ZOO3141L-Final

(Lab 12 review) 6. Name two defining characteristics of Clade Sarcopterygii

- Cosmoid scales - Muscular Lobed fins

deuterostomes vs protostomes

-Cleavage -Coelom Formation -->Schizocoelous coelom formation in Protostomes -->Enteroceolous coelom formation in Deuterostomes -Blastopore Fate

Phylums with deuterstome development

-Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers and sea lilies) -Chordata (attach picture of chordates!!!!!!)

Class Insecta

-Have adapted to nearly every terrestrial habitat -Co-evolved with many plant species

Echinodermata Phylum Features

-Organ and organ level system -Triploblastic -Eucoelomate -Deuterostomes- -Dioecious/external fertilization -Indirect development -->Larvae bilaterally symmetrical -Pentaradial symmetry•In adults• **Even in sea cucumbers (HOW?)!!!!!!!!! -Can regenerate limbs (autotomy) -->Asexual reproduction in starfish is possible by autotomy or by fission. Skeleton/Support: -->Endoskeleton of dermal calcareous ossicles -->Calcareous (calcium carbonate) spines -->Hydrostatic skeleton -Water vascular system -Motile, water vascular system with tube feet -Open circulatory system -Respiration/excretion diffusion -Sensory and Nervous system -->Nerve ring with radial nerves -->NO cephalization -Have sensory & nervous system that radial

Phylum with no embryonic Development

-Porifera -Cnidaria -Ctenophora

Feather labelled

-Vane -Calamus -Rachis

Subphylum Chelicerata (Phylum Arthropoda)

-have two tagmata: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. - distinguished by having chelicerae: a pair of pincers or fangs that are used (in most cases) for feeding. -do not have antennae -have a pair of chelicerae, followed by a pair of appendages called pedipalps, and then usually followed by 4 pairs of walking legs (8 walking legs total).

(Lab 10 review) 6. How does water flow in the water vascular system of the sea star?

1) Madreporite 2) Stone Canal 3) Ring Canal 4) Radial Canal 5) Ampullae 6) Tube feet

(Lab 10 review) Water vascular system

1) Madreporite 2) Stone Canal 3) Ring Canal 4) Radial Canal 5) Ampullae leading to tube feet

(Lab 11 review) 6. Name 2 external adaptations for a parasitic lifestyle that lamprey exhibit?

1. The shape of the mouth for attachment to their host (buccal funnel-picture attached) and 2. Toothlike organs for rasping through the host's body wall

(Lab 9 Review) 12. Name 3 adaptations of insects to the terrestrial environment.

1.Stronger appendages and support systems 2.Waxy cuticles 3.Internal fertilization 4.Specialized respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems 5.Wings

(Lab 8 Review) 2. List at least two advantages of an exoskeleton.

1.Support 2.Anchoring muscles 3.Protection from predators 4.Prevent water loss

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) Getting Chordates onto Land:

1.Support: Water buoyancy provides much more bodily support than air does, and terrestrial chordates needed something to hold their bodies up against gravity. 2.Locomotion: Terrestrial chordates needed a new means to move around on land. 3.Gas exchange: Gills work well in water, but not so well on land. A more efficient method of gas exchange was needed in air. 4.Desiccation: Your body is70% water. There is more water in your body than is present in the air, so water tends to diffuse out of you (why your sweat evaporates, and why your mouth gets dry if you breath with it open). Terrestrial chordates had to overcome this "drying out" problem. 5.Fertilization: A much more direct method of fertilization is necessary, usually internal fertilization, so gametes do not dry out and to allow sperm to swim internally to an egg. 6.Thermal extremes: The air temperature can vary greatly throughout the course of a day. In comparison, water temperature is much more constant (because water has a much higher specific heat; this is why a pool may feel cold in mid-afternoon but pleasantly warm at night: the pool temperature hasn't changed but the air temperature has). Terrestrial chordates had to find a way to protect themselves against thermal extremes. Your body is70% water. There is more water in your body than is present in the air, so water tends to diffuse out of you (why your sweat evaporates, and why your mouth gets dry if you breath with it open). Terrestrial chordates had to overcome this "drying out" problem.

(Lab 10 review) 7. How many classes are represented here(Basket star & feather star)?

2 (basket star pic attacher-class Ophiuroidea )

(Lab 12 review) 3. How many chambers does a frog heart have? Is the circulatory system open or closed?

3 -Closed circulatory system

holometabolous metamorphosis

A type of metamorphosis in which the animal completely changes its form; includes a distinct larval stage. Also called complete metamorphosis. Order Hymenoptera

hemimetabolous metamorphosis

A type of metamorphosis in which the animal increases in size from one stage to the next, but does not dramatically change its body form. Also called incomplete metamorphosis. Order Hemiptera

(Lab 10 review) 10. What surface of the animal is ejecting structure ii (cuvierian tubles-white strings in pic attached) in specimen A?

Aboral surface

(Lab 10 HW questions) 2. What role does the madreporite play in the water vascular system of sea stars? a) pressure regulator b) serves as a filter to keep out foreign particles c) serves as an entrance for seawater in the water vascular system

All of the above a) pressure regulator b) serves as a filter to keep out foreign particles c) serves as an entrance for seawater in the water vascular system

(Kahoot Questions) Which Clade belong to class mammalia

All of the following Clades: Eutheria (placental mammals: humans,all animals with placenta) Methateria (Marsupials- bossoms, kangaroos) Monotremata (echidna & Platypus)

which of the following is/are part of chordate body plan

All the following: Triploblastic Deuterostomes Eucoelomate

which is a shared characteristic by nematodes and platyhelminthes?

All the following: parasitic bilateral symmetry 3 germ layers

(Kahoot Questions) What class does this specimen (salamander) belong to?

Amphibia --> Hint: no scales, no claws on toes, costal grove

Order Hymenoptera:

Ants, Bees, and Wasps

(Lab 12 HW) 1. Which adaptations do modern amphibians have to land? Select all that apply. a) tail with fin b) lungs c) robust bones d) external gills e) 3-chambered heart

B, c & e b) lungs c) robust bones e) 3-chambered heart

Order Coleoptera:

Beetles, fireflies, and weevils(pic attached)

(Lab 10 review) 9. What differences do you SEE between crinoidea (feather stars) and ophiuroidea (basket stars) ?

Branches are different although both have 1 arm

Class Branchiopoda {Subphylum Crustacea} [Phylum Arthropoda]

Branchiopods are tiny shrimp-"like"arthropods. Some types(e.g.,Artemia) have been marketed as "sea monkeys" (aka "brine shrimp") and are grown as food for fish that people keep in aquariums. -The name "Branchiopoda" comes from the fact that their gills can be found on their legs: thus, branch-(which means "gill") and -poda (which means "foot"). Ex. daphnia(pic attached), sea monkey

(Lab 12 HW) 6. Why do you suppose the fat bodies of frogs would be larger during the breeding season?

Breeding carries high energetic costs, and fat bodies provide a source of stored energy for the body.

Order Lepidoptera:

Butterflies and Moths

(Quiz 6) 7. Which specimens belong to the order Hymenoptera? A) Beetle B) termite C)Ants

C)Ants --> beetles -order colepetra --> termites-order Blattodea

Ecdysozoa

Characterized by periodic molting of species exoskeleton. (Nematoda and Arthropoda only)

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) The Regionalized Skeleton

Chordates dealt with the issue of support by modifying their fins and supporting girdles into limbs for walking on land. Limbed chordates (tetrapods) have skeletons that can be divided into two major regions: axial & appendicular.

(Lab 12 review) 10. To what system does the structure indicated by line D (frog heart) belong?

Circulatory system

(Lab 10 review) 9. Identify the class of the specimen A(sea cucumber)?

