1-1: Colonial America

This English official was the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence. Because he strictly enforced the Navigation Acts and restricted colonials' rights, he was despised by many colonists.

Sir Edmund Andros

This English adventurer sponsored several expeditions to the New World during the 1580s. Members of the first expedition claimed and explored a portion of the eastern coast of North America, which was named "Virginia" in honor of the reigning queen, Elizabeth I. Subsequent expeditions attempted to establish a permanent English settlement in North America but failed.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Over time, the groups that traversed the Bering land bridge spread across North, Central, and South America. Hundreds of tribes developed with different languages. These are the three main Native American tribes that emerged in Latin America.

1) Aztec (Central Mexico) 2) Maya (Yucatan Peninsula in Southeastern Mexico) 3) Inca (Peru)

These are a few examples of things transferred in the Columbian Exchange.

1) Coffee beans, sugar cane, horses, and smallpox were brought from the Old World to the New World. 2) Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco were brought from the New World to the Old World

These factors ultimately led to the diminution of Native American Indians who lived near the English colonies.

1) Increasing English migration and desire for land led to numerous wars with Native Americans. 2) American Indians were also devastated by European diseases like smallpox.

Of the Thirteen British Colonies, these were the Southern Colonies.

1) Maryland 2) Virginia 3) North Carolina 4) South Carolina 5) Georgia

Of the Thirteen British Colonies, these were the New England Colonies.

1) Massachusetts 2) New Hampshire 3) Connecticut 4) Rhode Island

These were the early difficulties of the Plymouth Colony.

1) Mayflower settlers arrived in late autumn and were not well prepared for the cold winter. Nearly half died during the first winter. 2) Although the settlers were initially aided by Native Americans, relations quickly deteriorated when more settlers arrived and violent conflicts erupted.

Of the Thirteen British Colonies, these were the Middle Colonies.

1) New York 2) New Jersey 3) Pennsylvania 4) Delaware

These are characteristics of Puritan society.

Society was dominated by religion and men. Families were considered essential (single women were not allowed to live alone). Each settlement drew up a covenant (agreement) that tightly bound the residents together. There were strict rules, and the settlers kept a watchful eye on one another. All residents had to pay church taxes and attend church services.

During the 1670s, this colonial governor of Virginia angered frontier farmers when he refused to authorize a war against raiding Indians. Attempting to run the royal colony for the benefit of Britain, he favored protecting the colony's fur trade with the Indians.

William Berkeley

This was the status of women in the American colonies.

Women were like second-class citizens: They could not vote, hold office, preach, etc. Married women were expected to obey their husbands and had fewer property rights. Women had many duties: clean, cook, sew, tend animals, garden, etc. Wealthy women often had servants or slaves.

When settling the New World, the Spanish utilized this system in which conquistadors and nobles were rewarded with control of large tracts of land and given the responsibility to convert the natives to Christianity and mobilize them for labor. In many cases natives were worked relentlessly and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted.

encomienda

By the end of the Colonial Era, only these colonists were typically allowed to vote and elect representatives to their colonial general assemblies and, in some colonies, elect local officeholders like sheriffs and clerks.

free, adult, white men who owned land (A few colonies also required voters to be Protestant Christian.)

With this system, settlers who paid their own way (or another's) to the New World were granted 50 acres of land. The Virginia Company used this system to attract new settlers and boost tobacco production. Later, several other colonies used it as well.

headright system

These settlers promised to work for a number of years in return for transportation to the New World. They signed a contract, typically served 4 to 7 years, had limited rights, and usually received "freedom dues" when their contract expired.

indentured servants

Some of the British colonies in North America were initially established by this type of company in which investors pooled their wealth and shared the ownership, costs, and financial risks of of the colony.

joint-stock company

The development of this food around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary. It enabled the hunter-gatherer people to settle down and be farmers, which in turn gave rise to towns and cities. Around 1,200 B.C. this food arrived in the region that would later become the United States.

maize (a.k.a. corn)

