***********

Name and list three characteristics of the theoretical framework that resonates most with you. In a few words, describe this framework's key contribution to our understanding of the past. (50 words)

1. Feminist archaeology: Shows that individual experiences are based on gender and role in society Brought attention to how archaeology represents gender, showed that societies are not uniform Archaeologists tend to have homogeneous approach, asked how can this change? Used skeletal remains, diet, and textiles 2. Post-processual archaeology Archaeologists should emulate historians and not so much lab sciences or physics Historians should try to understand the past through those that lived during the event Etic: does not attempt to adopt perspective of the members studied Ehic: trying to understand meanings people attach to actions and culture 3. New archaeology Archaeologists not limited to descriptions Deduction, hypothesis, testing, middle range research Theoretical problem on how science is applied to archaeology Archaeology based firmly on scientific method and supported by concerted efforts

How long ago did modern humans in different areas of the world begin to shift to an agricultural way of life?

15,000 years ago

AMS dates of beans at Guitarrero Cave indicate that they were domesticated

4, 300 years ago

Briefly describe how are depictions of animals in the caves of Upper Paleolithic Europe are related to the subsistence base of the painters? (50 words)

A switch is thrown, and in the dazzle of newly erupting light, all eyes are drawn upward to gaze in awe at scenes of mas-sive bulls painted onto the cave walls 15,000 years ago. The wonder of Lascaux Cave is so powerful that it stuns even the most jaded. One feels an instinctive connection to the people who shared our drive to represent the world—to make art of our experience. The low genetic variation within modern humans reflects a relatively recent common ancestry We are closer with the members of Upper Paleolithic Europe people than we realize, an example being an appreciation for art and using art to document our experiences.

What tool, associated with Homo erectus, is perhaps the most successful tool humans ever invented?

Acheulian handaxe

Describe some of the key contributions African American scholars have made to the discipline of archaeology

African American scholars encouraged learning about their past heritiage and valued teaching people about their communities, which is a large part of archaeology. For example: where African American archealogists taught students at St Croix Taught that archaeology is used to answer questions about everyday life. Examining how people lived, worked, ate, dressed, built their homes, expressed their agency, and made a life for themselves even under the bondage of enslavement provides students with a window to the past that highlights the diversity found within sites of African heritage Spread diversity about the people in archeology, not just white men, african americas and Indigenous scholars were there too

A(n) is a domesticated camelid.

Aplaca

List three main methods current archaeologists are using to uncover the realities of the Underground Raiload?

Archaeological techniques researchers used to expose the history of the Underground Railroad inthe Midwest consisted of looking at artifacts, laser technology, mapping, and more. Throughthese techniques archaeologists found artifacts such as nails and broken ceramics (domesticitems), mapping helped discover how much land the inhabitants had to fight off, and lasertechnology is able to help archaeologists discover how inhabitants used defense mechanismssuch as moats. This information enhances our knowledge surrounding the society and theirlivelihood. Archaeologists knew this was a free African American community, they knew theyfought off American forces, yet they had to discover how this community lived and just exactlyhow they were able to defend themselves.

If an archaeologist 100 years from now were to come across a preserved meal consisting of an all-beef hamburger and sesame-seed bun, a pickle, a tomato, a sliced onion, french fries and a pineapple-mango smoothie, what could they infer about trade, cultural contact, farming, or population health?

Archaeologists researching this current meal would most likely begin by trying to find the origins of the specific foods. For example, they would want to know where was pineapple domesticated? Mesoamerica? Northamerica? If it was domesticated in a European country, they would research the skill regarding long-distance trade and if certain items were highly valued. If they were highly valued, was it because it was unable to be farmed in other areas? How did it influence diet?

New laws requiring archaeological work to be done before damaging construction work created which of the following?

CRM

How do the origins of agriculture in North America, and Mesoamerica, fit within the framework of V. Gordon Childe's Neolithic Revolution?

Childe's Neolithic Revolution focuses on the idea of shifting from the hunter gather lifestyle to that of agricultre. This fits in with the origin of agriculture in places such as North America and Mesoamerica as radical shifts were present: they began increasing population and relying on agriculture, valuing the plants and their lands, and their technology developed.

What Andean period corresponds with the appearance of monumental architecture and the absence of pottery?

Cotton Preceramic

What are some of the major ethical implications of doing archaeology in the U.S.?

Ethical implications of the US: US originated with Indigenous peoples, risks minimizing the importance of Indigenous history, risks the damage of Indigenous artifacts, and it risks not preserving important sites whether that be spiritually important or culturally important

"Danish antiquarian, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, developed the Three Age System in 1816."

False

"Evolutionary archaeology, ironically, rejects the theory of evolution as having any application to modern archaeology."

False

Ecofacts are objects that show traces of human manufacture.

False

Experimental archaeology uses scientific techniques, such as DNA analysis, to interpret the past.

False

Feminist archaeologists see males as responsible for most of the trouble in prehistory.

False

Hermeneutics views our knowledge of past societies as static and unchanging.

False

King Tutankhamen conducted an early archaeological dig at the site of the Sphinx.