Class Holothuroidea

(Kahoot Questions) Which of the following are diploblastic(only 2 phyla: cnideria & ctenophera)? Cnideria mollusca annelida porifera

Cnideria

(Kahoot Questions) Does this specimen (roundworm) have a complete gut?

Complete gut

Class Copepoda {Subphylum Crustacea} [Phylum Arthropoda]

Copepods are typically small arthropods with various shapes and long antennae. Although they do have a carapace, it is so thin that it is mostly transparent. The genus Cyclops has a single median eye instead of two eyes as found in most other crustaceans.

(Lab 10 review) 13. What is the function of the structure indicated by line ii in specimen A(cuverian tubles in sea cucumbers-pic attached)?

Defense

(Lab 13 Review) 3. Name 2 characteristics of Clade Archosauria.

Diapsid skull Oviparity 4 chamber heart Endothermy in birds and ectothermy in crocodilians

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 7. Name the function of the structure(intestine) in the crayfish

Digestion

(Lab 12 review) 8. What is the function of the structure indicated by line C in image attached?

Digestion as it is the stomach

(Lab 11 review) 12. To what system does the structure indicated by pink arrow in picture attached (Stomach) belong?

Digestive system

Subclass Apterygota (Insects without wings) (Class Insecta) (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

Ex: Silverfish, firebrat, jumping bristle tail -Small insects lacking wings -ancestors also lacked wings completely -Very common in homes -No metamorphosis (ametabolous) -->Juveniles resemble small adults = direct development

Serial homology/Metamerism

Ex: repeating sets of legs in millipedes and centipedes

(Kahoot Questions) True or false? marine mamals have gills.

False

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 5. True or False. Horseshoe crabs have 1 pair of chelicerae, 1 pair of pedipalps, 2 pairs of walking legs

False

(Lab 10 HW questions) 12. Name all the "specific" common names of the echinoderms shown in the YouTube channel videos. For Class Ophiuroidea For Class Asteroidea For Class Echinoidea For Class Holothuroidea

For Class Ophiuroidea: Spanish moss For Class Asteroidea: Orange Sea Star/ chocolate sea star For Class Echinoidea: Arbacla Sea urchins/ purple Sea urchins For Class Holothuroidea: Stripped Sea cucumber/ giant Sea cucumber

(Lab 12 review) 20. **What is the term of an animal that burrows in leaf litter or underbrush?

Fossorial

(Lab 12 review) 12. Identify the structure indicated by yellow outline in the image attached .

Frog Ovary

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 9. Name the structure in the crayfish

Green gland

Grasshopper Gizzard Function

Grinds up the food

(Lab 13 Review) 4. Name 2 characteristics of Class Mammalia.

Hair (homologous to scales) Mammary glands 4 chambered heart (with no mixing) Regionalized vertebral column Three middle ear bones Endothermic Synapsid skull Mastication Heterodont teeth

(Lab 11 review) 20. Identify the structure of perch indicated by line F.

Heart

(Quiz 6) 4. What is the specific name for the kind of metamorphosis represented in image attached?

Hemimetabolous

(Lab 9 HW questions) 4. What benefit do the gastric ceca provide for grasshoppers?

Increased surface area for diges!on

(Lab 13 Review) 2. What are the 2 primary functions of feathers?

Insulation and flight

Grasshopper Intestine Function

It absorbs and transports digested food.

Grasshopper Rectum Function

It stores food before it is eliminated from the body.

(Lab 12 review) 1. Name ONE adaptation modern amphibians have to land and ONE to water?

LAND: -robust bones - lungs -eardrums -ability to breathe through skin -double-circuit circulatory system -associated three-chambered heart WATER: -fusiform body -external gills -tail with fin (all in larvae).

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) Is this specie (horseshoe crab) male or female?

Male horseshoe crab --> hint: Pedipalps-In males are modified into a swollen hook-like or boxing-glove shape(circled in pic attached). They use it to latch onto the sides of the female's carapace( dorsal "shield") during mating and the female will carry the male up to the shoreline where males will deposit sperm on top of the eggs that the female releases into the sand. In contrast, female pedipalps have the same "pincer-like" morphology as in all the other appendages. Females also tend to be larger than the males.

Male salamander

Male large cloaca

(Lab 8 Review) 6. Is specimen A below a male or female? how do you know?

Male. There are visible copulatory swimmerets, which are modified pleopods

(Kahoot Questions) In protostomes (first-mouth), the blastopore becomes:

Mouth

(Lab 12 review) 8. What anatomical modifications does the snake's skull have that permit swallowing large prey?

Movable joints in the jaw bones and skull Mandibles that are not fused together at the front

(Quiz 6) 5. What super-phylum do these organisms (pic attached) belong to?

Myriapoda

(Lab 11 review) 3. Identify the structure indicated by line 4 in the picture attached.

Notochord

Grasshopper Antennae Function

On the head. They help feel around and pick up smells.

(Lab 12 HW) 11. How many functional lungs do snakes possess? Yes or no. Do you suppose the ancestors of modern snakes had more than this number of functional lungs? What evidence supports your answer?

One. Yes. presence of vestigial left lung

Superorder Endopterygota

Order Coleoptera (Beetles, fireflies, and weevils) •Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) •Order Diptera (flies and mosquitos) •Order Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)

(Lab 12 review) 13. Identify the structure indicated byred circles in image attached.

Oviduct

(Lab 11 review) 14. Identify the phylum, subphylum, and class of the specimen attached (Ray-finned fishes).

P: Chordata, SP: Craniata, C: Actinopterygii

Movement/Locomotion of Arthropods Part2

Paired, jointed, uniramous appendages -->Chilopoda: 1 pair legs per segment -->Diplopoda: 2 pair legs per segment -->Hexapoda: 3 pairs jointed appendages Pterygota: --> 2 sets of wings (exception: Diptera 1 set of wings)

(Lab 11 review) 16. Identify the structure indicated --> Pelvic fin {fins labelled}

Pelvic fin

(Lab 8 Review) 5. What Phylum, Subphylum and Class does this specimen belong to?

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca

(Lab 8 Review) 8. What Phylum, Subphylum and Class does this specimen belong to?

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca

(Lab 11 review) 7. Identify the phylum, subphylum, and class of the specimen (Dogfish Shark)

Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Craniata, Class Chondrichthyes

(Lab 11 review) 1. Identify the phylum and subphylum of the specimen depicted below.

Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata

Horseshoe Crab

Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Merostomata

Grasshopper Abdomen Function

Posterior end of the grasshopper. It contains digestive and reproductive organs, usually covered by the wings. --> unlike crustaceans with variable patterns of tagmosis).

Order Mantodea:

Praying Mantis

(Lab 12 HW) 4. What bony remnant of the postanal tail that was present in the tadpole stage remains in the adult (in frog)?

Projection of the ischium (bone near anus)

(Lab 9 Review) 11. What is the function of structure in pointer i (elytra in beetle)

Protection of flying wings

(Kahoot Questions) Which type of animals have radial cleavage?

Radial cleavage is in deutorostomes so Both Echinodermata and chordata --> spiral cleavage in protostomes

(Lab 11 review) 15. What is the function of the structure indicated by line A (Operculum-gill cover)?

Respiration

(Lab 12 review) 11. What is the function of the structure indicated by line E (Frog liver in image attached)?

Respiration

(Lab 10 review) 12. Name the structure iin specimen B(#3 in the picture attached).

Spines

(Lab 11 review) 8. Identify the structure indicated by line B (spiracle) and its function

Spiracle . Modified gill slits that draw water into the pharynx and over the gills.

(Lab 11 review) 13. Identify the structure indicated by line F(dark & small part under stomach).

