01-DESIGN COMMUNICATION COMBINED
Most common types of orthographic drawings:
- Floor plans - Reflected ceiling plans - Elevations - Sections
What is an axonometric drawing?
A view of an object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that the 3 principal axes are foreshortened.
Trimetric drawing
All three of the principal axes are foreshortened
Axonometric Drawings
All three planes of object are at an angle to picture plane
Perspective Drawings
Drawing based on the principle of convergence
Mock-up
Full-size representation of a portion of a design (can be made of representative materials or actual materials/finishes)
Horizon Line
Horizontal line representing where earth meets sky
Picture Plane
Imaginary vertical plane on which all points of object are project to create the 2D image
Graphic Scale
Included on drawings that will be resized in uneven increments or that might be used when a person does not have a scale
Engineer's Scale
Indicates feet and fractions of a foot and uses scales such as 1" = 40' or 1" = 100' Used by civil engineers
Three types of Axonometric drawings
Isometric Dimetric Trimetric
Paraline drawing
Named because the lines remain parallel. Categorized as either axonometric or oblique. Two most common types are isometric and oblique. These are generally easier and faster to construct than perspectives, which makes them useful for quickly illustrating 3D ideas, especially in early stages of design.
Oblique Drawings
One plane of the object is parallel to the picture plance
Section
Orthographic view of an object after the object has been cut and one portion has been removed. Although normally vertical slices, they can be cut horizontally, or at any angle to show the internal construction better. Invaluable, they show vertical dimensions and hidden information about construction that cannot be described on plans or elevations.
Reflected ceiling plan
Orthographic view of the ceiling of a room or building as though there were a mirror on the floor and the viewer could see through the roof to the ceiling's reflection. The orientation of this plan is always identical to the floor plan. It only shows construction elements that touch the plane of the ceiling, the ceiling itself, and objects in the ceiling (if liberties are taken, doors or upper cabinets may be shown).
Station Point
Position from which the object will be viewed
Perspective Grid
Premade grids with a horizon line, vanishing points and marked distances
Site plan
Roof plan including ground on which the building sits, including landscaping, walks, drives, and property lines
Internet presentations
Separate the presenter and the audience in both location and time. Web-based presentation is developed and made avaialble to audience whenever it is convenient to view it.
Vanishing Point (VP)
Set of parallel lines appear the be nonparallel and point to, or converge on, the same spot in the distance
Orthographic Drawings
Use projection so that a 3D object may be presented in 2D. Useful for paper, as multiple views can accurately and completely describe even complex objects.
Architect's Scale
Uses fractions of an inch (or multiples of an inch) to represent feet and inches. most common scale is the 12 in triangular scale, which contains 12 scales along 6 edges.
Presentation Model
Very detailed and accurately represent furniture, colors and finishes to scale
Presentation Model
Very detailed and accurately represent furniture, detail, colors and finishes. Often used for final, formal client presentations. Made by professional model builder.
Typical scale of very complex details
full size (1:1)
Typical scale of cabinet details and other complex details
half full size (1:2)
Difference between DD presentation and earlier presentations
- Exact dimensions of the floor plan are set - Specific products and materials have been selected - Furniture selection is finalized - Exact colors and finishes have been determined on most products - Last chance for client to make changes without affecting the project's cost and schedule
Sections that should be included in a programming report:
- Title page - Introduction - Executive summary (optional) - Goals & objectives of report (optional) - Summary of space needs - Space adjacencies - Code requirements - Analysis of existing space - Budget & schedule requirements - Programming concepts - Appendices (anything not covered above like existing furniture inventory)
Typical scale of simple details (not often used)
1" (1:10)
Typical scale of ceiling details and simple cabinet details
1-1/2" (1:10)
Tips to a clear & easy to follow presentation
1. Be consistent with format of each slide 2. Put only 1-idea on each slide 3. Use bold graphics that are easy to understand 4. Be specific with thoughts and suggestions 5. Preview the presentation before giving it
Types of Orthographic drawings
1.) Floor plan - a view of a building seen from above but the top portion has been cut off at 4'-0" aff. 2.) Reflected ceiling plan - an orthographic view of the ceiling of a room or building as though there was a mirror on the floor and you could see through the roof to see the ceiling's reflection. Technically it doesn't show openings but some liberties are taken with this. 3.) Elevations - orthographic views of the side of an object-shows more detail in finishes and dimensions. 4.) Sections - an orthographic view of an object after it's been cut and one portion has been removed. It can be of entire buildings or very small objects.