This economic theory and policy was used by England during the 1600s and 1700s. The theory asserted that a nation should accumulate gold by attempting to keep the benefits of trade inside its empire and minimize the loss of gold to foreigners. Accordingly, England established overseas colonies (which provided cheap resources and new consumer markets) and created regulations and taxes in order to control trade within its empire and funnel gold to England.

mercantilism

By the mid 1700s, most of the British colonies in North America had their original charters revoked and had become these. Two exceptions to this change were Maryland and Pennsylvania, which remained proprietary colonies until the American Revolution.

royal colonies

To punish certain colonies for defying the Navigation Acts, King James II revoked the colonial charters of New Hampshire and Massachusetts and created an administrative union of New England, New York, and New Jersey in 1686. The representative assemblies of these colonies were eliminated, and their governments were combined and ruled by a single governor. This is the name of that short-lived union of colonies.

Dominion of New England

This intellectual movement of the 1600s and 1700s emphasized reason, science, and the principle that natural laws govern all things. Inspired by philosophers like Descartes, Locke, and Newton, it began in Europe and later spread to the American colonies.

Enlightenment

This is how the Enlightenment affected the Thirteen Colonies.

Enlightenment ideas were embraced by many colonists and affected popular thought. The movement challenged religious ideas and weakened Puritan churches. Many college curricula shifted away from theology toward the study of moral philosophy, science, astronomy, and math. The Enlightenment also promoted natural rights, democracy, and freedom of religion in the Thirteen Colonies.

This movement, which occurred during the 1730s and 1740s, sought to revive religion in the Thirteen Colonies. Concerned with the decline of religion (caused by the Enlightenment, deism, and the fact that many frontier settlers lived far from churches), Protestant ministers engaged in intense evangelism (preaching and converting).

First Great Awakening

In 1608, this European nation established a settlement at Quebec. This nation's colonizers explored deep into interior of North America, often formed close ties with American Indians, and established an extensive fur trade.

France

This Spanish conquistador conquered the Inca Empire in South America during the early 1500s.

Francisco Pizarro

This charter colony was founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe and a group of trustees, who hoped to provide a haven for debtors and establish a military barrier against Spanish Florida. The farmer-soldier settlers disliked Oglethorpe's strict rules (limits on land accumulation, no alcohol, no slaves) and became discontent. In 1755 the King allowed the colony's charter to expire and made the settlement a royal colony.

Georgia Colony

During this 1688 government takeover, King James II, who had grown unpopular in England for attempting to control Parliament and appoint fellow Catholics, was removed from power. William and Mary were invited to become the new rulers of Britain. After only two minor clashes between opposing armies, James II fled the country.

Glorious Revolution

Hired by the Dutch East India Company to find a western route to Asia, this English sailor explored the area around what is today New York and claimed that region for the Netherlands in 1609.

Henry Hudson

This Spaniard and his conquistadors explored parts of Mexico and defeated the dominant Aztec tribe during the early 1500s.

Hernando Cortes

This is the name of the general assembly in the Virginia Colony. Like other colonial general assemblies, this was a law-making body elected by the colonists.

House of Burgesses

New England Puritans and Separatists believed in a strict Christian theology known as Calvinism, which emphasized these religious beliefs.

Humans are weak, wicked, and sinful. God is all-powerful and all-good and knows who is going to heaven and who is going to hell. Since the moment of creation, some people are destined for eternal bliss and others are destined for eternal torment. Good works cannot save those who are "predestined" for hell. (Puritans and Separatists could not be certain of their destiny and therefore constantly sought signs of God's grace. Those who had an identifiable personal experience which indicated God's favor and led "sanctified" lives demonstrated by holy behavior were thought to be "visible saints" who were predestined for heaven.)

Although most Native American tribes were scattered and separated, this group of five tribes in what is today Upstate New York formed an alliance. Calling themselves "the people of the longhouse," each tribe kept their independence but met occasionally in a common council composed of village chiefs to discuss matters of common interest, like war and trade.

Iroquois Confederacy

Established in 1607 by profit-seeking men, this was the first successful British settlement in North America.

Jamestown

Hired by England, this Italian explorer claimed the northeastern coast of North America for England in 1497.