Spleen

(Kahoot Questions) Which of the following is Clade Vertebrate? squid spider coral stingray

Stingray Justification: squid (mollusca) spider (Arthropoda) coral (porifera) stingray (--> only place we mentioned clades is in chordata)

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 15. Name the specific type of metamerism displayed by this specimen (spider).

Tagmatization

(Lab 11 HW questions) 5. Name one external adaptation for a parasitic lifestyle that lampreys exhibit

Teeth like organ in their mouth

Order Blattodea:

Termites and Cockroaches

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) Subclass Actinistia

The (coelacanth) uses its lobed fins to slowly "walk" along the bottom of the ocean.

Grasshopper Cephalon/Head Function

The anterior end of the body. It take in sensory information

Grasshopper Tympanic Membrane Function

The circle above/ behind the jumping legs. On the first abdominal segment. It is for sound reception.

(Lab 11 review) 11. What organ in sharks helps them remain more buoyant in water? How does it aid in buoyancy?

The liver; large reserves of oil are stored in this organ, allowing the shark to lighten its overall density.

Grasshopper Thorax Function

The middle section between the head and the abdomen. It contains the prothorax, mesothorax, and the metathorax. It contains the legs and the wings and where they attach. -->used for locomotion

Grasshopper Hindwing Function

The pair of wings on bottom. They allow for flight.

Grasshopper Forewing Function

The pair of wings on top. Allow for flight. They sometimes serve as "protectors" for the other set of wings.

(Lab 13 Review) 5. Identify the structure in fetal pig indicated by red circle in picture attached.

Trachea

(Kahoot Questions) True or false? ovoviviparous means that the embryo develops in uterus but not attached to placenta.

True

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 3. True or false Chelicerae and crustacean mandibles are an example of Analogous structures.

True

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 4. True or False. Crayfish have an open circulatory system, and the anatomical evidence for this is the presence of ostia in the heart

True

(True or False) All echinoderms have pentaradial symmetry as adults

True

True or false? Birds, dinasors and modern reptiles belong to clade Amniota.

True

(Lab 8 HW) 17. Which of the 5 pairs of walking legs has been modified for use in swimming?

True crabs have five pairs of legs (decapods), of which the first pair are modified as pinchers and the last four pair as walking legs. In blue crabs, the fish legs are modified into paddles or swimming legs so they can swim rapidly and burrow in soft sediments.

(Lab 12 review) 14. Are turtles synapsid, diapsid, or anapsid reptiles? How do you know?

Turtles are anapsid(A in image), because their skulls lack openings behind the orbit (fenestra) *This is due to secondary loss of the fenestrae; their ancestors have a diapsid skull. (B in the image attached is synapsid and C is diapsid )

(Lab 12 review) 15. How many functional lungs do turtles possess?

Two (image attached)

(Lab 9 Review) 1. Match each organism to its correct class.

_F_grasshopper _C_centipede _A_horseshoe crab _D_millipede _B_scorpion _E_crayfish _B_tick _E_crab a. Class Merostomata b. Class Arachnida c. Class Chilopoda d. Class Diplopoda e. Class Malacostraca f. Class Insecta

(Lab 9 Review) 2. Match the letter to its corresponding type of metamorphosis: 3. Identify the order for each of the specimens

___Ametabolous ____Holometabolous ____Hemimetabolous (Separate on the following cards)

(Lab 9 Review) 7. Match the letters with the corresponding structures: (Grasshopper internal)

___Ovaries ___Crop ___Tracheae _ Malpighian tubules _ gastric caeca _digestive tract -stomach (midgut) -intestine -gizzard

(Lab 8 Review) crayfish Internal dissection

___Pyloric stomach ___digestive gland ___cardiac stomach -Gills -Heart -Green gland

(Lab 8 Review) 10. Match the letter with its corresponding structure in the image to the left. --> know blue crab Dissection

___Pyloric stomach ___digestive gland ___cardiac stomach -Gills -Heart -gastric ossicles

(Lab 8 Review) 11. Match the letter with its corresponding sexual stage. -->Know crab sexual maturity stages.

___male ___gravid female ___immature female ___mature female

(Lab 10 HW questions) 8.Which class of Echinoderms has a rigid exoskeleton composed of ossicles called plates? a) Echinoidea b) Asteroidea c) Ophiuroidea d) Crinoidea e) Holothuroidea

a) Echinoidea (Sea urchins- pic attached)

(Lab 9 HW questions) 7. Which of the following is not a holometabolous (Endopterygote) insect? a) Orthoptera b) Diptera c) Lepidoptera d) Coleoptera e) Hymenoptera

a) Orthoptera

(Lab 12 HW) 13. Which of the following is mostly likely to be endothermic based on the organism and its habitat? a) large active shark living in cold water b) small coral reef fish c) frog living in a stream in the Amazon basin d) tiny lizard living in a tree in the rain forest

a) large active shark living in cold water

(Lab 12 HW) 15. You find an apparently limbless scaled vertebrate which contains a clutch of amniotic eggs. Close examination reveals it has tiny vestigial legs. In what habitat does this organism most likely occur? a) underground (fossorial) b) water (aquatic) c) trees (arboreal) d) Mars (extraterrestrial)

a) underground (fossorial)

(Lab 8 Review) 3. What disadvantages associated with having exoskeletons did arthropods have to overcome to allow natural selection to favor this trait? How did they circumvent these problems?

a)The new, larger exoskeleton must be secreted and in place before the older, smaller shell is shed. b)This problem is circumvented by folding the soft, new exoskeleton upon itself inside the older one as it is produced. After the old shell is shed, the new, larger shell unfolds and expands to its final size and hardens in place.

(Lab 11 HW questions) 4. What features of the lamprey's head represent homologies to other vertebrate groups? a) anterior mouth b) ears c) pharyngeal gill slits d) teeth e) one pair of eyes

a,c & e a) anterior mouth c) pharyngeal gill slits e) one pair of eyes

(Lab 9 HW questions) 8. Based on genomic data which of the subphyla is paraphyletic (has another subphylum nested inside it). a) Chelicerata b) Crustacea c) Hexapoda d) Myriapoda

b) Crustacea

(Lab 8 HW) 4. Which of the following is absent in the Chelicerata? Hint: Chelicerata are: (horseshoe crab/spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites/ sea spiders) a) pedipalps b) antennae c) cephalothorax d) abdomen

b) antennae

(Lab 12 HW) 12. Which is the following is a non-tetrapod Sarcopterygian (Lobe-finned fish) found in salt water? (options would be coelcanths) a) lungfish b) coelacanth c) sea snake d) dolphin e) penguin

b) coelacanth Three linages of Sarcoptergii clade: 1. lungfish (Subclass Dipnoi) 2. coelacanths (Subclass Actinistia), 3. the tetrapods.

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 1. Which of the following specimen are protostomes? a) sponges b) comb jellies c) barnacles d) chitons

b) comb jellies & d) chitons (pic attached)

(Lab 11 HW questions) 6. Other than lack of jaws what is a characteristic that is different between lampreys and the Chondrichthyes? a) presences of a skull b) number of gill openings c) presence of a heart d) a complete gut

b) number of gill openings

Nematodes symmetry

bilateral symmetry

(Lab 10 HW questions) 13. From the National Geographic video about autotomy (introductory paragraph) answer the following questions: a) What is the name of the mass of cells that the "wounded part" reverts back to? b) What's is the first example that Paul gives when he refers to a "long life property" of autotomy?

blastema long life in sea urchins, Sea urchins living for over 200 years

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 10. Identify the following structure in horseshoe crab (indicated by # 1 in picture attached)

chelicerae

what subphyla of phylum arthropoda does scorpian belong to

chelicerates

what phylum do humans belong to

chordata

Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 11. Identify the following structure of barnacles.

cirri

Grasshopper Ovipositor Function

consists of two pairs of valves that are used to dig a deep chamber for egg burial, to manipulate the eggs, and assist in capping the egg with froth -->Near the anus on female grasshoppers.