Name 3 types of axonometric drawings.
1.) Isometric - a 3 dimensional view of the object where the object is tilted in relationship to the picture plane. 3 principal axes make equal angles with the picture plane. Floor plans are redrawn at the 30 degree angle and the 3rd dimension is extended up vertically. 2.) Dimetric - 2 of the principle axes are equally foreshortened. 3.) Trimetric - 3 of the principle axes are equally foreshortened.
What is some additional information about section drawings?
1.) They show hidden information about construction that cannot be described on plans or elevations. 2.) They are also called "details." 3.) Voids are left blank and the line separating sold from void are drawn heavy--they're called profile lines.
Typical scale of floor plans of very large buildings
1/16" (1:200)
Typical scale of enlarged floor plans and very complex elevations
1/2" (1:20)
Typical scale of floor plans, simple interior elevations, & building sections
1/4" (1:50)
Typical scale of floor plans
1/8" (1:100)
1/4", 1/8", 1/16"
3 Common scales for floor plans
Isometric, Dimetric, Trimetric
3 Types of Axonometric Drawings
Common scale for details
3"
Typical scale of doors, cabinet, furniture and similar details
3" (1:5)
Although they are available on many architect's scales, ___ & ___ scales should never be used because ___
3/32 and 3/16 they are too close to 1/8" & 1/4" scales
Typical scale of enlarge floor plans and full wall sections
3/4" (1:20)
Typical scale of complex interior elevations and complex building sections
3/8" (1:30)
Isometric drawing
3D view of an object in which the object is tilted in relation to picture plane (rather than parallel to picture plane as with orthographic drawing). These lines are oblique to the picture plane. The three principal axes of the object make equal angles with the picture plane, or the drawing surface. In practice, the result is that the vertical axis of an object is vertical on the paper and the two horizontal axis form 30 degrees on the paper. Lengths of all three principal axes are drawn at the same scale. - Negative: visual distortion caused by parallel lines not appearing to converge at a point as they recede into the distance. - Can be used to draw buildings, interior rooms, details, millwork, furniture, etc.
Oblique drawings
3D view of an object where one plane of the object is parallel to the picture plane while third axis is oblique to the picture plane. Consist of 90° angles between two adjacent planes or walls. Advantage: a building floor plan or elevation can be used directly to construct the drawing. - Can be tilted at any angle as long as walls are 90 deg to each other, usually drawn at two 45°, 30°, or 60° angles.
Orthographic, Axonometric, Oblique, Perspective
4 Types of presentation drawings
What are orthographic drawings?
A drawing type used to view an object seen as though your line of sight were simultaneously perpendicular to every point on the face of the object. These include plans, elevations, and sections.
What characterizes an isometric drawing? A.) All axes are drawn to the same scale. B.) A three-dimensional view can easily be created by tilting a floor plan and extending vertical lines. C.) Lines of projection and perpendicular to the picture plane. D.) The view shows a cut about 5 ft above the floor
A is correct. B refers to a plan oblique drawing. C refers to an orthographic drawing D refers to a floor plan.
What is a perspective drawing?
A three dimensional representation of a space that uses the principal of convergence which is the apparent diminishing size of objects as they get farther from the eye.
What is an oblique drawing?
A type of drawing where the plan is tilted at any desired angle and the third dimension is created by projecting vertical lines.
A Plan is
An orthographic view of an object as seen from directly above.
Convergence
Apparent diminishing size of any object as it gets farther from the eye. Explains why parallel lines seem to end at a vanishing point in the distance.
Which of the following scales should NEVER be used for interior design construction drawings? A.) 1/8" = 1'-0" B.) 3/16" = 1'-0" C.) 3/4" = 1'-0" D.) 1" = 1'-0"
B is correct. 3/32" and 3/16" scales should never be used because they are too close to 1/8" and 1/4" scales, which are used most commonly. At 3/16", most people would assume the drawings were at 1/4" scale and possibly misread them.