John Cabot

This early Jamestown settler pioneered the cultivation of tobacco, which helped Jamestown to survive and grow.

John Rolfe

He was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Promoting moral discipline and hard work, he hoped to make the colony a model Puritan community. He declared, "We shall be as a City upon a Hill; the eyes of all people are on us."

John Winthrop

This Puritan minister led a spiritual revival in his Massachusetts congregation during the 1730s. His sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" is a typical sermon of the Great Awakening, emphasizing the belief that Hell is a horrific, real place that awaited sinners who had not turned to Christ.

Jonathan Edwards

This is what happened to New Netherland in 1664.

King Charles II of England sent war ships and seized the colony. He gave the territory to his brother James (the Duke of York), who then divided the land and named the colonies New York and New Jersey.

This was an armed conflict between most of the Native American tribes of New England and the English colonists during the 1670s. It began after several Wampanoag Indians were executed for allegedly killing a "praying Indian" who had reported to the governor of Plymouth Colony that Metacomet was planning an attack. It was the most destructive Indian war during the Colonial Era.

King Philip's War

This was the structure of the Puritan government in the early Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Laws were made by a governor and a general assembly who were chosen the colony's male church members. Only "visible saints" could be church members. Each settlement chose its own minister and "selectmen" who regulated local affairs. There was no separation between church and state.

This proprietary colony was established in 1634 by the English Lord Baltimore who wished to create a haven for English Catholics. Although a policy of religious toleration was created, Anglicans, Puritans, Catholics and Quakers struggled for power in this colony.

Maryland Colony

This colony was founded by Puritan merchants who formed a joint-stock company and acquired a charter from the king. In 1630, a large group of settlers (mostly Puritans) sailed to Massachusetts and established several settlements, including Boston, which grew rapidly.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

This written agreement set up a basic government for the Plymouth Colony. The adult male settlers signed the document in 1620 while still aboard their ship and agreed to combine themselves into a "civil body politic" that would make "just and equal laws for the general good of the colony."

Mayflower Compact

Responding to continued European expansion and a decline in the animal population, this chief of the Wampanoag tribe in Massachusetts formed an alliance with most of the remaining New England tribes to oppose the colonists.

Metacomet (called King Philip by the colonists)

This term refers to the transatlantic voyage of slaves from Africa to the New World. To maximize their profits, European slave traders tightly packed their ships. It is estimated that 15% of the slaves died from malnutrition, disease, and suicide during the voyage.

Middle Passage

These were the results of the First Great Awakening.

Ministers of different Christian groups spread their faith, which resulted in the growth of denominations (e.g. Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists) in the colonies. This denominational growth promoted the colonists' freedom to share their beliefs and exercise their own judgment, increased the need for toleration of religion and dissent, weakened the old strict Puritan churches, and led to creation of many denominational colleges.

These were the results of King Philip's War.

More than half of the English towns in New England were attacked, but the colonists finally won. Thousands of Indians died. Some captives were sold as slaves in the Caribbean. The war effectively marked the end of Indian resistance in New England.

This is how many European colonists viewed Native American Indians.

Most European colonists viewed American Indians as: 1) a foreign race of wild pagans 2) incapable of properly using the land 3) an impediment to the Europeans' economic and spiritual goals

These are characteristics of the colonial population in North America.

Most immigrants were young and arrived poor. There were more men than women, especially in the Southern Colonies. Although many settlements struggled during their early years, the colonial population grew rapidly during the 1700s and became increasingly diverse (English, African, Native American Indian, Scottish, Irish, German, Dutch, etc.). In time, the abundance of resources helped the settlers to become more prosperous and healthy than most people in Europe.

Angered by Governor Berkeley's Indian policy, this leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia commanded unauthorized attacks on Indian towns, marched on Jamestown, and attempted to take control of the Virginia government in 1676. His eponymous rebellion quickly collapsed after he suddenly fell ill and died of dysentery.

