World History Summative

Mosque

A Muslim place of worship

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

primary source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

Inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Arabic

A language that is the official language of several countries of North Africa and the Middle East, as well as the religion of Islam.

Berbers

A member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt

Bias

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

economy

A system for producing and distributing goods, and services to fulfill people's wants

Who was Ali? How was he related to Muhammad? When did he rule and what his job? What was his achievements?

Ali was the fourth caliph in Muslim. He was born on September 15th, 601 and died on January 29, 661. He was the first cousin of Muhammad, ruled from 656-661, and was a solider and writer. His achievements include making a reformed tax collection and other government systems and spending most of the caliphate battling Muawiya who was the governor of Syria

What are some facets of Swahili civilization along the eastern coast of Africa?

Arab merchants and traders came to trade and settle on the east coast of Africa. The Swahili civilization was formed by these people and the Bantu Africans. Civilization began to decline in the seventeenth century when Portuguese trade led to the downfall of Swahili commercial centers.

What led to the spread of Islam? What was the Islamic empire?

Arabs spread Islam through teaching, conquest, and trade When Muhammad died in A.D. 632, there was conflict in the Muslim community over who should be the caliph

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

Polytheistic

Belief in many gods

Monotheistic

Belief in one God

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Causes and effects of European exploration and trade

Cause: Spanish explorers came to America looking for gold and silver. Effect: Conquistadors attacked Native American cultures and claimed lands for their country. *Cause: European explorers brought many diseases with them. Effect: Missions were built to convert Native Americans.

What contributes to the rise & fall of regional and global powers?

Contributes to trade location and advancements in technology which spread trade

how Europeans used its silver wealth to surpass Asia and dominate the world economy as Asia's position in the world economy began to decline

Europe's rise and China's decline revolve around economic cycles. Landes also speculates that following this pattern to the present day suggests that China will again rise to the top of the world economy. This strictly economic explanation for the rise of the West is what sets him apart from Landes' cultural explanations.

impact of silver trade

Eventually, this trade had profound effects on West African society: It reoriented trade routes toward the coast rather than across the Sahara, which led to the decline of interior states. It also led to an increasing traffic in humans to work, among other places, in the silver mines of the Americas.

Arab Empire

Formed after Muhammad's death; known as Arabia; led by Abu Bakr (Sunni); Muslims expanded over Arabia and took control of Syria; Large dedicated army; prosperous; extensive trade

Mali Empire

From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

What is geography and how did it affect history?

Geography is a focus within the understanding and resolving issues about the environment and sustainable development. Geography affects every aspect of history as it is responsible for determining the winner of wars, the prosperity of people, and the formation of cultures

Why does John Green recognize Ibn Battuta as having perhaps the "best life ever"?

Iba Battuta was a Moroccan cleric and scholar. Green believes that he had the best life ever because he was an outlandishly learned scholar who managed to parlay his knowledge of Islam in the greatest road time in history.

secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

What events led to the spread of Islam?

Islam came to Southeast Asia to the Muslim traders on the main trade route and then was further spread by Sufi's order and led to the consolidation by the expansion of territories.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

oral tradition

Literature that passes by word of mouth from one generation to the next.

What did Mansa Musa bring back and thus institute to keep this belief system in place?

Mansa Musa brought back Muslim scholars and architects from then north in order to build mosques and spread the Islamic religion Musa also attempted to increase knowledge and practice of the Islamic religion in those territories.

The accounts of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage (and the fact that he made one) suggests what about him and his rule of the kingdom of Mali?

Mansa Musa was considered a very wealthy and prosperous ruler of the Mali Empire. Due to the amount of gold he brought with him from the Mali Empire to Italy, it made people wonder how he received this gold. People came to the conclusion that West Africa was a land of gold and opportunities.

Who was Mansa Musa and what was he known for?

Mansa Musa was the emperor of Mali and he was known for being one of the richest emperors.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

How has this perception been refuted over the years? What example in history also serves as a contradiction?

Perception has been refuted over the years through the examples of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Both these historical examples were composed and memorized by poets for centuries before they were ever written down. Furthermore, Plato, a pre-eminent Greek philosopher, stated that writing completely destroyed human memory because it removes the important factor to remember things in life.

