1-4, 6-8, 1, 15-16

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A. -.90 B. -.50 C. +.80 D. +.25

A. -.90

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? A. -0.5 B. -0.2 C. +0.4 D. +0.7

A. -0.5

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation? A. -0.9 B. -0.2 C. +0.2 D. +0.9

A. -0.9

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ____sleep. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

A. 1

Cattell developed a famous personality test that helps with vocational choice called the____. A. 16 P.F. B. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank. C. Rorschach Inkblot Test. D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test.

A. 16 P.F.

Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine? A. A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link. B. Autism rates increased in every city with an aggressive vaccination program. C. Everyone knows that all vaccinations are unhealthy. D. Parents with autistic children can see a clear link between vaccinations and autism.

A. A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of clientcentered therapy? A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. Acoustic B. Effortful C. Semantic D. Visual

A. Acoustic

Which of the following theorists least would be described as a neo-Freudian? A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung C. Erik Erikson D. Karen Horney

A. Albert Bandura

Which of the following is best describes neurodevelopmental disorders? A. All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood. B. All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in middle-aged patients. C. All neurodevelopmental disorders are disorders of the elderly. D. Neurodevelopmental disorders are not diagnosed in males.

A. All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan. B. An individual's personality is determined in childhood. C. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. D. The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.

A. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. A. Anxiety B. Body dysmorphic C. Obsessive-compulsive D. Personality

A. Anxiety

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A. Archival B. Correlational C. Experimental D. Survey

A. Archival

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders. A. Asylums B. Churches C. Clinics D. Hospitals

A. Asylums

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model. B. relearning effect. C. self-reference effect. D. Stroop effect.

A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model.

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A. Attrition B. Experimenter bias C. Generalizability D. Single blinding

A. Attrition

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? A. Audition B. Pain C. Touch D. Vision

A. Audition

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? A. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. B. Everyday behavior can be explained by instincts developed in our ancestral population. C. Our mothers have an enormous impact on our personality. D. What we sense and what we perceive vary according to culture, race, and gender.

A. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

Regarding behavior therapy, which of the following statements is least true? A. Aversive conditioning uses principles of operant conditioning to help people extinguish undesirable behaviors. B. Gradual exposure can help people overcome specific phobias, social phobias, and post- traumatic stress disorder. C. Behavior therapy is also referred to as behavior modification. D. In systematic desensitization, the goal is to use relaxation as an incompatible response to fear in order to weaken the bonds between the frightening stimuli and the fear response.

A. Aversive conditioning uses principles of operant conditioning to help people extinguish undesirable behaviors.

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. A. B. F. Skinner B. Hans Eysenck C. Ivan Pavlov D. Sigmund Freud

A. B. F. Skinner

Which of the following is the best example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. James wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

The primary contributors to social-cognitive theory are ___. A. Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel. B. Skinner, Watson, and Adler. C. Jung, Adler, and Horney. D. Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell.

A. Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior (e.g., reinforcements and punishments). B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior (e.g., reinforcements and punishments).

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. Bodily kinesthetic B. Intrapersonal C. Logical-mathematical D. Spatial

A. Bodily kinesthetic

Which of the following processes least describes a function of the cerebral cortex? A. Breathing B. Thinking C. Memory D. Reasoning

A. Breathing

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? A. Broca's area B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. Wernicke's area

A. Broca's area

In order to maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. A. CS + UCS ; continuous B. CS + UCS ; intermittent C. UCS alone ; continuous D. UCS alone ; intermittent

A. CS + UCS ; continuous

Which of the following psychodynamic theorists supported the view that humans share a collective unconscious? A. Carl Jung B. Karen Horney C. Erik Erikson D. Alfred Adler

A. Carl Jung

Who described the collective unconscious? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

A. Carl Jung

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. A. Confirmation bias B. Experimenter bias C. Illusory correlation D. Sampling bias

A. Confirmation bias

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. A. Congruence B. Egotism C. Incongruence D. Self-concept

A. Congruence

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? A. Dissertation B. Ph.D. C. Postdoctorate D. Psy.D.

A. Dissertation

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care? A. Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized. B. Modern treatments are extremely effective in a short amount of time. C. Most patients aren't mentally ill; they are homeless and need short-term shelter. D. Patients often leave before their doctor releases them.

A. Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. A. Edward C. Tolman B. Ivan Pavlov C. Little Albert D. Rosalie Rayner

A. Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following statements about encoding is least true? A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. B. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. C. Encoding is an information processing system. D. Encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve information.

A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex.

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results? A. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. B. Environmental factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. C. Genetic factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. D. Not enough information is provided in order to make a conclusion about environmental versus genetic contributions to schizophrenia.

A. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

. What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services? A. Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle- class Americans. B. Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services more frequently than White, middle- class Americans. C. Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services to the same extent as White, middle- class Americans. E. Ethnically Asian minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than ethnically Black minorities.

A. Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle- class Americans.