Nathaniel Bacon

These were a series of British trade laws made in the mid 1600s. They required that (1) European goods imported to the colonies be first sent to England to be taxed, (2) goods exported from the colonies be sent only to England and travel on English ships, and (3) taxes be paid on coastal trade between the colonies. These laws were frequently defied, especially by the northern coastal colonies.

Navigation Acts

This European colony in the North America spanned from Northeast Canada through the Great Lakes region and down the Mississippi River Valley.

New France

In this colony the Dutch established a fur trade with the Iroquois Indians and built numerous trading posts. By the mid 1600s, the colony became a major port for trade in the North Atlantic, developed a diverse population, and guaranteed religious freedom.

New Netherland

This was the structure of government in each royal colony.

Royal colonies were ruled by: 1) a governor who was usually appointed by the King but paid by the colonists through local taxes 2) a two-part legislature (law-making body) composed of a governor's council (representatives appointed by the governor) and a general assembly (representatives chosen by the colonists).

Accusations by a number of girls during this event led to paranoia, unrest, and injustice in Massachusetts in 1692. Almost 200 people were arrested and 20 were executed. The event is an example of the Puritans' superstition, religious fervor, and powerful government.

Salem Witch Trials

This group of English Protestants wanted to start a new church instead of reforming the Church of England.

Separatists

These terms were used in Christian circles to distinguish between groups within their denomination who took different positions on the Great Awakening. The (1)___ viewed the emotional fervor of the revivals as a threat to their traditional authority and ultimately opposed the Great Awakening. The (2)___ embraced the emotional aspects and supported the movement.

(1) Old Lights (2) New Lights

This the significance of Bacon's Rebellion.

1) A royal commission made peace treaties with the remaining Virginia Indians (placed them on tiny reservations) and new lands were opened to the colonists. 2) Because both white and black indentured servants joined the rebellion, Virginia's ruling class hastened the development of racial lines and slave labor. 3) It was one of the first rebellions of discontented settlers in the American colonies.

These were the main goods and trade routes involved in the transatlantic trade of the Colonial Era.

1) Slaves from Africa were shipped to the Americas. 2) Sugar and molasses from the West Indies (the Caribbean) were shipped to the Thirteen Colonies. 3) Foodstuffs like fish, meat, and grain from the Thirteen Colonies were shipped to the West Indies. 4) Rum, foodstuffs, lumber, skins, whale oil, and cash crops like tobacco from the Thirteen Colonies were shipped to Europe. 5) Manufactured goods like cloth and paint from Europe were shipped to the Americas. 6) Rum from the Thirteen Colonies and manufactured goods from Europe were shipped to Africa.

These are the three basic types of English colonies.

1) charter colony (king authorized a joint-stock company or group of settlers to organize and govern a colony) 2) proprietary colony (king granted land to an individual to own and govern) 3) royal colony (king governed the colony through his appointed officials)

These are the main factors that enabled Europeans to rapidly conquer the New World.

1) disease brought by Europeans 2) Europeans' superior military technology 3) division among Indians

These were the main motivations of the conquistadors to explore and conquer the New World.

1) gold (wealth, land) 2) glory (fame, adventure) 3) god (spread Christianity)

These were the main motivations of English settlers to move to the New World and establish colonies.

1) make profit (charters gave individuals and companies regional monopolies) 2) obtain land (crop land was scarce and expensive in England) 3) gain religious freedom 4) escape European wars

These were the initial difficulties of the Jamestown settlement.

1) swampy location 2) settlers searched for gold rather than food 3) mass starvation and disease 4) conflict with the native Powhatan Indians

In this year Africans first arrived at Jamestown and the importation of slaves to the English colonies in North America began.

1619

Approximately this percentage of the native Indians in Latin America died from forced labor, violent conflict, and disease brought on by the conquistadors and early Spanish and Portuguese settlers.

80 %

This was the outcome of the Mystic massacre and the final battles of the Pequot War.

Almost all of the Pequot Indians were killed or enslaved. The colonials attributed their success to an act of God and seized Pequot lands. A colonial wrote, "Let the whole Earth be filled with his glory! Thus the lord was pleased to smite our Enemies...and to give us their Land for an Inheritance."