(Lab 8 HW) 14. Which group of Crustacea contains many parasitic species? a) Malacostraca b) Cirripedia c) Merostomata d) Copepoda

d) Copepoda

(Kahoot Questions) Is this animal (frog) a protostome or deuterostome?

deuterostome --> belongs to phylum chordata which is a deuterostome

Ametabolous metamorphosis

development in which immature stages resemble adults, and molting is continued into adulthood Subclass Apterygota Ex: Silverfish, firebrat, jumping bristle tail

Grasshopper stomach (midgut) Function

digestion and absorption of nutrients

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) Metabolic Terms: An ectothermic animal

does not have the ability to regulate its own body temperature metabolically and must rely on the ambient (outside) temperature for temperature regulation. (picture attached provides examples of ectothermic animals)

(Lab 10 HW questions) 10. Which group of organisms are you very unlikely to find in the same habitat as Echinoderms? a) Chelicerata b) Crustacea c) Annelida d) Cnidaria e) Hexapoda

e) Hexapoda (pic attached)

what are cirri in barnacles used for?

feeding --> cirri aka feeding legs

(Lab 8 Review) 12. What's the function of structure E (Cirri at ends of barnacle)?

feeding legs

Grasshopper Gastric Caeca

finger-like projections of the digestive tract and increase surface area in the digestive tract and increases digestive enzyme secretion and nutrient absorption.

diptera insects are

flies

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 8. identify the following structure in blue crabs?

gastric ossicles

grasshopper malpighian tubules

get rid of nitrogenous waste

Order Orthoptera:

grasshoppers, crickets, locusts, katydids

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 2. which specimens have a complete gut? Planaria, jellyfish, harvestman earthworm

harvestman & earthworm

(Lab 8 HW) 9. In the crayfish, and all the organisms studied in this lab, what two "typical" arthropod body regions are fused into the cephalothorax?

head and thorax

Frog Anatomy

heart liver (3 lobes) duodenum pancreas stomach large intestine fat bodies ventral abdominal vein bladder

-Class Merostomata:

horseshoe "crabs" (not true crabs, which are crustaceans!)

all members of phylum arthropoda have in common

jointed appendages and exoskeletons

Halters

knobbed stalks used for balance (looks like Q-tips behind wings in pic attached)

which order of insects have complete metamorphosis

lepidoptera

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) CLADE Sarcopterygii: Subclass Dipnoi:

lungfish

round worm male vs female

male: short female: long

(Lab 8 HW) 10. In the dissected crayfish, how did you know if it was a male or female? (hint: think of what structure helped you identify the sex of the animal)

males have copulatory swimmerets & females don't have copulatory swimmerets

which of the following orders are in the division paleoptera?

odanata paleoptera can't fold their wings while neoptra can

ommatidia

odonates have compound eyes, which are composed of a large number of individual units called ommatidia.

(Kahoot Questions) Which of the following is a polymorphic colony?

portugese man of war

(Lab 11 HW questions) 9. What structure in the perch has the same function as the rugae in the stomach of the shark?

pyloric caeca

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) The appendicular skeleton

refers to the bones of the limbs and the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton.

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 6. Name the structure in the crayfish

right under cardiac stomach

(Lab 12 review) 4. What organ, in addition to the lungs, do frogs use to supplement gas exchange?

skin & gills

(Lab 12 review) 17. Which of the following senses do you think a rattlesnake (a pit viper) would rely on most to detect its prey? (Check all that apply). sight smell sound temperature

smell and temperature

-Class Arachnida:

spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites

how do insects in order orthoptera (grasshopper) breathe

spiracles

Crayfish Anatomy

swimmerets cephalothorax antennae cheliped walking legs abdomen teslon

plantigrade locomotion

the use of the palms of the hand and foot rather than the toes for walking example sloths, humans

digitgrade locomotion

walking at top of toes like cats and dogs

Subclass Pterygota Divisions (Insects with wings) (Class Insecta) (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

•All members of this subclass and their common ancestors have wings -->The Pterygota have had two further major evolutionary innovations: the ability to fold their wings and the complete development. -Division Paleoptera -Division Neoptera

Class Arachnida: Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks, Mites, and Harvestmen ("daddy longlegs"- pic attached).

- arachnids have book lungs instead of book gills (because they live on land) -have an internal system of tubes called a tracheal system that helps deliver O2& CO2 around their body. -Most arachnids are predatory carnivores, using venom injected from their fangs(modified chelicerae!) to paralyze their prey; scorpions, however, use their posterior stinger to inject venom. -due to them lacking jaws, most arachnids use their stomach to pump out enzymes to externally digest their prey; they then suck up the "juices". Ticks suck up a blood meal from their host.

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 14. Which of the following belong to Subphylum Crustacea? A) Barnacle B)Horseshoe crab C)Rollie polly (picture attached) D) Spider

A) Barnacle & C)Rollie polly

(Lab 10 review) 8. What is the name of the class(es)?

A) Class Ophiuroidea B) Class Crinoidea (Feather star pic attached- Class Crinoidea)

True or false? crayfish and barnacle are both arthropods from class malacostraca

False

(Kahoot Questions) All members of clade archosauria are endothermic.

False --> birds(Endothermic) and crocodalions (Ectothermic) are in clade archasouria

(Lab 11 review) 9. Identify the structure indicated by line C and its function

Lateral line . Sensory system that detect vibrations, water currents, and pressure changes caused by nearby animals.

(Lab 10 review) 4. To what 'system' does the structure indicated by line C(radial canal in starfish-pic attached-spine in the middle) belong?

Water vascular system

Aves (birds)

Which group of animals is characterized by - feathered, endothermic tetrapods - shelled eggs - one way flow of air in respiratory system - double loop circulatory system with a 4 chambered heart

(Lab 8 Review) 7. Match the letter with its corresponding structure in the image to the left. ___gills ___intestine ___digestive gland ___heart

_1_gills _8_intestine _6_digestive gland _5_heart

(Lab 9 Review) 6. Match the letters with the corresponding tagmata:

_3_Cephalon _4_Thorax _5_Abdomen (using picture attached)

The function of the ccuvarian tubles is? a)Balancing b)Defense c)Prey capture

b)Defense

(Lab 11 HW questions) About the dogfish embryo from Lab 11 - Online content ppt. 7. What mode of reproduction is seen in the dogfish? *Hint: From looking at the embryo, is this embryo attached to the mother shark in any way? Think of what is the embryo attached to? a)Oviparity b)Ovoviviparity c)Viviparity d)Placental viviparity

b)Ovoviviparity -->Dogfish give birth to live sharks. However, this is not true viviparous live birth but is instead called ovoviviparous. In true live birth, the embryo is connected to the mother through an umbilical cord and is born fully developed.

(Quiz 6) 3. Members of which Superorder exhibit the life cycle depicted below(holometabolous metamorphosis)? a) Diplopoda b) Apterygota c) Pterygota d) Endopterygota e) Myriapoda

d) Endopterygota (only one that's a superorder) a) Diplopoda (millipede) -->This is a class! b) Apterygota (silverfish, firebrat, jumping bristle tail )--> This is a subclass! c) Pterygota (2 division)--> This is a subclass! e) Myriapoda (2 classes)--> This is a subphylum!

