World War 1

woodward wilson slogan 1916

'He kept us out of war

Jingoism

(n) extreme and emotional nationalism, or chauvinism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war. Iran and Israel's extreme jingoism creates fear for its inhabitants.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly led to a severe depression in Germany.

Kaiser Wilhelm

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Belgium

Germany chose to invade France through This Country. That violation of This Country's neutral rights brought Britain into the war. And the tiny This Country army put up a fight, delaying the breakthrough to France and endangering the success of the Schlieffen Plan, to which Germany had bound itself.

Treaty of London

In this secret treaty, the plan was to split up the Central Powers and weaken the eastern and western fronts. Britain offered Italy large lands near the Adriatic, and both France and Britain wanted Italy to join so that a new front could open up the south of the western.

woodward wilson secretary of state

William Jennings Bryan

Assassination of Ferdinand

sent to sarajevo, bosnia on peace mission, assassinated by black hand member- serbian group so austria declared war on serbs

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Imperialism

(part of MAIN) A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially. This led to the creation of a number of European empires which extended around the world.

Militarism

(part of MAIN) A political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests

Industrialization

(part of MAIN) Process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information.

Alliances

(part of MAIN) because states had enemies, they also needed friends—built up two main groups of 3 states—held together through these treaties

Nationalism

(part of MAIN)A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

Dual Alliance (1879)

-secret defensive treaty between Austria-Hungary and Germany

Woodrow Wilson

..., 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Schlieffen Plan

..., Attack plan by Germans, proposed by a person, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Central Powers

..., in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

Eugene Debs

1855-1926. American union leader, one of the founders of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World, and five-time Socialist Party of America Presidential Candidate.

WW1 dates

1914-1918, U.S. entered 1917

Espionage Act

1917 This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Dreadnought

A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Kaiser's blank check

After Sarajevo, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, drew up a letter for the Emperor Francis Joseph to sign and send to Wilhelm II to try and convince both of Serbia's responsibility.

league of the three emperors

Alliance among the three largest Eastern and Central European powers of the time- the emperors of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Considered a long-term cause of WWI. Against increasingly liberal Western reform. Caused by the unification of Germany by Prussia after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. Socialism and republicanism were evil. Disintegrated after Russia's dissatisfaction with Congress of Berlin.

Allied Powers

An alliance during World War I that originally consisted of Russia, France, and Britain. Many other countries, including Belgium, Canada, Greece, Italy, Japan, and Romania, joined later as associate powers. Although the United States never joined the Allied Powers—preferring on principle to fight the Central Powers independently—it cooperated closely with the Allied Powers once it joined the war in 1917.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Franz Josef

Austrian emperor who was reluctant to go to war with Serbia. Although, he saw the assassination of the archduke as a chance to crush Serbia for good.

United States

Before entering the war, the This Country was declaring itself neutral during the fighting and serving only as a goods provider for both sides but with a clear bias for Triple Entente (France Britain Russia serbia-allies) as opposed to triple alliance (Germany Ottoman Empire Italy-central powers).

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Serbian Ultimatum

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia. They made a list of demands for the Serbian government (to dissolve terrorist groups, remove negative Austrian propaganda, give Austria the right to go into Serbia to handle terrorism, etc). Serbia DOES NOT accept this...Russia simply tells them to ignore it, as they have Serbia's back. Because Serbia declined, Austria declared war on them, which brings in Russia and France to Serbia's defense along with Germany to aide Austria.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Balkans

Gavrilo Princip out of the Black Hand from Serbia and two other Black Hand members shot and killed the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife of the Austro-Hungarian empire in Sarajevo. The Austro-Hungarian empire responded by invading the Kingdom of Serbia and starting World War 1.

U-Boats

German submarines used in World War I

War debts

Germany owed reparation payments for World War I; debts, hyperinflation, and pauperized middle class (close to social revolution) caused inability to pay France, leading to Occupation of the Ruhr

Nicholas the 2nd

He was the last tsar of russia. He stepped down from power and him and his whole family were killed.

Committee on Public Information ( C.P.I)

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.

Brest-Litovsk Treaty

Peace treaty between Russia and Central Powers. Marked Russia's exit from war. Its harsh terms intensified the Allies' determination for victory.

