youngbuckk soc final

Prejudice

thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group

What is the social function?

(1) refers to the consequences of social patterns for society (2) all of our interactions create a reaction in ourselves and other

Key elements of structural-functionalism are?

(1) social structure (2) Refers to relatively stable patterns of social behavior found in social institutions.

auguste comte

Comte's philosophy became known as positivism—a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry.

Evaluation Research

Determines whether a social intervention has produced the intended result Focuses more on research purposes than use of a specific method Applied to have a real world effect Results help in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a policy or group

Interview

Directly asking a series of questions

What is culture shock?

Disorientation due to the inability to make sense out of ones surroundings. e.g. domestic and foreign travel.

Role expectation

a group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played. By contrast, role performance is how a person actually plays the role.

correlation

a relationship that exists when two variables are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance.

in-group

a social group with which a person identifies and toward which he or she feels positively; members have a collective sense of "us"

values

abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles; "..criteria of what is desirable or undesirable and right or wrong

iron law of oligarchy

according to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people

Collective action

action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

Australia

added a third gender in 2015 (some societies have 5)

Paradox of authority

although the state's authority derives form the implicit threat of physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority

Crime

an act, usually considered deviant, that is punishable by fines, imprisonment, or both

Gender (doing gender)

an activity that creates differences between men and women that, while not biological, appear natural because they are so consistently enacted

According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, which of the following people is in the best position?

an analyst for a federal government agency

Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of

stigma

Kinship networks

strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is, marriage)

major stages of sociological research process

surveys experiments observational studies and intensive interviewing existing data

Most highly compensated workers

symbolic analysts, knowledge workers

Cultural capital

symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

Lisa is a Christian student who lives in Saudi Arabia. When she first moved to Saudi Arabia, she was sometimes denied service at restaurants for not wearing a headscarf. Now, when she leaves her apartment, she wears a headscarf. What is this an example of?

passing

What is cultural transmission?

passing of culture

Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of

peer-to-peer dynamics

relative deprivation

people are deprived, relative to each other. such as seeing others who have more food

caste

rigid placement at birth into unequal groups based on one's parents' status, with no chance of moving out of these groups

Since the 1970s, both violent and total crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have

risen dramatically

Global warming

rising atmosphere concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as well as higher global average temperatures

Brown v. Board of Education

ruled segregation unconstitutional

Laws

s are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions

Jane Elliot

said "It's not the intent, it's the impact"

Describe the "me" (object)

socially derived representation of society, predictability, conformity, past "I's", "me" is the social creature that "I" am viewing.

Sex category (doing gender)

socially required identification display that confirms someone's membership in a given category, including displaying and enacting gender as social norms and expectations determine

industrial societies

societies based on technology that mechanizes production.

Sex

the biological differences that distinguish males from females

Contradictory class locations

the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes

gender stratification

the systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in society between women and men

criminology

the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

Profane

the things of mundane, everyday life

game stage

the third stage of socialization. 7 to 13 years old. knowing your position in life

I

one's sense of agency, action, or power. (page 117)

I

ones sense of agency, action, or power.

sexual identity

our sense of self as it relates to the type of sexual attraction we have for others

status

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies. (page 128)

Cultural scripts

modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural.

What is the definition of statuses?

"... any position in a social structure that determines when a person fits in society and how he or she is expected to act and relate to others."

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

-Class Conflict -Importance of the Industrial revolution -materialism - we care more about the thing than the person producing it -alienation

Max Weber (1864-1920)

-Protestant Ethic/ Spirit of capitalism -Social class is multidimensional (Class, status, power) -Rationalization, bureaucracies And the iron cage -Verstehen

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

-Social facts -suicide -division of labor ~ Social cohesion -mechanical and organic solidarity -religion - sacred/ profane -Anomie

Comte's law of three stages

-Theological -Metaphysical -Scientific stage

George Simmel (1858- 1918)

-groups / group dynamics/ interactions -dyad/ triad -The metropolis and mental life -blase urbanite -the stranger

Web Dubois (1868-1963)

-the Philadelphia negro (1898) -the souls of black folk (1903) -the veil, double consciousness -the damnation of Women(1919) -NAACP, first black Harvard PhD Grad

Agents of socialization: Media

-through characters, images, story lines -may challenge family as an agen ~children spend as much time infront of TV/Computer as interacting with family ~messages carried by media are powerful/seductive ~media influence strengthens in adolesence

To establish causality, three factors are needed....

1. correlation 2. time order 3. ruling out alternative explainations

basic steps of scientific method

1. hypothesis 2.measuring and gathering data 3.analyzing data 4.drawing a conclusion

golden rules in research

1; do not harm~ physical, emotional, and psychological 2; informed consent~ have a right to know they are participating in the study and what it will consist of 3; voluntary participation~ ppl have the right to decide if they want to participate in the study

Between 1890 and 1920______ African Americans were lynched in the South.

2500

Global Village

All societies are increasingly connected through technology and economics.

What percent of american marry SOME point in their life

90%

Ethnocentrism is...?

A biased "cultural yardstick"

What is an oligarchy?

A bureaucracy ruled by a few.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the free-rider problem?

A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four

What is ethnomethodoligy?

A process through which we "break the rules" in order to see how people build their realities. by observing reactions to situations in which people "break with expected norms" one can begin understanding the underlying assumptions and then how "reality is socially constructed"

inductive approach

A research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory. (page 45)

Paradigm

A set of fundamental assumptions that guides thinking.

Society

A society is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations,

Theory

A statement of how and why facts are related.

What is language?

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

functionalism

A theory that views society as a orderly and stable system with interconnected parts designed to meet the needs of individuals in a society.

The Social Construction of Reality

A work written by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann in which the steps of constructing social reality are labeled as externalization, objectivation, and internalization.

max weber and karl marx on view class societies

According to Max Weber, there are 3 dimensions to stratification and social class in the U.S. - wealth, power, and prestige. Karl Marx (father of the conflict theory) believed that one day, the "have-nots" would overthrow the "haves" and a social revolution would occur resulting in a communist society

In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups?

African Americans

What are peer groups?

An informal group of people who share similar status and are usually similar in age. defined by equality and found in all age groups.

You're stopped for speeding. As the officer approaches your vehicle, you realize that you know the police officer from high school. As he begins writing out the ticket, he recognizes you, and asks how you are doing. As you reply, "Just fine, thanks," he hands you the ticket. In the realm of legal-rational authority, in which police actions usually are based, rules and procedures are central. Despite your knowing the officer, his actions reflect what important facet of legal-rational authority?

Authority is attached to roles, not individuals

Deductive reasoning

Begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is tested through data collection

This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are

Black

A TV director pitches the idea of remaking the adventures of ozzle and Harriet, but with African American characters.An African American producer says, "This is a horrible idea! That family never could have been black!" Why was the traditional family depicted in the...

C. African american fathers have historically been more heavily involved in child care than white fathers

Sociological Research

Challenges overgeneralizations * Exposes myths * Helps explain behavior * Influences social policies * Sharpens critical thinking skills that affect daily living

What is cultural integration?

Change in one part of culture may lead to changes in other parts of culture. example: computers and changes in our language.

Variable

Changes in value or magnitude under different conditionsIndependent variable Dependent variable Control variable

Culture shock

Confusion, disorientation, or anxiety that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life

Cultural Integration

Consistency of various aspects of society that promote order and stability

Reliability

Consistency with which the same measure produces similar results repeatedly

What is role conflict?

Consists of contradictory roles attached to two or more statuses.

Experiments

Controlled artificial situation Suggest cause-and-effect relationships Rely on paid respondents or volunteers

Surveys

Data collection through questionnaires, interviews, or a combination Sample selection - Random sample

Validity

Degree to which a measure is accurate and measures what it claims to measure

Anomie

Emile Durkheim - a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness

Positivist Sociology

Emile Durkheim founder. It is a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicts by certain observable relationships (akin to a social physics)

total institution

Erving Goffman's term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.

Contemporary Sociological Theories

Functionalism Conflict theory Feminist theory Symbolic interactionOther theoretical approaches

macro-

Functionalism (macro) • Society is a complex system whose parts (social structures - family, education, economy, government, religion, etc.) work together to promote social stability, solidarity, and shared values. • Example: the human body

Max Weber

German social scientist Max Weber (pronounced VAY-ber) (1864-1920) was also concerned about the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution

social control theory

He focused on 4 bonds to conventional social institutions in particular: attachment commitment involvement belief

limits of socialization

However, it cannot explain everything about a person's development and personality. Biology is also a very important component. It is a combination of biology and social interactions that makes us who we are.

Nonmaterial culture

Ideas created to interpret and understand the world

Gender

In North America, females are more likely to attempt suicide, whereas males are more likely to actually take their own life.

Middle income

In contrast, middle-income countries are nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.

Field Research

Involves observing people in their natural surroundings Types of observation Participant and nonparticipant Involves short-term observation or ethnographies Provides detailed and valid information Expensive and time-consuming

What is the inquisitorial principle?

Judge has expanded rule, calling witnesses and asking the questions.

What is incapacitation?

Keep criminals locked up so they cannot hurt anyone except each other.

How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession?

Licensing standards made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power.

Which American job sector has greatly increased since the oil crisis of 1973

Low wage service work

Mores

Maintain morals and ethics

which of the following of Emilie Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?

Mechanical

Folkways

Norms involving everyday customs, practices, and interaction

comformity

One problem with group conformity is called groupthink. Groupthink refers to when members think alike and any suggestion of alternatives is taken as a sign of disloyalty. People will remain silent against their better judgment to along with the group. Peer pressure can cause people to follow groupthink and commit horrible acts. Think of Nazi Germany in the 1930's and 1940's.

I

Ones sense of agency, action, or power

The game monopoly exemplifies equality of

Opportunity

Research methods

Organized and systematic procedures to gain knowledge about a particular topic

Functionalism

Overlooks diversity and social change

According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?

People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Real culture

People's everyday behavior

What is Paiget's third stage?

Period of formal operations- concrete logical thought moves into the ability for abstract, formal logic (as-if/if-then)

What are the functions of socialization?

Personality development: (1) self- ones sense of identity and awareness of being human- a social product. (2) self-concept- how you view yourself.

Correlation

Relationship between two or more variables

Straight-line assimilation

Robert Park's 1920s universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: they first arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country

What is socialization according to George Herbert Mead?

Role taking- because we have language and can think, we carry on silent conversations. we think something to ourselves and respond internally to it.

What is the first stage in Paiget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensory motor period- reflex activity leading to understanding of intentional responses.

Questionnaires

Series of written questions asking for information

Theory

Set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs

Values

Shared standards that provide general guidelines for everyday behavior Vary across cultures Change over time

Media Effect

Short-term deliberate (advertising) Long-term deliberate (Smokey the Bear) Short term unintended - Video games Long-term unintended - sexual code in TV

The sociological imagination

Sociological reasoning is often referred to as the sociological imagination— the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

Chapter Summary

Sociology is the systematic study of human behavior Sociological imagination can give more control over lives Sociology offers explanations that can greatly improve the quality of everyday life Sociologists use more than one theory to explain behavior

Which of the following is an example of hard power?

The United States enforced trade sanctions with North Korea

Generalizability

The extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied.

What is the criminal justice system?

The institution that arrests, determines guilt or innocence, and punishes the guilty. also includes the police, courts, and corrections.

conflict and feminist

The norms of any society generally reflect the interests of the rich and powerful. People defined as deviant as often those with less power Poor people face disadvantages in the legal system because they do not have the money

What is Master Status?

The status that seems to define a person. Also, a persons "master status" can either work in favor, or against a person. Example: people who are intellectually challenged.

hunting gathering

These were smaller societies (25-50 people) and they expended most of their time hunting for food and gathering plants. Because everyone had to work for the survival of the community, there was a high sense of equality. However, since these societies had limited technology, they were more susceptible to natural disasters, storms, drought, and disease

matriarchy

This is a family where the wife and mother holds the main authority in the household.

patriarchy

This is a family where the wife and mother holds the main authority in the household.

polygamy

This is the marriage of one person to two or more people at a time.

polygyny

This is when one woman has many husbands.

What are cultural universals?

Traits to every known culture.

According to the defining racism reading, if one defines racism as a system of advantages based on race, the..

True

Bias in the Saints and Roughnecks reading was illistrated by how society viewed the same crime by different gangs

True

outgroup

a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

cultural lag

William Ogburn's term for a gap between the technical development of a society (material culture) and its moral and legal institutions (nonmaterial culture).

Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences?

Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men

An essential would argue which of the following for why women outnumber men in occupations that involve caring?

Women find occupations that involve caring more suitable to their nature

Max Weber

Wrote "Iron Cage of the Bureaucracy"

What are traits of victims for both personal and property crimes?

Young in age, lower income, male, members of minority groups.

Economic determinism

______ is a theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist, or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation on which all other social and political arrangements are built.

social conflict theory

_______ sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality. (Karl Marx)

Social Institution

a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it. (page 15)

Social Inequality

a disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige, and other resources

Structural Hole

a gap between network clusters, or even tow individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources.

Structural hole

a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources

structural hole

a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources. (page 163)

Symbolic ethnicity

a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual

Patriarchy

a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity

master status

a social position that is overwhelmingly significant, powerfully influences a person's social experience, and typically overshadows all the other social positions that person may occupy

achieved status

a social position that we voluntarily attain, to a considerable degree, as the result of our own efforts

Content analysis

a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film

content analysis

a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film. -subtype of historical method

content analysis

a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film. (page 64)

Content analysis

a systematic analysis of the contents rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film.

Total institution

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of a day-to-day life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority

Total institution

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority.

Case study

an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own personal life experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended the daily lives of himself and his friends, and the ensuing sense of despair, chaos and being disconnected from society are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called

anomie

positivism

arose out of a need to make moral sense of the social order in a time of declining religious authority

Glass ceiling

artificial boundary that allows women to see the next occupational or salary level even as structural obstacle keep them from reaching it

State

as defined by Weber, "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory"

Social Control

attempts to control behaviors of others to ensure conformity

sexism

belief that women are inferior to men; it reinforces traditional gender roles and stereotypes and supports the inherent inequality between men and women.

Sexual orientation was grounds for excluding immigrants from the U.S. until: 1990 Crime and deviance can be the same or entirely different phenomena as discussed in chapter 6, the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case of Lawrence v. Texas: struck down Texas's criminality of homosexual sex the paradox on deviance and social control presented by your textbook author in chapter 6 is that: it is the deviants among us who hold society together violations of laws enacted by society is also known as: crimes picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance? informal deviance durkheim's theory and research on deviance fall within which of the main sociological theories? functionalist which of durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life? mechanical which of durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life? organic within organic solidarity, what response to deviance is designed to transform the offender into productive member of society? rehabilitative punishments that attempt to restore the status quo that existed prior to the offense are known as: restitutive sociologists refers to the set of mechanisms that creates compliance to norms as which of the following? social control in industrialized societies, social sanctions are most likely: focused on the criminal's individual circumstances punishments that are overt expressions of official groups sentiments toward deviants are also known as: formal social sanctions the act of abiding by society's norms is known as which of the following? normative compliance all of the following are types of suicide described by Durkheim EXCEPT: recidivist a factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his good fortune so he commits suicide. Durkeheim would say he has committed _______ type of suicide anomic which of the following is durkeheim's term meaning a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be more or less predictable? anomic using durkeheim's definitions, early feminists (in the 1950s) would say that stay-at-home mothers were more likely to commit _____ type of suicide fatalistic what is merton's theory, which states that we learn society's expected goals and means to achieve them, and when we can't achieve them, we may adapt in a variety of modes? strain theory according to merton which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them? conformist tracy is a woman who rejects the goals defined by society to achieve a big house and lots of money, but she still follows the means and abides by the rules. Merton would classify Tracy as a(n): ritualist a person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Merton as a(n): innovator according to merton, a person who completely stops participating in society's drive to achieve its defined goals is a(n): retreatist according to merton, a person who rejects both society's defined goals and the means to achieve them, but also wants to change and replace them with others, is known as a(n): rebel which main sociological theory takes a more micro or close-up look at the individual to explain deviance? symbolic interactionism David Rosenhan (1973) sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital, saying they were "hearing voices". Each pseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating _______ theory. labeling according to zimbardo's stanford prison experiment,, good people can do terrible things depending on their social surroundings and expectations. He calls this: the lucifer effect the first acts of deviance that people engage in before they ever get caught and labeled are known as: primary deviance which term best describes what happens when other people label a person and that label affects his or her actions? secondary deviance which of the following is a negative social label that alters a person's self-concept and identity, as well as how others treat the person? stigma charles a 41 year old man who recently got caught committing a crime after serving a long prison sentence. this an example of: recidivism which theory developed by Cloward and Ohlin (1960) explains that street crime rises and falls in relation to the availability of legitimate and economic opportunities? differential opportunity theory which of the following crimes has the most financial impact in the united states today? white-collar crime Former Enron CEO kenneth lay committed crimes such as misappropriating funds, issuing false reports, and destroying evidence. these crimes are known as: corporate crimes which theory suggests that "crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity"? deterrence theory a policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as: specific deterrence prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Goffman calls: total institutions Bentham's term for circular buildings in which prisoners are watched by guards or others at all times is called: panopticons which of the following statements is true regarding the current U.S. incarceration rate? it is the highest in american history which of the following is true regarding race and the death row population? justice on death row is not color blind according to data on mass incarceration in the united states, the national cost per prisoner is approximately how much per year? 20,000

ch 6

Luxury consumption

capitalist class

Popular culture

consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.

Nonmaterial culture

consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior.

doing gender

creating gender through interactions in particular social settings

Subaltern

describes a subordinate, oppressed group of people

Official Poverty Line

dollar amount set by government as minimum amount needed to meet basic needs for a family (minimum wage workers earn below or just barely above this)

pastoral

domesticated animals and became more mobile as they followed the grazing of their herd

Class-dominant theory

dominant class interests determine what is labeled deviance or criminal (conflict theory)

Culture Shock

doubt, confusion, or anxiety arising unfamiliar culture.

primary socialization

early teaching of norms

socialization

efer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained"

Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of U.S. colleges and universities?

elite institutions

democratic leaders

encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

political rights

ensure citizens can participate in governance; voting, running for office, expressing opinions

In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotamayor argued that the Michigan law placed an undue burden on minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotamayor arguing in favor of?

equality of condition

Which of the following standards of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s?

equality of opportunity

rituals

established procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the life course

exchange theory

exchange theory

instrumental leadership

goal- or task-oriented leadership.

What defines conformity?

going along with peers who have no special right to direct our behavior.

