World History: Module 7 Chapter 23

By 1810, when the first independence movements were formed in the viceroyalty of La Plata, the porteños were:

Creoles living in Buenos Aires who favored independence from Spain

José Antonio Aponte, head of a Yoruba confraternity (cabilde) in __________, led an abortive revolt against Spanish control in 1812.

Havana

No fewer than a dozen quilombo (_________) revolts occurred in Brazil's Bahia during 1807-1828, revolts which militias found difficult to crush, given their conditions.

Independent settlements in the interior

Spanish colonialism in Latin America finally ended in which of the following decades?

1820s

Mexico refused to recognize Texan national independence, and the state of Texas entered the United States in ___________.

1845

When did slavery end in Brazil?

1888

Porfirio Díaz dominated the Mexican government between 1876 and 1880, and again between 1884 and ________

1911

The ambitious plans of Chile's president José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández fell apart as soon as 1891, due to:

A coup against him, led by conservative landowners, and his subsequent suicide

Which of the following ethnic/social groups benefitted the most from independence?

Creoles

___________ is the right to name bishops.

Patronato

José de San Martín trained the Army of the _______ and, with this army, liberated Chile from royalist forces in 1818.

Andes

As a result of Mexico's defeat by the US in 1848, Santa Anna was forced to surrender everything north of the Rio Grande and Gila Rivers, in exchange for 18 million dollars and ___________.

A promise of US protection from further Comanche raids on Mexico

The ____________ was the site of the showdown between Mexican forces and Texans intent on independence.

Alamo

In __________, nearly one-third of the population consisted of immigrants, a share much higher than at any time in the United States.

Argentina

According to the map above, which state in South America received its independence first?

Argentine Confederation

_____________ was coined to refer to politically unstable and economically poor Latin American countries.

Banana republics.

The first Amerindian to accede to the office of President of Mexico was:

Benito Juárez

Juana Azurduy de Padilla played an instrumental role in the establishment of the nation of ________.

Bolivia

In 1807 the Portuguese royal family, fleeing the advancing armies of Napoleon, relocated to

Brazil

Which Latin American country achieved independence from Portugal when the son of Portugal's king declared himself its ruler?

Brazil

When the _________ in 1849 authorized warships to enter Brazilian waters to intercept slave ships, the importation of slaves virtually ceased.

British

______________ virtually ended the importation of slaves to Brazil.

British warships

By 1800, the viceroyalty of La Plata, with the rising port of _________, had grown through contraband trade with Great Britain.

Buenos Aires

The family of Simón Bolívar owned _______ plantations worked by African slaves and was engaged in colonial trade.

Cacao

In 1810, the New Granadans created juntas, or committees, among which the junta of _________ was the most important, and they drove the colonial Spaniards from their positions.

Cartagena

Landowners of self-sufficient plantations in many parts of Latin America supported governmental ____________, the same kind of authoritarian and paternalistic form of action that they practiced on their estates.

Caudillismo

As a result of its winning the War of the Pacific (1879-1884), _________ gained access to rich nitrate deposits and mining cities.

Chile

Spanish colonialism in Latin America finally ended when the last troops surrendered to Bolívar's forces in 1826, on an island off the ________ coast.

Chilean

Some 235,000 _________ "coolies" were brought to Peru, Cuba, and Costa Rica, working in silver mines, sugar and cotton plantations, and later on railroadsâand only about 10% of them returned home.

Chinese

Simón Bolívar's "Gran Colombia" encompassed the modern states of _______________.

Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama

The constitution introduced by Dom Pedro I of Brazil in 1823:

Concentrated powers in the emperor's hands

After independence in Argentina, the ruling junta in Buenos Aires solidified into an oligarchy of

Creole elites

In 1822, __________ proclaimed, "Independence or death!" thereby making Brazil an independent kingdom.

Dom Pedro I

Juan Manuel de Rosas was frustrated at being unable to stop the British annexation of the __________.

Falkland Islands

A(n) _________ consortium had begun gigantic earth-moving work to build a Panama Canal in 1879, but as a result of landslides, flooding, tropical diseases, and engineering disputes, it finally went bankrupt in 1888.

French

Independence and the end of Spanish rule initially benefited which Latin American trading partner the most?

Great Britain

Which political ideology favored a strict separation of church and state?

Liberals

_______________ was a European-backed emperor of Mexico from 1864-1867.

Maximilian

Mexican independence came in 1821, with a compromise established in part by Vicente Guerrero, whose father was a(n) ________.

Mestizo

Who launched the movement for independence in New Spain (modern Mexico)?

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

From his base of operations in _________, in south-central Mexico, Emiliano Zapata began to occupy sugar plantations and distribute plantation land to his campesinos (laborers and tenant farmers).

Morelos

During his short tenure as the Republic of Mexico's second president, in 1829, Vicente Guerrero:

Officially abolished slavery

When they entered Mexico City in 1915, Álvaro Obregón and his Constitutionalists were:

Opposed to Emiliano Zapata's land redistribution policy

Coffee, rubber, and sugar exports yielded high profits and taxes in Brazil until 1896, when:

Overproduction of coffee resulted in diminishing returns

The ______ loss of the War of the Pacific (1879-1884) resulted in the annexation of some of its territory and mines, together with the destruction wrought by the enemy's troops.

Peruvian

Which of the following was not a major industrial market for Latin American exports?

Portugal

The proclamation of a Brazilian republic resulted in which two political constituencies?

Provincial federalism vs. supporters of a strong central presidency

When Latin American republics declared their independence, the Popes in Rome:

Refused to recognize their independence, concerned with the power of naming bishops

The economies of most Latin American nations, with the exception of Argentina and Peru, were characterized by a ___________ in the late 1800s.

Reliance on one commodity only and a lack of diversification

Contrary to expectations, wages for laborers in Latin America ____________ in the 1800s.

Remained low, because ethnic discrimination and racism trumped market conditions

Spurred by the development of European politics and influenced by waves of immigrants from Spain and Italy, two major urban opposition parties took shape in 1890s Argentina, the Radical Party and the __________.

Socialists

By the early 1900s, virtually the only supporters of Porfirio Díaz were:

Technocrat administrators, the científicos, who were aging themselves

______________ ended slavery in Brazil in 1888.

The central government

Simón Bolívar was deeply impressed in 1804 when he witnessed:

The coronation of Napoleon as emperor in Paris

Where did most of the immigrants from Europe, like the one's below, settle in Latin America?

They settled in urban areas like Buenos Aires

In 1811, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla:

Was captured and executed by loyal Spanish forces

In urban areas, ________ frequently ran shops, managed markets, were proprietors of cantinas, and performed a host of skilled and unskilled jobs, particularly in the textile and food trades.

Women

The Paraguayan War pitted Paraguay against

a triple alliance of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay

Caudillo is the Latin American term for a leader who

accepts no constitutional limits on his power

A major goal of Mexican revolutionaries, like Emiliano Zapata below, was to:

distribute land to tenant farmers, laborers, and village peasants

In the five years after the abolition of slavery, the Brazilian economy _____________.

expanded

Generally speaking, the 19th century Latin American economy revolved around _______.

exports

Gran Colombia was divided in 1831 into its component parts, which included all of the following except:

peru

The Monroe Doctrine stated that

the United States government would not tolerate European attempts to re-colonize the new republics of the western hemisphere; the United States government would not tolerate foreign intervention in the Americas

The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, June 19, 1867, was painted by __________.

Édouard Manet

Under the leadership of _______________, the Mexican Revolution was ended late in 1920.

álvaro Obregón