WS/BIOL 350 Quiz 9 - 12

Femininity

A set of attributes and gender performativity that are socially constructed and culturally bound, made up of both socially defined and biologically created factors associated with girls and women.

The perpetrators of child sexual abuse are typically strangers of the family.

False

When you suspect someone might be transgender/genderqueer identified, how do you know which pronoun to use?

Ask the person what pronoun(s) they prefer.

Births around the world most commonly take place where?

At home

Spermatogenesis results in:

Four mature sperm of which two are androsperm (Y-bearing) and two are gynosperm (X-bearing).

What is this?

Karyotype

Someone with an extra X chromosome added to the XY combination, resulting in a chromosomal make-up of XXY.

Klinefelter syndrome

What does LGBTQ stand for?

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer

What is an epidural?

When a form of anesthesia is injected into the epidural space of the spinal cord.

Oral stimulation of the anus is called:

analingus

Embryonic development is associated with what weeks of pregnancy?

0-8 weeks

About how many people identify as trans in the U.S.?

1.4 million

Perpetrators of sexual violence most often abuse people in the ages of?

18-34 years of age.

What year did the term homosexual become the word to describe men who had sex with men?

1895

What year did the Supreme Court rule that same-sex marriage be legalized?

2015

From our lecture we learned that certain hormones and enzymes are involved with the development of male external genitalia. The presence of the enzyme _______________ is required in order for testosterone to be converted to _______________ . This hormone is necessary for the development of the _______________ .

5-alpha reductase; dihydrotestosterone; male external genitalia

Someone with a chromosomal make-up of XY but who lacks the enzyme 5-α reductase and can therefore not convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

5-α reductase deficiency (5ARD)

What is a hypospadias?

A birth defect of the urethra where the urinary opening is not at the usual location on the head of the penis.

A genderqueer individual is typically defined as:

A gender-nonconforming person who identifies outside a gender binary. A cisgender person who supports the transgender community. A person of any gender who has a political agenda to challenge a gender binary.

Androgyny

A set of attributes and gender performativity that are socially constructed and culturally bound, made up of both socially defined and biologically created factors associated with a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

Masculinity

A set of attributes and gender performativity that are socially constructed and culturally bound, made up of both socially defined and biologically created factors associated with boys and men.

What is compulsory heterosexuality?

A term popularized by poet Adrienne Rich, that explains a cultural phenomena related to heteronormativity. It describes the domination of culture by those in heterosexual relationships and the social expectations tied to the belief that heterosexuality is the norm and all other sexual orientations are deviant.

Problems surrounding adult-child sexual interactions include..

A. A child may be afraid or embarrassed to report sexual abuse. B. Parents may be reluctant to expose the child to the stress of legal proceedings and may therefore refrain from reporting and prosecuting the perpetrator. C. Parents may not always believe the child, especially if the abuser is a family member or close family friend.

Emotional violence are common in relationships. What are some warning signs of emotional abuse by your partner?

A. Accuses you of cheating and is often jealous of your outside relationships. B. When you argue, they humiliate or yell, call you names, and intentionally insults you to put you down. C. Refuses to trust you and acts jealous or possessive. D. Constantly checks up on you, and monitors where you go, who you call and who you spend time with. E. Damages your property when they're angry (throwing objects, punching walls, kicking doors, etc.)

Which of the following are reasons that the media is influential through advertising?

A. Advertisements are based on vulnerability and acceptance. B. Advertisements have subliminal messages. C. Advertisements are customized and lack interactivity.

What is consent?

A. All people involved must be fully conscious and actively communicate their consent. B. Give permission and agree to by free will based on choice. C. Consent to some form of sexual activity, does not necessarily imply consent to other forms of sexual activity.

What does discourse mean?

A. Certain ways of thinking. B. The use of specific language. C. Ways of constituting knowledge. D. Describes relations between different forms of power.

Individuals who have experienced sexual violence/abuse are most likely to talk to a friend about their experience. As a friend it is important that you...

A. Express concern for your friend's safety when appropriate B. Believe your friend C. Affirm that the abusive situation was not his or her fault D. Inform your friend of options and resources of further assistance E. Respect the rights of your friend to do what he/she thinks is best for them

Common misconceptions of feminists include...

A. Feminists are angry, white women who like to whine. B. Feminists hate men because they want the power and dominance to rule over men. C. Feminists reject the notion of motherhood and the concept of family. D. All feminists are either out or secretly identify as lesbians, much do to their hatred of men.

What is sexism?

A. Prejudice or discrimination based on sex. B. Behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex.

hooks (2000) defines feminism as a movement. And this movement is struggling to end what?