Socialism

government manages economy in interests of workers; owns businesses, factories, hospitals, housing, etc.; redistributes wealth through wages and services

gilligian-moral development

her study showed that females are more concerned about the effects of judgment on their relationships rather than thinking only in more abstract principles

Social Construction of Illness

illness culturally defined as legitimate entitle those afflicted to adopt the sick role; legitimacy can change over time (alcoholism now considered a disease); drug addictions looked upon based on who is using the drug; medicinal knowledge often reflects the male standpoint (brain-ovary hypothesis)

A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance?

labeling theory

Mass production

large-scale, standardized manufacturing of identical commodities on mechanical assembly line; "Fordism"

Reliability

likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure

Formal social sanctions

mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior

Nativism

movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants

Goods

objects that have an economic value to others, whether basic necessities or wants

Estate system

politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility

Legitimate authority

power recognized as rightful by those over whom it is exercised

Health and Racial inequality

racial minorities suffer poorer health; pharmaceutical companies use developing countries for test subjects

Although race has no deterministic, biological basis, it still: b. has important social influence. Which term refers to a group of people who share a set of physical characteristics and a bloodline? a. race When the term race comes up in America today, we usually think in two colors: b. black and white In ancient Egypt, physical markers were linked to: b. geography Hippocrates believed that physical markers such as skin color were the result of: c. different environmental factors. The concept of race: a. has changed over time Aristotle's principle of civic association was that the true test of a person's worth was in what they did, not who they were. All people were included in this EXCEPT: b. women The term phrenology refers to: b. the differences in head formation. Johann Caspar Lavater suggested that outside appearances were connected to inner virtues. He tended to value: b. light skin over darker skin. Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith proposed that dark skin should be thought of as different levels of suntan or: a. a universal freckle. Because the German Nazis could not find a reliable marker to identify Jews, the Jews were forced to: a. wear a yellow star of David The one-drop rule asserts that just "one drop" of black blood makes: b. a person black An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as lawbreaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing? a. irish Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits? b. racism European Christians and scientists interpreted the curse that Noah put on his son Ham to mean that Ham: a. was the original black man. In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to: c. scientific racism The General Social Survey asked respondents why, on average, African Americans have worse jobs, income, and housing than white people. Nearly half of the respondents believed that blacks b. don't have the motivation to pull themselves out of poverty. Ethnocentrism classified nonwhites as abnormal and inferior to help justify: b. impearlism Ontological equality is the notion that: d. all people are created equal under God. Which group believed that humans were one species, united under God? c. monogensits Which group believed that different races were distinct species? b. polygensits Social Darwinism was the evolutionary notion of: b. survival of the fittest Which term refers to a pseudoscience of genetic lines and the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to generation? a. eugenics Eugenics literally means: a. "well-born" Which group, led by Sir Francis Galton, believed that negative traits such as criminality were passed through bloodlines and could be bred out? d. eugenicists Nativists believed that restricting the immigration of certain groups would: b. protect the nation Miscegenation refers to: c. interracial marriage. Muslims in America have undergone what scholars refer to as the formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people, known as: d. racialization Muslims have recently (since 9/11) undergone a new racial identity, from being formally unnoticed as a group to being singled out for more discrimination. This is known as: a. racialization Most Arabs in the United States are not Muslim but ____________, and about 20 percent of U.S. Muslims are ____________. c. Christian; African American Some Muslims have been in North America since the seventeenth century, when they were transported from: a. africa as slaves Race is not a fixed biological or natural reality; rather, it is: d. a social construction America's first naturalization law, passed in 1790, granted citizenship to: b . free white people Which act formalized the exclusive definition of whiteness by imposing immigration restrictions based on a national origins quota system that limited the yearly number of immigrants from each country? c. Immigration Act of 1924 Who was one of the first sociologists to point out the importance of culture in determining race? a. robert park What allows one to identify with a nationality without the rights and duties of a citizen? c. ethnicity The differences between race and ethnicity underscore the privileged positions of ____________ in America, who have the freedom to pick and choose their identities and freely show their ethnic backgrounds. a. whites Compared with 11 percent of the U.S. population as a whole, around 33 percent of Native Americans die before age: a. 45 Which minority group has the highest percentage of males in prison? b. blacks Afro-Caribbeans such as Cubans, Haitians, and Jamaicans resent being unilaterally categorized as African American, because these immigrant groups: b. have a unique culture and language. The majority of the Latinos in the United States come from: c. mexico The majority of Latinos in the United States have immigrated here within the last ____________ years. c. 40 Mexicans are generally classified as a physical type that combines Native American and European traits and referred to as: a. mestizos In 1907, the United States barred immigration from what country, because its people were seen as a threat to the American-born labor force? b. china Asians have been applauded for their smooth assimilation and are referred to as: A. the model minority Robert Park's model explains the universally progressive pattern in which immigrants arrive, settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogeneous country. His model is called: d. straight-line assimilation. Clifford Geertz used what term to describe the fact that ethnic ties remained even after people assimilated? a. primordialism A society is pluralistic if no one ethnic group is statistically: d. in the majority The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson upheld: d. segregation The legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity is referred to as: a. segregation The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education struck down what doctrine? a. separate but equal the black ghetto was manufactured by whites through a set of deliberate, conscious practices. Which of the following is NOT one of the practices mentioned in your book? b. high homeowner association dues Japanese internment camps resulted in: c. greater wealth for white Americans. Thoughts and feelings (usually negative) about an ethnic or racial group are referred to as: d. prejudice Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to: c. doing Which term refers to the mass killing of a particular population? d. genocide African Americans often turn to ____________ when they are attempting to be accepted by the dominant group. This means acting differently with the dominant group. d. code switching During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South. This resulted in: c. competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violent clashes between whites and blacks.

race ch 9

Pink-collar

semi-skilled, low paid service positions for primarily women

Plessy v. Ferguson

separate but equal

Power Elite

small group of powerful people that share common backgrounds and interests that make major decisions in government

What are the qualities of small groups?

smaller groups have greater interaction opportunities. a dyad is a two member group. a triad is a three member group. a coalition is a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal.

primary group

smaller groups with people who engage in face-to-face interaction and share personal and enduring relationships through extensive interactions and strong emotional ties that sustain a span of time examples-family, gangs, friendship circles, sports teams, fraternities/sororities

male kinship, gender segregation, comparable worth, and the glass ceiling

the 4 main reasons for the feminization of poverty

validity

the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure ex: if u step on a scale and it measures your height it is not ________. if i ask you how happy you are with your life and you tell me how happy you are at school it is not valid.

Validity

the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

rationality

the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

dramaturgical theory

the view (advanced by erving goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.

What are the basics of symbolic-interactionism?

the view that society is the product of everyday interactions.

Crime

the violation of laws enacted by society

gender expression

the way a person communicates gender identity to others, through behavior, clothing, hairstyle, and other means

Code Switch

to flip fluidly between two or more languages and sets of cultural norms to fit different cultural concepts.

nonmaterial culture

values, beliefs, behaiors, and social norms

Gold-collar

young professionals, high salaries and occupational positions

Low income

Low-income countries are primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

Who were less likely to commit suicide?

Male Jews and Catholics who were poor and married. -Those with strong social ties had a less of a chance of committing suicide.

Who are more likely to commit suicide?

Male protestants who were wealthy and unmarried.

As defined by __________, the state is "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory."

Max Weber

Max Weber

Max Weber illustrated how social institutions are dependent on each other. In his major work, he showed that when a change occurred in the religious institution during the sixteenth century, it contributed to a change in the economic institution. Previously, most people thought of religion and economics being autonomous and completely separated from each other.

Which of the following is an accepted explanation for higher mortality rates among men?

Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies?

Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace

Strain theory

Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

milgram

Milgram and Electric Shock - This experiment demonstrates how authority figures can also make us do horrible acts.

Key independent Variable

Most important independent variable.

Karl Marx

Most influential scientist Viewed development of capitalism as a social change

The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes?

Much of the achievement gap can be attributed to class

What is culture lag?

Non-material culture normally "lags" behind material culture which often speeds ahead at alarming rates. example: medical procedures and ethics.

Education in a Global Perspective

OECD gathers data on 34 developed and developing nations; after 2008 global economic crisis, unemployment grew in every country (adults without post-high school education, unemployment rose to 11%); those with higher education continued to enjoy higher wages

Basic Principles of Ethical Sociological Research

Obtain the participants informed consent to be in a study Avoid exploiting research assistants for personal gain Do no harm by causing participants physical, psychological, or emotional pain Protect the participants privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality Use the highest methodological standards and be accurate Describe the limitations and shortcomings of the research in the published reports Identify the sponsors of the research Acknowledge the contributions of research assistants for their participation

What was the impact of immigration?

Over 1 million people came to the United States in 2004. The U.S. is one of the most multicultural countries in the world.

Conflict Theory

Overemphasizes societal discord and downplays a culture's benefits Blames mass media corporations for people's irrational behavior

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a combination of parents' level of education, parents' jobs, family income, and wealth, which has a lot to do with educational opportunity and success. While the money aspect might seem obvious when we realize that SAT preparation services can run $1,000 or more, less clear is how the parents themselves play a role. What might one reason be for a parent or parents to be an active part of improved SES for a student hoping to go to college and not just pay more to get them there?

Parents with less education might not feel able or be willing to help with a child's more challenging homework

Sacred canopy

Peter Berger's term to describe the entire set of religious norms, symbols, and beliefs that express the most important thing in life, namely, the feeling that life is worth living and that reality is meaningful and ordered, not random chaos

Material culture

Physical objects that are made, used, and shared

piaget

Piaget - 4 Stages of Cognitive Development 1.Sensorimotor (age 0 to 2) - children know the world through our senses (smell, sight, touch, etc.); there is a lack of object permanence -Example: playing peekaboo with a baby 2. Preoperational (age 2 to 7) - children start to use language, symbols and words to understand ideas; there is no abstract thinking but they can begin to see things as other people see them --Example: inability for children to understand that the 2 glasses hold the same amount of water because one looks like more 3. Concrete operational (age 7 to 11 or 12) - children begin to learn logical principles about the world and make some causal connections but they still lack understanding principles of fairness, justice, etc. --For example, if I took a white sheet of paper and folded it into a paper airplane. The child can begin to make the connection that the paper airplane is still that white piece of paper folded up. Before this stage, they would think they were two separate objects. 4. Formal operational (age 12 and up) - children learn to think abstractly and imagine alternatives in the world; ability to use general principles to solve problems

What is Mead's second stage of socialization?

Play stage- Increase in mental capacity that facilitates learning of language. Play one role at a time, reflecting that role back on themselves.

What is Mead's first stage of socialization?

Pre-play stage- Child learns to associate certain meanings to certain types of cries.

What is the second stage in Paiget's theory?

Preoperational period- verbalization representation moves from egoistic to social.

The main goal of the Bay X reading is to

Question gender roles and societal views on how to raise a baby x

Race/Ethnicity

Racial and ethnic subordination may be a factor in some suicides. (Figure 1.14 displays U.S. suicides in terms of race and sex.) This fact is most glaringly reflected in the extremely high rate of suicide among Native Americans, who constitute about 1 percent of the U.S. population.

Causation

Relationship in which one variable is the direct consequence of another Difficult to prove

Sample

Representative of the population researchers intend to study

Chapter two summary

Research challenges overgeneralizations, exposes myths, explains cause of people's behavior, and influences social policies Scientific method involves: Careful data collection Exact measurement Accurate recording and analysis of the findings Thoughtful interpretation of results Generalization of the findings to a larger group

Sanctions

Reward appropriate behavior and penalize inappropriate behavior

symbol

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is anything that meaningfully represents something else

school violent issues

School violence in the form of shootings, suicides, and bullying has become more of a prominent issue in the past couple of decades

school vouchers

School vouchers were created as way of providing more choices or options of schools to which parents could send their children. How it works is basically the government hands out vouchers to parents who cannot afford the tuition at a private or parochial school. Therefore they can use these certificates to send their children to the school of their choosing. It allows for children from poorer families to receive a good education. In theory, school vouchers were also created in hopes of improving public schools through competition

school segregation

Schools used to be segregated by law (de jure segregation) until 1954 after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision. Prior to this case, the schools were racially segregated under the "separate but equal" ideology. The Supreme Court rejected this ideology on the grounds that the schools are separate and UNEQUAL. Since 1954, schools have been racially integrated by law

Systematic

Scientific discipline that focuses attention on patterns of behavior.

An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n)

Secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status.

The sociological perspective is?

See the general in the particular. General social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals.

freud

Sigmund Freud (psychoanalytic theory) - his focus is on biological and unconscious forces shaping out personalities --"id" - this is the selfish ---superego" - this represents the standards of society or society's conscience, it internalizes the social values and norms, it is often in constant conflict with "id" --"ego" - this is the common sense or rational part of our personality that emerges once our needs are met, it plays a balancing act between the "id" and "superego

id

Sigmund Freud's term for the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

superego

Sigmund Freud's term for the conscience, consisting of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

Sociology

Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social interaction. It is a systematic study because sociologists apply both theoretical perspectives and research methods (or orderly approaches) to examinations of social behavior.

asch

Solomon Asch experiment -how the pressures of group conformity

How does Taylorism - scientific management used to streamline mass production - resemble a bureaucracy?

Specialization is a characteristic of both an assembly line and a bureaucracy

A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is know as

Specific deterrence

Reasons for Cultural Change: Diffusion

Spreads components of culture from one society to another

UNESCO

Stands for United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organization. In the 1940's they wanted to find out if there was such a thing as "race", said that race is a social myth

What are the four elements of the social structure?

Status- any position in the social structure. Role- expectations for how people are to behave in a given status. Group- a set of people who identify and interact with one another in a structured way based on shared values and goals. Institution- a widely accepted, rather stable cluster of statuses, roles, and groups that develop around the basic needs of society.

Common sense vs. Sociology (common sense)

Subjective Ignores facts Varies across groups and cultures Based on myths and misconceptions

According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families?

Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner

Data Collection Methods

Surveys Field research Content analysis Experiments Secondary analysis of existing data Evaluation research

Language

System of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another Conveys thoughts and influences actions Influences perception of genders, races, and ethnicities Influenced by changes in society

Sociology

Systematic study of human behavior Implies that social behavior is regular and patterned Takes place between individuals, small groups, large organizations, and societies

Content Analysis

Systematically examines a form of communication Applicable to any form of written and oral communication Develops categories to code material Sorts and analyzes data Draws conclusions about the results

Cultural relativism

Taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value.

Sex role theory

Talcott Parson's theory that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers

Functionalism

Talcott Parsons, Is the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary)function to keep society running. Organicism.

Cooley

Taught at the university of Michigan, is best known for the concept of "The Looking Glass- Self" ~he argued that self emerges from an interactive social process

What is the strain theory?

That the american dream dictates that we pursue the path to riches. the lack of legitimate opportunities increases the likelihood of turning to a lifetime of crime.

In 1973, the governor of New York State enacted legislative mandating increased prison terms for drug possession and sale. This attempt to decrease drug-related

That the crime results from rational calculation of its costs and benefits.

The recent passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a lengthy political battle, between Congress and the president. While it appears that the major forces that eventually led to its passage were rooted in politics, the "back story" of the process involved health insurance companies, who saw the act as an opportunity to increase revenues. In what way does the ACA represent a shift in the relationship between doctors and patients?

The ACA meant that millions of uninsured people could choose any doctor they wanted

Sociological Imagination

The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces (pg. 4)

research ethics

The application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection, analysis, reporting, and publication of information about research subjects, in particular active acceptance of subjects' right to privacy, confidentiality, and informed consent. Until recently sociologists (and social scientists generally) often displayed arrogance in their treatment of research subjects, justifying their actions by the search for truth.

Animism

The belief that spirits roam the natural word, as in totemism

gender segregation

The distribution of men and women in different jobs in the labor force (pattern in which different groups of workers are separated into occupational categories based on gender) (posits that even within occupation, men and women tend to do different jobs and to receive unequal status and wages)

Origins of American Sociology (chicago)

The emergence of American sociology was characterized by the latter, applied perspective, and was best embodied by what came to be reffered to as the chicago school. ~Humans' behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environments, a concept known as social ecology.

Why do the three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations?

The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others

According to the text, what is one way that wages were related to marriage in the early twentieth century?

The family wage impelled women to stay married, even if their marriages were oppressive.

The chicago School

The first department of sociology in the United States was established at the University of Chicago, where the faculty was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association).

Stereotype threat, the fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies, is a pervasive problem for minority group members. In a college environment, it can be even worse than usual. After she graduated from high school in Galveston, Texas, in 2008, Angelica Gonzalez applied to prestigious Emory University and was admitted on the basis of scholastic ability, but after her second year, she found herself drowning in a debt she knew she could probably never repay. A well-meaning professor reached out to her, wondering if she had considered cheaper schools. How might this query by her professor have contributed to her sense of being stereotyped?

The question simply reinforced what Angelica already had come to learn about herself as being too poor to attend college

W. e. B. du Bois and atlanta university

The second department of sociology in the United States was founded by W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963) at Atlanta University (Figure 1.10). He created a laboratory of sociology, instituted a program of systematic research, founded and conducted regular sociological conferences on research, founded two journals, and established a record of valuable publications.

Origins of Sociological Theory

Theories are developed to understand human behavior

matrilineal

This is when family inheritance is passed down through the female line or family members, daughters.

patrilineal

This is when family inheritance is passed down through the male line or family members, sons. This has been the more common practice in the United States and numerous other countries. Another great example of a patrilineal society is how a majority of people pass down the last names of the fathers or husbands in U.S. families.

exogamy

This is when people marry outside of their own social category or group, or between social categories or groups. Examples would be a Jewish person marrying a Catholic person. Or a Latino man marrying an African-American women. Or a person from the wealthy class marrying someone from the working class.

egalitarian

This is where both spouses share equal authority within the household. This is becoming a more common trend in the United States.

Harriet Martineau

Translated and disseminated Comte's work Emphasized systematic data collection (1802-1876), an English author, published several dozen books on a wide range of topics in social science, politics, literature, and history. She emphasized the importance of systematic data collection through observation and interviews, and an objective analysis of data to explain events and behavior. She also published the first sociology research methods textbook. Martineau, a feminist and strong opponent of slavery, denounced many aspects of capitalism as alienating and degrading, and criticized dangerous workplaces that often resulted in injury and death. Most scholars, including sociologists, ridiculed her ideas and dismissed them as too radical.

From the Saints and Roughnecks readings, It was suggested that the gangs future careers were effectively channeled into careers consisted with their adolescent background

True

Household suggests that in order to close the gap between first world and Third world countries, Third world...

True

Reasons for Cultural Change: Innovation

Turning inventions into mass-market products

Émile Durkheim

Used scientific methods to study society Advocated study of social facts a French sociologist and writer, agreed with Comte that societies are characterized by unity and cohesion because their members are bound together by common interests and attitudes. He maintained that social solidarity is maintained by a division of labor.

Functionalism

Views society as a system of codependent parts that work together to ensure survival Regards society as a social system with structures Each structure fulfills a certain function Dysfunctions negatively impact society Includes manifest and latent functions Ignores social change and the inequality maintained by powerful people

The looking glass self

We envision how others perceive us; then we gauge the responses of other individuals to our presentation of self. By refining our vision of how others see us, we develop self-concept that is in constant interaction with the surrounding social world.

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

We know the world only in terms of our language.

Population

Well-defined group of people about whom researchers want to study

What is accomadation?

When the larger culture allows the smaller culture to retain its own identities.

zimbardo

Zimbardo's (Stanford) Prison Experiment - this is a psychology research experiment done by Philip Zimbardo to see how students would react when put into a simulated prison situation. He wanted to witness their social expectations, norm-seeking behaviors, and how their views of certain social roles determined their simulated actions.

Microsociology

a branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews. (page 41)

Micro-sociology

a branch of sociology that seeks to understand local international contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in depth interviews

Offshoring

a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations abroad to minimize costs

experiment

a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects' attitudes or behavior.

Panopticon

a circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the guards, housed in the inner ring, can observe the prisoners without the detainees knowing whether they are being watched

Which of the following groups is most likely to have a collective action problem?

a city trying to fight efforts by Walmart to build a new store

Chapter5) aggregate

a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

small group

a collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.

intersubjectivity

a common understanding between people about knowledge, reality, or an experience

Union busting

a company's assault on its workers' union with the hope of dissolving it

Social Institution

a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it

social institution

a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within them

externalization

a complex mental and physical process that helps to ensure a stable environment for people to live in

How is obedience defined?

a compliance with higher authorities in an hierarchal structure.

What is a bureaucracy?

a component of formal organizations in which rules and hierarchal ranking are used to achieve efficiency.

Double consciousness

a concept conceived by W. E. B. Du Bois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans. (page 30)

Double consciousness

a concept conceived by W. E. B. DuBois to describe the two behavioral script, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans

Nursing is a profession that has seen a significant increase in the number of men as nurses. Since 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that there has been about an eight percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterpart. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that

a female dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field

Dictatorship

a form of government that restricts the right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual

groupthink

a form of uncritical thinking in which people reinforce a consensus rather than ask serious questions or thoroughly analyze the issue at hand

Theoretical approach

a formulated hypothesis or, loosely speaking, any hypothesis or opinion not based upon actual knowledge

Secularism

a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state

small group

a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements or roles, and a certain level of equality. (page 157)

Small group

a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a univocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, and a certain level of equality

Small group

a group characterized by face-to-face interactions, a uni-focal perspective, lack of formal arrangements or roles, and a certain level of equality

small groups

a group characterized by face-to-face interactions, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements or roles and a certain level of equality

Large Group

a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and consequently, status differentiation.

Large group

a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation

large group

a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation.

large group

a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation. (page 158)

dyad

a group composed of two members.

dyad

a group consisting of just two people

triad

a group consisting of three people

Social movement organization (SMO)

a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement; SMOs also often raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation in the movement

dyad

a group of 2 most intimate form of social life - 2 members are mutually dependent on eachother

triad

a group of 3

peer group

a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.

Race

a group of people who share a set of characteristics--typically, but not always, physical ones--and are said to share a common bloodline

Triad

a group of three

Triad

a group of three or more

triad

a group of three. (page 152)

Dyad

a group of two

dyad

a group of two. (page 152)

social group

a group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

counter culture

a group that follows norms in active opposition to the dominant society

subculture

a group that follows the norms of a dominant society but also follows the norms of another smaller group

Reference group

a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative other groups.

Reference group

a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups

reference groups

a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups. (page 161)

secondary group

a group that is formed for a particular reason and doesn't require face to face interaction. lasts over time

primary group

a group that is generally small, intimate, personal, and requires face to face interaction

party

a group that is similar to a small group but is multifocal

party

a group that is similar to a small group but is multifocal. (page 158)

Party

a group that is similar to a small group but multifocal

Party

a group that is simular to a small group but is multi-focal

reference group

a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

counterculture

a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.

bureaucracy

a hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures used to manage organizations

formal organization

a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

Gesellschaft

a large urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.

secondary group

a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goaloriented relationships for a limited period of time

Independent variable

a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable

Independent Variable

a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable.

independent variable

a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable. (page 50)

Relative poverty

a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location

Comparative Research

a methodology by which tow or more entities (such as countries) which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them.