The most accurate representation of materials can best be shown with A.) computer renderings B.) full size mockups C.) presentation models D.) study models
B is correct. A full-size mockup of an actual material would be the best way to represent the material.
What is a drawing that shows a top view of building and its surroundings? A.) A floor plan B.) site plan C.) roof plan D.) horizontal section
B is correct. If just the top of the building is shown, it is a roof plan. If the surroundings are shown, it is a site plan.
Orthographic drawings are unreal views of objects primarily b/c A.) more than one is required to describe an object B.) the point of view is directly in front of every location on the object C.) a transparent plane has to be imagined D.) some planes may be foreshortened
B is correct. Orthographic drawings assume the impossible situation that hte viewer's eye is perpendicular to ever point on an object at the same time, when in fact the viewer sees an object in perspective from only one point of view, even when standing directly in front of it.
Graphic Scale On a Drawing
Band of alternating light and dark portions, each representing a certain length. When these are used, measurement of scale is not dependent on having a scale instrument. Useful when drawings are reproduced at an odd size for presentations or publication.
The primary advantage of an oblique drawing is that A.) it shows th emost realistice view of an object B.) all three axes are drawn at the same scale C.) existing orthographic drawings can be used as a starting point D.) it shows foreshortened lines and planes accurately
C is correct. An oblique drawing is one that has one of its planes parallel to the picture plane so an existing floor plan or elevation can be used at the the starting point. The thired dimension is then represented by project lines at any convenient angle. Option A is incorrect b/c a perspective is the most realistic view of an object. Option B is incorrect b/c one of the axes must be drawn at a different scale so the drawing does not look distorted. Option D is incorrect b/c foreshortened lines will still be distorted and foreshortened in an oblique view.
When creating a drawing that will be used for reproduction in a magazine, it is best to use A.) an architect's scale B.) an engineer's scale C.) a graphic scale D.) a metric scale
C is correct. Magazines and publications typically reduce original drawings to fit the format of the publication. Only a graphic scale would enlarge and reduce in the same proportion as the drawing.
A perspective is the best drawing type to use when presenting to a client because it A.) is the quickest method of rendering space B.) most accurately shows vertical dimensions relative to the viewer C.) is most like the way space and objects are perceived D.) offers the widest choice of viewpoints
C is correct. Even for laypersons, perspectives show the most realistic view of three-dimensional space on two-dimensional media.
Two point perspective
Created when the point of view is at normal eye level and is not perpendicular to any plane of the object. Has two vanishing points, not just one.
A quick-sketch perspective drawing could most easily be made by A.) employing a computer model B.) plotting the perspective C.) tracing over a model photograph D.) using a perspective grid
D is correct. Using a perspective grid is a quick, fairly easy method for setting up an accurate perspective view. Plotting the perspective using standard methods is time consuming. A computer model could be used, but drawing the model accurately enough before a perspective view could be taken of it is equally time consuming. Creating a model would also take a significant amount of time.
What does SP in a perspective mean? A.) standard perspective B.) secondary point C.) side plane D.) station point
D is correct. In a perspective drawing, SP indicates station point.
What is the goal of the final programming report and presentation?
Elicit client comments on the conclusions and to get approval so design can proceed
Mockups
Full-size representations of a portion of a design. Made of small elements, such as furniture, or entire rooms. Good way to communicate how something will look that has not yet been built, such as a custom-designed workstation or prototype for a hotel room. Can be made of cardboard to study clearances, human fit, and overall scale. Can also be built as the actual construction (by contractor or vendor).
Poche
Graphic pattern or solid black fill used to make the walls stand out or to indicate the wall construction type
Station Point
In a two point perspective drawing, this determines the vanishing points. Vertical lines are projected downward from this point.
Floor plan
In architectural and interior design work, most common type of plan although strictly speaking it is really a sort of section from 5' AFF and below -all openings are shown even if they are above 5' cut -kitchen cabintes, ceiling breaks, shelving shown with dashed lines
Picture Plane (PP)
In regard to drawing a two point perspective drawing, this is the imaginary vertical plane onto which all points of the object are projected to create the 2D image. Appears to be a line in plan view. The farther away this is from the plan, the wider the perspective will be drawn.