A. Sexism B. Sexist exploitation C. Oppression

What are some reasons as to why sexual violence and abuse is so grossly underreported?

A. Since 4 out 5 people who have experienced some form of sexual violence knows the person who abused them, it is often challenging to report someone you have some sort of relationship to. B. An unawareness of what the process of reporting sexual violence and abuse entails. If I say anything about what has happened to my teacher, school counselor, or even a friend, then they might report and it will become a police investigation. C. Feelings of guilt, shame, self-blame, and a worry about what will happen to abuser if a report is made, are often reasons as to why reports of sexual violence and abuse are not made.

What does the term objectification mean?

A. The treatment of a person primarily in terms of how they look, or how they appear to the senses B. Seeing and/or treating a person, usually a woman, as an object. C. The treatment of a person as lacking in agency, and perhaps also in activity D. The treatment of a person as a tool for the objectifier's purposes

Which of the following researchers developed a scale that measured sexual behavior?

Alfred Kinsey

What are some important aspects of being a supportive LGBTQI ally?

All of the above

What is the difference in definition between a transgender person and an intersex person?

An intersex person has XY and XX biological characteristics, and a trans person has a felt sense of identity that is incongruous with the identity attributed to them based on their sex assignment.

Someone with a chromosomal make-up of XY where the cells has a partial or complete inability to respond to androgens.

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Research has shown that sexual violence and abuse are more common in societies were there is a power unbalance between genders in a society, and particularly when there is a strong patriarchal structure in place. What are some characteristics of a patriarchal society?

B. Men hold primary power in political leadership. C. On average, in the US a woman earns 79 cents for every dollar a man earns. D. Men dominate in ownership of land and property. E. Male authority supersede that of any other gender.

The term intersex refers to what type of variation?

Biological

During the Nature v. Nurture debate that was particularly prominent in the 1960s and 1970s, what researcher challenged the supposed impact of nurture by suggesting that nature (referring to our human biology) was a crucial part of our sexual identity?

Biologist, Dr. Milton Diamond

Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to sexual assault?

Bystander intervention

What is a medical term used for surgical removal of a viable fetus?

Caesarean section

What has to dilate before a vaginal birth is possible?

Cervix

During the 16-20th week of development, an ultrasound can be performed to check the health of the fetus and the quality of the fetal environment. What are some things that can be reveled by this specific ultrasounds at this point in the pregnancy?

Check that important organs such as, the head, neck, chest, heart, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder, arms, legs, and umbilical cord are all developing properly. Check the location of the placenta. Assess the amount of amniotic fluid in the uterus. Measure the size of the fetus' head, stomach, and heart.

What causes miscarriage?

Chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo.

Someone with an overproduction of androgens in the adrenal glands that can affect both chromosomal make-ups of, XX and XY.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

When one partner in an intimate relationship uses abusive tactics to control the other.

Dating/ Domestic Violence

What do you call a pregnancy that implants in the fallopian tube?

Ectopic

The Wolffian ducts develop into what?

Epididymis Seminal vesicles Vas deferens

A large percentage of sexual assaults are falsely reported.

False

If someone does not physically resist, then it is not sexual assault.

False

Infertility means that you cannot get pregnant.

False

The practice of achieving sexual stimulation and/or orgasm by touching and rubbing against a non-consenting person, usually in a public place.

Frotteurism

What is one of the most common reasons given in support of intersex surgeries on ambiguous genitalia?

Fueled by heteronormativity, it is thought that if you can create genitals that look more typical male or female, you are improving the development of a "normal" gender identity and sexual orientation (i.e., cisgender and heterosexuality).

Defining who is male and who is female may be a complex process, since gender can be viewed from multiple perspectives including...

Genetic makeup Anatomy Chromosomal makeup Physiology Internal feelings of being male, female or androgynous

What is internalized homophobia?

Happens when LGBQ individuals are subjected to society's negative perceptions, intolerance and stigmas towards LGBQ people, and as a result, turn those ideas inward believing they are true.

______________, is a term used to describe a condition of someone who is born with both ovarian and testicular tissue. This term is a stigmatizing and misleading word. There is growing momentum to eliminate the word from medical literature and to use the word "intersex" in its place. While some intersex people do reclaim the word with pride to reference themselves (like words such as "dyke" and "queer" have been reclaimed by LGBT people), it should be generally avoided except under specific circumstances.

Hermaphrodite

Check the following terms that are often offensive to the LGBTQI community?

Homosexual Transvestite Hermaphrodite Trannie

Which of the following is NOT a common challenge faced by gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, and questioning youth?

Increased risk of committing crimes.