Comparative research

a methodology by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them

comparative research

a methodology by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them.

comparative research

a methodology by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them. (page 63)

Symbolic interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions

symbolic interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions. - focus on how face-to-face interactions create the social world. -Erving Goffman

symbolic interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions. (page 133)

Symbolic interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions. (page 33)

Symbolic Interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions. Goffman explored how our everyday personal encounters shape and reinforce our notions about class and social status.

Symbolic interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind peoples actions.

What is symbolic-interactionism?

a micro-oriented paradigm, which means it is effectively used when attempting to understand smaller-scale social phenomena.

Stigma

a negative social label that not only chafes others' behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity

incest taboo

a norm restricting sexual relations between certain relatives

category

a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender.

Parenting stress hypothesis

a paradigm in which low income, unstable employment, a lack of cultural resources, and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels; this stress, in turn, leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling and hitting, which are not conductive to healthy child development

Corporate crime

a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs and other executive) of a corporation

domestic violence

a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner

gender identity

a person's identification as a woman, a man, or some combination of the two

sexuality

a person's sexual desires, behaviors, and identity

Health

a person's state of mental, physical, and social well-being (psychological, physiological, sociological)

Positivism

a philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theism.

feminism

a philosophy that advocates social, political, and economic equality for women and men

Communism

a political ideology of a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are ties not to productivity but to need

survey

a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts.

status

a position in a social system that can be occupied by an individual

Equality of outcome

a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game"

questionnaire

a printed research instrument containing a series of items to which subjects respond.

objectivation

a process through which social arrangements come to seem objectively real; society appears separate from human creation and instead seems "natural", inevitable, and out of people's control

Hypothesis

a proposed relationship between two variables

hypothesis

a proposed relationship between two variables

Hypothesis

a proposed relationship between two variables, usually with a stated direction.

hypothesis

a proposed relationship between two variables. (page 50)

Participant observation

a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings by observing social actions in practice

participant observation

a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior in practice. (page 60)

Participant observation

a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior.

status hierarchy

a ranking of social positions according to their perceived prestige or honor

Status

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies

status

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies

Status

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies.

Deductive approach

a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes he date to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory

Deductive approach

a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory

deductive approach

a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory

deductive approach

a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory. (page 45)

Inductive approach

a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory

inductive approach

a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory

participant observation

a research method in which researchers collect systematic observations while being part of the activities of the group being studied.

secondary analysis

a research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.

Anomie

a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness

Anomie

a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness. - Durkheim argues that one of the main social forces leading to suicide is the sense of normlessness resulting from drastic changes in living conditions or arrangements.

Anomie

a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness. (page 27)

Affirmative Action

a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population--typically, women and historically disadvantages racial minorities

Social network

a set of relations--essentially, a set of dyads--held together by ties between individuals

Social Network

a set of relations-essentially, a set of dyads-held together by ties between individuals.

social network

a set of relations—essentially, a set of dyads—held together by ties between individuals. (page 161)

Civil religion

a set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most people that it becomes part of the national culture

gender role

a set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person's sex

Tie

a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network

language

a set of symbols and rules that, put together in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system

norms

a set of symbols and rules that, put together in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system Formal norms - Examples: traffic laws, student's code of conduct, legal laws, etc).Moores, Taboos informal norms- Examples: everyday interactions with others, being polite, saying please and thank you, not picking your nose in public, cell phone manners, "no shirts, no shoes, no service")folkways or customs

Feminist methodology

a set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources that promote social science for women (think public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take into account the researcher as mush as the over subject matter.

Feminist methodology

a set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women (think public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter

feminist methodology

a set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women (think public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter. (page 55)

Placebo

a simulated treatment given to a control group in an experimental study to factor out the effect of merely being in an experiment from the effect of the actual treatment under construction

long-term intended

a single theme reinforced through repeated exposure as in public service announcements - generally used by not-for-profit organizations to educate the public

self-fulfilling prophecy

a situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

social devaluation

a situation in which a person or group is considered to have less social value than other individuals or groups.

Reverse causality

a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B, in fact, is causing A

reverse causality

a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B, in fact, is causing A. (page 49)

What are primary groups?

a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face, association and cooperation. sense of identity (self+group="we"), social control; social cohesion.

primary group

a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotionbased interactions over an extended period of time

subculture

a smaller culture within a larger culture with distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting" (their cultural norms differ from dominant culture (but not necessarily in opposition)

out-group

a social group toward which a person feels negatively, considering its members to be inferiors, or "them"

ascribed status

a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

achieved status

a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

ascribed status

a social position that is assigned to us from birth or that we assume later in life, regardless of our wishes or abilities

Gender

a social position, the set of social arrangements that are built around normative sex categories

patriarchy

a social system dominated by men

matriarchy

a social system dominated by women

status

a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

Bourgeois society

a society of commerce (modern capitalist society, for example) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive

Risk society

a society that both produces and is concerned with mitigating risks, especially manufactured risks (ones that result from human activity)

Meritocracy

a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement

What are formal organizations?

a special-purpose group designed and structured for maximum efficiency. Examples: the U.S. post office, McDonald's, the Boston pops.

Achieved status

a status into which one enters; voluntary status

achieved status

a status into which one enters; voluntary status. (page 129)

ascribed status

a status into which one is born; involuntary status

Ascribed status

a status into which one is born; involuntary status.

ascribed status

a status into which one is born; involuntary status. (page 129)

Ascribed status

a status into which one is gown; involuntary status

ascribed status

a status or social position that someone receives at birth or involuntarily assumes later in life • Examples: race, ethnicity, sex, age, sexuality - teenager, Hispanic, daughter

master status

a status that has such special importance for social identity that it overrides other statuses and shapes a person's entire life • Examples: most women will say wife or mother, men often identify with their work status, person living with cancer, disabled person

status category

a status that people can hold in common

Positivist sociology

a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships (akin to a social physics)

Positivist sociology

a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships (akin to social physics) -----durkheim was is often considered the founding practitioner

Positivist sociology

a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain observable relationships (akin to a social physics). (page 27)

counterculture

a subculture whose norms and values directly oppose those of the larger culture" often for political or moral reasons - often have unique dress, language, and rituals

Theory

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.

International state system

a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states

Welfare state

a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens

Legal-rational authority

a system of authority based on legal, impersonal rules' the rules rule

Religion

a system of beliefs, traditions, and practices around sacred things, a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action

Ideology

a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect

Ideology

a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect.

ideology

a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect. ex: generally on airplanes youre not allowed to use the toilets in the first class cabins if you have a coach-class ticket.

ideology

a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect. (page 81)

Democracy

a system of government wherein power theoretically lies wight the people; citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life

Middle class

a term commonly used to describe those individuals with non manual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line--though this is a highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the United States, where broad swathes of the population consider themselves middle class

Upper class

a term for the economic elite

Matthew effect

a term used by sociologists to describe the notion that certain scientific results get more notoriety and influence based on the existing prestige of the researchers involved

Midrange theory

a theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function

Mid-range theory

a theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function. Robert Merton

Gemeinschaft

a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

feminization of poverty

a trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty, regardless of age and ethnic group

gender convergence

a trend toward increasing similarity in how women and men live

Dialectic

a two-directional relationship, one that goes both ways

Grassroots organization

a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community-based membership participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures

The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race, being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone, and being able to easily find food in a store. Drawing from this and your own knowledge and experience, which of the following could be considered white privilege (choose all that apply)?

a. being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation c. being immediately approached by a friendly sales associate in a large department store chain e. not being challenged in a store if there is a problem with your credit card

Political Power

ability to exercise influence on political institutions and/or actors to realize personal or group interests; ability to affect political changed based on your personal or group's interests; more money = more political power

social power

ability to exercise social control

Functional Literacy

ability to read and write at level to fulfill everyday practical needs

Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. While not the highest paid CEO in the United States, her position suggests that more women are

able to break the glass ceiling

violent crime

actions—murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault—involving force or the threat of force against others.

Political participation

activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action

Critique on Functional Perspective of Class

actual difference in rewards between positions is not necessarily a measure of their relative worth to society (teacher vs hedge fun manager); may limit discovery of talent (more privileged have more opportunity, poorer have less)

short-term intended

advertising

tween

ages 10-12 time between childhood and ones teenage years.

status set

all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that

all women experience oppression in the same way

Formal Economy

all work-related activities that provide income, regulated by government agencies; wages regulated by government; IRS; health and safety regulations

Income

amount of money a person or household earns in a given period of time; spent on food, etc.; fluid (comes in and immediately leaves); job salary, social security, etc.; average annual income declining

ideal type

an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon.

macrolevel analysis

an approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems instead of looking at important social dynamics in individuals' lives.

microlevel analysis

an approach that focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.

dramaturgy

an approach to the study of social interaction that uses the metaphor of social life as a theater

cohabitation

an arrangement where two people who are not married live together in a romantic relationship and/or sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis. "Cohabitation" usually refers to unmarried couples who live together without formally registering their relation as a marriage.

Socialism

an economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are met through non-market methods of distribution

Class system

an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility

Population

an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn

population

an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn

Population

an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn.

population

an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn. (page 58)

social constructions

an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity.

Social construction

an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed-upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity

Social construction

an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed-upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity. (page 34)

Social Construction

an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed-upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with the entity.

Milgram experiment

an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure

Double-blind study

an experimental study where neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is in the treatment group and who is in the control (placebo) group

What is retribution?

an eye for an eye. you mess up and society will punish you for it.

Sexual harassment

an illegal form of discrimination, involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to sexual "barter"--all intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome, particularly on the job

Social class/Socioeconomic status (SES)

an individual's position in a stratified social order

Socioeconomic status (SES)

an individual's position in a stratified social order

Religious experience

an individual's spiritual feelings, acts, and experiences

total institution

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority. (page 127)

case study

an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms **often used in qualitative research**

case study

an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms. (page 59)

Case study

an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms. Qualitative Research's use this method.

generalized other (Mead)

an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings - regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before

Generalized other

an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings - regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before.

Generalized other

an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings--regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before

generalized other

an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings—regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before. (page 119)

Glass ceiling

an invisible limit on women's climb p the occupational ladder

status symbol

an object that signifies a particular status that a person holds • Examples: wheelchair, luxury car, children's stroller, wedding ring, crown (for royalty

Survey

an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents

survey

an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents

Survey

an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents.

survey

an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents. (page 61)

Union

an organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with employers

Political party

an organization that seeks to gain power in a government, generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe (to the extent possible) to the organization's political ideals

Interest group

an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without direct election or appointment to office

bureaucracy

an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

Collective resistance

an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society

Credentialism

an overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job

transgender

an umbrella term used to describe all those who identify outside of their assigned sex or outside the gender binary

White-collar

analytic skills or formal education

reflexitivity

analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research

reflexivity

analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research. (page 52)

Reflexivity

analyzing and critically considering our own role in, effect on, our research

Sex

anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in genetic differences

In-group

another term for the powerful group, most often the majority

in-group

another term for the powerful group, most often the majority. (page 160)

Out-group

another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority

Out-group

another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority.

out-group

another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority. (page 160)

punishment

any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed

Deviance

any attitude, behavior, or condition that violate cultural norms or societal laws that results in disapproval, hostility, sanction if becomes known; can be criminal or non-criminal; often relative and subjective; can be seen as a label for a whole group

deviance

any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

Media

any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information

media

any formats, platforms, or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information

Media

any formats, platforms, or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information.

media

any formats, platforms, or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information. (page 90)

Work

any human effort that adds some value to goods and services available to others

mass media

any of the means of communication, as television or newspapers, that reach very large numbers of people.

Organization

any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world.

organization

any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world. (page 177)

Social deviance

any transgression of socially established norms

Status-attainment model

approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations

research methods

approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions

Research methods

approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions.

Research methods

approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions. (page 44)

Reseach methods

approaches that social scientists use for investigation the answers to questions

functionalist perspectives

are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.

Values

are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

Norms

are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

In the classroom, compared to boys, girls:

are expected to be better at reading

Manifest functions

are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit. In contrast, latent functions are unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants

Taboos

are mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that

are multilateral

. Sanctions

are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

Mores

are strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

Value contradictions

are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive

Georg Simmel

argues that without knowing anything about the group members' individual psychology or the culture or social context in which they are embedded, we can make predictions about the ways people behave based solely on the number of members or "social actors" in that group

Functionalist Perspective of government

assumer most agree on norms and values; government translates shared values and interests into laws and policies; contemporary functionalist recognize that modern societies may lack consensus (government as neutral body that balances conflicting values, norms, interests of competing groups through laws and actions)

Formal Social control

attempts to officially sanction certain behaviors and visibly punish others (police, courts, prisons, etc)

heterosexism

attitudes and behavior that indicate an assumption that everyone is heterosexual

Traditional authority

authority based on appeals to the past or traditions

Charismatic authority

authority that rests in the personal appeal of an individual leader

Barter economy

based on exchange of goods and services rather than money

The U.S. government

began labeling people as black or white so that the people would be divided against each other and so that they would not come together and rise up against the elite and powerful; they knew they were outnumbered

crime

behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

deviance

behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions"

gender

behavioral differences between males and females that are culturally based and socially learned

When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. When a doctor is faced with a decision based on the size and configuration of the genitalia, such decisions usually require a number. As noted in the text, a phallus less than 2 centimeters in length is considered a micropenis, and the doctor may recommend that the infant be raised as a girl. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from

belief in a binary sex system

Feminism

belief that social equality should exist between the sexes; seeks to explain, expose, and eliminate sexism; can be liberal, socialist, radical, multicultural, third wave, intersectional

Blauner

believed internal colonialism theory. said "we have colonized the black community in the U.S.. we oppress the black people"

Denominations

big groups of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella

Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a

binary sex system

Sex (Doing Gender)

biological category for classifying people as male or female

Welfare State

broad provision of social and economic welfare benefits for its citizenry; ex: social security; shrinking rather than expanding due to wage competition and growing debt loads

There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory?

broken windows theory

a class divided

brown eye/blue eye experiment

property crimes

burglary (breaking into private property to commit a serious crime), motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft (theft of property worth $50 or more), and arson.

Which of the following are criticisms of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States (choose all that apply)?

c. The range of necessities has expanded considerably. d. The formula does not reflect that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets. f. The formula misestimates the percentage of income spent on food.

Tear Drop Example

capitalist upper middle class middle class working class working poor class under class (starts of narrow then gets bigger; working class and working poor are majority)

In India, marriages are often arranged, often when children are young. Parents must consider many factors before approaching either a matchmaker -who can make the most informed choice - or the potential spouse (usually the parents of the potential bride). Religion, culture, horoscope, profession, and status all figure into the decision. One of the larger obstacles that both parents and newlyweds-to-be must face is a cultural expectation of endogamy - marriage within one's group (in this case, their caste). This is a manifestation of which form of social stratification?

caste system

emotion work

certain social interactions that require us to project an emotion we may not feel. to be nicer or nastier than natural

rousseau believed that the source of all social ills was: private property karl marx and jean-jacques rousseau tended to agree on at least one thing. they both felt that the primary source of social ills in society was due to the emergence of: private property fergurson and millar saw social developments resulting from the establishment of private property as representing a huge improvement in society because private property leads to higher degrees of social organization: efficiency what is the term that refers to a form of wealth that can be stored for the future? assets thomas malthus believed that the human population grows _______, but the ability to produce food increases ________ geometrically; arithmetically thomas malthus had a positive view of inequality. he defended disease, slavery, and child murder. why? he felt this would allow the population to thin itself out naturally. one of the best ways to reduce the number of children born (according to Sachs) is to: provide family planning what term refers to a two-directional relationship, one that goes both way like a conversation between two people (such as master-slave)? dialectic according to the german philosopher Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual: dependency which standard of equality is most concerned with the distribution of resources? equality of outcome what term refers to the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of god? ontological equality the game of monopoly follows the rules of what standard of equality? equality of opportunity the modern capitalist society is an example of which type of society? bourgeois a system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability is referred to as: meritocratic an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice is: affirmative action the examination of how race and ethnicity affect income is really an examination of: stratification a type of stratification that is based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and in which there is little to no individual mobility within the strata is the: caste system under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market? class system business managers are examples of what concept contradictory class location which theorist argues that members of a class are grouped by their value in the commercial marketplace? weber sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through occupation but also through: all of the above mills argues that there are three major institutional forces in modern American society in which the power of decision making has become centralized. which of the following is not one of these forces? social order sociologists often describe an individual's position in a stratified social order that attempts to classify groups, individuals, families, or households in terms of indicators such as occupation, income, wealth, and education. sociologists call this: socioeconomic status which term refers to everything you own minus debts (such as mortgage on your home and credit card debt)? wealth what is the primary source of income for the upper class? returns on investments what is the fastest-growing job market for people with only a high school education? food preparation in political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve our assistance are termed the working poor what is another term for the nonworking poor? underclass what is one of the main reasons cited for rising income and wealth inequality in the united states? globalization the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society is called: social mobility which term refers to a group or an individual transitioning from one social status to another that is situated more or less on the same run of the ladder? horizontal social mobility the rise and fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called vertical social mobility mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called structural mobility

ch 7

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to

change over time and vary from one context to another

social ecology

characteristics of neighborhoods and communities as influencing the likelihood of committing deviance and crime

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses the reasons why developing countries resist trade agreements that include labor and environmental protections. One reason is that

cheap labor in developing countries often gives them a comparative advantage

factory of gendered personalities

children learn about socially normative gender roles from their families, particularly their parents

illegitimate opportunity structures

circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

democracy

citizens able to participate directly or indirectly in their own governance

representative democracy

citizens elect representatives to govern them

One of your closest friends works as a repairman for an elevator company, and he pulls in a good six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these rude remarks are misconstruing their views on what form of social stratification?

class

The text discusses the way in which the feudal system under the Tudors in England gradually removed the commons area - the place formerly accessible to those choosing to graze animals - which led to migrations into cities and the appearance of the wage system. Though this was the demise of the feudal system, one significant part of that system continued until the present day. That part was the

class structure

Which of the following is an example of a service sector job?

cleaning someone's home

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologist as

cohabitation

social groups

collections of people who interact regularly with one another and who are aware of their status as a group

Social movement

collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutional but not ritualized

A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize and participates in a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Over 300 Muslim American students from area colleges show up to participate. What type of action is this representative of?

collective resistance

Explain corporate crime.

committed by high status people in the course of their occupations. occupational crime- individuals against employers. corporate crime- criminal acts committed by businesses against their employees, customers, or the general public. examples: financial offenses, hazardous work conditions, manufacturing unsafe products, environmental crimes.

Emotional Labor

commodification of emotions, management of feeling to create observable display (emotive dissonance); example: flight attendant

Means of Consumption

commodities that posses a form in which they enter individual consumption of capitalist and working class

Authoritarianism

common citizens denied right to participate in government; power exercise by and for benefit of elite

Why are Asians sometimes labeled a model minority group?

compared to other minorities, the majority of Asians have achieved much success in the U.S. in terms of educational achievement and income

Sick role

concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual

erving goffmans front stage back stage

concepts used to describe the relationship between the roles actors play at a given moment and the various audiences these roles involve. When we perform a role in relation to an audience (society), that role is on frontstage and our performance (behavior) is open to judgment by those who observe it. The backstage region is a place where the actors can discuss, polish, or refine their performance without revealing themselves to their audience. It also allows them to express aspects of themselves that their audience would find unacceptable.

Wright Mills has a negative view of the elite-mass dichotomy. His view fits with the _______ paradigm

conflict

What is role strain?

consists of the contradictory expectations built into any single status.

Material culture

consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

Re-enchantment

consumers are made to believe that we need certain things (disney world, Lebron James shoes)

Outsourcing

contracting U.S. or foreign labor to do tasks for less wages than company worker

The tobacco industry has been closely scrutinized in regard to its advertising practices, which many claim are deceptive. The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud - criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco. Despite this, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, 50 years after the initial report, the industry agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns lied. Taken all together, this could be understood as a protracted case of

corporate crime

School busing

court-ordered program that transports public school students to schools outside their neighborhoods

Word Poverty

created out of an impoverished language environment; less books, children hear 32 million words less spoken to them

victimless crimes

crimes involving a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

What is elite crime?

criminal acts perpetrated by the well-to-do.

The ability to deal with bureaucracies and confidence in public social settings allow Liam's parents to be actively involved in the Parent Teacher Association at his school. These traits are an example of

cultural capital

Sick Role

cultural definition of appropriate behavior and response to people labeled as sick

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the entire "culture of poverty" argument has been rejected both empirically and theoretically due to the problems with the work. Small then goes on to suggest that sociologists cannot ignore what as an explanatory tool in research about poverty?

culture

Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation, and assumed that all immigrants arrived, settled in, mimicked practices and behaviors of those in the country, and were then fully assimilated. Milton Gordon refined this and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then noticed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted, and his findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of

culture

Activities such as illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and swapping all reflect ideas about the

culture of poverty

cultural universals

customs and practices that occur across all societies.