This Puritan woman hosted meetings in her Boston home to discuss sermons and the Bible. She claimed that "the Holy Spirit [enlightens] the heart of every true believer" and that worshipers didn't need the church or ministers to interpret the Bible for them. In response to her promotion of unorthodox religious beliefs and individualism, Puritan ministers banished her from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638. Along with a band of followers, she and her family traveled south to an island in Narragansett Bay and established the settlement of Portsmouth.

Anne Hutchinson

These are characteristics of the economies of the Southern Colonies.

Because of the region's warm, wet climate and good soil, farming dominated, especially the growing of cash crops like tobacco and indigo. Soil exhaustion led to rapid territorial expansion and the growth of large plantations. The need for farm labor resulted in a great demand for indentured servants and slaves.

This colonial leader from Pennsylvania symbolized the "dare to know" spirit of the Enlightenment. He published thought-provoking newspapers and books, conducted experiments, invented, founded civic organizations, and supported the American Revolution and the development of a republican government.

Benjamin Franklin

This English soldier and explorer took control of Jamestown and imposed order during the settlement's first few years. He proclaimed, "He who shall not work, shall not eat."

Captain John Smith

Hired by the king and queen of Spain, this Italian sailor and navigator sought a shorter sea route to Asia and in 1492 "rediscovered" the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

This church was established by King Henry VIII who broke with the Catholic Church during the early 1500s. Although this church allowed the introduction of Protestant beliefs into Britain and was free from papal control, it retained many Catholic traditions.

Church of England (a.k.a. Anglican Church)

This term refers to the transfer of living things between the Old World (Europe and Africa) and the New World (Americas) during the years following Columbus' rediscovery.

Columbian Exchange

The Virginia Colony underwent this change in 1624.

Despite tobacco profits, the Virginia Company was near bankruptcy by the 1620s. (Wars with Indians, a high death rate, and numerous resupply ships were very costly.) After hundreds of settlers were killed during a conflict known as the Indian Massacre of 1622, King James I revoked the Virginia Company's charter in 1624 and made Virginia a royal colony under his control.

This proprietary colony was founded in 1681 by William Penn. King Charles II gave Penn a large tract of land in North America to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn's father. A Quaker from England, William Penn designed his colony as refuge for Quakers. Its colonial government guaranteed religious freedom, allowed Christians of any denomination to vote and hold office, and required fair dealing with Indians.

Pennsylvania Colony

The war between this American Indian tribe and an alliance of English colonists of Massachusetts and Connecticut and their Indian allies occurred during the 1630s. Efforts among competing tribes, English, and Dutch to control the fur trade in New England led to escalating incidents and the outbreak of this war.

Pequot

This colony was founded in 1620 by a group of "Pilgrims" (Separatists) and "strangers" (other English settlers) who sailed on the Mayflower. The group got permission from the Virginia Company to settle in Virginia, but errantly landed in Massachusetts and decided to settle there.

Plymouth Colony

These Native Americans were the first corn growers in what is today the U.S. They made elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from rivers to grow corn, and they lived in adobe houses (made of dried mud) that were often stacked one on top of the other. Their colloquial tribal name is the Spanish word for "town" or "village."

Pueblo Indians

During the 16th and 17th centuries, this group of English Protestants wanted to "purify" the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices. Because they were persecuted in England in a variety of ways, many migrated to the New England Colonies.

Puritans

Formally known as the Religious Society of Friends, this is one of many dissenting Christian groups who emerged out of a dissatisfaction with the Church of England. They stress a direct and personal relationship with God and in the past were known for their pacifism, plain dress, and opposition to slavery. Persecuted in England during late 1600s, many immigrated to North America. Some, like those who settled in Puritan Massachusetts, continued to experience persecution. Others were able to establish thriving communities in colonies like Rhode Island and Pennsylvania.

Quakers

In the 1644, Providence, Portsmouth, and several other neighboring settlements joined together and received a charter to form this colony, which developed as a refuge for religious dissenters who believed that government had no right to coerce religious beliefs. It was the first colony to establish religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Rhode Island Colony

In its first attempt to establish a permanent settlement in the New World, Britain planted this colony on an island off North Carolina in the 1580s. The first settlement was quickly abandoned, and the second attempt became known as the "Lost Colony."

