World Lit test 3

Cid Hamete Benengeli

The fictional writer of Moorish decent from whose manuscripts Cervantes supposedly translates the novel. Cervantes uses the figure of this character to comment on the ideas of authorship and literature explored in the novel and to critique historians. His opinions, bound in his so-called historical text, show his contempt for those who write about chivalry falsely and with embellishment.

balche (toad mead)

The "sweet drink thats a type of mead which is a sacred drink.

Massago

smelt roe

Fierabras's Balm

Chapter X of the first volume of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote de la Mancha, after one of his numerous beatings, Don Quixote mentions to Sancho Panza that he knows the recipe of the balm. In Chapter XVII, Don Quixote instructs Sancho that the ingredients are oil, wine, salt and rosemary. The knight boils them and blesses them with eighty Pater Nosters, and as many Ave Marias, Salves and Credos.[9] Upon drinking it, Don Quixote vomits and sweats and feels healed after sleeping. For Sancho it has also a laxative effect, rendering him near death.

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Conversos

Jews and Muslims who converted to Christianity, either willingly or unwillingly, following the Christian takeover of Spain

Andres

Juan Haldudo's mistreated servant, who was severly beaten by Haldudo. Don Q, threatens Haldudo forcing him to pay this character for his labor. Once Don Q leaves, he severly beats this character and fires him.

pentinent confession of a woman in the Kiyomizu Temple

- Describes after tajumaru raped her, that Tajumaru mocked the victim. - Looks into her husband eyes and sees a cold hearted look of contempt as that is the look that she says she'll always remembers. She then tells her husband after she was raped she couldn't stay with the man.

Witness #2 Testimony of a Traveling Priest

- Describes passing the man giving the details of the victim on a horse and with a woman. -Describes what the women was wearing, and what the horse looked like -describes the victim carrying a sword.

Witness #4 Testimony of victims girlfriend's mother

- Describes the appearance of her daughter, the woman with the victim - States the name of the victim and proclaims he's a "nice guy" - Also confesses the daughter is still missing - States the daughter's name is Masago

Tajomarus Confession

- Off bat confesses to the murder - Says he saw the woman on the horse and wanted her to himself, knowing he'd have to kill the man. - Confesses to leading the man into a bamboo grove where he apprehends and ties up the victim, then luring Masaga, where she establishes she will be with whoever wins a duel between the two men. Where Tajomaru wins, and murders the man.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Witness #3 Testimony of a policeman under questioning of the magistrate

-Was the man who captured the suspect - Describes the murder suspect, and assuming the murder weapon - Accuses Tajumaru of the murder - Accuses Tajumaru of a prior murder before this case.

picaresque

(adj.) involving or characteristic of clever rogues or adventurers

Witness #1 Testimony of a woodcutter

-the witness who found the body - gives out the exact location of the body -describes the condition of the body as well as the condition of the murder scene

William Butler Yeats

20th century English writer, d. 1939, Irish Literary Revival, Irish nationalist, transitional from Romanticism to Modernism, earlier verses were lyrical and later became realistic, symbolic, and apocalyptic, fascinated by Irish legend, incorporated Irish folklore and mythology; wrote "The Second coming" (reflects beliefs that times were anarchic end of the Christian cycle/gyre -- "what rough beast, its hour come round at last, / slouches toward Bethlehem to be born"

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

The little black boy

A black child tells the story of how he came to know his own identity and to know God. The boy, who was born in "the southern wild" of Africa, first explains that though his skin is black his soul is as white as that of an English child. He relates how his loving mother taught him about God who lives in the East, who gives light and life to all creation and comfort and joy to men. "We are put on earth," his mother says, to learn to accept God's love. He is told that his black skin "is but a cloud" that will be dissipated when his soul meets God in heaven. The black boy passes on this lesson to an English child, explaining that his white skin is likewise a cloud. He vows that when they are both free of their bodies and delighting in the presence of God, he will shade his white friend until he, too, learns to bear the heat of God's love. Then, the black boy says, he will be like the English boy, and the English boy will love him.

Sanson Carrasco

A sarcastic student from Don Quixote's village. Sampson mocks Don Quixote at first but loses to him in combat and then dedicates himself to revenge. Self-important and stuffy, Sampson fails to grasp the often playful nature of Don Quixote's madness.

Fall of Granada

A siege of Granada fought over months until the city's surrender. The last outpost of Islamic control and brought an end to 780 years of Islamic rule in Islamic Iberia.

pastoral

A work of literature dealing with rural life

Golden Age Speech

After the meal, Don Quixote makes a sentimental speech about the golden age of mankind, when food was shared and readily available. Everyone was simple and truthful, modest and chaste. Now the world is darker and more complicated, so knights errant must defend the innocent and helpless. The goatherds listen silently and uncomprehendingly.