Mortality

death

Unionization rates in the United States have __________ over the past 60 years, and recent studies show that __________ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement.

declined; more

The changing attitudes toward marijuana use can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In the majority of states, possession is a criminal offense. Penalties often include jail time. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor - similar to a traffic ticket - and in Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. Given the extent of the changing legal attitude, as well as the rise in incarceration rates, what does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time?

definitions of crimes change over time

totalitarianism

denies popular participation; regulates and controls all aspects of lives of citizens; no limit to state power, opposition outlawed, information controlled, coercion rather than legitimacy, use of terror

bureaucratic personality

describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.

long-term unintended

desensitized to violence, sexual imagery, and other content that others consider inappropriate for mass audience.

Sexuality

desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior

In the book, we are presented with a mobility table. As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons- the rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. That is, the sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that

despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades

What is deceptive performances?

detecting lies within performances

In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on

deterence theory

Harold Garfinkel

developed a method for studying social interactions, ethnomethodology

Erwing Goffman

developed the dramaturgical approach to socialization

Sigmund Freud

developed theories about the subconscious and how individuals converse with themselves in their own minds

One reason that IQ tests correlate highly with academic performance is that the tests were

developed to assess one kind of intelligence found in schools

looking glass self

developing ourselves based on the images portrayed to us by our peers; the self you develop in response to how people look at you

Differential association theory

deviant and criminal behavior results from associated with people with attitudes favorable to deviant or criminal behavior

Biological Explanation of Deviance

early theories argues criminals had measurable different body types than non-criminals; still recognized that biological factors play somewhat of a part (nature and nurture)

African Americans

earn 20-30% less than European Americans with the same degree

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?

economic opportunities and crime rates

Capitalism

economic order characterized by market allocation of goods and services, production of private profit, private ownership of means of wealth production

Class

economic position in society associated with differences in income, wealth, and occupation

Capitalism

economic system in which property and goods are primarily owned privately; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in an unfettered marketplace

Communism

economic system without private ownership of means of production; ideally no economic classes or economic inequality; cooperative management and distribution of goods and services

Services

economically productive activities-not a direct physical product(medical services, hospitality, tech support)

School Segregation

education of racial minorities in schools that are geographically, economically, socially started from those attended by whites; despite its illegality, worsening today

Formal Education

education that occurs within academic institutions such as schools (became increasingly common with industrialization)

Functionalist Perspective of Education

educational institutions provide moral education, socializes members and promotes social solidarity; manifest function of transmitting general knowledge and specific skills; latent function of teaching social norms and values, of child care, of peer socialization, and reinforcement of gender norms

In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations according to status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________.

educational requirements; income level

As originally framed, the U.S. Constitution did not define who was actually eligible to cast a vote - this was left to each state to decide. At this point in U.S. history, many of those considered eligible to vote were property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have been challenged and enacted, and many would argue that such laws as restrictions to who can and cannot vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system?

estate system

In the United States, the poverty line is established by

estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that different types of families spend about one-third of their budget on food

You're traveling with a group of people in a foreign country. The people and places are all very different, and your group has chosen to do "homestays" where everyone is invited into the home of one the local inhabitants. You are given a meal and a place to sleep, and then the next day, you resume your group travel. On one particular morning, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's almost barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of

ethnocentrism

Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals who were deemed "unfit." This categorization of people included those with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of

eugenics

Freedom House

evaluation of freedom; measures political rights and civil liberties

Goffman and sickness

everyone expected to perform a certain role when someone is sick; sick person expected to get better

Material culture

everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology

material culture

everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology. (page 79)

material culture

everything that is part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen Effect," wherein those who must work to live at fashionable places like Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances to make it work. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact - eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that

eviction takes a lot of time and forces you to miss work

stereotypes

exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of people that do not acknowledge individual variation

symbolic-interactionanist theories

examining the stereotypes that people attach to certain racial groups, how people define and make sense of different races, and the meanings people attach to race.

Offshore outsourcing is an increasingly popular approach by industry to reduce costs. While the displacement of jobs in such industries as automobile and steel making has been unfolding over the past 40 years, more recent trends reveal a shift in what are termed white-collar jobs - computer systems design and similar work. What is left behind when companies do this are the low-paying service sector jobs - baristas, wait staff, and the like. This is an example of what kind of mobility?

exchange mobility

postmodern perspectives,

existing theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

culture shock

exists when you go to another society that's so different from yours that you have a negative response. you start missing what you are used to; food, music, TV, people, and other things. it can cause depression

Subcultural theories

explain deviance in terms of conflicting interests of more and less powerful segments of a population; what is criminal or deviant for some is the norm for others (Conflict theory)

Mass Education

extension of formal schooling to wide segments of the population (originally created by Puritans for religious studies)

organizational environment

factors that exist outside the organization but that potentially affect its operation

Nuclear family

familial form consisting of a father, mother, and their children

pre-verbal stage

first stage of socialization. 0-18 months, imitation

In industrialized societies, social sanctions are most often

focused on the criminals individual circumstances

Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since the first Europeans appeared in North America. In the attempt to deal with the so-called Indian problem, one method that has been used with tragic results is the forced use of English in schools provided on reservations for the children. In this setting, children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of the cultural bonds and legacy of their particular group. This policy was used by the Indian Bureau (later the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as an attempt at

forced assimilation

social group

form the building blocks of society and most social interaction

What are secondary groups?

formal, impersonal groups in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. goal oriented, functional for the society, tend to break down into primary groups.

Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that an individual preserving and accumulating resources, and then storing them as assets would provide an incentive to work in order to build up society. Today, some might wonder about this concept. Consider the president of Equatorial Guinea, one of the world's poorest nations. In 2003, president Teodoro Obiang took full control of the treasury under the pretext of controlling public corruption, and then promptly moved most of the state's money into his own private accounts. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, these actions might be seen as a good thing because it

fosters inequality based on the emergence of private property when resources are preserved

What are examples of groups?

fraternities, dance companies, clubs, tenants' associations.

direct democracy

full participation of citizens

A __________ response to the question of why there has been a significant increase in the number of high school and college graduates in the United States over the past century might point to the simple rules of supply and demand - a need for a more educated workforce encouraged more people to stay in school longer.

functionalist

Critique of Functionalist Perspective of Education

functions to reproduce inequality and may promote critical approach to dominant ideas

Kimberly is a successful television producer who is married to an attorney and has two children. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from the use of certain types of plastic bottles. Over the next couple of weeks, she does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor to ask questions. Ultimately, she learns that you can buy products made without BPA, so she replaces all her family's plastic drink cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that Kimberly learned about BPA dangers and then was able to research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health outcomes?

fundamental causes interpretation

War Manifest functions

gain territory, control of natural resources, prevent territorial disintegration

a statistical technique called "individual fixed effects" is sometimes used in the social sciences. this technique involves: a. comparing a particular outcome across time as some factor changes Race, birth order, generational cohort, sex, and parental wealth are key sociological variables that are said to resist fixed effects because they: b. are relatively stable characteristics of an individual. A statistical technique called "individual fixed effects" compares an outcome across time as some factor changes. All of the following are examples of this technique EXCEPT: d. analyzing whether vegetarians are less depressed than nonvegetarians by comparing the depression levels of vegetarians and nonvegetarians. While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to: d. social characteristics. Judith Lorber believes that gender is a social institution because it is: c. a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences. The study of gender is basically the study of how two spheres shape each other. What are the two spheres? c. nature and nurture Dr. John Money claimed that a genetic male could be raised successfully as a girl. The David Reimer story showed that Money's claims were: a. wrong Surgeons today recommend prompt surgery to make intersex children conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. About 90 percent of these surgeries: a. reassign an ambiguous male anatomy into a female one. Why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child? d. social discomfort and fear of difference Many people believe sex to be an either-or situation (either male or female), but sociologists believe natural sex is: d. more of an ideal than an absolute. John Gray, author of Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992), takes the position that the different temperaments, emotions, and languages of males and females are rooted in: c. inborn differences. The basic idea behind feminism is that women and men should be: c. accorded equal opportunities and respect Although female circumcision is a custom in some societies, a structural functionalist might argue that this practice exists because it: c. fulfills some set of necessary functions. Harvard-trained and world-renowned economist Deirdre McCloskey, who used to be named Donald, describes her journey across the invisible yet potent boundary of sex/gender in her memoir, Crossing. Which of the following is NOT one of the 20 differences she noted in the textbook? c. Donald was more alert to relationship details in stories than Deirdre. If we apply our sociological imaginations to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that: d. although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place. Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex? c. the decision to raise a male infant born with a "small" penis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 cm in length) as a female All of the following terms characterize essentialist thinking EXCEPT: d. fluid and ambiguous What you do in the social world should be a direct result of who you are in the natural world. This statement refers to: c. biological determinism Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out that they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what? d. gendered identity By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender b. may not be stable According to your text, hijras in India are a group of men who opt to have their penises surgically removed and renounce sexual desire and practice. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to your text? a. The hijra identity is secret, and no one can tell who is or isn't a hijra. In Navajo tribes, there are three genders. Which of the following is NOT one of their gender categories? b. hijra In the seventeenth century, Rubenesque women were considered beauties because when food was scarce, a plump woman was a sign of good health, wealth, and attractiveness. What was the catalyst that made food plentiful and changed the standard of beauty for women? a. industrialization Michael Kimmel found that in the eighteenth century, the ideal man was very different than the modern-day ideal man. The ideal man in the 1700s was: d. a quiet and "nerdy" intellectual who enjoyed writing poetry. Which of the following would NOT be considered a "positive" trait or characteristic for a man within today's hegemonic masculinity? c. emotional sensitivity Hegemonic masculinity can best be described as: c. the dominant, privileged, and often invisible category of men at any point in history. Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein coined the term deceptive distinctions to refer to the behavioral differences between men and women that arise because of the: b. different roles they come to occupy Anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo believed women were usually lower in the stratification system because of their identification with what? d. domestic life Under the sex/gender system, men universally perform the kinds of tasks that: b. are accorded higher value than those done by women. Which theory might argue that "it is beneficial for society as a whole when men and women stick to their 'normal' roles"? a. Parson's sex role theory According to Talcott Parsons, the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern society because it fulfills the function of reproducing workers and the division of labor ensures a stable society. What did Parsons call this theory? a. sex role theory Freud describes a boy's experiences starting with heterosexual love for his mother, but soon realizing that he will be castrated by his father if he continues to have romantic feelings toward her. To resolve this, the boy rejects his mother and emulates his father. Freud referred to this as: b. oedipus complex Feminist psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow believes that if men share mothering with women, then: c. egalitarian relationships will be possible. Carol Gilligan found that boys and girls played differently on the playground. In comparison to boys, girls tended to: c. play more cooperative and people-based games. Which theoretical perspective argues that gender is a product of social interactions, and that by "doing gender" men and women create and contribute to the gendered patterns we see? d. symbolic interactionism Black feminists essentially argue all of the following EXCEPT that: b. all women are in a similar boat and faced with the same hegemonic masculinity. According to Robert Merton, "middle-range" theories are useful because they: a. connect our day-to-day experiences to larger social forces. What is the term that refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior? b. sexuality Prison rape is usually about power, and a man who commits a homosexual act within prison: b. does not necessarily view himself as a homosexual. For the Sambia, taking in semen of older men by performing fellatio is the only way to: c. become "real" men In cultures where scant resources are available, homosexuality is practical because: d. it keeps down the birthrate. Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as: d. a mental disorder Opponents of gay and lesbian couplings claim that homosexuality is "unnatural" because they believe sex should only be about: a. reproduction What percentage of teenagers over the age of 14 admit that they have had sexual intercourse? c. just under 50% What policy did the Bush administration and the group True Love Waits advocate for abstinence in teens? a. virginity pledge Your text mentions several reasons why American teenagers are rapidly spreading STDs. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons? b. Teens believe if they don't climax they will not get an STD. What term best describes a behavior or attitude where a person's sex is the basis for prejudicial discrimination and where sex may matter more than a person's performance or merit? b.sexism Harvard president Larry Summers stated that at the highest levels of performance, men might have an innate advantage over women in scientific aptitude and that genetic differences could explain the scarcity of female "hard" scientists at elite universities. Journalists termed this: a. gendergate Which statement is NOT true about girls as compared to boys? d. Infant females are at greater risk of death Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields? b. math and physics In comparison to boys, girls are more likely to: b. smoke cigarettes In the classroom, compared to girls, boys are: a. more likely to interrupt (and to get away with it). In the classroom, compared to boys, girls: a. are expected to better at reading Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as: b. pink-collar jobs What argument do Reskin and Roos use to support the reason women end up in lower-paid jobs? c. these jobs are not attractive to men When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as: b. glass escalator Inappropriate jokes on the job and sexual bartering are both examples of: c. sexual harassment What term refers to the invisible barriers women face when they enter more prestigious corporate worlds? a.glass ceiling

gender ch 8

agents of gender socialization - friends and peers

gender roles learned in peer groups; peer pressure; stigmatizing those who perform gender incorrectly

intersectionality

gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and class must not be studied in isolation, because they have intermingled effects on our identity, knowledge, and outcomes

Macrosociology

generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis--that is, across the breadth of a society

social rights

governmental provision of economic and social security; retirement, unemployment

Interest Group

group of people who share same concerns on an issue

Secondary groups

groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)

secondary groups

groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end).

secondary groups

groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end). (page 159)

Secondary group

groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end.)

Congregations

groups of people who gather together, especially for worship

Service Sector

growth of about 70%; lower skilled, less pay, less benefits, devalued feminine labor

Discrimination

harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit

The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore

he effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood

Georg Simmel

he established what we today refer to as formal sociology - sociology of pure numbers. ~his work was influential in the development of urban sociology and cultural sociology. ~his work with small-group interactions served as an intellectual precedent for later sociologists who came ot study microinteractions. ~he provided formal definitions for small and large groups, a party, a stranger, and the poor.

George Herbert Mead

he further elaborated by which the social self develops. "I, Me, Other" infants only know the I, through social interaction they develop the me, then we realize other people have wants, needs and desires so we understand the other.

Charles Cooley

he studied socialization and believed that we get our primary socialization from our significant other

Paul is a successful manager earning a six-figure income at a Fortune 500 company. At age 48, he receives a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, with an uncertain prognosis. Over the course of the next nine months, Paul finds it increasingly difficult to do basic tasks - driving, typing, and even walking become daily challenges. As his disease progresses, he has good days and bad days, but he is eventually terminated from his job, leaving him unemployed and his family of five suddenly in a position of having to sell their house and seriously downsize. Gradually, friends he has had over the years stop calling. Invitations to social functions taper off. Paul and his family have been "downgraded" in their socioeconomic status, and one reason might be attributable to the drift theory. In this model it is argued tha

health causes social position

agents of gender socialization - schools

hidden curriculum; shyness discouraged boys; history textbooks = male figures; roles of adults in school

High income countries

high-income countries nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income.

Sects/Sectarian groups

high-tension organizations that don't fit so well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to societies least privileged--outcasts, minorities, or the poor--because they downplay worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises

Education and Income

higher levels of education strongly associated with higher levels of income and higher levels of labor force participation; shift to post-industrial society has meant less unionized, well-paid manufacturing jobs and more low-paid, low benefit, service sector jobs; education attainment is product of agency and structure

The level of income inequality in the United States is

higher than that of all other advanced democracies

Sacred

holy things meant for special use and kept separate from the profane; the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feelings of awe and wonder

Morbidty

illness in a general sense

front stage back stage

important part of goffmans theory is the distinction between the border between is clearly delineated.

What is the key to presentation of self?

impression management or making oneself appear in the best light possible.

dependent variable

in an experiment, the variable assumed to be caused by the independent variable(s).

in-group

in group

poverty

in the U.S., a lack of resources necessary to permit participation in the activities, customs, and diets commonly approved by a given society

What are in-groups?

in-groups are any groups or categories to which people feel they belong.

Conformist

individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable

Rebel

individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated

Ritualist

individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means

slavery

individuals are owned by others; being a slave is an ascribed status since you are born into it. Human beings are seen as property to own by others. Racial and legal barriers often prevent the freeing of slaves.

intersexual people

individuals born with ambiguous reproductive or sexual anatomy

transgender people

individuals who identify with a gender different from the one associated with their sex

Folkways

informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.

Medicine

institutionalized system of diagnosis, treatment, prevention of illness

Institutional racism

institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

invented what he called "social physics" or "positivism" - we could determine right and wrong without reference to higher powers or other religious concepts

subculture

is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

nuclear family

is a family composed of two parents and their children living in the same household. While this remains the most common family form, they are less common than in the 1950s due to the increase in divorce and single parent families.

extended family

is a family in which parents, children, and other relatives live in the same household. The other relatives often include grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, etc. This type of family arrangement is less common than the nuclear family because of geographical migration of family members.

structural funtionalist approach (functionalism)

is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

authoritarian personality

is a personality emphasizing such things as obedience to authority, a rigid adherence to rules, and low acceptance of people not like oneself and said to help account for racial and ethnic prejudice. hitler

Chapter 2) Culture

is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society

Reliability

is the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure.

Sociobiology

is the systematic study of "social behavior from a biological perspective"

postindustrial

it is characterized by an information technology age. Service jobs (office assistants, customer service, etc) begin to significantly outnumber factory jobs as the primary means of production. In this postindustrial society, workers offer information and services instead of raw materials and manufactured goods. The Unites States became the first postindustrial society in the late 1950s.

How is civil law expressed?

it is written by a ruling body and imposed upon society.

cultural relativism

it is, "...the belief that no culture's norms, values, or practices are superior or inferior to those of any other culture

ethnocentrism

it is, "...the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of our own culture and the belief that our own culture is superior to other cultures

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) were an early attempt to control health care costs. In this model, the provider - the doctor - receives a capitation, which is a fee per person and not a fee per treatment. The major shortcoming of this approach is that

it may lead to undertreatment

Feminists argue that gender matters because ________

it structures social relations between people

What does social structure entail?

it takes into account elements of society and culture, including social institutions, formal organizations, and all types of groups in which are found.

Extended family

kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family

What is the labeling theory?

labels become part of our self concept. rejecting labels: techniques of neutralization: denial of responsibility, injury, and victim.

Perhaps the most powerful of all human symbols is.......

language—a system of verbal and sometimes written representations that are culturally specific and convey meaning about the world.

mass media

large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the Internet) to communicate with large numbers of people.

Describe organized crime (the mafia).

large-scale, highly structured associations or syndicates that use corruption and violence in order to maximize prices. ethnic succession. the mafia is a cross-cultural problem. still highly active after years of prosecution.

authoritarian leaders

leaders who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.

expressive leadership

leadership that provides emotional support for members.

Which of the following is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools?

learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking

Civil unions

legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage

Domestic partnership

legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples

Strata

level in scheme of social stratification

types of feminism

liberal-want women to achieve equality by reforming the existing social, economic, and political institutions, NOT actually changing abolishing them or drastically rearranging them socialist-also called Marxist feminists) blame capitalism for perpetuating women's inequality and in order to better the situation, there needs to be fundamental changes in the current social institutions radical-aim at the patriarchal (male-dominated) institution as perpetuating gender inequality and oppressing women multicultural-oppression that women of color experience, not only for their sex or gender, but also because of their race. So in a sense, they experience multiple levels of oppression, which often includes class

Achieved Status

linked to acquisition of socially valued credentials or skills

Ascribed Status

linked to characteristics that cannot be altered (race, gender)

Ethnomethodology

literally "the methods of the people", this approach is studying human interaction focused on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order.

ethnomethodology

literally "the methods of the people"; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order. (page 139)

Ethnomethodology

literally "the methods of the people," this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order

Eugenics

literally meaning "well born"; theory of controlling the fertility of populations to influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation

ethnomethodolgy

literally the methods of the people ,this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order

Cohabitation

living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning

cooley

looking-glass self" - we first think about how we appear to others and then we think about how they see us (either positive or negative) and then we use those 2 perceptions/assumptions to develop an understanding of our self-identity and self-image

pluralistic society

made up of many different groups with different norms and values, which may or may not change over time; what is acceptable for one may be deviant for another (ex: polygamy); tattoos may be seen as deviant but not a crime; prostitution may be seen as a crime but not deviant by some

In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." While controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the

maintenance of a gender order

historical changes in education

major functions of education according to functionalists?

Health Care, Health, and Access to Consumer Goods

majority of new jobs in the service sector (low wages, few benefits, poor hours), 48.6 million of U.S. population uninsured prior to PPACA

Blue-collar

manual labor

Exogamy

marriage to someone outside one's social group

Endogamy

marriage to someone within one's social group

Preventative Medicine

medicine promoting a healthy lifestyle to prevent poor health

Mediator

member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group

Evangelicals

members of any denomination distinguished by four main beliefs: the Bible is without error, salvation comes only through belief in Jesus Christ, personal conversion is the only path to salvation (the "born again" experience), and others must also be converted. They proselytize by engaging with wider society

Qualitative method

method that attempts to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form. info is often used to document the meanings that actions engender in social participants or to describe the mechanisms by which social processes occur.

