010 - Chapter 10 - Industrialization in America in the Late 1800s

Which person would be most likely to be able to legally emigrate to the United States in the 1890s?

A middle-aged healthy white Dutch male with no criminal record {Explanation - Immigrants from Japan were soon cut off as well, along with anarchists, criminals, people with epilepsy, the illiterate and the mentally ill. Shortly after WWI, immigration was based on a national quota; the number of visas issued each year could not exceed two percent of the total number of people from that country who were living in the U.S. in 1890.}

Which person was the first to settle on the frontier in the mid-19th century?

A middle-aged miner from Virginia {Explanation - Miners, hoping to strike it rich, were the first group to go west. They paved the way for other groups to start communities out there.}

Why was there a sudden growth of northern urban population centers in the late 19th century?

Because of large-scale immigration {Explanation - Only large-scale immigration can account for the population growth. Although life expectancy was rising, it could not account for the population growth in northern cities. There was migration from the countryside to urban areas, but it was not due to rising land costs or improved housing opportunities. Birth rates were falling, not rising.}

Why did public opinion occasionally turn against unionized workers who went on strike?

Because people believed the workers occasionally became too radical and violent {Explanation - Occasionally, workers on strike became violent, such as during the Haymarket Demonstration and the Homestead Strike. These events turned public opinion against them.}

Why did American agriculture and farming in the 1860s flourish?

Because the government established colleges dedicated to research agricultural technology. {Explanation - The government assisted farmers through the 1862 Morrill Land Grant College Act, which established colleges dedicated to research farming techniques.}

Why did the Salvation Army help prostitutes, thieves, and alcoholics?

Because they felt it was their mission to help those who were normally not helped. {Explanation - The Salvation Army believed in helping without discrimination. Prostitutes, thieves, and alcoholics were normally not provided help, but the Salvation Army made it their mission to help anyone and everyone.}

How does the effect of the 1894 Pullman Strike compare to that of the 1892 strike at the Carnegie Steel Mill in Homestead?

Both the strikes turned popular opinion against the unions, but the Pullman Strike set a precedent that increased the federal government's capacity to intervene. {Explanation - It was an important precedent; the Pullman Strike expanded the federal government's ability to intervene in labor disputes in the future.}

How did the Homestead Act successfully populate the frontier?

By promising people free land if they built a home and grew crops for five years. {Explanation - Beginning on New Year's Day, 1863, individuals could apply for a 160-acre homestead west of the Mississippi River. The land was free, but in order to get the deed, the owner had to build a 12x14' home and grow crops for five years.}

How did settlement houses attempt to alleviate poverty?

By sharing knowledge and culture {Explanation - Because of the Social Gospel belief that Christians had a responsibility to help people, settlement houses were created to help the urban poor. Settlement houses offered classes, food, shelter, and daycare, among other services.}

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney {Explanation - The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1794.}

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Great Britain {Explanation - The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1750.}

Why was the 1875 Page Act introduced?

In response to a widespread stereotype about the danger of cheap Chinese labor. {Explanation - The first piece of national legislation was the 1875 Page Act, which intended to 'end the danger of cheap Chinese labor and immoral Chinese women.' This was followed up by the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, which effectively banned most immigration from China.}

How did the invention of steel impact society during the Second Industrial Revolution?

It caused the spread of transportation. {Explanation - While the First Industrial Revolution saw advances in coal, iron, and textiles, the Second Industrial Revolution was spurred by changes in steel production, petroleum, and electric power. Steel production made it possible for rail lines to be built at competitive costs, which further spread transportation.}

Why was the introduction of interchangeable parts important to the manufacturing process?

It made the American system more cost effective and productive {Explanation - The introduction of interchangeable parts allowed the American system to proceed more quickly and cost less since laborers were only needed to assemble the final product.}

Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler are well known inventors to the automobile industry. Which of the following is true about their inventions?

Karl Benz patented the first automobile designed to run on its own power while Gottlieb Daimler invented a lightweight automobile engine. {Explanation - Karl Benz patented the first automobile in 1886. This was the first automobile designed to run on its own power. This model became the first automobile sold to the public in 1888, while in the same year Gottlieb Daimler invented a lightweight automobile engine.}

How did the Social Gospel movement influence the Civil Rights movement?

