World History Module 4 DBA
the various economic and political systems of Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and England in the Americas
- Spain had a colonial government headed by lawyers and bureaucrats; had an upper class that had a say in political views and laws and a lower class that were forced to be laborers. - Portugal was focused on economics, trading posts, factories, established plantations which replaced the native populations with thousands of slaves shipped from Africa. - Dutch & French focused on colonization, commercial ventures never attracted large numbers of colonists, more dependent on the Indians as trading partners and military allies, allowed the Native Americans greater freedoms than the English Government policy in England and the Netherlands was dominated by trade. The English had the largest free trade zone in Europe. English merchants from Durham in the north could sell goods to people in Plymouth in the south west, and not pay a tariff. France, spain, and Portugal all has internal tariffs.
the major artistic, literary, and technological contributions of individuals during the Renaissance*****
3RD LESSON!!!! LITERATURE: PAGE 5 OLD MANUSCRIPTS FROM GREEK AND ROMANS PETRARCH BOCCACCIO TECH: PAGE 7 ARABIC NUMERALS, PRINTING PRESS, Encouraged open mindedness, creativity, and allowed a better understanding of the world around them. Use of "realism" in art, taken from Classic Greece & Rome Use of "perspective": shows 3-D on flat surface Use of proper proportion and balance
the economic and political causes for the rise of the Italian city-states (Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, Venice)******
VENICE: BEST PLACE FOR TRADE W EAST, ALREADY DEVELOPED A STRONG ECONOMY BY CARRYING GOODS BY SHIP between Europe and the Byzantine Empire. During the Crusades, Venetian ships carried Crusaders east and brought back riches from those countries. Venice was more concerned with its own affairs than that of the rest of Italy. It had its own constitutional republic, although it was an unusual one. Venice was ruled by a group of wealthy merchants, a group of citizens limited to about 200 families whose names were written in the Golden Book, or Libro d'Oro in Italian. Venice had a head of state called the doge, but he was mostly only for appearances. The real power in Venetian politics was a senate and a group called the Council of Ten. The council was ruthless in dealing with anyone who threatened Venice's economy, since it was the foundation of the republic. Venice needed to be sure that it would have secure trade routes over the Alps and into Western Europe, as a way to disperse the goods it acquired by sea. And because Venice was built on a series of small islands and had no farmland, it also needed additional territory on land in order to grow the food supply it needed. Venice had no army of its own, so it hired expensive mercenaries to create an army. This army soon conquered the nearby cities of Verona and Padua. It was wealthy and its empire stretched from its own lagoon and islands to the Byzantine city of Constantinople. Venice was the greatest trading center in Europe, and its gold coin, the ducat, was valued everywhere because of its reliable worth. It was a city where the aristocrats looked after the city, and even the general public was taken care of. ROME: PAPAL STATES, The territory was directly controlled by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church. This area included not only Rome, but also a wide band of territory stretching across the middle section of Italy from the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic Sea. The Papal States played a major role in the development of the city-states as independent governments. Rome itself became a center for artists and scholars. Because it had no major industries or trade, it relied on religious pilgrims and church business for its income. But Rome began to see a rebirth under Pope Nicholas V, who promoted learning and the arts as well as the influence of Greek and Roman culture. Nicholas supported the rediscovery of these ancient cultures through writings and art, and the repair of the crumbling relics of ancient Rome. Rome would be the artistic centerpiece of the city-states. FLORENCE: which was known as a center of banking and of trade in woolen cloth. It had the strongest tradition of rule by a democracy. Its population was divided between the members of the guilds, which were organizations of businessmen and craftsmen. There were two types of guilds. One included the wealthiest and most powerful men, and a second type of guild was made up of the less-important businessmen and craftsmen. These factions struggled constantly to control the city's government. The city was also ruled by a series of strong families, the most famous of which was the Medici family. They founded their own bank and were known for their wealth and power as well as their support of the arts. MILAN: gained a reputation as the most aggressive of the Italian city-states. It was ruled by the Visconti family, and then the Sforza family. While they were strong and often cruel rulers, they formed Milan into one of the most powerful and wealthy of the city-states. Milan was a strong military force and conquered most of northern Italy. The army very nearly conquered Florence as well. However, under the rule of Francesco Sforza, Milan and Florence joined together against the expansion of Venice. Sforza and Cosimo de Medici established a friendship that would maintain a balance of power between them in the north and keep the mountain passes open for the use of traders from Florence. The two leaders signed the Peace of Lodi in 1454 CE, which established their borders. Milan would also be known for its support of the arts. Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan in 1480 CE, supported the artist Leonardo da Vinci for almost 20 years. He also created ambitious building plans for canals and irrigation and encouraged framers to grow new crops such as rice. NAPLES: the farthest south. Its farmland was poor, and yet the region's economy was almost entirely based on agriculture. Naples had never really moved out of the feudal system. It was ruled by a few incredibly wealthy nobles, and most of the peasants lived in terrible poverty. Most of the finance and commerce of Naples was actually handled by men from cities like Florence, so Naples did not have the professional middle class that the other city-states did. However, Naples became a foothold for foreign powers in Italy. In 1442 CE, Naples was conquered by Alfonso of Aragon, from the Spanish royal family. Alfonso tried to use his position to further the interests of merchants from Catalonia in his home kingdom. Catalonia was becoming a large commercial power to rival the Italian city-states, and Alfonso wanted to acquire more territory along the Italian coast as a way to compete with cities like Venice and Florence. However, Alfonso also supported building, the arts, and education. He founded a university and a school for Greek studies.
