wpr 1

What does the term preconscious refer to?

Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness

In the context of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which of the following statements is true of alpha waves?

They are slower, higher-energy waves than beta waves.

Which of the following is a function of institutional review boards (IRBs)?

They evaluate proposed research before it is conducted to ensure research involving humans does not cause undue harm.

In the context of memory formation, which of the following is a characteristic of flashbulb memories?

They tend to be highly emotionally charged.

________ play an important role in communication between neurons, produce the material that insulates neurons, and aid cell metabolism.

gilal cells

In the context of neural communication, which of the following is defined as small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential?

graded potentials

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of

habitation

vision is to photoreceptors as sound is to ________

hair cells

The ________, wrapped around the thalamus, plays a vital role in learning and memory.

hippocampus

The body's biological clock is located in the

hypothalamus

The ________ is a small structure that resides deep inside the cerebrum, in the area that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe.

insula

The industrial side of industrial/organizational psychology

involves matching employees to their jobs and uses psychological principles and methods to select employees and evaluate job performance.

The colored part of the eye, which is called the ________, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye.

iris

during the process of reuptake, excess neurotransmitter _________

is returned to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use

Identify the true statement about consciousness

it is ones experience of a moment as one moves through it

Which of the following is a marker of Stage 2 sleep?

k-complexes

While driving on a highway, George sees a sign on a building that says "MO_EL." George knows that the building is a motel even though the sign is missing a letter because of the Gestalt ________.

law of closure

The ________ is a connection group of forebrain structures that include the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the cingulate gyrus.

limbic system

The ________ is a group of forebrain structures that share important functions in emotion and motivation.

limbic system

The ________ sends messages out to the skeletal muscles from the central nervous system (CNS) and transmits sensory information back to the CNS from the skeletal muscles.

somatic nervous system

The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. According to these connections, the _________ housed ideas and intelligence.

spleen

In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior?

structuralism

_________ believed that a detailed analysis of experience as it happened provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind.

structuralists

________ is the best-known example of neuroplasticity.

synaptogenesis

Which of the following structures is a part of the forebrain?

thalamus

Which of the following early approaches to psychology focused on why and how people think and feel?

functionalism

If an awake and alert person undergoes a brain wave test, what will it reveal? A. Beta waves B. Alpha waves C. Theta waves D. Delta waves

A

Which of the following best describes habituation?

A change in response that stems from experience

What do alpha brain waves indicate?

A state of drowsiness and relaxation

In the context of how neurons fire, which of the following is defined as an impulse of positive charge that runs one way down an axon?

An action potential

Five percent is the most frequent choice made by psychological researchers, regarding an acceptable level of chance, and is referred to as the __________. A. variance B. statistical inference C. probability level D. standard deviation

C

For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital? A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Consolidation

D

In the 1870w the first laboratories in psychology were opened in

Germany

Which of the following statements best describes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

It is a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity.

Which of the following statements is true of debriefing in research studies?

It is required to minimize any negative effects experienced as a result of deception.

Which of the following statements holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning?

It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which of the following statements is true of a descriptive study?

It usually occurs during the exploratory phase of research.

What did B. F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?

Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior.

In the context of the limbic system, identify a true statement about the basal ganglia.

They are involved in voluntary motor control.

The cell body of a neuron is called ________.

Soma

identify a true statement about inferential statistics as a class of statistics

They use probability and the normal distribution to rule out chance as an explanation for why group scores are different.

The growth and formation of new dendrites is called ________.

arborization

The ________ serves the involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands.

autonomic nervous system

When the neutral stimulus follows the unconditioned stimulus, the process is called ________ conditioning.

backward

The cerebellum is responsible for:

body movement, balance, coordination, and fine motor skills.

The midbrain, the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum together are often collectively referred to as the ________.

brain stem

The adrenal glands produce ________, a class of chemicals that includes the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

catecholamines

The ________ is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.

central nervous system

The forebrain consists of the ________.

cerebrum

In the context of the subdisciplines of psychology, which of the following is the study of how people perceive information, how they learn and remember, how they acquire and use language, and how they solve problems?

cognitive psychology

________ are useful when the variables cannot be manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.

correlational studies

In the united states, the pioneer of moral treatment of the mentally ill was

dorothea dix

The first step of forming memories involves

encoding ones sensory experiences

The ________, a spot on the back of the retina, contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina.

fovea

The ________ make up one-third of the area of the cerebral cortex.

frontal lobes

In the context of critical thinking, scientific thinking is ________ thinking that is used to generate, test, reflect upon, and revise theories.

metacognitive

________ take commands from the brain and carry them to the muscles of the body.

motor neurons

in the _______ and ________ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their expectations as a theory

observation, prediction

The ________ occupy the rear of the brain.

occipital lobes

The cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy are called

photoreceptors

The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the

pineal gland

The ________ is an important region of the frontal lobe and it descends from the top of the head toward the center of the brain.

primary motor cortex

_____ can be defined as mental frameworks that develop from one's experiences with particular objects or events.

schemas

________ reinforcers are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning.

secondary

________ ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.

sensory adaptation

In the context of non-REM sleep, _____, slower and lower energy waves than alpha, occur as we enter N1 sleep—when the sensory curtain drops and we have a reduced awareness of the outside world.

theta waves

There are _____ stages of non-REM sleep, each marked by unique brain wave patterns.

three

in the context of classical conditioning, which of the following terms is defined as the natural, automatic, inborn and involuntary reaction to a stimulus

unconditioned response

In the context of the midbrain, the reticular formation plays a key role in ________.

wakefulness

Who is considered the founder of American psychology?

william james