Quantitative method

method that seeks to obtain information about the social world that is already in, or can be converted to, numeric form. -uses statistical analysis to describe the social world that those data represents. -attempts to mimic the scientific method

Qualitative methods

methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily concerted to numeric form

Qualitative methods

methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form.

qualitative methods

methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form. (page 45)

Experimental methods

methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields, often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention.

experimental methods

methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisions to a control group that did not experience such an intervention

Experimental methods

methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention

experimental methods

methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention. (page 65)

Quantitative methods

methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form.

quantitative methods

methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form. (page 45)

Quantitative methods

methods that seek to obtain information about the social worlds that is already in or can be converted to numeric form

Exchange mobility

mobility in which, if we hold fixed the changing distribution of jobs, individuals trade jobs not one-to-one but in a way that ultimately balances out

Structural mobility

mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy

Classical model

model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals

Resource-mobilization theory

model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states the social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources

Political process model

model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger

Cultural scripts

modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural

cultural scripts

modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural

cultural scripts

modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural. (page 83)

Income

money received by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or government assistance), or from returns on investments

division of labor

narrowly defined tasks in bureaucracies

glass escalator

nearly invisible promotional boost men gain in female-dominated occupations

Research shows that the closer in age siblings are, the more they compete for family resources, which

negatively impacts their educational outcomes because they receive comparatively less attention

Which of the following factors played a role in the development of capitalism?

new farming technologies

Scientific racism

nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race

4 basic rules of manhood

no "sissy stuff": avoid any hint of femininity be a "big deal": acquire wealth, power, and status be a "sturdy oak": never show your emotions "give 'em hell": exude a sense of daring and aggressiveness

non material culture

nontangible things such as ideas, customs, norms, laws, ideals, and beliefs

symbols

nontangible things such as ideas, customs, norms, laws, ideals, and beliefs Gestures - nonverbal symbols; movements of the head, arms, hands, and other body parts that are meant to convey ideas of emotions nonverbally

Why does the nation of Somalia offer such a glaring exception to Weber's definition of a state?

not No part of Somalia has democratically elected governments

Family wealth means debt subtracted from salable assets. Given the prevalence of debt for those in poverty, what are the possible implications for those in poverty as regards their children when they die?

not The courts may excuse inheritors (the children) from any financial obligations incurred by the parents, meaning that poverty is not inevitably heritable

Following the Civil War, Jim Crow laws were enacted during the Reconstruction period. These were racially based efforts to limit the participation of blacks in American society through segregation. Beginning in 1890, a "separate but equal" status took effect in all public facilities in the southern states. Why might we view this as a form of domination authority?

not The long legacy of slavery led blacks to accept the authority of whites without question.

0 out of 0.5 points There has been a lot of interest lately in the effects of gluten in our diet. Celiac disease, a known, well-understood problem, affects a moderate number of people worldwide. Gluten intolerance, though, is more widespread, not well known or understood, and difficult to evaluate clinically (whereas celiac disease is quite straightforward to test for). Diet fads come and go, and a gluten-free diet is popular these days. But a recent, very thorough clinical study has found that even when subjects were given a strictly controlled placebo diet, they reported a worsening of symptoms that agreed with commonly reported symptoms of persons complaining of gluten intolerance generally. This is an example of

not a common form of hypochondria

In 1969, Charles Manson, with the apparent willing assistance of several others, murdered Hollywood actress Sharon Tate and four other people, and the following day, murdered two more. Manson's "family" was comprised primarily of women whom he had befriended during his travels. The murders were conducted on the basis of Manson's belief in the idea of "Helter Skelter," an apocalyptic race war. That his family members were so easily persuaded to commit violence is an example of

not absolute authority

We often think that the role of women in Western societies prior to the 1960s was pretty much the same thing - a matter of doing what women were expected to do. During World War II, however, the role of women silently upended conventional ideas about gender roles. Women worked as bomb makers, in factories, and were later revealed as having been a key part of the code breaking effort that won the war. These examples lend insight into how we create our identities through interactions and not through fixed definitions. As such, they reflect ideas posited by

not conflict theory not post modern theory not psycholantric theory

Recently, your friend has had a scare with the discovery of a lump on her body. As she shares the experience of her visit to a medical doctor, she tells you that after being seen following a biopsy (which was benign), the doctor and the staff simply went ahead and scheduled a few future appointments. She tells you how difficult it was to try and stop these "auto-bookings" as she called them. Within the medical profession, this approach to health care is common and refers to

not contiuity of care

Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. The text suggests that wealth creates poverty, and this in turn reflects the problem of why poverty is

not impossible to ever measure with certainty

Poverty is a persistent problem in nearly every human society. In the United States, it is usually thought of as a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is so severe as to prevent the individual from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy - a "stand-in" - for the

not inability of the government to develop successful programs to halt poverty

North Korea has been under control of a dynastic succession of leaders of the Kim family since 1945. They have maintained a strong grip on the military and control the economic and political institutions, property and agriculture. Cultural and social power appears to be under the full control of the state apparatus. There is considerable evidence to suggest that famine has occurred on a regular basis. North Korea's leaders have continually moved to prevent all outside access, including economic relationships, with nearly every country excepting the former Soviet Union and China, both communist states. Is North Korea a kind of welfare state?

not no, because the ruling dynasty has created social, economic and cultural deprivation

Studies show that a primary concern held by U.S. workers about unionizing is related to management hostility. In this age of technology, there's another consideration - employee monitoring. In this scenario, a corporation may require that all electronic communications by employees be subject to oversight, placing a damper on the willingness of employees to speak up or share with others. Underlying all of this is the fear

not of the unions themselves. not of the collective bargaining process being difficult not about a loss of market share and subsequent reduction in pay

During World War II, the U.S. economy suffered, and due to imposed price and wage controls, employers were often in the position of not being able to offer raises to employees despite long hours and hard, sometimes hazardous, work. Instead, many companies began to offer free health care as a benefit to make up the difference. This is often cited as the origin of

not safety monitoring in the workplace

We often see sex and gender as immutable - sex is a biological fact that in turn determines the gender of an individual. As the examples of Deirdre McCloskey and David Reimer demonstrate, however, neither sex nor gender are as straightforward as many people would like to believe. A lot of how we understand sex and gender is found in how we understand the differences between

not sex and sexuality not men and women not sexual preference and social environment

The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that

not society's need to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior not the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality not changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance

According to the bell curve thesis, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that _________ is the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty.

not socioeconomic status

Until 2012, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) labeled transgender persons as mentally ill, an example of medicalization. Following the most recent revision (the fifth), the DSM now uses the term Gender Identity Dysphoria, which means instead of being designated as mentally ill, transgender persons suffer a "marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender." This shift is both welcomed and a surprise, largely because it is a reversal of what change in the DSM that took place in the 1980s?

not the increased willingness of the field of psychiatry to consider alternative lifestyles such as homosexuality

You believe your supervisor at work is a bad team leader and is jeopardizing the current project you're working on. However, you don't say anything to her or to her boss because you are sure that it won't change anything and that it could even result in you being removed from the project. This scenario is an example of which dimension of power, according to Steven Lukes's definition of the concept?

not third deminsion

Leticia, a high school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. She is sure she will fail and tries to switch classes, but the remedial class is full. Her new math teacher encourages Leticia and tells her she shows promise with math skills. Halfway through the semester, Leticia is surprised to find that she is doing well in the class. This scenario is an example of

not tracking

Following a long series of bloody wars, the states of Europe developed the international state system, which holds that each state is recognized territorially by the others. From this, the principle of noninterference encourages states not to get involved in the internal affairs of others. The text recounts the tale of Sealand - a spot in international waters taken over by an individual. Is the Sealand saga, and the attempt of other nations to take control of the site, an example of the principle of noninterference?

not, yes because the British Parliament upheld the sovereignty of the site

The SAT is a controversial topic in higher education these days. The SAT has long been considered to be a way to provide an objective look at student ability and help predict success, but many researchers have noted that the SAT does not do this. What might one of the underlying reasons be for the College Board - the organization that currently administers and controls the SAT - be for continuing to advance the merits of the test?

o maintain their position as a viable company

secondary deviance

occurs when a person labeled deviant accepts the label as part of his or her identity and begins to act in conformity with the label (sym.)

Sexism

occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgement, discrimination, and hatred against him or her

Role strain

occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

Role conflict

occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

role exit

occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their selfidentity

goal displacement

occurs when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals

High culture

of classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences,

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of Arab and Muslim. Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and have now been effectively racialized because

of the tendency to conflate Arab and Muslim as the same thing

White-collar crime

offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other institution

people born with ambiguous genitalia

often deemed abnormal, by the time they are 21, most of them have had at least 7 "corrective" surgeries

Laissez-faire leaders

only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Life Chances

opportunities and obstacles encountered in education, social life, work, and other areas critical to social mobility; influenced by class

scapegoat

or frustration) theory - this, "...explanation of racial and ethnic prejudice has the view that individuals blame the problems they experience on racial and ethnic minorities and thus scapegoat them instead of recognizing the real sources of their own misfortunes" misplaced aggrecion

Everyday Deviance

ordinary activities many people engage in at least once (under age drinking, spitting, smoking, binge-eating)

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York in which job applicants, both having a fake prison record, differed in race. The white applicants were far more likely to be called back for an interview. Stepping past racism, Pager talks about unconscious stereotypes that are part of the mindset of the persons doing the hiring. The link between prison, race, and anticipated behavior formed in their mind is almost an expectation, part of how things are. This can be understood as a manifestation of

organic solidarity

estate.

ownership of property or control of land and the exercise of power is monopolized by an elite group who has social control over the resources

Winona is picking up her children at day-care center. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt and throws a tantrum. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he calms down and does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the

parenting stress hypothesis

The practice of tracking - sorting students according to ability - is controversial. Some research suggests it is beneficial, other research that it is not. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Steven Morgan describes his work with non-Catholic students attending Catholic schools. He casts doubt on the benefits of tracking and instead suggests that

parents' goals for their children may play a large part in their success

Opportunity Theory

people differ not only in motivation to engage in deviant acts, but also in opportunity to do so

industrialization

people during the era of hunter-gather societies lived in small groups of 2 or 3 nuclear families. The reason being that food was scarce and everyone worked together to feed and provide for their families. The mother and father took on somewhat more egalitarian roles until the horticultural society began to take over and men became more involved in herding, leading to more male power within families making them patriarchal in nature.

differential opportunity

people have differential access to illegitimate means. Therefore, depending on the neighborhood a person resides in, their chances of engaging in illegal activities will depend on what is more accessible, like drugs, street crime, etc.

bisexual

people who are attracted to others of both sexes

asexual

people who experience no sexual attraction for anyone

primary groups

people who have regular contact, enduring relationships, and a significant emotional attachment to each other

transsexuals

people who have sex reassignment surgery to change their physical appearance

secondary groups

people who interact in a relatively impersonal way, usually to carry out some specific task

Marginally attached to the labor force

people who want to work and have looked for work actively in the past 12 months

What is general deterrence?

people who witness the punishment will be stopped before acting in a criminal manner.

The Milgram experiment shed light on

people's inclination to obey an authority figure even when asked to do something unconscionable

Occupation

person's main vocation or paid employment

Deterrence theory

philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits

material culture

physical objects such as buildings, art, tools, and media; material culture can be a manifestation of non-material culture

In the financial crisis of 2008, numerous large financial institutions were implicated, all indirectly, in the events that precipitated the crisis. Among those firms was Goldman Sachs, one of the world's larger investment firms. Some have alleged that the firm's deep ties to the U.S. government made it possible to capitalize on gains by the use of

plotical arbitrage

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all persons of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. While this effort was directed primarily towards those living west of the Mississippi, all Japanese were affected. At that time, many enclaves of Japanese-Americans thrived in American cities, managing to build a life that fit into the surrounding society. The subsequent fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry reflected a decline in

pluralism

Sociologist T. H. Marshall defined three types of citizenship rights. What are they?

political rights, social rights, and civil rights

Reserve army of labor

pool of available job seekers contribute to low wages and instability

structural strain

poor people have differential access to legitimate means

Health and Class Inequality

poverty affects health, food security, housing stability, and maltreatment; higher exposure to violence, air pollution, work in physical hazardous environments, less access to play and exercise areas, less likely to see physician for symptoms of illness, less access to healthy foods

In the text, we read about the case of Marlin, whose life seems to reflect the entire scope of government programs and social ills in America. Fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through education and prison systems that have left him almost as he started, Marlin is a case study of the human scope of the problem and a reflection of the underlying question about

poverty as the cause or the result of social problems

Being made to wait in order to see a doctor is evidence of the

power and prestige of doctors in our society

Soft power

power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action (hard power)

Ration legal-authority

power based on belief in lawfulness of laws; legitimate right of leaders to exercise authority under law (U.S., Canada, Japan)

Traditional authority

power based on belief in sanctity of long standing traditions

Charismatic Authority

power based on devotion inspired in followers by personal qualities of a leader; belief in the individual's "gift"

Class Dominance Theory - government

power concentrated in a power elite

Pluralist Theory

power exercise through political process; dominated by different leaders with access to different political resources; power is dynamic and fluid; role of government is to mediate compromise between different interest groups

Politics

power relations among people or other social actors

monarchy

power resides in individual or family, passed through hereditary lines

dictatorship

power rests in single individual

Offshoring

practice of contractile work to companies overseas rather than to U.S. workers

Feudalism

pre-capitalist economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs

Ray is very disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos are not supportive of women having successful careers. This is an example of

prejudice

ageism

prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons.

Racism

prejudice plus power. a belief or practice related to the superiority of your race, from a position of dominance

Status

prestige associated with social position; not necessarily correlated with income; doctors, scientists, fire fighters are of high prestige; actors, stock brokers are of low prestige

Labeling theory

product of the labels people attach to certain types of behavior; deviance is socially constructed (symbolic interactionism theory)

Public sector

production/allocation of goods and services for benefit of government and citizens

Supernatural compensators

promises of future rewards, such as salvation or eternity in heaven

What factors, besides access to drug therapies, are key to fighting diseases in developing countries?

proper nutrition and clean water

Civil rights

protect citizens from injury by individuals and institutions; equal treatment in school and workplace

private military corporations

provide private military services such as training, transportation, protection of resources and infrastructure

Private sector

provides goods and services to economy and consumers for profit

In the United States, the one-drop rule lumped together anyone with any amount of "black blood" into one category, setting up an essentially binary racial system of black and white with little thought for other minorities, such as Asians or Native Americans. Under Apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What conclusion can we draw from these differences in racial categories?

racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place

The text discusses the plight of the Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward the Irish populations. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma, a people who have been the subject of attack for hundreds of years. The Roma are sometimes called Gypsies, now a pejorative term. The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that they reflect the same kind of __________ as was directed against the Irish a hundred years ago.

racism

3 Characteristics of Stratified Systems

rankings apply to social categories of people; ranking influences life experiences and opportunities and can be either achieved or ascribed; hierarchical positions of social categories tend to change slowly over time

social stratification

rankings of people based on wealth and other resources a society values" 1.It (social stratification) is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences 2.It carries over from generation to generation 3.It is universal, but variable 4.It involves both inequalities and beliefs

Mortality

rate of death in a population

Morbidity

rate of illness in a population

Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of?

recidivism

Scientific management

reduce physical movements of the workers to improve productivity; "Taylorism"

What is specific deterrence?

reduces the likelihood that offenders will re offend.

What are reference group?

reference groups are any groups that individuals use as standards for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. reference groups serve as normative functions. reference groups set and enforce standards and also perform comparison functions.

Technology

refers to the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

adult socialization

refers to the ways in which you are socialized as an adult

durheim believed deviance was part of a normal society

reinforced social norms and increased conformity - we need deviance in order to know what is normal behavior -strengthens the social bonds and creates social cohesion between people reacting to the deviance - for example, people's reactions to the terrorist attacks on 9/11 as deviant brought some unity among people -can lead to positive change - for example, rock and roll used to be seen as deviant but now it is the norm

Caste system

religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility

Fundamentals

religious adherents who follow a scripture (such as the Bible or Qur'an) using a literal interpretation of its meaning

Churches

religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream or "safe" beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population

Cult

religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural and therefore does not as easily fit within the sect-church cycle

Automation

replacement of human labor by machines in manufacturing; due to the need of innovation to accommodate rapid changed in products and manufacturing processes

In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system

represents a transformation in social control

Conflict Perspective of Education

reproduces rather than reduces social stratification and ensures that discovery of talent will be limited; "hidden curriculum" socializes working class to accept their position in society

Affordable Care Act

requires purchase of coverage; eliminates use of preexisting conditions to deny health care; some people see this as "socialized medicine"

historical methods

research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork and other artifacts that date back to the period under study.

Historical methods

research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date back to the period under study

historical methods

research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date back to the period under study. (page 62)

Historical methods

research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date to a prior time period under study

industrial

resulted as factories and machines replaced plows and agriculture as the primary mode of production at the end of the 18th century. The Industrial Revolution created the ability to manufacture large quantities of goods. With this Revolution, there was a huge migration of people

Perverse incentives

reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior; for example, welfare--to the extent that it discourages work efforts--is argued to have perverse incentives

Pasons

right to be excused from social and responsibilities and "normal" social roles (illness biologically and socially defined)

symbolic interactionist perspectives

s the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

De facto segregation

school segregation based on residential patterns or student choice, which persists even though legal segregation is now outlawed (white flight to suburbs, property taxes created inequality in funding)

Public Health

science and practice of health protection and maintenance at a community level; control hazards and habits that harm health and well-being of the population

Normal science

science conducted within an existing paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn

play stage

second stage of socialization. 2 years to 7 years old. practicing life

In the United States, public nudity has generally been seen as socially unacceptable. Women, in particular, who have tried to change this by going topless have been arrested, summoned to court, and evaluated by psychiatrists for their mental stability. Having transgressed this boundary once, with consequences, those who continue to transgress might be seen as expressing

secondary deviance

organizations

secondary groups that have a degree of formal structure and are formed to accomplish particular tasks

Microsociology

seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews

In many urban environments surrounding large American cities, it is nearly impossible to obtain basic foodstuffs without resorting to a lengthy journey to some other part of the city. This is referred to as a "food desert" and is a significant problem for people whose personal resources - money, cars, and so forth - are limited. Often, a lack of public transportation exacerbates this problem. Based on what you have read in the text, the food desert can be seen as a possible marker of

segregation

Gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female. (page 130)

Gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany ones status as male or female.

fluid, dynamic, socially constructed concepts

sex and gender

The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of

sex role theory

Sexual Deviance

sex, sexual orientations, and sexual practices (certain aspects becoming out dated)

sexuo-economic relation

sexual relationship is also an economic one; women depending on men financially

At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to

sexuality

A major American city has been debating building a light rail system for several years. The transit organization holds community meetings, conducts surveys, and performs numerous studies in an effort to devise a proposed plan that has the best chance of being passed by voters. In the end, while voters who support the light rail project have many different ideas about how it should be implemented, they will only be presented with one choice on the ballot. This is an example of using power to

shape choices

Access to Health Care

shift to service sector = fewer jobs that offer healthcare coverage; many earn too much to qualify for health care, but too little to afford self-coveage

Correlation or Association

simultaneous variation in two variables

correlation or association

simultaneous variation in two variables

Correlation (association)

simultaneous variation in two variables.

correlation (or association)

simultaneous variation in two variables. (page 46)

Food Desserts

sites bereft of places selling competitively priced, healthy, and fresh foods

herbert Spencer

social Darwinism—the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.

gender

social and cultural differences a society assigns to people based on their biological sex"

Social cohesion

social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis

While Shamus Khan's research sheds light on the nature of some private schools, other researchers find that Catholic schools, which are also private schools, were among the most successful in preparing students academically, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Several researchers suggest that students at Catholic schools make beneficial connections with people, which is an example of

social capital

Organic solidarity

social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts

Mechanical/Segmental solidarity

social cohesion based on sameness

Innovator

social deviant who accepts socially acceptable means to achieve them

The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that

social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health

Primary group

social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved.

primary groups

social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved. (page 159)

primart groups

social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate, face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved

Primary groups

social groups, such as family or friends, composed or intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved

emotion rules

social guidelines that direct how we want to try to feel

Economy

social institution that organizes ways in which society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services

Stratification in Class Society

social mobility allows someone to change their socioeconomic position; relatively fluid (boundaries between classes can be crossed); achieved rather than ascribed

Reformative social movements

social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society

Revolutionary social movements

social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society

Alternative social movements

social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people

Redemptive social movements

social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior

cultural universals

social practices all societies develop norms about

Premodernity

social relations characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms

Postmodernity

social relations characterized by questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations

Modernity

social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity--as well as individually created by non concentric, but overlapping, group affiliations

Stratification in Caste Society

social status based on personal characteristics at birth; outcomes are ascribed; no mobility; closed system

The two primary functions of schools are to educate and socialize students. In the beginning of the chapter we read about Patrick, a young Liberian man who enrolls in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)-based school. What might be one of the things that the MOOC coursework cannot offer Patrick and other students?

socialize them

normative culture

socially acceptable rules and laws like customs and etiquette

horticultural societies

societies based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food.

pastoral societies

societies based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food.

postindustrial societies

societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

hunting and gathering societies

societies that use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation.

agrarian societies

societies that use the technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply.