the causes and effects of the Black Death and the Great Famine on 14th century European societies*****
Black Death caused by the spreading of the bacteria Yersina Pestis on fleas carried by rats on trading ships from Asia. The fleas they carried, along with the extremely cramped living conditions within cities at the time, caused the outbreak. KILLED 1/2 OF POP,EMPOWERED LOWER CLASS BECAUSE THEY WERE NEEDED AND WERE GOING TO BE PAID MORE The Great Famine was caused mostly due to poor weather conditions and inadequate agricultural techniques. Extreme impact on society b/c of widespread crop failures. Nearly 1/2 of the population were killed during this time period, this meant wages were raised for workers in areas due to the smaller number of people competing for work. EMPOWERED LOWER CLASS CITIZENSAlso, social mobility became easier for peasants due to less competition.
the effects of transportation, trade, communication, science, and technology on the preservation and diffusion of culture
Every technological and transport advance brings great benefits for human societies; but at the same time, it can change the cultures it links, because contact with other peoples allows human civilizations to permeate the concepts, ideas, practices, religions and customs of other cultures. Thus, with the advance of means of transportation, the cultures of the world that were previously isolated, or almost isolated, could be affected when they were mixed with ideas of other peoples. However, culture has been greatly benefited by science and technology itself, since it has knocked down myths, erroneous beliefs and harmful customs for human beings from different regions of the world. Millions of human lives were saved by modern medicine, with the creation and transportation of new medicines; as well as the transportation of properly preserved food to the most remote regions. Science and technology certainly change world cultures, but connecting the most remote peoples, even if it changes cultures, frees them from prejudice and racism, while enriching them with new concepts and discoveries.
characteristics of Renaissance humanism in works of art*****
Humanists believed that ideas, art, and inventions were valuable in themselves, not just for the glorification of God, and that there could be less emphasis on religion. Humanism allowed artists to paint portraits of secular, non-religious people and places. Writers could write literature in the vernacular of the people and not just in Latin. Other Renaissance thinkers were able to create inventions and building projects that benefited people and made everyday life easier.
the major influences on the architectural, artistic, and literary developments of Renaissance Italy (Classical, Byzantine, Islamic, Western European)*****
LESSION 3 PAGE 8 The source of the Renaissance was the collapse of Eastern Roman Empire in 1453. The fleeing Byzantine citizens went to Italy and brought with them Classic civilization.
religious reforms associated with Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Henry VIII, and John of Leyden and the effects of the Reformation on Europe*****
LESSON 4 PAGE 2 Luther has his famous Ninety-five totes, which he nailed upon the door of the Cathedral at Wittenberg in 1517, were actually a single argument against the sale of indulgences or pardons. Calvin shed much of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Henry Vill wanted to purify the church. Examples are Catholic and Counter Reformation, political and religious fragmentation, military conflict, expansion of capitalism
criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church by individuals such as Wycliffe, Hus, and Erasmus and their impact on later reformers*****
LESSON 4 PAGE 2 Wycliffe believed that the pope and the church were second in authority to Scripture. Hus believed they should oppose the tyranny of the Roman church that threatened anyone possessing a non-latin bible with execution. Erasmus wanted reform one abuses in Catholic Church
he Roman Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in the forms of the Counter and Catholic Reformation*****
LESSON 4 PAGE 3 Spain protected protestant churches in the north of Europe, the Spanish Kings has a vested interest in supporting the Catholic faith. The Spanish movement also has a repressive side and helped to establish the famed Inquisition. Deviation from the faith was discouraged and torture was used in some cases.
the causes that led to the Age of Exploration, and identify major voyages and sponsors
LESSON 5 The crusades were the first exposure of European in Eastern products which were in high demands in Europe, primarily sugar.
the scope and impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas
LESSON 6 PAGE 5 & 6 The animal, plant, and bacterial life of these two worlds began to mix. The results of this exchange recast the biology of both regions. They has brought diseases with them and it had killed many.
the origins, developments, and impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade between West Africa and the Americas
LESSON 7 PAGE 3 Many European empires lacked a working force and a lot of workers got sick easily. Africans, however, were good workers who did not get sick easily. This got Europe involved in this trade. In the early, 1500s Spain and Portugal began this trade to supply workers for their sugar plantations in the Americas. By the early 1600s, the Netherlands, France, and England also became involved with this trade. These countries made huge profits from the Atlantic slave trade.
the practice of slavery and other forms of forced labor experienced during the 13th through 17th centuries in East Africa, West Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia, and the Americas
LESSON 7 Slavery during the 13th through 17th century was different for different countries. In Africa, slaves were acquired when one army defeated another. The losing army then became slaves. East and West Africa were both a part of the triangular trade, which both the Americas and Europe participated in. Like Africa, slaves in Asia were acquired through war. In Europe, slaves worked in a number of ways, including making crafts, mining, farming, and domestic chores. Finally, in America, slaves were also imported from Africa to work plantations that grew cotton, tobacco, rice, and other crops.
the social and economic impacts of pandemics on society******
Take toll on population, finances, morals, and productivity. AFFECTS TOURISM IF DISEASE OUTBREAKS=AFFECTS ECONOMY Pandemics, such as the Black Death and Smallpox, wiped out civilizations almost completely. These plagues saw populations cut in half and most people got sick and died because people did not know how to cure them. Many powerful empires came to an end due to plagues and others began to fall due to this BLACK DEATH= WIPED OUT 50%