Gender role

Is a set of social and behavioral norms that dictate how we should think, speak,dress, and interact within the context of society.

Sexual orientation

Is the preferred term used when referring to an individual's physical and/or emotional attraction to the same and/or opposite gender.

What is heterosexism?

It is the presumption that everyone is heterosexual and that opposite sex attractions are the norm.

Most often, what is the first sign of pregnancy?

Missed Period

What type of pregnancy is most common?

Monozygotic

An erotic attraction to corpses that may also involve sexual penetration of the corpse.

Necrophilia

Ways of artificial insemination include the use of:

Needless syringe Turkey baster

Is transgender same as intersex?

No, intersex refers to biological variation in terms of sex, whereas transgender refers to gender identity irrespective of biological sex.

What are common side-effects of having received medical treatment for an intersex condition under usual protocols?

Pain and/or reduced or eliminated sexual sensation in the genital region. A need for further surgeries to address the complications of an earlier surgery. Shame at apparently having been so unacceptable that one needed multiple and secretive treatments in order to be "normal".

What condition did the Remier twins have that required them to have surgery?

Phimosis

What is the definition of pornography?

Printed or visual material containing the explicit description or display of sexual organs or activity, intended to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic or emotional feelings.

Which hormone increases to sustain the pregnancy?

Progesterone

Sexual penetration conducted on another without their consent.

Rape

Gender identity

Refers to a person's individual and internal sense and subjective experience of their own gender irrespective of sex assigned at birth.

Excerpt from the article, My abortion, at 23 weeks featured in the New York Times on June 20, 2013.

Roe v. Wade in 1973.

Scrotum and labia majora Penile shaft and labia minora Penile glans and the clitoral glans Foreskin and clitoral hood

Scrotum... - Labioscrotal swelling Penile shaft... - Urogenital areas Penile glans... - Genital tubercle Foreskin... - Raphe

Unwanted, non-consensual touching of a sexual and physical nature.

Sexual Assault

Unwanted, verbal/physical behaviors that interfere with one's academic performance or living, working environment.

Sexual Harassment

Perpetrators of sexual assault are most often:

Someone who is known by the victim.

What is an example of homophobic expression?

Suggesting that you are accepting of lesbians and gays, but you don't think that they should be allowed to get married or have children.

What are some functions of the placenta?

Takes care of waste products from the fetus to the mother. Produces a number of important hormones to help sustain pregnancy. Provides glucose and oxygen from the mother to the fetus.

In someone with a genetic make-up of XY, the neurons of the hypothalamus of the brain are exposed to high levels of___________, which is converted into ___________ in the presence of the enzyme___________. The biological male pattern of hormone release is ___________, where as the hormone release in someone with a genetic make-up of XX is ____________.

Testosterone; Estrogen (estradiol); Aromatase; Relatively constant (acyclic); Cyclic

Which one determines genetic sex?

The Sperm

What is heteronormativity?

The assumption that heterosexuality is the "standard" sexual orientation and that all other orientations deviate from this norm, normalizes behaviors, values, and cultural aspects that relate to and reinforce presumed heterosexuality.

In terms of research, what was a key contributor that made the Reimer case so interesting?

The fact that there were identical twin boys involved.

Oogenesis results in:

The formation of a single mature egg cell. The formation of three polar bodies.

What is an amniocentesis?

The sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

Abuse is a learned behavior. Domestic violence and abuse stem from a desire to gain and maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Abusive people believe they have the right to control and restrict their partners, and they may enjoy the feeling that exerting power gives them. They often believe that their own feelings and needs should be the priority in their relationships, so they use abusive tactics to dismantle equality and make their partners feel less valuable and deserving of respect in the relationship.

True

Anyone can be affected by domestic violence and abuse, but people with disabilities are more likely to experience abuse than people without disabilities. Because abuse is about power and control, people with disabilities may face unique challenges and barriers to accessing support.

True

If you are intoxicated with alcohol, you are not able to give legal consent to engaging in sexual activity.

True

Recent research by Feagin and Bennefiled (2014) shows that institutionalized White socioeconomic resources........

True

Sexual violence and abuse are common occurrences on American college campuses.

True

The structure of a pyramid can function as a visual representation of how sexism operates within our society. The strong foundation of the pyramid makes the structure last through time, which mirrors our understanding of the progression of sexism.

True

Someone with a genetic variation resulting in having only one X chromosome instead of two sex chromosomes.

Turner syndrome

Sex offenders against children tend to be:

Under the age of 30

The Mullarian ducts develop into what?

Uterus Two inner thirds of the vagina Cowper's glands Fallopian tubes

The practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others (who may be unaware of being observed) when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity.