A Scale
Instrument used in manual drafting that facilitates making and reading scaled drawings
Height Line
Line of the plan that touches the picture place and can be scaled
Profile lines
Lines separating a solid from a void in a section or detail drawing. Often drawn very heavy. Thin lines are used to indicate elements that occur beyond the section cut.
Computer Model
Make it possible to view spaces from any vantage point and do "fly-throughs" as if the viewer were walking through the space. Allow the designer to render with an accurate representation of the finishes and materials. Creating a detailed, fully rendered version can be labor intensive and require skill in using a particular program.
Axonometric drawing
Means to "measure along axes". View of an object is always inclined to the picture plane in such a way that the three principal axes are foreshortened.
Perspective drawing
Most accurate 2D representation of the 3D world by use of principle of convergence
Height line
Only line on the perspective drawing where vertical dimensions can be directly scaled (all others must be developed from this line and vanishing points)
Elevation
Orthographic view of the side of an object. Shows the lengths and heights of walls of a room. Show details of finishes and materials in a room that cannot be adequately described on other drawings. Horizontal dimensions can also be described better as these are usually drawn at a larger scale, ex: cabinet widths.
Vanishing Point
Point(s) on horizon line where horizontal lines meet horizon (and converge)
Perspective Grid
Pre-printed grid that have horizon lines, vanishing points, and distances already marked off. Paper is placed over the grid and a drawing is sketched in. Quicker way to do a 2-point perspective.
Face-to-face presentations
Presenter and audience are in same place at the same time with electronic devices used to supplement the presentation, through computer projection, interactive monitors, or traditional photographic slides. Most presentations use this method.
Virtual presentations
Presenter and audience may be in different locations but interacting in real-time. Teleconferencing is common method of accomplishing this type of presentation.
Scale in the context of graphic communication
Ratio of a measuring unit to the full-size item it represents, ex: 1/4" = 1'-0". Makes it possible to represent a very large object on a piece of paper while showing accurate proportions.
Horizon Line
Represents the place on the drawing where the earth meets the sky, just as in the real world. Becomes the basis of the perspective view. In most perspectives, this is assumed to be at eye level, or 5'-0" or 5'-6" above the floor.
Study Model
Rough model used to aid in understanding of 3D aspect of a space
Study Models (Working models)
Rough models used by the designer as an aid to understanding the 3D aspects of the space and are constructed in a variety of ways, depending on the needs of the designer and the time and budget available. Mainly constructed in 1/4 or 1/2" scale, although any scale may be used.
Details
Sections which show complex construction information at a relatively large scale.
Dimetric drawing
Two of the principal axes are equally foreshortened
Metric Scale
Used when a project is planned and represented in SI (metric) units. Divided in proportions like 1:50, 1:10, 1:5. Ex: on the 1:50 scale, one scale unit equals 50 units of the actual size (similar to 1/4" scale, which works out to 1/48)
Architects Scale
Uses fractions of an inch to represent feet & inches (1/4", 1/2")
Metric Scale
Uses graduated proportions, based on millimeters (1:50, 1:100)
VPL & VPR
Vanishing points left and right. In a two point perspective drawing where a horizon line intersects two vertical lines drawn from above in the actual perspective drawing.
Orthographic Projection
View of an object seen as though the viewer's line of sight were simultaneously perpendicular to every point on the nearest face of the object. Each face is projected onto a flat, transparent plane parallel to that face. Scale and proportion are the same for multiple views, however when a diagonal line or plane is shown, it is foreshortened.
Roof plan
View of building from above without section cut
Orthographic Drawings
When 3D objects are shown in 2D to scale and perpendicular to the picture plane: Plans, RCPs, Elevations, Sections
One Point Perspective
When point of view is perpendicular to a plane of the object (single point of convergence)
Two Point Perspective
When the point of view is not perpendicular to any plane of the object (two points of convergence)
One point perspective
When the point of view is perpendicular to one of the planes of the object. All vertical lines are drawn vertically and all lines perpendicular to the line of sight are drawn horizontally. Lines parallel to the line of sight converge at the single vanishing point that is used to create the drawing.
At the end of DD, deisgner
communicates to client the status of the project, final decisions regarding space plan, materials and finishes, and furnishings, updated budget. Approval is required before designer moves to CD's