What are the principles of symbolic-interactionism?

society is a complex mosaic of understanding that emerges from the very process of interacting.

Functional Perspective of Class

society offers rewards such as money, prestige, and leisure to ensure most important jobs are filled conscientiously by the most competent people; meritocracy

Meritocracy

society where personal success is based on talent and individual effort

What is Emile Durkheim's take on socialization?

society, "is able to exist only because it gets inside the human being, shaping our inner life, creating our conscience, our ideas, our values, society's rules become our own, its ways become ours"

quantitative research

sociological research methods that are based on the goal of scientific objectivity and that focus on data that can be measured numerically

qualitative research

sociological research methods that use interpretive descriptions (words) rather than statistics (numbers) to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

sociological theories on family

sociological theories on family

Explain religious law.

source of law is believed to be divine rather than custom or human.

research methods

specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research.

testing-conflict theory

standardized testing have been found to be culturally biased towards white, middle-class students in terms of the examples and experiences used in the answers. This automatically disadvantages some students and again, perpetuates social inequality early on in children's lives

When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first class passengers, then makes its way down to the coach class. Let's imagine we are boarding an aircraft, and we are in coach class (all the way back in seats 33E and 33F). As we search for a place to store our luggage, we notice that the people in first class are already getting free wine and snacks. Casually dressed people are sitting in some of those first-class seats. This is an annoying but very real example of

status hierarchy

The chapter includes an example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, and is left with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful patter for living is rendered moot, and he lacks a behavioral template with which to guide himself. The man is now a social deviant. According to Merton, this is an example of

strain theory

Someone you knew at college came from a small town in the country, and her parents operate a farm. She graduated when you did and now holds a job in retail clothing. From a sociological standpoint, she has experienced what kind of mobility?

structural mobility

Stratification

structured social inequality or, more specifically, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships

Self-fulfilling prophecy

students come to see themselves through their teachers' eyes and perform better or worse accordingly

Social epidemiology

studies communities and their social status, practices, and problems to understand patterns of health and disease

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective of Education

study found teachers treat students that they believe to be "gifted" differently; self-fulfilling prophecy

Demography

study of population focusing on morbidity and mortality rates

cultural transmission theory

subcultural conformity

Secondary deviance

subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of our new deviant label and people's expectations of you

class conflict theory

suggests different socioeconomic classes have different norms

alienation theory of deviance

suggests that if a person feels they do not fit into their society they may become hostile, anxious, deviant, depressed, or become addicted to drugs

Anomic suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

Fatalistic suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

Altruistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

Egoistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of

symbolic ethnicity

Many states in the United States have special court diversion programs that are designed to help youth avoid the consequences of what society agrees are criminal acts: theft, robbery, drunken driving, and so forth. The application process involves a meeting between the offender and a case manager, who strives to get to know the offender, their strengths and weaknesses, and what led to the offense. This level of individual interest is an example of

symbolic interactionism

Elite-mass dichotomy system

system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society

social control

systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

Cultural relativism

taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value

cultural relativism

taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value. ex: in the US you are expected to look someone in the eye when you talk to them. In China, this is considered rude, and you generally divert your gaze as a sign of respect.

cultural relativism

taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value. (page 82)

written rules and records

tasks and duties to be carried out within a bureaucracy to help ensure consistency

hidden curriculum

teachers have been accused of pushing their own values and viewpoints onto the students. Obviously teachers have some freedom in deciding what information and knowledge that want to teach their students, but some are concerned that it is slanted, incomplete, or inaccurate information.

The text recounts an example of the difficulties in the classroom around discipline when the students become rowdy and hard to manage. The teacher so identified in the work of Amanda Lewis, Mr. Ortiz, uses classroom time to encourage students to insult one another. What kind of approach is Mr. Ortiz failing to use in this case?

teaching methods that are supported by extensive research

What is the idea of differential association?

that we learn from the groups that we associate with: family, friends. we learn values, attitudes, techniques, behavior.

Power

the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance

Sociological Imagination

the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces

sociological imagination

the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individuals life to seemingly impersonel and remote historical forces-> C. Wright Mills

Sociological imagination

the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individuals's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces

leadership

the ability to influence what goes on in a group or social system.

Culture jamming

the act of turning media against themselves

Culture Jamming

the act of turning media against themselves.

culture jamming

the act of turning media against themselves. (page 105)

Ethicalism

the adherence to certain principles to lead a moral life, as in Buddhism and Taoism

sex

the anatomical distinction and other biological differences between females and males that are determined at the moment of conception and develop in the womb and throughout childhood and adolescence

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest"

Culture of poverty

the argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances

gender socialization

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.

racial socialization

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's racial or ethnic status as it relates to identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy.

gender roles

the attitudes and behaviors considered appropriately "masculine" or "feminine" in a particular culture

One-drop rule

the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation

Labeling theory

the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how other see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, form the basis of their self-identity

Racism

the belief that member of separate races possess different and unequal traits

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own

cultural relativism

the belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.

sex

the biological distinction between females and males

The text discusses two similar approaches to understanding why some states are more democratic than others and how they got that way. Moore suggests that the fate of each nation is determined by a struggle between different social classes. Acemoglu and Robinson, using game theory, suggest that citizens can induce change through the credible threat of revolution. The primary difference between these two approaches is based on including which groups of citizens?

the bourgeoisie

terrorism

the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

Bourgeoisie

the capitalist class

Routinization

the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making

social networks

the collection of social ties that connect people to each other

status set

the collection of statuses that an individual holds

tie

the connection between two people in a relationship that varies in strength from one relationship to the next; a story that explains our relationship with another member of our network. (page 161)

folkways

the customs and etiquette of a society, such as how people eat or the way they wear their clothing

Embeddedness

the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network

Embeddedness

the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network.

embeddedness

the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network. (page 162)

Collective action problem

the difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off

homophobia

the disapproval and fear of LGBT people

One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been

the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons

culture shock

the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

Subculture

the distinct cultural value and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society

Sub-culture

the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society, a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.

subculture

the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society. (page 85)

subculture

the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.

Role

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status

role

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status

Role

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status.

role

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status. (page 128)

Face

the esteem in which an individual is held by others

iron law of oligarchy

the eventual and inevitable consolidation of power at the top of bureaucratic organizations

The gender pay gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea?

the extent of male dominance in society

validity

the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

reliability

the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time.

Validity

the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

validity

the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure. (page 52)

Generalizability

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied

generalizability

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied

generalizability

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied. (page 52)

Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what the urban theorists Jane Jacobs called

the eyes and ears of the streets

Routinization/Institutionalization

the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause

Primary deviance

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you

Emergence

the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addresses is first identified

Monopoly

the form of business that occurs when one seller of a good or service dominates the market to the exclusion of others, potentially leading to zero competition

Racialization

the formation of a new racial identity in which ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Paradigm

the framework within which scientist operate

In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, while a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse?

the glass escalator

reference group

the group by which we identify and evaluate ourselves

experimental group

the group that contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable (the experimental condition) to study its effect on them

control group

the group that contains the subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable.

reference groups

the groups against which we choose to measure ourselves

Conflict Theory

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general

Conflict Theory

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general.

Conflict theory

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general. (page 32)

conflict theory

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basis, animating force of social change and society in general

Reflection theory

the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of a society is projected.

reflection theory

the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of a society is projected. (page 87)

Reflection theory

the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of our society is projected

homophily

the idea that social contact occurs at a higher rate between people who are similar than it does between people who are different

role strain

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

role strain

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status. (page 128)

Self

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

self

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

self

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person. (page 117)

Self

the individual identity of a person as perseived by that same person

Social capital

the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks.

social capital

the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks. (page 166)

Social capital

the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks

primary deviance

the initial act of rule breaking

conflict theory

the intersection of race, class, and gender. They are concerned with the multiple levels of overlapping discrimination

Which of the following is a professional norm for doctors

the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients

comparable worth

the issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill

Authority

the justifiable right to exercise power

Segregation

the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

Chapter 3) socialization

the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

reliability

the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure. ex: a scale that is off by 10 pounds might not be totally valid--- it will not give me my actual weight--- but the scale is reliable if every time i step on it, it reads exactly 10 pounds less than my true weight.

reliability

the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure. (page 52)

criminal justice system

the local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals.

deviant subculture

the lower-class youths also have limited opportunities and feel neglected by the larger society so they become more concerned with seeking self-respect within their own community.

According to Marx, capitalism is doomed to fail because of a self-made crisis of overproduction, leading to goods becoming unaffordable by all. This in turn gives rise to socialism, where the needs of the population are met very differently. The fundamental mechanism of distribution that is different in both of these systems is

the market

Genocide

the mass killing of a group of people based on racial, ethnic, or religious traits

In 2013, the tragic situation of 32 mentally disabled workers at a turkey-processing plant in Iowa resulted in a jury awarding them $240 million dollars in damages and back wages. The workers had been forced to work despite illness or injuries, were denied bathroom breaks, locked in their rooms, and worse. This kind of modern-day slavery is not uncommon, sadly, and is an example of what sociological concept?

the master-slave dialectic

mediator

the member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group. (page 154)

tertius gaudens

the member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group

tertius gaudens

the member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group. (page 154)

Tertius gaudens

the member of the triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group

Causality

the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another. Three factors are needed to establish causality: correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations.

Strength of weak ties

the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information

Strength of weak ties

the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information.

strength of weak ties

the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information. (page 162)

Normative view of science

the notion that science is unaffected by the personal beliefs or value of scientist but rather follows objective rules of evidence

Cult of domesticity

the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing

Free rider problem

the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shrink responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight

Underclass

the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us

Social regulation

the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonable expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

social regulation

the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

glass ceiling

the often invisible barrier created by individual and institutional sexism that prevents qualified women from advancing to higher levels of leadership and management

Interest in determining "racial purity" was not, and is not, a problem found exclusively in any society. As we have seen, numerous methods were devised in an attempt to ensure that one's racial makeup was exact and clear. The "one-drop" rule was one method, arising out of miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that

the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of racial impurities

Dependent variable

the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain

dependent variable

the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain

dependent variable

the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain. (page 50)

You have been invited to a big party by a good friend. You're tired, though, and not really in the mood for dealing with a large crowd of people. When you tell your friend you don't want to go, she starts to cajole you, tease you, and even issue a few veiled threats about how the two of you might not spend much time together in the next few months. What is the difference between your friend's attempts to "persuade" you and what the text calls "domination by authority"?

the overt use of coersion

Agricultural revolution

the period around 1700 marked by the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production

agents of socialization

the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

second shift

the phenomenon of employed women still having primary responsibility for housework and childcare

Absolute poverty

the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members

Monogamy

the practice of hang only one sexual partner or spouse at a time

Polygamy

the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time

Polyandry

the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously

Polygyny

the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously

ethnocentrism

the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture.

Public sociology

the practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to engage a wide audience for a normative, productive end

Pluralism

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society

Domination

the probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people

Studies have shown that academic performance in private schools outperforms those in public schools. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Shamus Khan talks about St. Paul's School, a private boarding school costing almost $40,000 per year. Khan notes that students attending essentially convert their "birthright into credentials." What important aspect of education in the U.S. is reflected in his comments?

the problem of addressing inequality in schools

role strain

the problem that occurs when the expectations associated with a single role compete with each other

role conflict

the problem that occurs when the expectations associated with different roles clash

What is bureaucratization?

the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.

role-taking

the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

Urbanization

the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.

socialization

the process by which an individual learns norms, values, skills, and roles to behave appropriately in society

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.

anticipatory socialization

the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.

groupthink

the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

Re-socialization

the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are re-engineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution.

Resocialization

the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that my take place in a total institution

resocialization

the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution. (page 126)

resocialization

the process by which ones sense of social values, beliefs, and norms, are "reengineered ~ could be through movement to a foreign country ~ or living in total institution

social construction of reality

the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

Chapter 4) Social interaction

the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

Medicalization

the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medial come to be framed as such

reciprocal socialization

the process by which the feelings, thoughts, appearance, and behavior of individuals who are undergoing socialization also have a direct effect on those agents of socialization who are attempting to influence them.

operationaliization

the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study

Operationalization

the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study.

operationalization

the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study. (page 50)

Operationalization

the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in particular study

scientific management

the process of deskilling ordinary workers and increasing workplace efficiency through calculated study

resocialization

the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience.

primary socialization

the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family.

secondary socialization

the process of learning that takes place outside the home—in settings such as schools, religious organizations, and the workplace— and helps individuals learn how to act in appropriate ways in various situations.

tertiary socialization

the process of learning that takes place when adults move into new settings where they must accept certain ideas or engage in specific behaviors that are appropriate to that specific setting.

Conformity

the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

Specialization

the process of making work consist of specific, delimited tasks

Education

the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed

socialization

the process whereby individuals learn the culture and expectations of their society" Without socialization, we could not have our culture or society.

According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the products they produce because

the production process is distributed among many different people

Glass escalator

the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized job

labeling theory

the proposition that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

rational choice theory of deviance

the proposition that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the proposition that language shapes the view of reality of its speakers

strain theory

the proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

differential association theory

the proposition that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

social bond theory

the proposition that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken.

What must happen for deterrence to work?

the punishment must be certain, swift, public, just, and severe enough.

hierarchy of authority and accountability

the pyramidal structure of a bureaucracy with the power concentrated at the top

Ben is the fifth child in a family of nine and has five brothers. When he started college, his parents told him he had to get a job on campus if he wanted to pay for his education as they could not afford a car and his financial aid only covered tuition and basic supplies. Ben's parents are an example of

the resource dilution model-- Parental resources are finite, so more children in a family result in fewer resources available to each child

Citizenship rights

the right guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a nation-state

Political rights

the rights guaranteeing a citizen's ability to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office

Civil rights

the rights guaranteeing a citizen's personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely

Social rights

the rights guaranteeing a citizen's protection by the state

Divide et impera

the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group

divide et impera

the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group

Service sector

the section of the economy that involves providing intangible services

Organizational culture

the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture

organizational culture

the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture. (page 178)

downward mobility

the shift from manufacturing to service economy

Homosexual

the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex

gender

the socially constructed cultural expectations associated with women and men

conflict perspectives

the sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources

Kentucky

the state that came into the union as a slave production state with slave breeding farms

consumerism

the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved.

sample

the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data. (page 58)

narrative

the sum of stories contained in a set of ties. (page 161)

Narrative

the sum of stories contains in a set of ties

Culture

the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; everything but the natural environment around us.

content analysis

the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.

Social Stratification

the systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality (can be closed or open depending on mobility)

Miscegenation

the technical term for interracial marriage; literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged--sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage

Role conflict

the tension cause by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

Education

the transmission of society's norms, values, and knowledge base by means of direct instruction (first occurred informally through family and community)

Whats one way to measure crime?

the uniform crime reports (ucr)

Coercion

the use of force to get others to do what you want

What is role performance?

the use of: stage "regions", use of props, scripts. example: going to the doctor and playing the sick role as expected.

Informal social sanctions

the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life

Dramaturgical theory

the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets

sexuality

the ways in which people construct their sexual desires and relationships, including the norms governing sexual behavior

Organizational structure

the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization

Organizational structure

the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization.

organizational structure

the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization. (page 178)

Proletariat

the working class

how do symbolic interactionists view education?

theorists focus more on the interactions between the children and how the teachers teach the children. children are socialized into their gender stereotypes by their peers. a teacher's behavior towards their students has a significant effect on how they view themselves

Broken windows theory of deviance

theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts

Contagion theory

theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact

Emergent norm theory

theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynotes in promoting particular norms

Convergence theory

theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place

phrenology

theory that skull configurations of deviant individuals differ from those of non deviants

cognitive culture

things shared in a culture such as music, language, and ideas

material culture

things shared in a culture that you can touch

Ritz's Means of Consumption

things that make it possible for people to acquire goods and services; same people controlled and exploited as consumers (mall...place where you can buy things but wind up buying things you don't need half the time)

interracial marriage

this is when someone marries someone of another race, about 3.9% of all marriages are interracial •Keep in mind that interracial marriages have not always been accepted socially or legally in the U.S. In fact, they were legally banned in many states up until the 1967 Supreme Court case, Loving v. Virginia.

intraracial marriage

this is when someone marries someone of the same race, about 96.1% of all marriages are intraracial

role exit

this occurs when for instance people retire, are released from prison, etc. and they are forced to find a new identity or master status in a sense

status set

this refers to all of the statuses that a person holds in society at any given them

role conflict

this refers to conflict among roles corresponding to 2 or more statuses • For example: let's say you are a mother and a wife - these roles have traditionally held the responsibilities of childcare, housework, job - therefore it is difficult to keep up with all of the status expectations and often we must choose one role over another or find an alternative option like hiring a housekeeper to help or having your spouse do more work around the house

role strain

this refers to the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status • For example: say you received a work promotion and now you are managing your fellow coworkers that you also consider your friends, it may be difficult to balance the new relationship as their boss with that of their friend;

Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep Earth's population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist?

thomas malthus

informal side of a bureaucracy

those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

significant others

those from whom you seek approval

Social control

those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

significant others

those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self

Coercion

threat or use of violence to force compliance; costly, difficult, requires surveillance and suppression; vulnerable to instability

According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility?

to increase its profits through legal means

We have seen how families, supposedly bastions of comfort and solace, can be challenging environments. Think about the last time you shared a Thanksgiving dinner with your family. Of the many dishes that were presented, how many were dishes that you had all been enjoying for, say, most of your life? While it's true that this is not the case with every one of us, for many, it's not only true, but something we all look forward to. What kind of authority might be happening at the family table over Thanksgiving dinner?

traditional authority

At the start of the 20th century, as millions of immigrants arrived from all over the world, lawmakers and social scientists debated how all of the..

true

When the white residents of Eight Mile Road in were told they were too close to the black neighborhood to qualify for a

true

Megachurch

typically, a conservative Protestant church that attracts at least 2,000 worshippers per week

deviance of the powerful

ubiquitous and wide ranging, but often escape punishment; fraud, bribery, cheating, prostitution, doping

What are the two definitions of crime?

under the legalistic approach it is the violation of formal statuses established by legitimate governments, crime is whatever the law says it is at any given time and place. under the naturalistic approach it is the violation of divinely inspired rules.

cultural relativism

understanding that you don't have to agree with another culture for it to be acceptable

class system

unequal groups but with a relatively high degree of social mobility. . It is much more open and social status is achieved rather than ascribed. Class distinctions are much more blurred.

latent functions

unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants

Public Education

universal education system provided by the government and funded by tax revenues rather than student fees (was a demand of labor unions and of A.A. during reconstruction era)

informal social control

unofficial means of sanctioning deviance in everyday interactions (frowns, looks, comments, embarrassment)

Describe the "I" (viewer)

unpredictable, spontaneous, self-centered, self-awareness, responsive to the "me", "I" am the one doing the viewing of "me" as a social creature.

hidden curriculum

unspoken socialization to norms, values, and roles-including gender roles-that occurs in the classroom

sexual harassment

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature

Social Mobility

upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time

Characteristics of Industrialization

use of machinery and mass production; birth of the industrial laborer; classes in industrial capitalism; Henry Ford paid workers consumer wages; period of low unemployment; industrial today declining

Nonmaterial culture

values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

Non-material culture

values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.

nonmaterial culture

values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms. (page 78)

culture

values, beliefs, knowledge, and products shared and learned in a society

What is deviance?

violence of widely accepted social norms. exists in every society. different in each society: culturally related. within a society: changes over time, with the actor, the situation, and audience.

war economy

war boosts economic productivity and employment, particularly in industrial sector

war latent functions

war economy, patriotism and national pride, family life, demographics, "baby boom"

reference group

we use as standards or points of reference to evaluate ourselves and our choices. They may include family, an organized church, an organization, or a class. Reference groups operate as a form of social control, acting as a yardstick for us to gauge our behaviors and beliefs

well-being gay

well-being gay

College, Income, and Debt

well-paid occupations require higher education, while others are often part-time, low-pay, and low-benefit; college graduate income prospects have diminished in comparison to earlier graduates; minority students are more likely to cary heavy student loan debt; women lag behind in wages

ideal culture

what we "say" we are doing

real culture

what we are "actually" doing

Strain theory

when a gap exists between cultural goals for success and means available to achieve those goals, rates of deviance will be high

anticipatory socialization

when an individual adopts the values, beliefs, and practices of a group to which they wish to belong, but do not yet

Recidivism

when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior

Paradigm shift/Scientific revolution

when enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena

Stereotype threat

when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes

functionalism

when one social institution is experiencing problems, another will step up to help regain stability -Functionalists see everything in society as serving (or having) a function. So even something like crime is seen as functional or necessary for society. For instance, crime is functional because it supplies many jobs in the criminal justice system, it defines right versus wrong

short-term unintended

when teenagers play violent video games and then go out and commit crimes almost identical to those portrayed in the game, or, when a kid listens to heavy metal music with violent lyrics and then commits a school shooting

secondary socialization

when you start something new like college

tracking - conflict theories

while it may be beneficial for some students to be tracked and placed in either slower (vocational), normal (general), or faster (college) tracks; it can also be harmful in that once students are "locked" into a track, it is difficult for them to gain access into another track. Often the students who are put at a disadvantage or "locked" into lower tracks are children of color and children from poorer social classes. Research has shown that being stuck in lower tracks can negatively affect self-esteem, teachers treat students differently based on their track, and it perpetuates social inequalities within the larger society.