Voyeurism

According to the diagram, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

W are determined by the absence of a Y chromosome. Z are the Mullerian ducts, which differentiate into the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. Z develop in the absence of MIH and testosterone. X are determined by the presence of a Y chromosome.

Miller v. California is landmark decision by the US Supreme Court wherein the court redefined its definition about what constitutes as obscenity. This definition has been translated into what is referred to as the Miller Test, a test for determining whether speech or expression can be labeled obscene, in which case the material is not protected by the First Amendment and therefore becomes illegal. The Miller test was developed in the 1973 and has three parts, what are they?

Whether "the average person, applying contemporary community standards", would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest. Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct or excretory functions specifically defined by applicable state law. Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.

Who are more genetically identical, XX or XY monozygotic twins?

XY monozygotic twins

Human gonads are... which means that... If... In the absence of a...

bipotential XY medulla testes Leydig Sertoli internal external dihydrotestosterone 5-alpha reductase Y 12th-16th cortex ovaries testosterone mullerian inhibiting hormone 8th embryonic 10th fetal

Someone who identifies with the sex they were assigned at birth may be referred to as ____________. Someone who does not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth may be referred to as __________. Someone who does not identify with a specific gender at all regardless their sex of assignment may be referred to as __________.

cisgender; transgender; agender

If the genetic make-up is XX, what part of the gonad then develop?

cortex

The term intersex refers to variation in the experience of gender identity.

false

An organism's reproductive cells.

gametes

Rev. Jerry Falwell expressed concern over the British TV show Teletubbies. He claimed that Tinky Winky embraced and promoted a "gay lifestyle". However, after learning about sexual identity, it is clear that Rev. Falwell made assumptions about Tinky Winky's presumed sexual orientation based on stereotypical beliefs about his:

gender role

If the genetic make-up is XY, what part of the gonad then develop?

medulla

How many barr bodies do you have if you have a genetic karyotype of 46 XY?

none

Gametes produced by XX individuals.

ova

When a society exerts homophobic oppression and compulsory heterosexuality...

people who step out of the stereotypical expressions of male and female may experience social ostracization and forms of discrimination. same-sex desires and lives are not treated with the same acceptance and guaranteed rights and representations as heterosexual desires and lives. people tend to fear expressions of same sex desires and behaviors, resulting in a conformity of behaviors that reflect heteronormativity.

Possible positive outcomes of masturbation include:

physical release of stress. enhanced awareness about body function. feelings of pleasure and satisfaction.

The specific period during the 1960s and '70s in which attitudes towards sexual behavior became more tolerant and liberal in the United States was called the:

sexual revolution

From the film, Intersexion we learned about David Reimer. Dr John Money was a key figure in Reimer's early life and he believed that the most important aspect of someone's gender had to do with:

socialization

The term used to describe the production of sperm.

spermatogenesis

In the development of the fetal gonads, the sry gene on the Y chromosome causes the development of ________; the lack of the Y chromosome and the presence of _________ causes the development of ________.

testes; 2 X chromosomes; ovaries

A sex positive approach to dealing with childhood masturbation is to let the child know that the adult knows that masturbation feels good, and that it is generally seen as a private behavior.

true

According to the nonprofit InterACT, about 1.5 percent of the population is intersex, making the condition as common as natural born redheads.

true

In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), leading to changes in the broader cultural beliefs about homosexuality and culminating in the contemporary civil rights quest for marriage equality.

true

Intersex is a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy...

true

Recent findings in a study from GLAAD, formerly known as the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (2017) reveal that 20% of millennials identify as LGBTQ.

true

Sexual differentiation depends upon the sex chromosomes, X and Y. Sexual determination involves the specification of the gonads to become either testes or ovaries. If the embryo has a chromosomal make-up of XY, the presence of the SRY gene will direct the gonads to develop as testes. In the absence of a Y chromosome and the SRY gene, the gonads develop to become ovaries, XX.

true

The demographics of sexual orientation and gender identity in the U.S. have been studied in the social sciences in recent decades. Findings from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) reported in July 2014 that at least 3 percent of Americans identify as gay or lesbian, and 0.7 percent identify as bisexual.

true

Fertilization most commonly occur where?

Fallopian tube

Though the definition of voyeurism is the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching (in real time, or "live") others getting naked or engaging in sexual activity, which one of the following could also be explained as a form of voyeuristic behavior?

Going to a strip club to watch naked people for sexual excitement. Watching pornography with the intent of becoming sexually aroused.

The term used to describe the production of the ovum.

oogenesis

Gametes produced by XY individuals.

sperm