Martin Luther King, Jr. said that Social Gospel ideas were the foundation for his ministry. {Explanation - The Social Gospel influenced the American Civil Rights movement, as leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated the Social Gospel as the foundation upon which his ministry was built.}

Which of these was NOT part of the urban planning reform movements around the turn of the 20th century?

NOT: Immigration restrictions {Explanation - Urban planning in this era dealt with the quality of life in cities for the current and anticipated residents. It did NOT attempt to address the sources of urban growth.}

How were the 'new' immigrants different from the 'old' immigrants to America?

New immigrants were less likely to be literate and English-speaking, whereas most of the old immigrants came from English-speaking, democratic countries. {Explanation - Many immigrants in the Gilded Age were illiterate, non-English speakers who practiced a variety of religions and/or had no experience in democracy. They came from many parts of Europe, as well as Asia and Russia. This was in contrast to earlier immigrants who were white, Protestants from northern and western Europe, who had experience with Democracy and spoke some English.}

Which terms best describe urban life in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Overcrowded, Dirty, Segregated and Exciting {Explanation - The cities were crowded, dangerous and dirty, but they offered what many have called, in hindsight, the exciting 'American Dream.'}

What gradually replaced steamboats as the prime means of transportation in nineteenth century America?

Railroads {Explanation - Railroads replaced steamboats because they could reach areas without lakes or rivers and provide a more comprehensive and less expensive means of transportation.}

How did Social Darwinism differ from Reform Darwinism?

Social Darwinists felt that rich people were simply more 'fit' than poor people, while Reform Darwinists felt that it was the rich man's duty to help the less fit, poor man. {Explanation - Social Darwinists adapted Darwin's idea that the 'strongest will survive' to mean that the richest were the most 'fit' and poor people were inferior. Reform Darwinists agreed that rich people were the most 'fit,' but felt it was their duty to help the poor people improve upon their situation.}

How did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) differ to the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)?

The AFL believed in working within the existing system, while the IWW called for open class warfare. {Explanation - In contrast to the relatively docile AFL, the most militant of the early labor unions was the Industrial Workers of the World, known simply as the IWW, or 'Wobblies.' The Wobblies openly called for class warfare and aggression, including sabotage, and looked forward to the day when workers would seize machines and factories for themselves.}

How did Frederick Jackson Turner believe the frontier impacted American society?

The frontier helped spread the value of democracy. {Explanation - Because everyone had to pull their own weight on the frontier, there was very little concern with rank. This lead to the spreading of individualist democratic ideals.}

Which of the following best defines nativism?

The preference for US-born inhabitants over other US inhabitants that were born in a foreign country. {Explanation - Nativism was a reaction to the wave of immigrants who Americans feared threatened their way of life.}

How did muckrakers like Jacob Riis help bring about urban reform?

They increased public awareness of social problems. {Explanation - Muckrakers were photo and print journalists who exposed the shocking truth about many different aspects of life around the turn of the 20th century.}

Why was the Zeppelin airship used?

To transport both passengers and a combat tool {Explanation - The Zeppelin was created in 1900. It was used to transport passengers and as a combat tool during World War I.}

How does the view on social issues of Walter Rauschenbusch differ to that of Lester Ward?

Ward approached it from a scientific approach, while Rauschenbusch's approach derived from his interpretation of his faith. {Explanation - Rauschenbusch taught that the duty of Christians 'is not a matter of getting individuals to heaven, but of transforming the life on earth into the harmony of heaven.' Lester Ward believed that society could be improved not through the application of religion, but through the application of the scientific method.}

Which of the following is true about Thomas Edison and the light bulb?

While light bulbs were in existence before Edison's design, he was the first to make an efficient modern light bulb. {Explanation - Despite popular myth, Edison did not invent the first light bulb. Rather, he perfected the design to make it efficient and able to be used by the public.}

Henry Ford's unique manufacturing process involved _____.

an efficient assembly line and used interchangeable parts. {Explanation - Ford's assembly line used interchangeable parts and sped up the process to make the Model T affordable to the average worker.}

Social Darwinism tried to excuse _____.

the lack of basic worker protections by the federal government {Explanation - Social Darwinists believed that the labor struggle was natural, and only the 'fittest' would survive. They did not see the need for the federal government to intervene in order to provide worker protections.}