Zoology Unit 11 mammals study guide

How has having shoulder and pelvic girdles that are more streamlined and flexible aided in mammalian movement?

Permit both front and hind limbs to move in a variety of ways

mammals lungs are large and contain millions of ______________, small chambers for gas exchange.

alioli

hoofed mammals with an even number of digits on each foot; contains mostly large, grazing animals; examples include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels, antelope, deer, gazelles

artiodactyls

The rumen contains symbiotic ______________ that digest the cellulose of most plant tissues

bacteria

controls muscular coordination

cerebellum

this makes possible such complicated behaviors as thinking and learning

cerebrum

What are the 3 main parts of the mammalian brain?

cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata

Food breakdown begins with __________, which speeds up digestion

chewing

Similar ecological opportunities on the different continents have produced some striking examples of ______________________ in mammals. They evolved similar adaptations in form and function.

convergent

Although mammalian ears all have the same basic parts, they differ in their ability to do what?

detect sound

The __________________ and __________________ of parental care varies among different species.

duration and intensity

what does the milk of mammalians contain?

fat, protein, and sugar.

where does most of the energy from milk come from?

fats

Regardless of the mode of development, all newborn mammals do what?

feed on their mothers milk

The main function of the _________ is to insulate the mammal against heat loss, but it can also serve to camouflage the mammal.

hair

The broad, flattened shape in _____________ is adapted for grinding tough plants.

herbivore teeth

The ability of mammals to regulate their body heat from within is an example of what?

homeostasis

Endocrine glands regulate body activities by releasing chemicals called __________________.

hormones

insect eaters with long, narrow snouts and sharp claws suited for digging; examples include shrews, hedgehogs, and moles

insectivores

As mammals evolved, the form and function of their ____ and __________ became adapted to eat other foods.

jaws teeth

In females, the ___________________________ produce milk to nourish the young.

mammary gland

All female mammals lactate from __________________

mammary glands

what order do marsupials belong to?

marsupialia

The embryo is born at a very early stage of development. The tiny embryo crawls across its mother's fur into a pouch called the _______________ on the outside of her body

marsupium

regulates involuntary body functions, o those that are not under conscious control, such as breathing and heart rate

medulla oblongata

Mammals have a much higher ______________________ than most other chordates which helps them to generate body heat.

metabolic rate

what order do montremes belong to?

monotremata

what is the most ancient order of living mammals?

montremata

are carnivores and herbivores teeth the same?

no

does oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ever mix?

no

what is exchanged between embryo and mother through the placenta?

nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes

monotremata - lay eggs

oviporous

mammals are either _______________ or ______________

oviporous or viviporous

circuit to and from the lungs

oxygen-poor circuit

to and from the rest of the body

oxygen-rich circuit

What do mammals do to cool the body if they lack sweat glands?

pant

hoofed mammals with an odd number of toes on each foot; contains mostly large, grazing animals; examples include horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and zebras

perissodactyls

Mice, cats, dogs, whales, elephants, sea lions, and humans are all examples of what?

placental mammals

which animals have the longest gestation period?

placental mammals

mammals with trunks; went through an extensive adaptive radiation some time ago that produced many species, including mastodons and mammoths, which are now extinct; only two species, Asian elephant and African elephant, survive today

proboscideans

what does having a high metabolic rate do for mammals?

provides energy to perform strenuous activities for long periods of time.

When marsupials reproduce, the fertilized egg develops into an embryo inside the mother's ___________________________. There, it is nourished by a small yolk sac. When the food in the yolk sac is used up, the embryo leaves its mother's body.

reproductive tract

single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in both upper and lower jaws, which are used for gnawing wood and other tough plant material (entirely herbivorous); examples include mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, gophers, chipmunks, gerbils, prairie dogs, chinchillas

rodents

Cows and their relatives have a stomach chamber called the ____________, in which newly swallowed plant food is stored and processed. It is the first chamber of a large, four-chambered stomach.

rumen

_____________ regurgitate, chew, and swallow their food again. This may happen several times.

ruminants

what do kidneys retain?

salt, sugar, and other compounds the body cannot afford to lose

herbivores living in rivers, bays, and warm coastal waters scattered throughout the world; large, slow-moving, and fully aquatic; examples include manatees and dugongs

sirenians

Food in the rumen is eventually broken down into small molecules that are absorbed by the animal's bloodstream after food reaches the ___________________________.

small intestine

what do many mammals have that help cool the body?

sweat glands

The mammary glands are modified ________________________ located on the thorax or abdomen that produce milk.

sweat glans

what system protects animals from diseases?

the immune system

where do placental mammals get their name from?

the placenta, an internal structure formed when the embryo's tissues join with tissues from within the mother's body.