False

The Harris matrix is a method for quantifying artifacts from depositional units.

False

The earliest farming communities in the Middle East are called Linear Band Keramik (LBK).

False

"This focuses on the way archaeologists study and represent gender in the archaeological record, as well as gender biases of the investigator."

Feminist archaeology

Describe the type of evidence that French and Spanish explorers of the Mississippi valley had witnessed that challenged ideas of Moundbuilder superiority?

French and Spanish explorers witnessed Indians settled in agriculture villages with an elaborate social system. This challenges the previous idea of Indigenous people being uncivilized and savages and incapable of being skillful enough to possibly be the moundbuilders.

The initial hominid occupation of Australia and the Americas was by which species?

Homo sapiens

If you want to learn how people lived in a certain time and place, particularly in North America and the Eastern U.S. how can you go about reconstructing that knowledge? What other sciences can you use to help you do that? Is it more broadly applicable (i.e., to groups living in the Southwest today)?

In modern day, we have multiple resources to find out about our past ancestors. Visiting museums, google, gardens, national monuments, and more. Today, these locations are more applicable to everyone due to the internent (can be accessed in places such as public libraries) Scienes that help us access the past are geography, geology, and even botany. We can study different botany's of different places to get information about knowledge of people at a certain time

Describe some of the key contributions Indigenous scholars and Indigenous knowledge have made to the discipline of archaeology.

Indigenous scholars promoted the use of community and collaboration in archaeology. Through this promotion of working together from indigenous scholars, unity is formed. Through unity, we accept diversity, and move forward in decolonization and appreciation of the Indigenous past.

Which of the following statements best describes postprocessual archaeology?

It argues that archaeologists should emulate historians.

Why did the publication of On the Origin of Species upset the church?

It removed divinity from creation.

Which of the following statements best describes systems theory?

It views society as an interconnected network of elements.

The most spectacular example of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A construction is the 9-meter-high structure at .

Jericho

Pottery manufacture developed across the Middle East during the period.

Late Neolithic

What Natufian village site in Northern Israel has allowed archaeologists to tentatively reconstruct a large structure?

Mallaha

How have arguments about the origins of agriculture been made in the past and how have they followed the scientific process in changing over time?

Many arguments about the origin of agriculture. Begins with Childe and Morgan Morgan and Childe were pionerring American anthropologists with early ideas. Morgan: through the invention of agriculture, humans placed themselves outside of the world of nature and moved toward "human supremacy on the earth" Childe redefined Morgan's ideas with the Neolithic Revolution CHILDE: Neolithic Revolution The term V. Gordon Childe used to describe the transition to agriculture as an event that affected every aspect of human society. most of their spe-cific ideas about the nature of the shift to agriculture are the subject of debate and criticism. As they develop into more modern, the scientifc process of analyzing others data and asking your own questions, and then participating in your own research helps develop new ideas.

Describe how the ideas of early thinkers like Lewis Henry Morgan and V. Gordon Childe on one hand, compare to more contemporary thinkers like David Rindos and Tim Ingold on the other.

Morgan and Childe were pionerring American anthropologists with early ideas. Morgan: through the invention of agriculture, humans placed themselves outside of the world of nature and moved toward "human supremacy on the earth" Childe redefined Morgan's ideas with the Neolithic Revolution CHILDE: Neolithic Revolution The term V. Gordon Childe used to describe the transition to agriculture as an event that affected every aspect of human society. most of their spe-cific ideas about the nature of the shift to agriculture are the subject of debate and criticism. Rindos: the development of agriculture was a COEVOLUTIONARY process involving a symbiotic relationship between plant and animal species in which each species contributes to the other's support. EX: there is a symbiotic relationship between ants and acacia trees. The ants live in the acacias, harvesting the trees' sugars and leaves while feeding on insects that would otherwise destroy the trees. If the ants are removed, other insects attack the trees, which then rapidly die. INGOLD: Tim Ingold An anthropologist who views the shift from hunting to agriculture as a shift from trust to domination. Social relations between humans are formed on the same basis of trust because there is no essential distinction between the human and animal worlds. A hallmark characteristic of hunter-gatherer social relations is sharing based on trust Similar concepts of domination and control pervade the social life of humans with the development of owned property and social hierarchy.

Which of the following is a method of quantifying animal bone from an archaeological site?

NISP

One of the most complete pictures of a hunter-gatherer village in North Africa comes from the North African site of .

Nabta Playa

The earliest culture in Beringia, dated to 14,000 to 12,800, is called the culture.

Nenana

The Kebaran site of , at the Sea of Galilee, was notable because of its remarkable preservation of organic remains, including the remains of six brush huts.

Ohalo

The earliest stone tool tradition is known as the .

Oldowan

This Late Archaic site in Louisiana is characterized by a series of six concentric mounds.

Poverty Point

Who were the Eastern mounds originally ascribed to and why is this significant in the context of Indigenous equity?

The Eastern mounds were originally ascribed to a vanished civilization that were highly skilled in engineering, mathematics, and surveying. They believed this vanished society passed through the Americas, eventually settling in Mexico. By attributing the success of mounds to a vanished society, separate from the Indigenous people, the whites are attempting to maintain racist ideas of Indigenous people being savages or uncivilized.