Legitimacy

Political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution

What are the strengths and weaknesses of different primary and secondary sources?

Primary data is that it can be collected from a number of ways like interviews, telephone surveys, focus groups etc. It can be also collected across the national borders through emails and posts. It can include a large population and wide geographical coverage.Some primary sources, such as eyewitness accounts, may be too close to the subject, lacking a critical distance. Others, such as interviews, surveys, and experiments, are time consuming to prepare, administer, and analyze. Secondary data is available from other sources and may already have been used in previous research, making it easier to carry out further research. It is time-saving and cost-efficient: the data was collected by someone other than the researcher.

What goods were imported, and how do these imports suggest care to understanding the truth through multiple perspectives?

Several goods imported including finished luxury goods such as porcelain and books. Learning of books through architecture nicely captures the magic of studying history. By Oral and written tradition one was able to understand distortions of the truth.

As societies develop, how are they affected by the way they produce, consume, and exchange goods and services?

Societies make decisions about the production of goods and services through a market economy called capitalism. Societies get to make the decisions through this system because production is based on what items are consumed the most by the people in the society

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

How did the Mali Empire become a country? How did this affect the Mali Empire?

The Mali Empire fell off of the trans- Saharan trade route. This allowed the empire to have independence but they lost power and wealth due to the fact that they didn't have the trade route to support them

What was the most famous trade route? How is this route important> How did this trade route get its name? How did this trade route affect the economy?

The Silk Road was the most famous trade route because it helped to generate trade and commerce between a number of different empires. The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trades in silk. This resulted in advancements in technology and increased political stability.

Swahili as a language group had what African origins? And what technological achievements came with these origins?

The Swahili language is mainly from the roots of Bantu. As a result of the Swahili people using the Quran written in Arabic for spiritual guidance as Muslims, it borrowed words from other languages like Arabic. The technological achievements include ironwork and agriculture.

effects of Zheng He on China in the early 1400s

The Yongle emperor sent Zheng He on voyages to impose imperial control over foreign trade with China. They also sent him to show foreign countries the power of the Ming Dynasty was. They created new trade with the new world and brought back foreign treasures.

13. Whose arrival accelerated the growth of these city-states, and to what did they connect Africa too?

The arrival of Arab traders suddenly resulted in the growth of these city-states and their connection to the vast Indian Ocean network including the Silk Road which was a very popular trade route as wel as the rest of the Meditarran World.

How did the elites who adopted Islam get the masses to cooperate in these new (and seemingly foreign) practices?

The elites would blend traditional religion with Islam by giving women more equality than ever seen before in Islam's birthplace. The first elite who adopted Islam was from Ghana which was the first empire in West Africa.

Who was Abu-Bakr? How was he related to Muhammad? When did he rule and what his job? What was his achievements?

The first caliph who was born on October 27, 573 and who died on August 23, 643 AD. He was a closest companion of Muhammad. He was the first Muslim caliph. He rules from 632 to 634. He was a merchant. His achievements include being able to spread the Islamic religion to all Arabia, restored peace after Muhammad's dealt, created code of conduct in war, and compiled Quran verses

For years historians believed that the Swahili coast trade cities could not have been founded by Africans, although what two examples refute this characterization?

The first example of this is that scholars eventually discovered the fact that these major Swahili cities were founded well before Islamic people had yet to step foot in this region. Another example is that trade was existent since the first century.

1. Much of African history is not written, but oral in tradition. What are the limitations of such histories?

The limitations of such histories include the fact that it becomes very difficult to track oral information as they is no source or other proof to support what is being stated, Green emphases that due to the lack of written sources because verbal communication was more common in the Sub- Saharan century and a passed-down tradition.

Many written accounts of African history have been made by non-Africans. What are the limitations of such histories?

The limitations of such history are that we have no way of proving this information is, in fact, true and there is no proof that these non-African writers have ever visited Africa to confirm their beliefs.

What are some trade goods popularly exported on the Swahili Coast?

