trade

Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyerspreferred enslaved males?

American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditionalAfrican staples, which partly offset the population loss of the slave trade

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa?

Two different and previously separated biomes converged

Which of the following was a major long-term consequence of Columbus's voyages?

The conquest enabled Ottoman leaders to treat their Sunni state as thepreeminent Muslim empire

Which of the following was an important effect of the Ottoman conquest of Syriaand Egypt?

Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history

Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

Colombian Exchange

a hemispheric transfer of animals, plants, people, and pathogens in the sake of the Columbia voyages. Over time, these transfers would change the demographics and diets of both the new and old worlds

Scientific Method

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Enclosure

a movement in which land-owners took control of lands that traditionally had been common property serving local needs

Little Ice Age

a period of global cooling-not a true ice age that extended roughly from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century