(Lab 12 HW) 16. Why are the axial skeleton girdles of turtle inside the rib cage? a) To protect them from energy b) For better muscle attachment for swimming c) Turtle legs require only limited mobility d) The carapace is fused with the ribs

d) The carapace is fused with the ribs

(Lab 10 HW questions) 6.Which feature does Echinodermata share with Arthropoda? a) pentaradial symmetry b) water vascular system c) jointed appendages d) coelom e) spiral cleavage

d) coelom

(Lab 8 HW) 15. Which characteristic is shared by Nematoda and Arthropoda but is not found in Mollusca? a) coelom b) triploblastic c) central nervous system d) cuticle that is shed e) antennae

d) cuticle that is shed

(Lab 9 HW questions) 6. Which order of insects contains both parasitoids and eusocial species? a) Orthoptera b) Diptera c) Lepidoptera d) Coleoptera e) Hymenoptera

e) Hymenoptera

Aristotle's lantern is characteristic of what class of echinoderms

echinoidea

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) Animal metabolism can be classified into two general groups:

ectothermic & endothermic. --> Almost all of the organisms covered in last week's lab(Chordata I) are ectothermic except for a few large species such as tuna, swordfish, and white sharks. However terrestrial vertebrates include large numbers of both endotherms and ectotherms.

Grasshopper Spiracles Function

Little dots on the segments. They are breathing pores that allow air into the interior respiratory system.

(Lab 11 review) 19. Identify the structure of perch indicated by line E .

Liver

(Lab 13 Review) 7. Identify the structure of fetal pig indicated by red circle in image attached.

Liver

what are cirri in crinoids used for?

Locomotion

-Class Pycnogonida:

"Sea Spiders"

(Lab 12 review) 5. Describe three defining characteristics of amphibians.

- Ectothermic - Undergo complete metamorphosis - Lungs as adults vs. gills as larvae (in most groups), - Tetrapods (some groups have secondarily lost this feature)

The Subphylum Crustacea classes

-Class Branchiopoda("sea monkeys", daphnia) -Class Copepoda (copepods) -Class Cirripedia (barnacles) -Class Malacostraca (shrimp, crab, lobster, amphipod, roly-polies)

Subphylum Myriapoda classes and features (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

-Class Chilopoda -Class Diplopoda -->The "many footed" •Centipedes and millipedes •Segments very visible •Repeating legs on each segment (serial homology) •One pair of antennae •Legs uniramous -(unbranched)

Classes of Phylum Echinodermata:

-Class Crinoidea (Feather star) -Class Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars & basket stars) -Class Asteroidea (Starfish/sea stars) -Class Echinoidea (Sea urchins & sand dollars) -Class Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber)

The Subphylum Chelicerata classes:

-Class Merostomata: horseshoe "crabs" (not true crabs, which are crustaceans!) -Class Arachnida: spiders, scorpions,harvestmen, ticks, and mites -Class Pycnogonida: sea spiders

(Lab 10 review) Asteroides (Sea star) internal anatomy

-Digestive gland/Pyloric ceca -Pyloric duct(don't need to know) -Pyloric Stomach -Cardiac Stomach(under pyloric) -Rectal ceca -Gonads -Madreporite

Phylum Arthropoda part2 features

-Organ level -Protostome -Triploblastic -Eucoelomate --Reduced coelom --Hemocoel filled with hemolymph -Bilateral symmetry -jointed appendages --Uniramous -Segmented body with three tagmata -Exoskeleton of chitin --Ecdysis (molting) -shed outer skeletonMust do this to grow -Open circulatory system -Complete digestive system --Foregut and hindgut lined with chitin --Absorption in midgut only -Digestion: --Chilopoda: carnivorous --Diplopoda: detritivores --Hexapoda: predator, herbivore, omnivore, detritivores mouthparts -Reproduction --sexual & internal fertilization --Dioecious --Metamorphosis and some with direct development -Excretion/osmoregulation --Malpighian tubules -Complex muscular system --Striated muscles -Complex sensory systems --Ventral nerve cord --Ganglion

Phylum Arthropoda Features

-Organ level -Triploblastic -Protostome -Eucoelomate: *Reduced coelom *Hemocoel filled with hemolymph -Bilateral symmetry -jointed appendages -Segmented body with tagmata -Exoskeleton of chitin: *Ecdysis (molting): shed outer skeletonMust do this to grow -Open circulatory system: -Subphylums: *Chelicerata: book gills or book lungs *Crustacea: gills only -Complete digestive system with complex mouthparts --Digestion specializations: *Cirripedia : Filter feeding *Chelicerata: some digestion is external *Most are free living, BUT ticks, mites, and some . barnacles are ectoparasites -Excretion/osmoregulation *Green gland: Crustacea *Malpighian tubules: Arachnida -Complex sensory systems -Ventral nerve cord -Ganglion -Complex muscular system: Striated muscles

Important Concept for Phylum Arthropoda

-Segmentation is a generic term -Metamerism (repeating organs and systems) is a type of segmentation -Tagmatization: --> type of metamerism --> specialization of several metameres to work together to perform a specific function --> unique to arthropods --> The groups of specialized metameres are called tagmata

Phylums with protostome development

-annelida(Polychaeta(aka bristle worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) and Hirudinea (leeches)) -Arthropoda(insect, spider, or crustacean) -Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) -Mollusca (Gastropods-snails and slugs, Bivalves.- clams, scallops, oysters, and mussels. Cephalopods- octopus and squid. -Nematoda (roundworms)

Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)

-often referred to as "living fossils" because they have morphologically changed so little over millions of years that extant species look very similar to their fossil relatives. -have chelicerae and pedipalps that are similar in structure to walking legs, showing the evolutionary origins of the mouth parts. - no mandibles (jaws) they have a rugose or spiny region at the base of each leg called the gnathobase that they use to grind up food before it is channeled to their mouth. -Their blood is blue due to the presence of hemocyanin, a copper-based, oxygen-delivering molecule analogous to the iron-based hemoglobin in your own blood.

grasshopper external anatomy

-oviposter -spiracles _antennae -tympanum (ear drum-aka tympanic membrane) -forewing -hindwing -cephalon/head -thorax -abdomen -compound eye - green gland

Subphylum Crustacea

-varying degrees of tagmosis therefore they show greatest diversity of body plans Like chelicerates, many familiar crustaceans such as crabs, shrimp, crayfish and lobsters (in the Order Decapoda) have two tagmata: the cephalothorax and abdomen, with a carapace that covers the cephalothorax; in these, the cephalothorax has five pairs of walking legs called pereiopods. The anterior-most walking leg has been modified into a pincer called the cheliped. The abdomen contains numerous smaller jointed appendages called swimmerets or pleopods. The most posterior part of the abdomen (the so-called "tail") ends in uropods and a telson. The appendages in crustaceans are biramous (= two branches): one for gills and one for attachment to the body. Additionally, crustaceans have two pairs of antennae, one long pair ofantennaefollowed by one pair of smaller antennules. Lastly, crustaceans dohave mandibles(jaws) that arefollowed by other mouthparts such as maxillipedsthat can be used to manipulatefood.If you want to see a crustacean feed go to this link to observe a hermit crab feeding

(Lab 13 Review) 1. Identify 2 anatomical similarities between birds and reptiles that reflect the common evolutionary lineage of these two groups.

1) Scales and feathers (which are modified scales) (2) cloaca partitioned into 3 parts (3) produce uric acid (4) shelled eggs (5) horned beak similar to that of turtles (6) lack of a urinary bladder similar to snakes

(Lab 9 Review) 9. Name 3 reasons why insects are so diverse.

1)Different life cycles allow them to occupy different habitats 2)Evolution for flight (dispersal) 3)Short generation times (mutations accumulate faster) 4)Appendage specialization 5)Adaptive radiation

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) CLADE Sarcopterygii three lineages:

1. lungfish (Subclass Dipnoi) 2. coelacanths (Subclass Actinistia), 3. the tetrapods. -->Both the lungfish and coelacanths are 'living fossils' with very few living species. --> The bones in your arms and legs are homologous to some of the bones found in the lobe fins of both lungfish and coelacanths.