From the kidneys, urine flows to a ______________ where it is stored until it is eliminated

urinary bladder

How many chambers does the heart have? left and right __________ and ____________-

4 chambers atria and ventricle

How are mammals classified into 3 groups?

Based on their modes of development and birth

What is the age of the mammals called?

Cenozoic Era

examples of marsupials

Opossums, wombats, kangaroos, koalas

In addition to hair and mammary glands, all mammals have these 3 characteristics

breathe air have 4 chambered heart are endotherms that generate their own body heat internally.

filter feeders

eat by straining particles from the water

carnivores

eat meat

Omnivores

eat meat and plants

herbiovres

eat plants

what do Bats and dolphins can locate food and other objects in their environment?

echolocation

Highly developed _________________ that help maintain ___________________ by filtering urea from the blood and by excreting excess water or retaining needed water

kidneys homeostasis

entirely herbivorous; two pairs of incisors in the upper jaw; most have hind legs adapted for leaping; examples include snowshoe hares and rabbits

lagomorphs

The joint between the skull and _________________ became stronger and allowed mammals to evolve larger, more powerful jaw ___________ and different ways for _______________.

lower jaw muscles chewing

how do all mammals breathe?

lungs

how many species of monotremes exist today?

5

how are young monotremes nourished?

by mother's milk, which they lick from pores on her abdomen.

The human ______________ is a vestigial cecum.

appendix

What is subcutaneous fat?

A layer of fat cells that help conserve body heat

How has having a backbone that flexes both vertically and side to side aided mammals in movement?

Allows mammals to move with bouncing, leaping strides.

__________________________ is an important mammalian characteristic, and the bond between mother and young is very close.

Maternal care

How do the kidneys help mammals to live in so many habitats?

They are efficient at controlling and stabilizing the amount of water in the body

pointed teeth used for piercing, gripping, and tearing in carnivores and in herbivores they are reduced or absent; incisors: chisel-like teeth used for cutting, gnawing, and grooming; molars: crush and grind food

canines

meath-eaters; many stalk and chase prey by running and pouncing, then killing with sharp teeth and claws; some eat plants as well as meat; marine carnivores feed in the ocean but bear young on land; examples include tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses

carnivores

The ridged shape in _____________ allows them to interlock during chewing, like scissors.

carnivores teeth

Horses, rabbits, elephants and rodents have microorganisms that live in the _________

cecum

a large sac that branches from the small intestine and acts as a fermentation chamber and completes the digestion of food.

cecum

A well-developed outer layer of the _____________ is the cerebral cortex, which is the center of thinking and other complex behaviors.

cerebrum

adapted to underwater life yet must come to the surface to breathe; most live and breed in the ocean; examples include whales (humpback, narwhal, sperm, beluga, etc.) and dolphins (river, bottlenose, etc.) Blue whales are the largest animals that have ever lived, and they are filter feeders.

cetaceans

winged mammals; only mammals capable of true flight; account for about ⅕ of all mammalian species; eat mostly insects or fruit and nectar; three species feed on blood of other vertebrates; examples are the bats

chiropterans

During the time of parental care, what dos the juvenile learn from its caregiver?

the behaviors it needs to survive in its particular environment.

what species of montremes are living today? (1 species of _______________ and 4 species of ________________)

the duckbill platypus and four species of spiny anteater (one short-beaked and three long-beaked)

closely related to ancient insectivores but have a highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors; examples include lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans

primates

Urea, other wastes, and water combine to form what?

urine

Marsupials are ________________, or live-bearing. They bear live young, but at an early stage of development.

viviparous

most have no teeth; some have very small teeth usually found in the back of the jaw; examples include sloths, anteaters, armadillos

xenarthrans