Your good friend Narayan is visiting from India. You both have just finished checking out in the department store. As you walk to the exit, the burly white security guard stops Narayan and insists that he open his parcel for inspection. However, you, a white person, are allowed to continue. One of the likely reasons for this is that people

who are white are usually ignored in situations like this

internalized opression

whoever is being oppressed has absorbed and embraced it despite the fact that it is damaging to their well-being

why did we enforce compulsory education in the 19th century?

why did we enforce compulsory education in the 19th century?

why race is a social construction not biological

why race is a social construction not biological

Second shift

women's responsibility for housework and child care--everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes

Fila

word for category

atavisms

word used that means deviant people are more likely primitive humans

Boundary work

work done to maintain the border between legitimate and non legitimate science within a specific scientific discipline or between legitimate disciplines

Underemployed

working PT but want to FT or working below skill level

Subsistence consumption

working class

Jeffrey Reiman

wrote "...And the Poor Get Prison"

Ronald Takaki

wrote "A Different Mirror"

Gwynne Dyer

wrote "Anybody's Son Will Do"

Horace Miner

wrote "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema"

George Herbert Mead

wrote "Mind, Self, and Society", developed the three stages of socialization

W.E.B. DuBois

wrote "Of Our Spiritual Starvings"

William Shakespeare

wrote in his play, "As You Like It", "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players"

In 2011, the Occupy Movement saw a series of demonstrations throughout the country. One of these took place on the campus University of California at Berkeley. Following a series of "teach-outs" that sought to rally participants around the idea that education mattered and should be freely available, demonstrators set up tents in Sproul Plaza. As police arrived to remove the tents. demonstrators locked arms to stop the police. Police then used 36-inch riot batons to force the protestors to disperse. Video footage showed demonstrators being dragged by the hair. Police response to the incident stated that active resistance by linking arms was itself a form of violence. Following this, the campus community passed a resolution condemning the police actions. Is this an example of the paradox of authority, and if so, in what way?

yes, because the police department used physical force to enforce its will, and lost its legitimate authority

According to Peggy Mclntosh(1988), which of the following statements about "being white" is the most accurate? If you are white.

you don't have to think much about your racial identity

theory

—a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

hypothesis

—a statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables. A variable is any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situation, or society to another.

cultural imperialism

—the extensive infusion of one nation's culture into other nations.

transgender

"...a broad range of people who experience and/or express their gender differently from what most people expect — either in terms of expressing a gender that does not match the sex listed on their original birth certificate (i.e., designated sex at birth), or physically changing their sex. It is an umbrella term that includes people who are transsexual, cross-dressers or otherwise gender non-conforming. Not all people who consider themselves (or who may be considered by others as) transgender will undergo a gender transition

race

"...a category of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and stature

secondary group

"...larger and more impersonal than a primary group and that exists to achieve a specific purpose" ex-student, political, and religious groups

feminism

"...the belief that women and men should have equal opportunities in economic, political, and social life"

ethnicity

"...the shared social, cultural, and historical experiences, stemming from common national or regional backgrounds, that make subgroups of a population different from one another" linked to geographic region, nationality, religion, linked to geographic region, nationality, religion,

sexual orientation

"...to an individual's physical and/or emotional attraction to the same and/or opposite gender

Sociology

"The systematic study of human society"

What are the key elements of the social-conflict paradigm?

(1) society is structured in ways to benefit a few at the expense of the majority (2) factors such as race, sex, class, and age are linked to social inequality (3) Dominant group vs. minority group relations (incompatible interests and major differences)

What are 4 cultural universals?

(1) the family- assignment of social responsibilities for young and the control of sexual reproduction. (2) funeral rites- community bonding with closure, comfort, and continuity for the living. (3) smiling and humor- outward signs of a friendship and safety valve for social tensions. (4) deviance- a constant reminder of the behavioral limits found in a given society with respect to individuality and nonconformity.

What are the two parts of the criminal justice system?

(1) the police- 660,000 sworn officers. lots of anti-police attitudes. community policing approach (getting people involved). (2) the courts- the adversarial principle. defendants are considered innocent until proven guilty. four kinds of crime and four treatments. the celebrated cases, serious felonies, less serious felonies, misdemeanors.

What are four deceptions in communication?

(1) using words- simple slips of the tongue (2) quality of speech(voice)- hints of discomfort: pauses, stumbling. trembling or shaky voice. (3) body language- sudden swallowing, rapid breathing, and trying to "fake it" often provide clues to deception. nervousness. (4) facial expressions- raising and drawing together of the eyebrows (an involuntary movement) indicates worry.

Agents of socialization: family

**most important one -almost exclusive control of person during first years of life and majority of control in childhood and adolesence years. -parent- control emotional bond motivates child to be socialized and parents to do difficult job -learn from intentional teaching and behavior of parents (unintentional)

monogamy

, it is when one man and one woman are married only to each other, however, the basic definition is much more general than that....it is when one person is in the practice or state of being with only one other person OR having a sexual relationship with one one other person. So monogamy relates to all types of relationships, not just heterosexual

Reasons for Cultural Change: Discovery

- Involves exploration and investigation

endogamy

- This is when people marry within their own social category or group, including race, religion, social class, and ethnicity. This is probably the most common type of family or arrangement.

achieved status

- a status or social position that someone assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and effort or through good or bad luck • Examples: athlete, honor student, husband, engineer

conflict theory

- certain groups are treated unequally based on their identities and positions in the social system (for example: women, racial & ethnic minorities, and gays and lesbians). -The "haves" are the ones that have most of the wealth, status, and power in a society, while the "have nots" have very little. More resources are given to the "haves" and they tend to control society. There are many more "have-nots", than "haves".

Gramsci

-believed that everyone, no matter what their occupation, their interests, or their education, is able to work out their own coherent ideas of how the world really works. -dded another dimension to the definition of hegemony: domination by consent. -Gramsci's point is that we have been conditioned by our language to think -- and feel about that thinking -- in ways that serve the dominant ideology. And if that dominant ideology insists that poverty is the fault of the individual while systematically keeping certain groups or classes of people poor, that hegemony must be dislodged by substantive, revolutionary change. -hegemony locks up a society even more tightly because of the way ideas are transmitted by language. The words we use to speak and write have been constructed by social interactions through history and shaped by the dominant ideology of the times. Thus they are loaded with cultural meanings that condition us to think in particular ways, and to not be able to think very well in other ways.

Agents of socialization: school

-official curriculum (subjects, tradition) -hidden curriculum (rules of behavior, conformity) -social curriculum (sports, clubs)

Agents of socialization: peers

-without direct supervision of adults: reinforce or contradict messages of family -conformity of peers expected (peer pressure) -anticipatory socialization ~ learning that helps a person achieve a desired position or role

Language allows an internal conversation between the "I" and the "me". This conversation produces the uniqueness of a person.

...

Many social problems faced by Americans are more serious elsewhere.

...

People hold differing opinions about their social world

...

We all come from different social experiences and they bias our assumptions.

...

know how we measure social class: SES, income, wealth, education, occupation

...Functionalists often use SES or socioeconomic status to measure social class. The SES is dependent upon income, occupation, and education ---Conflict theorists are more apt to use ownership of the means of production as a measure of social class

major functions of education according to functionalists?

...major functions of education according to functionalists?

different agents of socialization and how they operate (5)

1.family-influence our views on gender and social class, as well as our understandings of sexuality and race; families provide expectations about how to properly behave; 2.schools-social interaction skills; children learn to follow authority figures 3.peers- friends can provide emotional comfort, support, and fun experiences but there are also issues involving peer pressure 4.mass media-stronger influence in the socialization of children through the Internet/video games/television/movies/music; some people blame the violence in video games and television for causing school shootings or other violent acts 5.religion-influence on our beliefs, values, and behaviors

characteristics of bureaucracies

1.specialization-worker has a specific task 2.Hierarchy-a pyramid with few in power at the top and many subordinate workers below them 3.Written rules and regulations 4.Impartiality and impersonality- workers for large organizations not be hired because they know someone, but more based on their skills and knowledge 5.Record keeping- track of everything like bills, inventory orders, etc

A typical African American family has about _____ of the net worth of the typical white family

10%

Social Institution

A complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined, in a narrow sense, as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it.

In what way does a vassal resemble the mechanism of limited liability?

A vassal, the party in the feudal system that was granted land and permitted to reap the harvest in exchange for military protection, effectively shielding the individual from harm. a form of ownership that creates a division between the individual shareholder or executive and the business entity

Which of the following statements about changes in the boy-girl achievement gap during the past 30 years is true?

Achievements among girls have improved in many ways, while boys from lower-class backgrounds have worsened.

What is culture?

All the artifacts of people, both material and non-material. do not confuse culture with society. society refers to a group of people, interacting within a given territory, who are guided in their daily lives by their culture.

Social Class

Although many other factors may be present, social class pressures may affect rates of suicide among young people from lower-income families when they perceive that they have few educational or employment opportunities and little hope for the future. However, class-based inequality alone cannot explain suicides among young people.

If you're going to college in California, you and your family may have experienced severe "sticker shock" when the tuition bills arrived. The state had a 32 percent increase in the tuition levels in 2010, and another 9.6 percent hike in 2011. There are more increases proposed. All the increases are driving one of the major problems that Michael Hout discusses at length in his interview with Dalton Conley. According to Hout, what is the indirect cause that is holding many students back from getting that college degree?

An increasing proportion of costs are borne by individuals and families as states shift costs away from the general tax base

Reflexivity

Analyzing and critically considering the white coat effects you may be inspiring with your research process.

What is the paradox of the use of antibiotics to fight bacterial infections?

Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but their increased use has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria

What are symbols?

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture.

What are the two types of statuses?

Ascribed status- "a social position assigned to a person at birth or at a later stage in the life cycle." Achieved status- "a social position that a person attains through personal effort"

leadership skills

Authoritarian leadership Democratic leadership -majority Laissez-faire leadership - no leadership

Why did the barter system, predominant as part of the economic system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, contribute to the development of the corporation?

Bartering was only viable in small villages, but in the context of large cities, the need for a monetary system emerged, leading to new institutional types

Inductive reasoning

Begins with specific observation followed by: Data collection Conclusion about patterns or irregularities Formulation of hypotheses leading to theory construction

Cultural relativism

Belief that no culture is better than another

Ethnocentrism

Belief that one's culture, society or group is superior to others

Popular culture

Beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widespread among a population

Ideal culture

Beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold

Karl Marx

Believed that it was primarily the conflicts between classes that drove social change throughout history. He saw history as an account of a mans struggle to gain control of and later dominate his natural environment -all systems have their own fault lines of conflict.

What have studies shown about the overall health of blacks and whites with similar incomes and education levels

Blacks have worse health than whites regardless of income or education leve

sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills This is "the realization that personal troubles are rooted in public issues ex: an overweight individual. Some may look at them and blame them for being overweight. They might think they are lazy, they need to exercise, they have no self control, etc. However, think about the social institutions around them. Did they grow up in a family

Violations Under Scientific Misconduct

Changing research results to please the corporation that sponsored the research Endorsing specific drugs which fail to reduce health problems for monetary gains Allowing drug makers to ghost write their articles published in medical journal Falsifying data

looking-glass self

Charles Horton Cooley's term for the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

Primordialism

Clifford Geertz's term to explain the strength of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture

Multiculturalism

Coexistence of several cultures without dominating each other in a same geographical area

Cross-sectional

Collected at one point in time Provide valuable information

Longitudinal

Collected at two or more points in time from the same or different samples Used to examine trends in behavior or attitudes

harriet Martineau

Comte's works were made more accessible for a wide variety of scholars through the efforts of the British sociologist Harriet Martineau

various types of crime

Conventional crimes - these are violent and property offenses including homicide, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and motor White-collar crime - this is crime committed in the course of one's occupation - Examples: fraud, tax evasion, employee theft, embezzlement vehicle theft Corporate crime is included in this category; this often occurs with bureaucracies and the government ex health issues Victimless crime - this is illegal behavior in which people participate involuntarily, including drug use, prostitution, sodomy, and gambling

looking glass self

Cooley's term to refer to the process by which our "self" develops through internalizing others' reaction to us.

Reasons for Cultural Change: Invention

Creating new things

High culture

Cultural expression of a society's highest social classes

What is high culture?

Cultural patterns found within a society's elite groups.

Define values.

Culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty. which serve as a broad guidelines for social living.

culture and characteristics

Culture is a critical component of all societies and it includes beliefs, values, knowledge, art, morals, law, customs, habits, and language. --characteristics-- learned shared taken for granted symbolic varies across time and place

Chapter 3 summary

Culture shapes our attitudes and behaviors The building blocks of culture are symbols, language, values, and norms There are diversities and similarities across and within cultures Social class affects our participation in high culture and popular culture Technology has influenced cultural changes

Cultural universals

Customs and practices that are common to all societies

What defines a large group?

Division of labor increases, becomes more stable, intimacy, obsession decreases; becomes more formal, communication changes, divides into smaller groups.

Overgeneralization

Drawing conclusions about behavior or events based on limited observations

"the division of labor"

Durkheim wrote this. refers to the degree to which jobs are specialized.

groups

Dyad - this is the smallest group and consists of 2 people like a married couple or 2 people dating Triad - this consists of three people and the relationships are often pretty intense and they may be more stable by having a third person as a mediator unless two of the members decide to gang up on the third member

Probability sample

Each person has an equal chance of being selected due to random selection Results can be generalized to the larger population.

anomie

Emile Durkheim's term for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.

social facts

Emile Durkheim's term for patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.

organic solidarity

Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion found in industrial (and perhaps postindustrial) societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

mechanical solidarity

Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

Feminist theories

Emphasize discord Downplay social class inequality Focus on experiences of low-income and minority women and not men

In his interview with Dalton Conley David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is old-fashioned. Which of the following is an example of a perverse incentive?

Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken. In order to increase their chances of being accepted into the program, some students take easier classes the semester before applying in order to boost their grade point average

impression management (presentation of self)

Erving Goffman's term for people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.

face-saving behavior

Erving Goffman's term for the strategies people use to rescue their performance when they experience a potential or actual loss of face.

dramaturgical analysis

Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

Material culture

Everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology.

Symbolic interaction

Fails to explain how people create and shape culture or develop shared meanings of reality Does not address linkage between culture and subcultures

In the defining racism reading, the author uses prejudice and racism interchangeably

False

August Comte (1798-1857)

Father of Sociology

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology Advocated empirical study of society. Coined the term sociology. He maintained that the study of society must be empirical. That is, information should be based on observations, experiments, or other data collection rather than on ideology, religion, intuition, or conventional wisdom. He saw sociology as the scientific study of two aspects of society: social statics and social dynamics.

Quantitative

Focuses on numerical analysis of people's responses or specific characteristics

Rituals

Formal and repeated behaviors that unite people Transmit and reinforce norms Unites people and strengthens relationships Outward symbol of value

Laws

Formally defined norms about what is permissible or illegal

Mass media

Forms of communication to reach maximum number of people Capable of shaping public attitudes and behavior

The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience?

Foucalt's panopticon

functionalist theory

Functionalist theorists believe that races should be absorbed into the larger (white) culture and they should adopt the goals of mainstream society. They want them to assimilate or imitate American culture

evolution

Functionalist thought, from Comte onwards, has looked particularly towards biology as the science providing the closest and most compatible model for social science. Biology has been taken to provide a guide to conceptualizing the structure and the function of social systems and to analyzing processes of evolution via mechanisms of adaptation ... functionalism strongly emphasises the pre-eminence of the social world over its individual parts (i.e. its constituent actors, human subjects).

Cultural Lag

Gap that occurs when material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture Creates confusion, ambiguity about what is right and wrong, conflict, and a feeling of helplessness Exposes contradictory values and behavior

gender identity

Gender identity appears to form very early in life and is most likely irreversible by age 4. Although the exact causes of gender identity remain unknown, biological, psychological, and social variables clearly influence the process.

What is the third and final stage of Mead's socialization?

Generalized other stage- "an integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one's community or society." also understanding multiple roles in multiple structures of society and the world.

Reasons for Rejecting Scientific Findings

Generalizing all research based on few unethical research practices Challenging personal attitudes and beliefs valued by people Minorities' lack of belief on the scientific community

mead

George Herbert Mead - focus on children's playing which taught them how to interact with others; he felt that social roles are the basis for all interactions because they provide expectations for our behaviors • "take the role of the other"

generalized other

George Herbert Mead's term for the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.

Verstehen

German for "understanding" The concept of Verstehen comes from Max Weber and is the basis for interpretive sociology in which researchers imagine themselves experiencing the life positions of the social actions they want to understand rather than treating those people as objects to be examined.

Verstehen

German for "understanding".. The concept comes from Max Weber and is the basis of interpretive sociology in which researchers imagine themselves experiencing the life positions of the social actors they want to understand rather than treating those people as subjects to be examined

Verstehen

German for "understanding." The concept of Verstehen comes from Max Weber and is the basis of interpretive sociology in which researchers imagine themselves experiencing the life positions of the social actors they want to understand rather than treating those people as objects to be examined. (page 26)

Verstehen

German: understanding. The concept of forms the object of inquiry for interpretive sociology--to study how social actors understand their actions and the social world through experience

Human Society

Group behavior is primary focus; how groups influence individuals and vice versa.

Society

Group of people who share a culture and defined territory

Subculture

Group within a society that has distinctive norms, values, beliefs, lifestyle or language

Counterculture

Groups that oppose and/or reject the dominant culture's norms, values, or laws

What are countercultures?

Groups whose cultural patterns are at great odds with wider society. Examples being radical militia groups, the Klan, and skinhead groups.

What are subcultures?

Groups whose cultural patterns set them apart from wider society. Examples being religious cults, inner-city teens, cowboys, the Amish, farmers.

Erickson- identity development

He believed the identity develops throughout 8 stages of life over the life course Stages 1-4 (from birth to 12) - children learn trust, self-control, and independence and they learn how to do tasks whose complexity increases with age. • Stage 5 - identity crisis (in adolescence) - this occurs in the transition between childhood and adulthood, trying to understand their identity, they may rebel • Stages 6-8 (young to late adulthood) - identity is tied to and developed within their family and work roles and being a contributing member of society, experience the realization that life is almost over

Durkheim

He wished to understand how society holds together and how modern capitalism and industrialism have transformed the ways people relate to one another.

Importance of Studying Sociology

Helps make informed decisions Aids in understanding diversity Shapes social and public policies and practices Develops critical thinking Expands career opportunities

How did the post-World War II economic boom contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class?

Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities

The text notes that one form of political participation - voter turnout - is much lower among the poor than among the higher income groups, but that gap widens further in other forms of political participation such as working for a candidate. According to this line of thinking, what might one reason for the large gap between voting and working for a candidate be?

Higher-income citizens have a large "stake" in political outcomes

What is Charles Horton Cooley's theory?

His theory is the Looking Glass which states that (1) our self is our interpretation of how others see us (2) we are socially created by our interactions with others (3) self comes about as a result of the way he/she perceives the responses of others towards him/her.

Symbols

Hold specific meaning for people who share a culture Take many forms Distinguish one culture from another Unify or divide a society Change over time

Same-sex marriage has been widely accepted in many states, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior?

Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity

Karl Marx

In sharp contrast to Durkheim's focus on the stability of society, German economist and philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883) stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces.

Culture

Includes the aspects that characterize a particular group or society

What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like?

Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

Industralization

Industrialization is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

In the United States, the social security system is designed to assist people over the age of 65. In conjunction with the logic of industrialism thesis, why does this identify the United States as a welfare state?

Industry does not depend on the elderly for work, so the state takes care of them

Cultural imperialism

Influence and dominance of cultural values and products of one society over another Displaces authentic local culture and results in cultural loss

How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used as one of several explanations for the great differences between the United States and other advanced democracies in terms of inequality and poverty?

Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States did

describe different types of leaders

Instrumental leaders emphasize focus on group goals and completing group tasks so more time giving orders and more formal/less personal relationships • Expressive leaders emphasize the collective well-being of the group by maintaining and improving the quality of relationships between group members to ensure group harmony so more affection and personal relationships; they often try to offer sympathy, joke around, and boost the group morale

What is rehabilitation?

Intervention or therapy that is to "cure" the offender, setting him or her on the "right path"

How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family?