(Lab 11 review) 5. List the four characteristics common to all chordates.

1. notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. postanal tail

(Kahoot Questions) Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of class mammalia?

4-chambered heart

Class Cirripedia (Subphylum Crustacea) [Phylum Arthropoda]

Barnacles seem like they should be grouped with molluscs, but they are actually crustaceans. A barnacle is essentially a sessile small shrimp-like organism with its head stuck down into its "shell"kicking its thoracic appendages called cirriout into the water column to filter feed. In addition, barnacles are monoeciousand can come in stalked or unstalked forms("goose" and "acorn" barnacles, respectively).

Grasshopper Compound Eye Function

Big eye behind the antennae. They help the grasshopper see.

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) CLADE Tetrapoda:

Bony Vertebrates with Four Dactylous Limbs(i.e., limbs with digits) Clade Tetrapoda contains all chordates that have (or whose ancestors had) four limbs that have fingers/toes (are "dactylous"). Limbs may not have originally adapted for land but may have instead been used for navigating shallow pools. Limbs have since greatly diversified for various functions (digging, running, flying, and even back to swimming). Note also that although the shape of the bones change, the same basic arrangement holds (indicative of homology; which is similarity due to relatedness); see limb figures on previous page). -->Limbs solved two of the transition-to-land problems: support and locomotion. The tetrapod ancestor had five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot. Your Laboratory Manual will be asking you to pay attention to the number of fingers and toes for the remaining groups.

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 12. Identify the structure in horseshoe crab.

Book gills

(Lab 10 HW questions) 1. How do the arms and central disc of sea stars differ from those of brittle stars discussed earlier? a) Brittle stars are exactly like sea stars just with slender more movable arms. b) Sea star arms are broader and shorter, bear tube feet with suckers along the ambulacral grooves, and the arms make an indistinct junction with the central disc. c) The central disc of sea stars bears a madreporite on the aboral surface, while brittle stars have the madreporite on the oral surface of the central disc.

Both B & C b) Sea star arms are broader and shorter, bear tube feet with suckers along the ambulacral grooves, and the arms make an indistinct junction with the central disc. & c) The central disc of sea stars bears a madreporite on the aboral surface, while brittle stars have the madreporite on the oral surface of the central disc.

(Lab 9 HW questions) 2. Why do the spiracles of the respiratory tract open to the outside of the body? *Select all that apply a) To allow a continuous fresh supply of oxygen to be made available to the tissues of the body b) Act as a channel for the release of excess carbon dioxide c) To allow for nutrients to enter the blood stream directly

Both a & b a) To allow a continuous fresh supply of oxygen to be made available to the tissues of the body b) Act as a channel for the release of excess carbon dioxide

oral view of Sand dollar (External anatomy)

Bottom is oral

Frog

Class: *Amphibia* order: Anura Subphylum: *Vertebrata (Craniata)* Phylum: *Chordata*

salamander

Class: Amphibia Order: Urodela

(Lab 11 review) 4. To what system does the structure indicated by line 10 (intestine) belong?

Digestive system

(Lab 12 review) 9. To what system does the structure indicated by line D(Frog small intestine in image attached) belong?

Digestive system

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) CLADE Sarcopterygii

Early members of the CLADE Sarcopterygii include the "lobe-finned" fish, so called because their fins sit at the ends of muscular projections instead of coming almost directly out of the body as in the ray-finned Actinopterygii. Lungfish are freshwater fishes found in Africa, South America, and Australia. The African and South American species are elongate with greatly reduced paired fins. The Australian species more closely resembles ancient lungfish fossils. Coelacanths were thought to have gone extinct with the dinosaurs until a live specimen was discovered in 1938 (not unlike finding a live Tyrannosaurus rex!) in a fish market in Africa. The two living species both live in moderately deep water in the Indian Ocean. Both taxa have fossil records going well back into the Paleozoic (over 350 million years). Before their rediscovery Coelacanths were assumed to have gone extinct in the most recent mass extinction 65 million years ago. All extant members of both taxa are ectothermic which makes sense given that they all live in the water and are tropical.

(Kahoot Questions) What is the specific term for the process of shedding old skin of outer cuticle?

Ecdysis --> ecdysis groups: Nematoda and arthropoda.

Deuterostome Phyla

Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata

spines used for locomotion in what class

Echinoidea

(Lab 10 review) 11. Identify the class of the specimen B.

Echinoidea (Sea Urchin)

Subphylum Myriapoda Class Chilopoda (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

Ex: Centipedes ("hundred feet") -One pair of legs per segment --Except segment behind head and last 2 segments --Up to 177 segments -Mostly carnivorous -Appendages of first segment modified to form venom claws -Centipedes (flatter) vs millipedes

Subphylum Myriapoda Class Diplopoda (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

Ex: Millipedes -Two pairs of legs per segment --Due to fusion of segments in pairs -Between 25-100 segments -Detritivores (organic matter from leaf litter) -->When threatened,millipedes secrete foul-smelling chemicals (e.g., hydrogen cyanide!) at the bases of their legs and curl defensively into a ball.

(True or False) schizocoelous coelom formation is typical of dueterostomes

False -->Schizocoelous coelom formation is when we have the mesoderm layer present and it splits apart and so this is actually part of the protostome development. --> The coelomic cavity formation in deutorostomes is referred to as the Enteracoelous (Infolding of archenteron and those infolding become the coelomic cavity)

(True or False) The function of cirri of crinoids is similar to the cirri of cirripeds

False -->cirri of cirripeds for filter feeding -->cirri of crinoids is for moving around

(True or False) Holothuroids have a madreporite on the aboral surface

False its internal

(Lab 11 review) 2. What is the function of the structure indicated by line 3 in picture attached?

Feeding

female salamander

Female small cloaca

(Lab 9 Review) 5. Is the specimen in the slide a male or female? What is the name of the structure that helped you identify the sex?

Female, ovipositor

(Lab 9 HW questions) 1. Is the grasshopper from your dissection male or female? [sex]How do you know? [feature]

Female; ovipositor

sexual cannibalism

Females eat males after mating (praying mantis)

(Lab 10 HW questions) 3. What method of food acquisition do sea cucumbers employ? *Hint: think of what type of feeding and ecological importance they have

Filter feeding or deposit feeding

Order Diptera:

Flies and Mosquitoes

(Lab 12 review) 2. Why do you suppose the fat bodies of frogs would be larger during the breeding season?

High energetics costs come with breeding periods, and fat bodies provide a source of stored energy for the body.

(Kahoot Questions) Which of the following is an adaptation of birds to flight?

Hollow bones

ommatidia (Ex: fly eyes)

Individual light-focusing elements that make up the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans (); the number of ommatidia determines the resolution of the image.

(Lab 13 Review) 6. What is the function of the structure indicated by line B (Esophgus in fetal pig)?

Ingestion

protostome phyla

Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida. Ecdysozoa: Nematoda, Arthropoda.

(Lab 10 review) 5. What is the name of the structure indicated by line D(Madreporite in starfish-pic attached)?

Madreporite

(Lab 11 review) 18. What is the function of the structure indicated by line D?

Maintaining buoyancy

(Lab 8 HW) 16. Is the blue crab from the online content male or female? [sex]What is the name and share of the structure or structures that helped you id the sex of the animal?*Select one [structure] a) abdomen, long and pointy b) abdomen, rounded and occupying most of the ventral side c) abdomen, triangle shaped

Male blue crabs have a long, pointy abdomen. Mature females have a rounded abdomen. You may also see crabs with triangle-shaped abdomens. These are immature females and are called "v-bottoms".