Roanoke Colony

This Puritan minister was exiled from Massachusetts in the 1636 because of his beliefs in religious freedom, the separation of church and state, and respect for Indians' land rights. He and a number of his followers traveled south to the banks of Narragansett Bay and established a new settlement that he called Providence.

Roger Williams

This is how the Glorious Revolution affected the American colonies.

Soon after news reached Boston of the downfall of King James II, colonists of Boston rose up and arrested Sir Andros and other Dominion officials. The new monarchs (William and Mary) abolished the Dominion of New England and authorized the re-creation of separate colonial governments. However, they combined the Massachusetts Bay territories with the Plymouth Colony to form a single Massachusetts Colony, and required the new Massachusetts charter to guarantee religious toleration and non-Puritan representation in its assembly.

These are characteristics of the economies of the New England Colonies.

The region has a colder, snowy climate, a shorter growing season, and poor, rocky soil. The economies of the New England Colonies emphasized fishing, whale oil, timber, shipbuilding, rum, and intercontinental trade (importing and exporting goods).

These are characteristics of the economies of the Middle Colonies.

The region has a temperate (moderate) climate. Although it is colder and has a shorter growing season than the South, the region has good soil and is well suited for growing food crops. The economies of the Middle Colonies featured commercial food farming (wheat, corn), raising livestock, and the production of iron and timber.

The society of the Southern Colonies developed these characteristics.

There were large numbers of blacks, but whites dominated society. Large plantations developed, and a rich, ruling, upper class emerged. Rural communities of dispersed farms were common; fewer cities developed than in the North. The main church was the Anglican church, but many people were not active members.

This is how the Spanish and Portuguese responded to the rapid decline of the native Indian labor force.

They imported African slaves to the New World.

This term refers to corn, beans, and squash that were planted by various Native Indian groups, including the Eastern Indians of North America. Using the technique called companion planting, the three crops were planted close together. Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans. Beans grew up the stalk, and squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil.

Three Sisters

With this treaty, signed in 1494, Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the Western Hemisphere between them. Lands to the west of an imaginary vertical line drawn in the Atlantic, including most of the Americas, belonged to Spain. Lands to the east of this line, including Brazil, belonged to Portugal. Ultimately, the plan proved impossible to enforce. The English, Dutch, and French did not recognize the division of the New World and later claimed portions of North America.

Treaty of Tordesillas

This joint-stock company received a charter from James I and established the Jamestown settlement.

Virginia Company of London

This portion of all the colonists who settled in the Middle and Southern Colonies were indentured servants.

about half

By issuing this document, an English monarch authorized a person or group to establish a colony in North America and granted them governing powers over that colony.

charter

These soldier-explorers from Spain and Portugal conquered the native tribes of the Caribbean and Latin America during the late 1400s and 1500s and claimed possession of much of the New World.

conquistadors

Some American colonists, like Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, attempted to reconcile the Christian religion with their Enlightenment thinking by adopting this belief which promotes God as a distant creator who set the universe in motion. This belief rejects religion based on dogma (a set of beliefs authoritatively proclaimed by a church), holy books, divine revelation, and miracles. Instead, it promotes human reason and observation as the source of religion.

deism

This term refers to the English government's policy of relaxed enforcement of the Navigation Acts and loosened supervision of the Thirteen Colonies. This policy was practiced during the early and mid 1700s because the Kings of England at the time (George I and II) were originally German princes and were less concerned with England's colonies. This policy is important because it helped to give the colonists the habit of self-government and economic independence.

salutary neglect

Scientists believe that when the glaciers receded at the end of the last ice age this feature emerged across the Bering Sea, linking Asia and North America. About 35,000 years ago, nomadic people from Asia walked across this feature (before the sea level rose and sealed it off) and settled in the Americas.

the Bering land bridge

This term refers to the trade between Africa, Europe, and the Americas during the Colonial Era.

transatlantic trade (a.k.a. triangular trade)