060 - Chapter 60 - Basics of Demographics

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Which of the following was NOT an advancement associated with the industrial period?

NOT: Domestication of animals {Explanation - Technology, medicine, and sanitation are advancements associated with the industrial period. The domestication of animals is an advancement associated with the agricultural period.}

Which of the following did NOT kill off millions of Native Americans?

NOT: SARS

Identify which of the following is NOT studied by demography:

NOT: The number of people who voted for a democratic candidate in Chicago. {Explanation - Demography is the study of the size, density and distribution of the human population. This area of study takes into account birth rates, death rates, age distribution and any other factors that influence the size and growth of a population.}

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

In a given country, the replacement-level fertility rate is 2.3. What does this value represent?

This value represents two children to replace the two parents, and an additional 0.3 for the risk of a child dying before reproductive age.

Who predicted that populations would hit a wall and collapse?

Thomas Malthus

rare earth elements

elements only available in commercially justifiable concentrations in a few places, namely, China

Expanding Technology Theory

humanity has always managed to innovate for more efficient food production when properly incentivized

What part of the wheat plant was strengthened to allow more wheat to be grown to feed more people?

The stalk

agricultural period

- second period of human population growth. This period ranges from 10,000 years ago to about 1,000 years ago. During this time period, the human population started to grow more rapidly due to advances in agriculture. It was during this time that plants and animals were domesticated for farming. There were also advances in irrigation and plowing techniques that increased overall crop yield. As a result of increased food availability and more nutritious food, the human population grew faster than ever;

pre-agricultural period

- first period of human population growth. This period is considered anything before 10,000 years ago. During the pre-agricultural period, human population growth was very slow, and it took tens of thousands of years for the human population to double

age structure

- number of males and females of each age in a population; - the distribution of the population based on age categories.

industrial period

- third period of human population growth. This period is from 1,000 years ago to current day and is characterized by advances in technology. Although there were advances in technology during the early part of this period, it wasn't until the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s that the advances in technology started to have a profound influence on the human population;

On average, how many times higher is the infant mortality rate in developing countries in comparison to developed countries?

18 times higher.

By about how many people has the world's population grown in the last 100 years?

5 billion

Why do developing countries often have age structures skewed towards younger age categories?

A combination of high fertility rates and low survivorship.

developing country

A country that has low industrial production and little modern technology (eg Ethiopia)

Which of these is an example of increased innovation?

American oil production from tar sands New forms of finding rare earth minerals Modern fertilizers

What discovery has largely replaced animal droppings as fertilizer?

Artificial fertilizer

Why does the estimated carrying capacity of the Earth go from 1-2 billion people to 33 billion people?

Because it depends on the standard of living and the state of the environment {Explanation - Some scientists estimate that the world could support between 1-2 billion people if they are living prosperously and in a healthy environment. On the other hand, they also estimate that the world could support over 33 billion people if people are living in extreme poverty with very degraded environments.}

What event killed off more than half of Europe's population?

Black Death

What are highly developed countries?

Countries that are highly industrialized and have high per capita income levels.

How did the industrial period differ from the agricultural period in regards to agricultural advances?

During the agricultural period, basic advances such as domestication of plants and animals occurred, while more substantial advancements occurred in the industrial period. {Explanation - It was during this time that plants and animals were domesticated for farming. During this time period, there were technological advances in agricultural techniques that made it possible to grow crops on land that had previously been unusable.}

Which statement best describes the fertility rates in rich and poor countries?

Rich countries are declining while poor countries continue to grow

What was the initial outcome of the first few generations of farming?

Shorter, less healthy people

total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

reproductive window

The portion of a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause during which she may become pregnant.

What is happening to world wealth distribution?

The rich get richer

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics. - study of the size, density and distribution of the human population. This area of study takes into account birth rates, death rates, age distribution and any other factors that influence the size and growth of a population. Demographers have identified three distinct periods of human population growth that help explain the history of how our population has changed;

During the _____, it took the human population around 1,000 years for it to double in size.

agricultural period {Explanation - Unlike during the pre-agricultural period, when it took tens of thousands of years for the human population to double, during the agricultural period, it only took around 1,000 years for it to double in size}

highly developed country

an industrialized country that is characterized by a low fertility rate, low infant mortality rate, and high per capita income; (eg the US)

replacement-level fertility

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

The _____ is the average number of offspring born to a woman in a population during her reproductive years.

total fertility rate