(Lab 10 review) 1. Identify the phylum and class of the specimen depicted in the picture attached.

Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea

(Lab 8 Review) 1. What phylum that we covered in class is considered to be the arthropod's closest relative? What major characteristic do arthropods share with this sister group?

Phylum Nematoda; both groups undergo ecdysis(shedding the external cuticle) and are grouped together in the Ecdysozoa.

(Lab 12 review) 16. What is the name of the structure indicated in the image attached?

Plastron (The bottom part of a turtle)

(Kahoot Questions) What class or classes are in the Clade Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)?

Raptilia and Mammalia

(Lab 10 review) 2. What is the function of the structure indicated by line A (gonads in starfish)?

Reproduction

(Quiz 6) 2. What is the function of B( ovaries in grasshopper)?

Reproduction

(Lab 11 review) 10. What is the function of the structure indicated by line D (Testes)?

Reproduction (sperm production)

(Lab 11 review) 17. To what system does the structure indicated by line C(gonads in perch fish-pic attached) belong?

Reproductive system

(Lab 8 Review) 9. What's the function of structure D (Gills in blue crab)?

Respiration

Grasshopper Tracheae Function

Respiration -->Tracheae open to the outside through small holes called spiracles.

(Quiz 5- lab 8- Arthropoda part 1) 13. What is the function of the book lungs in horseshoe crabs?

Respiration & swimming

(Lab 9 Review) 8. To what system does the structure indicated by line C (Tracheae in grasshopper) belong?

Respiratory system

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) The organization of the limbs is fairly constant in all chordates covered in this lab and the next.

Starting proximally (closest to the body), a limb has one bone (humerus or femur), followed by two bones (ulna and radius in forelimbs, tibia and fibula in hind limbs), followed by many bones that comprise the ankle/wrist and digits (fingers/toes). You do not need to know the names of these bones.

Trilobite Specimen

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (Class Trilobita) (Phylum Arthropoda)

(Lab 9 Review) 4. Identify : Subphylum Class Subclass Division Order of a Grasshopper

Subphylum: Hexapoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Division: Neoptera Order: Orthoptera

(Lab 9 Review) 10. Identify: Subphylum Class Subclass Division Superorder Order of a ladybug

Subphylum: Hexapoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Division: Neoptera Superorder: Endopterygota Order: Coleoptera

(Quiz 6) 6. Which superorder does this organism(ants) belong to?

Super order: Endopterygota Order Hymenoptera

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) CLADE Osteichthyes

Vertebrates With a Bony Endoskeleton; Lungs or Lung Derivatives last Class is Actinopterygii: the ray-finned bony fish (from Chordata I)

(Lab 12 HW) 10. Yes or no. Did the ancestors of snakes have legs ? What evidence in modern snakes supports your answer?

Yes, vestigial pelvic girdles and males with small, pointed spurs on either side of cloaca

(Lab 10 HW questions) 4. Because sea cucumbers have lost the sharp spines and hard endoskeleton on which most echinoderms rely for protection, how do they defend themselves? a) If threatened excessively they may eviscerate their internal organs b) Bite other animals with their teeth c) eject ink like cephalopods

a) If threatened excessively they may eviscerate their internal organs -->They can contract into a small, tightly bundled mss, or , if threatened excessively, may eviscerate their internal organs.

(Lab 11 HW questions) 8. What is the function of the spleen? a) It removes dead red blood cells and stores red blood cells. b) production of digestive enzymes c) buoyancy, that is why is so large in sharks

a) It removes dead red blood cells and stores red blood cells.

(Lab 12 HW) 5. Why are antagonistic pairs of muscles necessary? Select all that apply. a) Muscles can exert force in only one direction, b) To allow one muscle to counteract the movements of its antagonistic partner. c) Antagonistic pairs are not needed

a) Muscles can exert force in only one direction& b) To allow one muscle to counteract the movements of its antagonistic partner.

(Lab 11 HW questions) 3. Both the Cephalochordata and Craniata have bilateral symmetry while the other Deuterostomes we have studied, the Urochordata and the Echinodermata lack bilateral symmetry. Bilateral symmetry allows organisms to have which of the following which is not possible in a radially symmetrical organism? a) a head b) an endoskeleton c) a circulatory system d) a predatory way of life e) a mouth

a) a head

(Lab 8 HW) 6. The fact that chelicerae are derived from a different body segment than mandibles is evidence for which of the following? a) mouthparts originated independently in Chelicerata and Crustacea b) all arthropod mouthparts have the same evolutionary origin c) chelicerae and mandibles have the same function d) chelicerae and mandibles have different func!ons

a) mouthparts originated independently in Chelicerata and Crustacea

(Lab 12 HW) 9. Which of these are anatomical modifications that the snake's skull have that permit swallowing large prey? Select all that apply. a) movable joints in the jaw bones and skull b) mandibles that are not fused together at the front c) anapsid skull d) large fangs

a) movable joints in the jaw bones and skull b) mandibles that are not fused together at the front

(Lab 8 HW) 12. What type of circulatory system does the crayfish possess, open or closed? What anatomical evidence is present to support your answer? a) open circulatory system; presence of ostia in the heart b) open circulatory system; presence of green glands c) open circulatory system; presence of green glands d) closed circulatory system; presence of ostia in the heart

a) open circulatory system; presence of ostia in the heart

(Lab 12 HW) 2. Which adaptations do modern amphibians have to water? Select all that apply. a) tail with fin b) lungs c) robust bones d) external gills e) 3-chambered heart

a) tail with fin & d) external gills

(Lab 12 HW) 7. Which of these is true for a single-circuit(in fish). Select all that apply. a) typically in animals with a 2-chambered heart b) typically in animals with a 3 or 4-chambered heart c) blood leaving the heart makes a single path to gills/lungs ->tissues & then returns to the heart d) has separate pulmonary and systemic branches that route blood to the lungs and the rest of the body, respectively

a) typically in animals with a 2-chambered heart & c) blood leaving the heart makes a single path to gills/lungs ->tissues & then returns to the heart

(Lab 12 HW) 3. What do neck vertebrae allow you to do that a fish cannot?

allowed the head to move independently from the body

(Lab 11 HW questions) 1. Based on your reading of the lab manual and worksheets which of the three subphyla as an adult is probably the most similar to a chordate ancestor? a) Urochordata b) Cephalochordata c) Craniata

b) Cephalochordata

(Lab 8 HW) 7. Chelicerata have many features found in all arthropods (segmented appendages, tagmosis) but have a very different head structure from all other arthropods who share many similarities lacked by chelicerates. These statements support which of the following. a) Chelicerates are not arthropods b) Chelicerates are the sister taxon to all other arthropods. c) Chelicerates are most closely related to Crustacea d) Chelicerates are most closely related to Myriapoda

b) Chelicerates are the sister taxon to all other arthropods.