In approximately 50 words or less, broadly explain the aims of archaeological research, how it is conducted and with whom, and why this is relevant to civic and social interactions today. Make sure to include specific examples and use terminology you have learng in this class.

The aims of archeological research is reconstructing, then explaining and interpreting past human behavior. It is conducted by archaeologists who study preserved material of the past (through activities such as mapping sites and horizontal excavations). This is relevant to our social interactions today as archaeologists are researching issues such as climate change due to human activity.

What are the current debates surrounding the origins of agriculture in the Central Andes and how does this perspective fit within the framework of Gordon Childe's Neolithic Revolution (i.e., do developments follow the same evolutionary trajectory he proposed)? (50 words)

The current debates surrounding agriculture origin in the Central Andes consist of the social complexity and Caral being the cradle of ancient Andean civilization. The social complexity debate involves the emergence of large public architecture and discussed large shellfish deposits and twined cotton textiles. The debate around the cradle of ancient Andean civilization being the first city. However, there are issues surrounding the time and economy. 2. Origins of agriculture in the Andes relate to Childe's Neolithic Revolution due to the introduction and success of fishing in the Andes. Due to the innovation regarding fishing technology, there is debate on whether or not agriculture was as successful as it was in other economies. The cultivation of other products, such as cotton, was a debate as people didn't necessarily find it valuable if you couldn't eat it. In many other states, agriculture is the primary support of communities rather than hunting gathering, or fishing.

How have arguments about the origins of agriculture in the American Southwest or Southeast and Mesoamerica been made in the past, and how have they followed the scientific process in changing over time? (50 words)

The current ideas surrounding agriculture in the American Southwest/Southeast and Mesoamerica are beginning with gathering and tending, and ending up with plant domestication, where people intervened in the life cycle of plants. Many debates about the development of agriculture have been made, but using genetic examples, such as teosinte and its connection to maize, and finding connections between different agricultural research, archaeologists use one another's research to establish arguments.

What is the most salient early evidence of ritual behavior recorded for the Early Neolithic period? Be sure to name specific site[s], location and cultural affiliation of materials used to support your claim. (50 words)

The most salient evidence of ritual evidence is any of the ritual objects found on Early Neolithic sites are hidden away in pits or under floors. The most striking hidden objects are plastered skulls. On Pre-Pottery Neolithic B sites, excavators have discovered skulls on which a plaster face has been modeled. Both plastered and unplastered skulls are found below the floors of houses or in small caches.An analysis of one of the skulls from the site of Kefar Hahoresh has pro-FIGURE 7.10 The plastered skull from Kefar Hahoresh. vided a particularly detailed picture of the process of creating a plastered skull Some archaeologists argue that this practice was an aspect of ancestor worship and that it was through reverence for the ancestor that Early Neolithic societies maintained cohesion.

briefly show how our relationship with Neanderthals has influenced our understanding of human cultural-environmental interactions over time. Cite your sources where necessary. (50 words)

There is debate over to what extent modern day humans are biologically related to Neanderthals. We have a common ancestor evolved from Homo erectus. However, this biological viewpoint doesn't mean that the social and cultural development of Neanderthals did not influence us. Understanding the Neanderthals tool creation was a large influence. They made tools by retouching the edges of flakes, where they carefully shaped the core of the flake. This is known as the prepared core technology, a core understanding in appreciating the influence Neanderthals and their adaptation that was passed on through decades. This overall shows that the human relationship between cultures and environments has greatly adapted overtime, starting with our most basic ancestors, who set the scene for us.

The law of superposition states that each layer is younger than the layer beneath it.

True

The struggle between evolution and religion predates the publication of Charles Darwin s On The Origin of Species.

True

Toward the end of the Natufian there was a reduction in the number and size of sites. This reduction has been correlated with the , a global climatic event known as "the Little Ice Age."

Younger Dryas

Any object that shows traces of human manufacture is referred to as a/n.

artifact

By analyzing flint tools using this technique, researchers found new evidence of an 800,000-year-old fire in northern Israel. What techique did they use?

artifical intelligence

One possible trigger that played a role in the shift to agriculture may have been

climate change

In zooarchaeology, MNI estimates are calculated by

counting the most numerous unique skeletal element of each species

The is used as a reference for all vertical measurements on an archaeological site.

datum point

The goal of vertical excavation is to .

expose the sequence of occupation at a site.

In order to understand the shift to agriculture, archaeologists are faced with the problem of

how to approach the origins of agriculture as a process.

Archaeologists have used __________ on skeletal material to determine the role of maize in the diet.

isotope analysis

The sequence of depositional units at a site is referred to as the siteʹs

stratigraphy

Excavation profiles can be represented schematically by using the Harris Matrix.

tRUE

V. Gordon Childe defined the transition to agriculture as .

the Neolithic Revolution

What is the boundary that separates Sunda and Sahul called?

the Wallace Line

An archaeological survey maps the distribution of

the physical remains of human activity

Genetic research indicates that this plant species was domesticated in New Guinea.

yams