The most popular trade goods included raw materials such as ivory from elephant tusks, animal hides, and timber.

indian Ocean trade network,

The world's largest sea-based system of communication and trade before 1500ce

What are the origins of Islam in West Africa? Who were the Berbers and how did they affect the spread of Islam in West Africa?

The origins of Islam in West Africa began with trade and scholars that were done along Sahara. Berbers were pastoral North Africa's who were known as people who had a history of trade will West Africans. Berbers offered salt in exchange for West African gold. The Berbers were early converts to Islam as they traveled on the trade routes between North and West Africa.

globalization 1.0 after 1500s

The term globalization has been accepted very quickly.The phenomenon of globalization however is much older than the concept. It started at the end of the 15th century with the beginnings of European expansion and was dramatically increased by the industrialization of the world since the late 18th century.

What was the trade route that was before the silk road that was a part of the incense route?

This trade route was known as the Indian Ocean Trade Route devolved from the gradual integration of earlier regional network. This trade route crossed at the same time as the silk road, This trades route domesticated camels and allowed ribians to transport their licenses to the Mediterranean.

Ottoman Turks

Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

Who was Umar? How was he related to Muhammad? When did he rule and what his job? What was his achievements?

Umar was the second Muslim caliph who was born in 584 and died on November 3rd 644. He was a senior companion to Muhammad, ruled from 643-644, and was a merchant. His achievements include being able to spread the Islamic religion to all of Syria & Egypt & Persia, redesigned government, paid soldiers, held Census, made taxes fairer. Built roads and canals, and aided the poor.

Who was Uthman? How was he related to Muhammad? When did he rule and what his job? What was his achievements?

Uthman was the third caliph in Muslim. He was born in 577 and died on June 17 656. He was a son in the law of Muhammad, rules from 644-656, and was a merchant. His achievements include being able to spread the Islamic religion to all of Afghanistan and the eastern Mediterranean, organized the navy, improved the government, built more roads, bridges, canals, and distributed the text of the Quran

Doctorine

a belief, principle, or teaching; a system of such beliefs and principles or principle.

Divine Kingship

a form of monarchy where the king is considered to be godly and legitimate; he has absolute power and was chosen by God to rule.

Shiite

a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs

trade network

a network of roads, railroads, harbors, and airports that connect all cities together in order to trade luxuries and products that each city has

Case Study

an example that shows how things work

Empire

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor

artifact

an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

Trans-Saharan trade network

connected West Africa to North Africa; West African kingdoms traded gold with North African Muslims for salt; slaves were also traded

What common misconception in Western society has been made about cultures that have an oral tradition as the sole means of passing down their heritage?

he common misconception in Western society is that oral tradition cultures are not considered civilized. Green states in the video that writing was always known as the most accurate and reliable form of description. This explains why people automatically believe that oral tradition is not reliable and people who use oral tradition aren't educated enough to write.

why China chose a foreign policy of isolationism (end of foreign voyages and end of interactions with foreign powers) and how it affected their position as a world power

n 1433, China was a large country that didn't need resources from the outside world and their technology was sophisticated enough for their needs. China also stopped their exploration after Zheng He and mercantilism became frowned upon.

proximity

nearness, closeness

evidence

proof

Globalization

refers to the process by which technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges make the world a more interconnected and interdependent place

piety

religious devotion and reverence to God

literacy

the ability to read and write

Absolute location

the description of the exact sit on an objective coordinate system, such as a grid

social hierarchy

the division of society by rank or class

Relative location

the position of something relative to another landmark

Diffusion

the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

Archeology

the study of material evidence of past human life

domestication of animals

the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food

corroborate

to confirm

divine

to foretell a prophecy; to infer, to guess

What was the trans-Saharan trade? What goods were trades and why?

trade between people north and south of the Sahara. Thod good traded from West Africans were gold, ivory, salt, and cloth and North African good that were trades were horses, books, swords, and chain mail. Also, slaves were traded.

arbitrary

unreasonable; based on one's wishes or whims without regard for reason or fairness

European Exploration

voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century,

opulence

wealth, affluence, abundance