Serbia

The archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and his wife were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, who was in a group called the Black Hand. Austria-Hungary became furious and sent Serbia an ultimatum.This Country refused to follow all of it. Austria-Hungary declared war on This Country. This Country went to find help with it's ally, Russia. Russia went to its allies, and that's how the Allies formed.

Austria-Hungary

They actually started the war by making a declaration of war against Serbia for the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Everyone with whom they had an alliance, like Germany, had to come along for the ride. Everyone with an alliance with Serbia had to jump to their defense. Then the countries allied with the countries who were allies had to come into the war. Everyone in Europe seemed to have an alliance with one side or another, except the Swiss, making it "the Great War". It was the war most everyone was bound to enter for something that didn't have anything to do with their own lives.

Russia

This Country entered the war as an ally of Serbia, after the declaration of war on that nation by the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany. This Country occupied primarily German forces on the Eastern Front until the Russian Revolution overthrew the Tsar and the new revolutionary government signed a ruinous peace treaty and ended hostilities, freeing a large number of troops for the Western Front. However, that was not all. This Countries inspired revolutionary communist ideas spread throughout a more and more disaffected Germany and German military, and was partially responsible for the military mutinies that forced the Central Powers into an armistice.

France

This Country was the major Allied power in WW1. This Country had the biggest army in the world. After early defeats, This Country, helped by the British, stopped the Germans before they could reach Paris and both sides began to dig trenches. This Country and British armies suffered HUGE losses because of the stupidity of their commanders, the French lost 1 500 000 soldiers, and the British 800 000. Austria-Hungary became furious and sent Serbia an ultimatum. Serbia refused to follow all of it. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Serbia went to find help with it's ally, Russia. Russia went to its allies, and that's how the Allies formed. were the victors of the longest battle of WW1, the Battle of Verdun, where 500 000 This Country's soldiers died. To lift some pressure off of This Country's army at Verdun, British and This Country troops started the Battle of the Somme, which has been a total slaughter and a failure, but allowed the This Country to resist the Germans at Verdun.

Great Britain

This Country's role in world war 1 was to help stop the Central Powers. They fought on the Allies along with u.s.a russia etc. they didn't do much and were quickly defeated by Germany in 1916 they lasted until the end of the war in 1918. although they were not a major contribution to the war they helped the u.s.a.

Italy

This Country's role was mainly to fight Austria in order to win back lands that was taken from her such as venetia and lombardy. They also wanted parts of the dalmatian coast to control the mediterranean. Since they were not as industrialized they failed in their campaign and pulled out of the war early. They got venetia and lombardy in the treaty of versailles 1919 but were disappointed that they didn't get anything else. This fueled many hates for mussolini's uprising.

Ottoman Empire

This empire was allied with the Germans and Austrians, they mostly fought the British in there colonial holdings in the middle east and that general area, they had very little to do with the fighting in Europe. Most of the fighting involved the British teaming up with arabs who no longer wanted to be a part of this empire to fight the Turks and Arabs who where loyal to this empire had more favorable trade relations with the Germans so they ended up on their side in the war, and also where in competition with the British and french for colonies in Asian (mostly the middle east) and africa.

Alsace and Lorraine

This place is two border Provence's that are routinely passed back and forth between French and German rule. In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars they went to France. However, Germany seized them during the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. France was humiliated during this war and, in addition to having to give up two Provence's they considered their own, were forced to pay heavy indemnity payments. This set up a long-term resentment on the part of the French for the newly formed German Empire not unlike the resentment the Germans felt for the French in the aftermath of WW I. By the time WW I rolled around the French were spoiling for a fight.

Germany

World War I erupted because of This Country's actions invading Russia. This Country was by far the most powerful entity in Central Europe, and took advantage of it becoming an empire, and invading smaller, weaker countries, excluding Russia. Russia was illprepared for war with few supplies and very limited on food, leaving them no other choice but to pull out of the war in 1917.

Kaiser Wilhelm the 2nd

became ruler of Germany and forced Bismark to resign., In 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm took over the German rule. He severed the treaty with Russia and started to build up the German armies.