It encouraged men to marry and have children, as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children

sociological perspective

It is..."the belief that people's social backgrounds influence their attitudes, behaviors, and life chances

socialization is a process

Its a life-long process of social experiences, leading to personal development which is fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Jane addams

Jane Addams (1860-1935) is one of the best-known early women sociologists in the United States because she founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in an impoverished area of Chicago

Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Kohlberg- moral development

Kohlberg - he presented young boys with the Heinz dilemma and learned that children learn how to think morally or distinguish between right and wrong by passing through the following stages of moral development preconventional-punish conventional- rules postconventional- freedom

What is common law?

Laws develop gradually over time through the accumulation of many cases.

Jane Addams

Leader in the women's suffrage movement Awarded Nobel peace prize

Nonprobability sample

Little attempt to get a representative cross section of the population Useful when exploring a new topic or want to get insights on how people feel about a particular topic before launching a larger study.

Status hierarchy system

a system of stratification based on social prestige

Midrange Theory

a theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function -neither macrosociology or microsociology **key is that it generates falsifiable hypotheses--- predictions that can be tested by analyzing the real world.

Midrange theory

a theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function. (page 34)

juvenile delinquency

a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people.

Family wage

a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children

Tracking

a way of dividing students into different classes or ability or future plans

network

a web of social relationships that links one person with other people and, through them, with other people they know

Social Categories of People

people who share common characteristics without necessarily interacting or identifying with one another

transsexuals

people who use surgery and hormones to change their sex to match their preferred gender

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own.

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own. (page 77)

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from to perspective of one's own.

Social structure

the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.

internalization

the complex process through which we learn our society's culture and establish our view of the world. through this process humans come to be influenced by their own creations; they are social products

Hegemonic masculinity

the condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege is invisible

Oligopoly

the condition when a handful of firms effectively control a particular market

Tie

the connection between two people in a relationship that varies in strength from one relationship to the next, a story that explains our relationship with another member of our network.

hegemonic masculinity

the culturally normative idea of male behavior, which often emphasizes strength, domination, and aggression (harmful for both men and women)

mediator

the member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group ex: marriage counselor

beliefs

the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society. (page 113)

socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society. (page 87)

divide et impera

the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group. (page 154)

Divide et impera

the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the others two actors in the group.

Coalescence

the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized (that is, concrete action is taken) around the problems outlined in the first stage

Me

the self as perceived as an object by the "I", the self as one imagines others perceive one

Me

the self as perceived as an object by the "I", the self as one imagines others perceive one.

Me

the self as perceived as an object by the "I"; the self as one imagines others perceive one

me

the self as perceived as an object by the "I"; the self as one imagines others perceive one. (page 117)

roles

the sets of expected behaviors that are associated with particular statuses

Organizational culture

the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group, often used interchangeably with corporate culture.

Consumerism

the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belie that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved

Consumerism

the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved.

consumerism

the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved. (page 103)

sociology

the study of human society

Game theory

the study of strategic decisions under conditions of uncertainty and interdependence

ethnomethodology

the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

What is victimology?

the study of the victims of crime.

Sample

the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data

sample

the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data

Sample

the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data.

Narrative

the sum of stories contained in a set of ties.

Role Conflict

the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

role conflict

the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

role conflict

the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses. (page 129)

Functionalism

the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running

Functionalism

the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running. (page 31)

Culture Lag

the time gap between the appearance of a new technology and the words and practices that give it meaning.

self-concept

the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.

nonverbal communication

the transfer of information between persons without the use of words.

Champagne-glass distribution

the unequal, global distribution of income, so names for its shape

culture

a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; everything but the natural environment around us.

values

moral beliefs. (page 86)

heterosexual

people who are attracted to people of a different sex

homosexual

people who are attracted to people of the same sex

independent variable

a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable.

Unemployed

people who are jobless, actively looked for work in the last 4 weeks, and are available for work

Mediator

the member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group

One aspect of society that has been exposed very clearly by globalization is the divide between haves and have-nots. The top one percent of adults in the world hold almost half - 46 percent - of the world's wealth. At the other end, the bottom half holds only 1 percent of the world's wealth. In order to be in the top 10 percent of the world's wealthiest citizens, one must hold at least

$4,000 worth of assets

What are roles?

"The behavioral expectations attached to statuses occupied by individuals in a given society." Example: student who is expected to (study, party, take exams, trash apartments, write papers, among others)

Sociology asks students to:

(1) Give up familiar Assumptions. (2) Know that society influences people by guiding thoughts and behaviors.

What are the three theories of socialization?

(1) Nature- hereditary/biological (2) nurture- environmental/sociological (3) sociobiology

Structural-Functionalism is...?

(1) a macro-oriented paradigm (2) views society as a complex system with many interdependent parts (3) the parts work together to promote social stability and order (4) major changes to the systems parts is not required or desired; system seeks to maintain its equilibrium.

Influences on who we marry?

(1) family (2) religion (3) government (4) the media (5) social class (6) education

What are the different types of deviance?

(1) folkways- refers to simple everyday norms based on customs, traditions, or etiquette. (2) mores- norms based on broad social morals whose infraction would generate more serious social condemnation. (3) laws- the strongest social norms supported by codified social sanctions.

What is violent street crime?

(1) homicide- 20,000 americans annually, most take place between people who know each other, most committed by women are self-defense against their husband, very few are pro hit-men. (2) forcible rape- a crime of power, penalties are stiff because rape was initially thought of as a property crime.

What are the basics of the social-conflict paradigm?

(1) macro-oriented paradigm (2) Views society as a structured system based on inequality (3) social conflict between groups over scarce resources is the norm.

We need to learn to separate things that have to do with:

(1) personal troubles, or biography (2) social issues, or history.

What are the two types of index crimes?

(1) personal- homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. (2) property- burglary, larceny-theft, auto-theft, and arson .

Influences on us?

(1) society and norms (2) social expectations (3) rewards and punishment (4) organizations (5) groups

Postmodernism

A condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed afflictions

What is the SELF?

A developmental process occurring between the stimulus and response. The interaction between "I" and "me"

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

Early feminist Sociologist -looked at how marriage devalues women -looked at how the American education system fails most students -methodologist

generalization

A generalization is just a statement of tendency, rather than an actual fact.

What are groups?

A group is "a set of people who identify and interact with one another in a structured way, based on shared values and goals.

Organization

any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world

Sociological Imagination

Ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and social influences

Concept

Abstract idea, mental image, or general notion that represents some aspect of the world

symbolic interactionist

All deviance is learned in groups. Deviance stems from interacting and socializing with primary group members who commit deviance and have values conducive to deviance. So basically, people are more likely to engage in behaviors if their friends are doing it, like sex or drugs or crime.

Reflexive spirituality

a contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound though and feeling rather than for absolute truths on how the world works

interview

a data-collection encounter in which an interviewer asks the respondent questions and records the answers.

What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender?

Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging

ethnography

a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years.

Dramaturgical Theory

Erving Goffman... the view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes and sets.

resocialization

a dramatic change in a person's beliefs, values, and behavior, often occurring in total institutions which have enormous control over people; our existing social roles are radically altered and replaced with new roles Examples of total institutions: prisons, boot camps, convent, religious cults, mental asylums, Nazi concentration camps

Feminist Theories

Examine women's social, economic, and political inequality Consider gender an important variable in sociological research Include many perspectives Liberal, radical, and global feminism Do not consider different points of view Downplay social class inequality

W.E.B Du Bois

Examined oppressive effects of race and class Advocated women's rights Played a key role in reshaping black-white relations in AmericaW.E.B Du Bois was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. Du Bois believed that the race problem was one of ignorance and wanted to provide a "cure" for prejudice and discrimination. Such cures included promoting black political power and civil rights and providing blacks with a higher education rather than funneling them into technical schools. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Qualitative

Examines and interprets nonnumerical material

Common sense vs. Sociology (sociology)

Examines claims and beliefs critically Considers various points of view Enables individuals to move beyond established ways of thinking Analyzes how social context influences people's lives

Secondary Analysis

Examines data collected by someone else Data includes: Historical materials Personal documents Public records Official statistics

Conflict Theory

Examines how and why groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources Perceives tension between haves and have-nots Explains how societies create and cope with disagreements Overemphasizes competition and coercion

Symbolic Interactionism

Examines individual's everyday behavior through the communication of: Knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes Bases actions on social interaction Examines communication via symbols Overlooks the influence of macro-level factors Ignores irrational and unconscious aspects of human behavior

Macrosociology

Examines large-scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole

Microsociology

Examines the patterns of individual's social interaction in specific settings

What is dramaturgical analysis?

Examining social interaction in terms of theatrical performances.

Wealth

a family's or individual's new worth (that is, total assets minus total debts)

ingroup

a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

Corporation

a legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from that of its members, namely, its owners and shareholders

ego

Sigmund Freud's term for the rational, realityoriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.

Bureaucracy

a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy

Biological determinism

a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of who you are in the natural world

Double Consciousness

a concept conceived by W.E.B. Du Bois to describe the two behavioral script, one for moving through the wold an the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans.

Hegemony

a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses

The Coleman Report, issued in 1964 soon after the Brown v. Board of Education decision about desegregation, found that differences in achievement among schools depended primarily on students' family background and their classmates and not on differences in school resources. This had significant implications for equality in education, but no obvious solutions. Studies done following the Coleman report demonstrated that smaller class sizes benefited students significantly. Why might this finding contradict the Coleman report?

Smaller class sizes would mean that more resources- teachers, classrooms, books, and so forth- would be needed.

What fundamental question about the nature of society was Adam Smith interested in that led him to reason out his ideas found in The Wealth of Nations and lay the foundation for capitalism?

Smith wondered how societies could remain intact and avoid devolving into chaos

hegemony

a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses ~ stands in contrast to domination ~important for understanding media

Hegemony

a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses.

hegemony

a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses. (page 92)

Experimental group

Participants are exposed to the independent variable

Control group

Participants are not exposed to the independent variable

Tradition

Passed down from generation to generation

In general, how has the Internet affected the doctor-patient relationship?

Patients can research their symptoms prior to meeting with a physician and may (or may not) be able to speak more knowledgeably about their condition and possible treatments

What is popular culture?

Patterns that are widespread.

Who are the agents of socialization?

People and groups who pass on culture through interacting within the context of social institutions.

Essentialism

a line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones

Postmodernism

a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations

According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

Social discomfort and fear of difference.

emile durkheim

Social facts are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person. anomie—a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.

Postmodernism

a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations. (page 34)

Alienation

a condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien power; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society

Max Weber

Social organization Subjective understanding of behavior Value-free sociology was a German sociologist, economist, legal scholar, historian, and politician. Weber focused on social organization, a subjective understanding of behavior, and a value-free sociology.

Sociology

The study of human society

Sociology

The study of human society (pg. 4)

Social equality

a condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist

Which of the following would be considered a positive trait or characteristic for men which in today's hegemonic masculinity?

a love for sports

Authority

Socially accepted source of information

symbolic interactionism (micro)

Society exists within our immediate social interactions where people interpret and give meaning to behaviors - it is a negotiation. Society exists within the minds of people but their effects are real. -For example, as a female, I have been taught by my parents and others, to be careful walking alone at night.

C. Wright Mills' sociological imagination states that...

Society is often responsible for many of our problems.

Individuals are unique... but

Society's social forces shape us into "kinds" of people

What is acculturation?

When there is a lot of contact and one culture becomes "used to" the other

Feminism

a consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect

Isomorphism

a constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions

Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages?

The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man

European American

The heritage of origin of most "white" people in the United States

What is culture as freedom?

The idea that culture is changing and offers a variety of opportunities.

What is culture as constraint?

The idea that we only know our world in terms of our culture.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses some of possible approaches to solving the problems that globalization has brought. This includes negotiating trade agreements that include both labor and the environment. Why might such negotiations impact climate change?

The inclusion of environment in trade agreements could help bring more countries into the process of addressing climate change

Isomorphism

a constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions.

What is social interaction?

The process by which people act and react in relation to others. Humans rely on social structure to make sense out of situation.

What is socialization?

The process of becoming human.

agricultural

The second social revolution occurred with the invention of the plow. The plow lead to the creation of agricultural societies in the Middle East. The increase in crops lead to huge surpluses of food allowing for cities to develop, as well as an extensive trading network --development followed the invention of the wheel, language, numbers, culture, and arts (philosophy and math). This time period was known as the "dawn of civilization". Inequality continued to increase to its highest levels and an elite class of kings, pharaohs, and emperors established itself

What is a patchwork quilt?

The term used to describe America, land of differences.

What is real culture?

The way things actually are and social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations.

What is ideal culture?

The way things should be and social patterns mandated by values and norms.

Max Weber asserted that capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation. Why is this the case?

Theological insecurity and predestination, coupled with accounting advances, led people to see monetary fortune as a sign from God

Charles Horton Cooley

Theorized that the "self" emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and imagine how those others see us.

How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece?

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture

isomorphism

a constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions. (page 179)

What is assimilation?

When the smaller culture is absorbed into the larger culture losing its own identity?

status symbol

a material sign that informs others of a person's specific status.

social script

a "playbook" that "actors" use to guide their verbal replies and overall performance to achieve the desired goal of the conversation or fulfill the role they are playing.

participant observation

a QUALITATIVE research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior in practice

Macro-sociology

a branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis - that is, across the breadth of society

macrosociology

a branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis--- that is across the breadth of a society. they might investigate immigration policy or gender norms or how the educational system interacts with the labor market, **use qualitative methods

Macrosociology

a branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis—that is, across the breadth of a society. (page 41)

microsociology

a branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews focus on face-to-face encounters and the types of interactions between the individuals

organized crime

a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

triad

a group composed of three members

culture

a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; everything but the natural environment around us. (page 75)

Culture

a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; that which is not the nature environment around us

prejudice

a set of negative attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about while categories of people, and about individual members of those categories, because of their perceived race and/or ethnicity

social institution

a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

theory

a set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based.

emerging adulthood

ages 18 to the late 20s.

Wealth

aka net worth; value of everything a person owns, minus value of everything owed; solid; built up over time

Health Care

all activities intended to sustain, promote, and enhance health (speed limits, clean environments, provision of medical services)

Informal economy

all income-generating activities not reported to government as required by law; illegal: guns, drugs, sex trafficking; not illegal but unreported: garage sales, eBay, babysitters; lack of protection of health care; larger in developing countries

impression management

all of us actors on the metaphorical stage are trying to make a good impression on the audience (who also happen to be actors) - we often actively work to ensure that others will believe they are making a good impression as well. this helps keep society and social relations rolling along smoothly

Status set

all the statuses one holds simultaneously

Status set

all the statuses one holds simultaneously.

status set

all the statuses one holds simultaneously. (page 129)

Conflict Perspective of Class

conflict exists between workers, who must sell their labor to survive, and capitalists, who own the means of production; those who have political power use stratification to create economic, political, or social condition favorable to them and their children, even if it is detrimental to other classes

social control-conflict theory

conflict theorists argue that formal schooling reinforces social control over children by teaching the principles of obedience and capitalism in attempts to create a competent workforce that will contribute to society

micro-

conflict theory -society is organized around the power and coercion of one group of people over another. It is the "haves" vs. "the have-nots" -The "haves" are the ones that have most of the wealth, status, and power in a society, while the "have nots" have very little

Structural contradiction theory

conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of society produce laws defining certain acts as deviant or criminal; societies with the greatest gap between what people earn and what they are encouraged to buy will have the highest levels of deviance (conflict theory)

Street crime

crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

labeling

deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do but from how other people respond to it. The effect is then reinforced by how society treats the individual who has been labeled

Control theory

deviance arises from social bonds, or connections to others; less bonds, do not fear social consequences of deviance

Functionalism explanation of deviance

deviance is an abnormality to eliminate, but a certain amount is functional; contributes to social solidarity by enhancing the sense of what is right and wrong; prevents anomie

secondary deviance

deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior

tertiary deviance

deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

Digital divide

differential access to telecommunications and information technologies based on socioeconomic status

agents of g.s. - media

highly sexualized images of women who exhibit passivity and dependency, male cartoon characters represented 4:1 (use more aggression); video games; music videos

impersonality

hiring, promoting, and firing without regard to the person but only with regard to the bureaucratic structure

Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States?

hotel maid

how do conflict theorists think education promotes social inequality?

how do conflict theorists think education promotes social inequality?

division of labor

how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed.

Violence

how the white elite got their power

Norms

how values tell us to behave

norms

how values tell us to behave ~ we value hygene so it is a norm to wash our hands after going to the bathroom ~when we are little we are taught by parents, teachers, peers, etc.

norms

how values tell us to behave. (page 87)

Social integration

how well you are integrated into your social group or community

Research begins with a

hypothesis

Resource dilution model

hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them

norm of evasion

ignoring the norm

occupational (white-collar) crime

illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

corporate crime

illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.

Internet crime

illegal acts committed on the Internet, including FBI-related scams, identity theft, advance fee fraud, nonauction/nondelivery of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.

political crime

illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials or illegal/ unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.

Values

moral beliefs

role

is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

Language

is a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another

natural experiment

is an empirical study in which individuals (or clusters of individuals) exposed to the experimental and control conditions are determined by nature or by other factors outside the control of the investigators, yet the process governing the exposures arguably resembles random assignment.

independent variable

is presumed to be the cause of the relationship; the dependent variable is assumed to be caused by the independent variable

values

moral beliefs ~concept of equal oppurtunity

Poor Neighborhoods

more negative social, economic, and educational effects than in a mixed-income area

Many people believe sex to be an either/or situation (either male or female), but sociologists believe these pure categories are

more of an ideal than an absolute

Why has inequality grown?

more service sector jobs with less benefits

Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, which of the following seems most likely as a way to understand his life and his story?

not Low income, unstable employment, and lack of resources affected Marlin's mother, which in turn affected Marlin

In the text, the discussion about the "height gap" describes how taller men benefit from their height. When Mayan Indians were studied, those who came to the United States gained height after 15 years, due in part to healthier lifestyles. This leaves open the question of why Dutch men are the tallest in the world. One theory holds that is about inequality, something we have studied. In the United States, the gap between rich and poor is huge, but in the Netherlands, that gap is far smaller. What problem in health care does this problem highlight in the link between health and inequality?

not Taller men in general lead much healthier lifestyles.

variable

not consistent or having a fixed pattern; liable to change.

primary deviance

occurs at the moment an activity is labeled as deviant by others (sym.)

Credential Society

one in which access to desirable jobs and social status depends on possession of certificate or diploma certifying completion of formal education; determines jobs and promotions; shapes opportunities for social and economic mobility; school stratifies people

total institution

one is totally immersed and controls all the basis of day-to-day life; all activities occur in the same place, under same authority (jail, monastery)

male kinship

one reason for the feminization of poverty. men have basically "ganged up" against women

Master status

one status within a set that stand out or overrides all others

master status

one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others

Master Status

one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others.

master status

one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others. (page 129)

Retreatist

one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society

Ethnicity

one's ethic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, non hierarchal, fluid, and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se

I

one's sense of agency, action, or power

Explain social networks.

our membership in many groups form ties to a total set of relationships. some are strong, emotional ties. some links have little in common and only occasional contact. important in professional life, sense of self worth, and integration into society.

out-group

out group

What are out-groups?

out-groups are any groups or categories to which people feel they do not belong.

Dependent Variable

outcome that the researcher is trying to explain.

The Baptist Church

owned 25,000 slaves that they rented out to make money

Not in the labor force

people neither officially employed, nor officially unemployed

conflict perspective of war

some groups benefit from war while others do not

What are victimless crimes?

some say victimless crimes are efforts to "legislate morality." Examples: drug use, prostitution, gambling.

formal organizations

some secondary groups such as corporations

Other

someone or something outside of oneself

other

someone or something outside of oneself. (page 117)

Agents of gender socialization - the family

sons given "wings" (taught to complete task on their own); daughters given "roots" (laugh to ask for help or for someone else to complete the task)

Vilfredo Pareto felt that a few select elite leaders could successfully hold power in a society, as long as they were able and knew what they were doing. This has become known as the Pareto principle and is one of the basic ideas behind what we refer to as a meritocracy. In 1961, outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a now famous farewell address in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." This concept is strongly reflective of what concept disparaged by C. Wright Mills?

the elite-mass dichotomy system

face

the esteem in which an individual is held by others **most important goal of impression management

Face

the esteem in which an individual is held by others.

face

the esteem in which an individual is held by others. (page 137)

Equality of opportunity

the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone

Equality of condition

the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point

Thomas theorem

the idea that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

ethnocentrism

the idea that your nationality or country is the best, or the center of the universe

sexism

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

personal space

the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.

Role Strain

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

Role strain

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

Taylorism

the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task

master status

the most important status that a person occupies.

Social mobility

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society

Tertius gaudens

the new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group

Hidden curriculum

the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from

the notion of Social Darwainism

Causality

the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another

causality

the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another

causality

the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another. (page 48)

Ontological equality

the notion that everyone is created equal at birth

dramaturgical theory

the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets. (page 135)

Theism

the worship of god or gods, as in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism

Structural functionalism

theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) that exist in order to fulfill some set of necessary functions (reproduction of he species production of goods, etc.)