(Lab 8 HW) 11. What organ secretes enzymes into the pyloric chamber of the stomach to assist in the chemical digestion of food? a) Pyloric stomach b) Digestive gland c) Green glands d) Kidney

b) Digestive gland

(Lab 8 HW) 1.How many compound eyes do horseshoe crabs possess? How many simple eyes? a) Two compound eyes, one simple eye b) Two compound eyes, two simple eyes c) One compound eye, one simple eye

b) Two compound eyes, two simple eyes

(Lab 12 HW) 8. Which of these is true for a double-circuit(in frog). Select all that apply. a) typically in animals with a 2-chambered heart b) typically in animals with a 3 or 4-chambered heart c) blood leaving the heart makes a single path to gills/lungs ->tissues & then returns to the heart d) has separate pulmonary and systemic branches that route blood to the lungs and the rest of the body, respectively

b) typically in animals with a 3 or 4-chambered heart & d) has separate pulmonary and systemic branches that route blood to the lungs and the rest of the body, respectively

(Lab 9 HW questions) 5. Which characteristic is shared by the Myriapoda (Ex:milipedes) and Hexapoda (insects) but NOT by the Crustacea(crayfish) a) antennae b) uniramous appendages c) segmented appendages d) wings e) mandibles

b) uniramous appendages

Ascaris female vs male cross section

belongs to phylum Nematoda

(Lab 8 HW) 2. What do you suppose is the purpose or func!on of the telson in horseshoe crabs?

burrowing in the sand & defense

(Lab 10 HW questions) 7. Both Cnidaria and Echinodermata are radially symmetrical.Which group of Echinoderms is ecologically most similar to an Anthozoan (coral or sea anemone)? a) Sea Urchin b) Sea Star c) Crinoid d) Sand dollar e) Brittle star

c) Crinoid (Sea lilies, feather stars- pic attached)

(Lab 8 HW) 3. How many pairs of chelicerae do horseshoe crabs possess? How many pairs of pedipalps? How many pairs of walking legs? a) Horseshoe crabs 2 pair of chelicerae, 2 pairs of pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs b) Horseshoe crabs 2 pair of chelicerae, 2 pairs of pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs c) Horseshoe crabs 1 pair of chelicerae, 2 pairs of pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs d) Horseshoe crabs 1 pair of chelicerae, 1 pairs of pedipalps, 2 pairs of walking legs

c) Horseshoe crabs 1 pair of chelicerae, 2 pairs of pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs

(Lab 9 HW questions) 3. What two specialized areas of the digestive tract reflect adaptations to living in dry, terrestrial habitats? a) Green gland and rectum b) Malpighian tubules and tracheae c) Malpighian tubules and rectum

c) Malpighian tubules and rectum

(Lab 10 HW questions) 9.Which group does NOT use tube feet for locomotion? a) Echinoidea b) Asteroidea c) Ophiuroidea d) Holothuroidea

c) Ophiuroidea (Brittle Star- Pic attached)

(Lab 11 HW questions) 11. Which of the following organisms is the notochord absent in adults (transformed to another structure). a) Cephalochordate b) Hagfish c) Perch (ray-finned fish) d) Lamprey

c) Perch (ray-finned fish)

(Lab 10 HW questions) 11. Which of the following is a unique feature of the Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber)? a) Aristotle's lantern b) Madreporite c) Respiratory Tree d) Ossicles e) Ambulacral Groove

c) Respiratory Tree

(Lab 9 HW questions) 9. In terms of diet a member of the Chilopoda would be most similar to a typical member of which group? a) Lepidoptera b) Diplopoda c) Spider d) Hemiptera e) termite

c) Spider

(Lab 8 HW) 8. What advantage might mouth parts of various shapes provide a crayfish? a) they evolve into sensory organs for detecting food b) they function as front legs to move around c) for different functions during feeding

c) for different functions during feeding

(Lab 8 HW) 5. Which of the following groups of Arachnida ingests solid food? a) spiders b) scorpions c) harvestmen d) Ticks

c) harvestmen

(Lab 12 HW) 14. Which of the following groups contains organisms with a non-amniotic egg and a tail? a) snake b) turtle c) salamander d) frog e) chicken

c) salamander

(Lab 11 HW questions) 2. Adult Urochordata have a simplified body very different from other chordates, although their larvae have chordate characteristics. What factor is probably responsible for the simple body of Urochordates a) they are the most primitive chordates b) the adults are parastites c) the adults are filter feeders d) the adults are found in environmments like the ancient earth

c) the adults are filter feeders

(Lab 8 Review) 4. Which of the following respiratory structures IS NOT found in arthropods? a.Gills b.Trachea c.Lungs d.Books lungs e.Spiracles

c.Lungs

(Lab 8 HW) 13. Where on the body surface of the crayfish are the external openings for the excretory organs (green glands) located? a) dorsal surface of the head near the pyloric stomach b) dorsal surface of the head near the mouth c) ventral surface of the head near the pyloric stomach d) ventral surface of the head near the mouth

d) ventral surface of the head near the mouth

exoskeleton

hard outer covering of arthropoda

Grasshopper digestive tract

long tube consisting of a crop and gizzard (contains plates made of chitin that help grind food); specialized mouthparts for tasting, biting, and crushing food; responsible for removing uric acid (done by Malpighian tubules)

(Lab 10 HW questions) 5. Name one characteristic (structure) that sea cucumbers possess that would cause zoologists to group them in the same phylum with other echinoderms.

pentaradial symmetry, water vascular system, tube feet, madreporite.

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) The axial skeleton

refers to the skull and vertebrae comprising the backbone.

(Lab 12 review) 19. Did the ancestors of snakes have legs? What evidence in modern snakes supports your answer?

snakes such as boas and pythons possess vestigial pelvic girdles and males have small, pointed spurs (external remnants of hind limbs) that protrude through the body on either side of the cloaca.

(Quiz 6) 1. What is the function of the A (crop in gizzard)?

store food

grasshopper crop (#1 in pic attached) Function

stores food.

(Lab 11 HW questions) 10. What structure in the perch has the same function as the exceptionally large liver in the shark?

swim bladder

Class Malacostraca (Subphylum Crustacea) [Phylum Arthropoda]

terrestrial isopod crustaceans -not insects!)that stillhave gills like all other crustaceans. Ex: shrimp, crab, lobster, amphipod, roly-polies

true or false phylum nematodes are psuedocoelomates

true and its the only group

Order Hemiptera:

true bugs: Cicadas, aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies, and scale insects

(Worksheet Info Chordata II) Metabolic Terms: An endothermic animal

uses energy to regulate its body temperature. -->An endothermic animal can therefore keep its bodily chemical reactions at an optimal temperature and so can remain more active than an ectothermic animal (i.e., no warmup period is required for activity). (picture attached provides examples of endothermic animals) -->Endothermy is also very costly, requiring significantly more energy (food) compared to an ectotherm animal of the same size. Endothermy is very challenging for organisms that live in the water, because water has a high conductivity, an object that is warmer than the surrounding water is going to lose heat rapidly(think about your own experience of being in cool water vs cool air). How might body size affect the relative benefits of endothermy and ectothermy?

Order Phasmida:

walking sticks and leaf insects

Subphylum Hexapoda (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

•Class Insecta •Subslass Apterygota •Subclass Pterygota •Division Paleoptora •Order Odonata •Division Neoptera •Order Orthoptera •Order Blattodea •Order Mantodea •Order Hemiptera •Order Phasmida •Superorder Endopterygota •Order Coleoptera •Order Lepidoptera •Order Diptera •Order Hymenoptera

Division Neoptera orders

•Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, locusts, katydids) •Order Blattodea (Termites and Cockroaches) •Order Hemiptera (Cicadas, aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies, and scale insects) •Order Mantodea (Praying Mantis) •Order Phasmida (walking sticks and leaf insects) --> refer to phylogeny tree attached

Subphylum Hexapoda, (hex=six + podos=foot) Features (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

•Six legs (three pairs)in all its members •Legs uniramous(unbranched, unlike the biramous legs in crustaceans). •Three tagmata --Head (sensory), thorax(locomotion), abdomen(reproduction) --Abdominal appendages are very small or absent

Subclass Pterygota Division Paleoptera Order Odonata (Class Insecta) (Phylum Arthropoda Part 2)

•Wings develop on the outside of the body -lack the ability to fold the wings back over the abdomen •Hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis) -Nymphs lack wings and sex organs until their final molt into adults Ex: Dragonflies and Damselflies