John Milton

Author of Paradise Lost

Origins of Humanity

Before any part of the world was created, before sky, sea, animal, or plant. There were makers in the sea, together called the Plumed Serpent. There were makers in the sky, together called the Heart of Sky. Together these makers planned the dawn of life. The earth arose because of them. It was simply their word that brought it forth. The mountains, sea, the sky, and great mountains came forth. Then the makers in the sky planned the animals of the mountains — the deer, pumas, jaguars, rattlesnakes, and guardians of the bushes. The animals created could not speak the language So they had to accept that their flesh would be eaten by others. The makers tried again to form a giver of respect, a creature who would nurture and provide. Then there came a great destruction. The wooden carvings were killed when the Heart of Sky devised a flood for them. It rained all day and all night. The animals came into the homes of the wooden carvings and ate them. The story continues with the final people being made from corn, an important crop that enabled the Mayan people to move from being a hunting-and-gathering society to a more complex civilization.

William Blake

Born in 1757 in London was the third in 6 children. Condemned religion, and religious authorities, proclaiming he'd rather create his own system then being a slave under another man's

Goatherds and Shepherds

Don Quixote and Sancho join a group of goatherds for the night. They eat and drink together, and Sancho gets drunk on the goatherds' wine while Don Quixote tells the group about the "golden age" in which virgins roamed the world freely and without fear. He says that knights were created to protect the purity of these virgins. A singing goatherd then arrives. At the request of the others and despite Sancho's protests, he sings a love ballad to the group. One of the goatherds dresses Don Quixote's wounded ear with a poultice that heals it.

Windmills, Biscayan

Don Quixote draws his sword. The bystanders try to interfere, but this character threatens them to let them fight. Quixote loses half of his ear in the fight, but he overpowers the other man. He is about to behead him when the ladies ask him to show mercy. Don Quixote promises to spare the man's life if he presents himself to Dulcinea and agrees to do anything that she asks. They agree to his terms

innkeeper

Don Quixote realizes that he has not been properly knighted. He begs this character to do him the honor. This character notes Don Quixote's madness but agrees to his request for the sake of sport, addressing him in flowery language.

Rocinante

Don Quixote's barn horse. He is slow but faithful, and he is as worn out as Don Quixote is.

Songs of Innocence

Following poetic convention, Blake sets the scene for his collection in this first poem. He envisions himself as a shepherd "Piping down the valleys wild," who encounters a child "On a cloud" (line 3) who encourages him to play a song "about a Lamb." After hearing the music, the child asks the shepherd to drop his pipe and sing the words to the song. After enjoying the lyrics, the child tells the shepherd to "write/In a book that all may read" the songs he has created. So he sits down, makes a pen from the materials at hand, and begins to write "my happy songs,/Every child may joy to hear."

Codices

Maya texts, long strips of paper, many meters in length when unfolded, made of the pounded inner bark of certain trees; these texts helped analysts interpret Maya hieroglyphics on stelae.

Xibalba

Mayan underworld

Moriscos

Muslims who converted to Catholicism after the conquest of Granada to avoid being exiled

Lepanto

Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571

Heart of Sky (Hurricane)

Popol Vuh, The creator of makind and humanity. Also goes by Maker and Modeler, Kulkulkan, and Hurricane. Created mountains physical features, and then eventually animals. When the animals couldn't speak like humans they were forced to serve those who could worship his name. The proverbial God in Mayan Culture.

Armada (1588)

Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England.

Amadís of Gaul

The literary works that made Don Quixote go mad, and believe he was a knight/hero.

Galley Slaves

The manuscript continues, Cervantes says, with the account of Don Quixote and Sancho's encounter with a chain gang of galley slaves. The prisoners are guarded by two armed men on foot and two armed horsemen. Sancho warns Don Quixote not to interfere with the chain gang, but Don Quixote approaches the group anyway and asks each prisoner to tell his story. Each slave makes up a story in which his criminal actions appear to be justified or even necessary. Upon seeing the men detained against their will, Don Quixote charges the officers. Anxious to be free, the prisoners join the charge. After the men gain freedom, Don Quixote commands them to present themselves to Dulcinea, which they refuse to do out of fear for their safety. Don Quixote insults them, and they attack him, running away with his and Sancho's possessions.

Sancho Panza (Don Quixote)

The peasant laborer—greedy but kind, faithful but cowardly—whom Don Quixote takes as his squire. A representation of the common man, Sancho is a foil to Don Quixote and virtually every other character in the novel. His proverb-ridden peasant's wisdom and self-sacrificing Christian behavior prove to be the novel's most insightful and honorable worldview. He has an awestruck love for Don Quixote but grows self-confident and saucy, ending the novel by advising his master in matters of deep personal philosophy.

The lamb

The poem begins with the question, "Little Lamb, who made thee?" The speaker, a child, asks the lamb about its origins: how it came into being, how it acquired its particular manner of feeding, its "clothing" of wool, its "tender voice." In the next stanza, the speaker attempts a riddling answer to his own question: the lamb was made by one who "calls himself a Lamb," one who resembles in his gentleness both the child and the lamb. The poem ends with the child bestowing a blessing on the lamb.

Easter 1916

The poem opens with Yeats remembering the rebels as he passed them on the street. Before the Rising, they were just ordinary people who worked in shops and offices. He remembers his childhood friend Constance Markievicz, who is "that woman"; the Irish language teacher Padraic Pearse, who "kept a school" called St. Enda's; the poet Thomas MacDonagh "helper and friend" to Pearse; and even Yeats's own rival in love John MacBride, "a drunken, vainglorious lout." After reflecting on the rebels' constancy of purpose, as if their hearts were "enchanted to a stone," the poet wonders whether the rebellion was worth it. The poem ends on a note of ambivalence and futility, reflecting Yeats's own reluctance to engage in political debate. The poem is divided into four stanzas, symbolizing the month of April, the fourth month. It is known for its famous refrain, "All changed, changed utterly: A terrible beauty is born."

The second coming

The speaker describes a nightmarish scene: the falcon, turning in a widening "gyre" (spiral), cannot hear the falconer; "Things fall apart; the center cannot hold"; anarchy is loosed upon the world; "The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere / The ceremony of innocence is drowned." The best people, the speaker says, lack all conviction, but the worst "are full of passionate intensity."

The Chimney Sweeper

The speaker of this poem is a small boy who was sold into the chimney-sweeping business when his mother died. He recounts the story of a fellow chimney sweeper, Tom Dacre, who cried when his hair was shaved to prevent vermin and soot from infesting it. The speaker comforts Tom, who falls asleep and has a dream or vision of several chimney sweepers all locked in black coffins. An angel arrives with a special key that opens the locks on the coffins and sets the children free. The newly freed children run through a green field and wash themselves in a river, coming out clean and white in the bright sun. The angel tells Tom that if he is a good boy, he will have this paradise for his own. When Tom awakens, he and the speaker gather their tools and head out to work, somewhat comforted that their lives will one day improve

Leda and the Swan

The speaker retells a story from Greek mythology, the rape of the girl Leda by the god Zeus, who had assumed the form of a swan. Leda felt a sudden blow, with the "great wings" of the swan still beating above her. Her thighs were caressed by "the dark webs," and the nape of her neck was caught in his bill; he held "her helpless breast upon his breast."

Sovereign Plumed Serpent

This character is one of the most powerful gods in Mayan theology. He's also known as the maker, modeler, bearer, and begetter, and is a part of the group of gods known as Heart of the Lake and Heart of the Sea. Sovereign Plumed Serpent is responsible for creating the world, the first iterations of humans, and finally, working with Xmucane to create the first humans out of corn.

When You Are Old

This is a poem that many see as highlighting the unrequited love between the speaker, presumably Yeats, and his former lover. The speaker, talking directly to his muse, instructs her to open the book in which this poem can be found and to re-read it. While re-reading, she should recall how many people loved her for both true and false reasons, namely because of her beauty. The speaker goes on to tell the lover that there was one man, probably the speaker, who loved her completely. In the final stanza, the speaker tells his former lover that she should remember that this love did not last, and she should be filled with regret because of it

Grisóstomo

a shepherd who dies of a broken heart after his declaration of love is spurned by Marcela, a wealthy orphan girl who dresses as a shepherdess and lives in the woods to commune with nature, and whose beauty attracts dozens of suitors.

Vivaldo

a shepherd who saves Grisóstomo's poems of unrequited love from the fire

Solution of Barber and Curate

When Don Q, goes on a rampage these two characters devise an elaborate plan to bring him home.

La Mancha

Where Don Q was from.

The twins (Hunaphu Xbalanque)

With his brother, they rids the pre-human world of all manner of villainous gods, including Seven Macaw, Zipacna, One Death, and Seven Death. Hunahpu is a skilled trickster and is referred to by the narrator as genius. Though the twins are physically strong and are skilled at physical pursuits such as playing ball and shooting birds with blowguns, their genius is their most important asset and is the primary reason why the twins are so successful in ridding the world of evil.

French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789

Quiche of Guatemala

descendants of the great Mayan civilization that dominates most of Central America and Mexico during their long rule.

Holy Brotherhood

highly feared religious law enforcement organization that allegedly had the power to determine whether or not a condemned person could enter heaven

Marcela

is a wealthy, beautiful orphan who has abandoned her wealth for a shepherdess's life. Modest and kind, Marcela charms everyone but refuses to marry, which has given her a reputation for cruelty in affairs of the heart.

Dulcinea of El Toboso

the woman Don Quixote fancies his lady love; her real name is Aldonza Lorenzo