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? A. Expose yourself to bright light while working. B. Surround yourself with darkness while working. C. Take a break every hour to exercise for five minutes. D. Take regular naps throughout the day.

A. Expose yourself to bright light while working.

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. A. Five Factor Model. B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test. D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

A. Five Factor Model.

Which of the following most clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development? A. Freud's perception regarding climate of sexual repression B. first wave feminism C. government censorship D. widespread illiteracy

A. Freud's perception regarding climate of sexual repression

. Which part of the forebrain are sometimes described as the "executive center" and directs judgement, reasoning, and impulse control? A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Reticulartal lobe D. Parietal lobe

A. Frontal lobe

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. humanism C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

A. Gestalt psychology

Which of the following best exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder? A. Gina exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to. B. Gina is quick to anger and is incapable of dealing with a situation in which she is not the center of attention. C. Gina is submissive and physically clings to the people around her. D. Gina is very impulsive—as soon as an idea enters her head she acts upon it.

A. Gina exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

Which of the following is least true regarding group therapy? A. Group therapy is usually less economical than individual therapy. B. Confidentiality can be a potential problem. C. Personality clashes and arguments among group members can arise. D. Groups can either be structured or unstructured.

A. Group therapy is usually less economical than individual therapy.

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is least true? A. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. B. He developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences. C. He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. D. He was a former student of Erik Erikson.

A. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

Which of the following is most true about John B. Watson? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? A. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. B. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. C. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

A. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. A. Heritability B. Personality C. Temperament D. Trait

A. Heritability

Carl Rogers was the major developer of ________ therapy. A. Humanistic B. Existential C. Behavior D. Psychodynamic

A. Humanistic

The ________ reviews research conducted using animal subjects. A. IACUC B. IRB C. NIH D. NIMH

A. IACUC

Adler was famous for ___ and Rotter was famous for ___. A. Inferiority complex ; locus of control. B. Locus of control ;inferiority complex. C. Self-efficacy ; reciprocal determinism. D. Reciprocal determinism, ; locus of control.

A. Inferiority complex ; locus of control.

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. Jake is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. Interpersonal B. Intrapersonal C. Linguistic D. Naturalist

A. Interpersonal

Which of the following is least associated with a manic symptom? A. Irregular breathing B. Sleep problems C. Unusual energy D. Odd behaviors

A. Irregular breathing

Regarding behavior therapy, which of the following is least true? A. It focuses on changing the client's thoughts and feelings. B. It can apply operant conditioning. C. It can apply classical conditioning. D. It can apply counterconditioning.

A. It focuses on changing the client's thoughts and feelings.

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology? A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior. B. All evolutionary theories can easily be proven. C. Genetic factors in determining human behavior are completely ignored. D. There are no female evolutionary psychologists

A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

Which of the following statements is most true about obsessive-compulsive disorder? A. It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors. B. It involves persistent, unfocused anxiety. C. It is most often diagnosed during adolescence. D. Men are more often diagnosed than women.

A. It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. A. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. B. John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert's mother. C. John B. Watson falsified most of his data. D. Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.

A. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. A. Jane Goodall B. Sigmund Freud C. Suzanne Fanger D. Tatiana Hogan

A. Jane Goodall

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness? A. Jena, competing in a marathon B. Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head C. Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep D. Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night

A. Jena, competing in a marathon

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction? A. Jerome C. Wakefield B. John Waller C. Stanley Rachman D. Thomas Szasz

A. Jerome C. Wakefield

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

A. John Watson

IMPORTANT Psychiatrist: _______: Psychologist: _______ A. M.D. ; Ph.D. B. M.A. ; M.S. C. B.A. ; B.S. D. Ph.D.; M.D.

A. M.D. ; Ph.D.

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology? A. Male bias exists in science. B. Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women. C. Male psychologists never pay attention to relationships. D. Male psychologists only emphasize objective data over subjective data.

A. Male bias exists in science.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? A. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview. B. Max has an Oedipus complex. C. Max is an archetype. D. Max is an introvert.

A. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Which of the following is most true regarding the use of psychotropic medications? A. Medicines work uniquely for each person. B. Behaviors are not impacted by mental health medication. C. Medicine should be viewed as a cure for all mental health illnesses. D. Doctors should only view medicines only as a last resort.

A. Medicines work uniquely for each person.

Emily is an adult with a 2 nd grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. She can work in a sheltered workshop and live in a group home or with assisted living supports. Which subtype of intellectual disability best describes Emily? A. Mild B. Moderate C. Profound D. Severe

A. Mild

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not

A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

______ people need to spend ______ time sleeping than do ______ people. A. Older; less ; younger B. Younger ; less; older C. Older; more ; younger D. Younger ; the same amount of; older

A. Older; less ; younger

Which of the following best exemplifies a diathesis-stress model? A. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died. B. Ozzie treats his depression by exposing himself to a series of stressors so he can learn coping skills. C. Ozzie treats his manic episodes by using medication to induce depression. D. Ozzie's doctor does not believe that mental illness has a biological basis.

A. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Long-term is to __ Disorder as short-term is to ___ Disorder. A. Persistent Depressive ; Major Depressive B. Major Depressive ; Persistent Depressive C. Somatoform ; Body Dysmorphic D. Body Dysmorphic ; Somatoform

A. Persistent Depressive ; Major Depressive

Albert Ellis is associated with ______ therapy. A. Rational-Emotive B. Psychoanalytic C. Psychotropic D. Behavioral

A. Rational-Emotive

_______ refers to the consistency whereas _______ refers to accuracy. A. Reliability; validity B. Validity; reliability C. Statistical analysis; regression analysis D. Effect size; correlation

A. Reliability; validity

Which of the following best exemplifies hopelessness theory? A. Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed. B. Rochelle is depressed, so she thinks terrible things will happen. C. Rochelle is in an earthquake and many of her friends die, so she becomes depressed. D. Rochelle stops taking her medication because she does not think medication will help her depression.

A. Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed.

The client-centered perspective reflects the views of humanistic psychologists, such as _______ and _______, who emphasized the importance of subjective conscience experience and personal freedom and responsibility. A. Rogers ; Maslow B. Freud; Jung C. Wundt ; Werthmeier D. Watson ; Skinner

A. Rogers ; Maslow

Sudden muscle contractions while sleeping are called __________. A. Sleep spindles. B. Night terrors. C. RBDs D. K-complexes

A. Sleep spindles.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. A. The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura." B. The word "models" should be changed to the word "reinforcers." C. The words "live, verbal, and symbolic" should be changed to the words "primary, secondary, and tertiary." D. The words "social learning theory" should be changed to the words "classical conditioning."

A. The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings. A. The name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud." B. The word "childhood" should be changed to the word "infancy." C. The word "psychoanalysis" should be changed to the word "humanism." D. The word "repressed" should be changed to the word "conscious."

A. The name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. A. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery." B. The word "extinguished" should be changed to the word "acquired." C. The word "response" should be changed to the word "stimulus." D. The word "spontaneous" should be changed to the word "planned."

A. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive." B. The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." C. The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence." D. The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow."

A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good." B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "children." C. The word "people" should be changed to the word "groups." D. The word "potential" should be changed to the word "use

A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation. A. The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity." B. The word "personality" should be changed to the word "self." C. The word "self-regulation" should be changed to the word "reactivity." D. The word "temperament" should be changed to the word "character."

A. The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."

Which of the following is least true regarding client-centered therapy? A. Therapists are directive, B. Advice from therapists should not be given. C. The model is humanistic D. Therapists use active listening (reflecting clients' feelings)

A. Therapists are directive,

IQ is subject to _______. A. a range of potential reaction. B. full determination by nature only. C. full determination by nurture only. D. determination primarily by one's skin color.

A. a range of potential reaction.

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate A. a strong correlation. B. a weak correlation. C. it is unclear from the information given. D. no correlation.

A. a strong correlation.

Which of the following best describes a synapse? A. a tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried B. the tube-like part of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons C. Root like structure that receive neural impulses from other neurons D. Body organs or structures that produce secretions

A. a tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried

Which of the following least describes a risk factor for SIDS? A. above average birth weight B. hyperthermia C. premature birth D. smoking in the home

A. above average birth weight

Dendrites ___________. A. absorb information into nerve cells. B. create chemicals that fire between neurons. C. enable potassium gates open. D. enable sodium gates open.

A. absorb information into nerve cells.

Jan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until she hears the alphabet song. Then she can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

A. acoustic

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when a person learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. neutral stimulate

A. acquisition

Karl is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Karl can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A. acquisition B. extinction C. secondary conditioning D. stimulation

A. acquisition

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A. action potential B. depolarization C. hyperpolarization D. threshold of excitation

A. action potential

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this? A. active listening B. indirect empathy C. personal growth D. unconditional positive regard

A. active listening

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity? A. adrenal B. pancreas C. testes D. thyroid

A. adrenal

John is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. John suffers from psychomotor________. A. agitation. B. distress. C. rigidity. D. tension.

A. agitation.

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

A. agreeableness

Susan admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Susan loses all admiration for Helga. Susan thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this? A. all-or-nothing thinking B. collapsing boundaries C. jumping to conclusions D. overgeneralization

A. all-or-nothing thinking

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. kappa

A. alpha

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

A. amygdala

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. A. amygdala B. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus D. pons

A. amygdala

The __ regulates __ while the __ is responsible for ___ A. amygdala, emotional ; hippocampus, memory consolidation. B. hippocampus, memory consolidation ; amygdala, memory consolidation. C. cerebellum, emotional memory; prefrontal cortex, memory consolidation. D. prefrontal cortex, memory consolidation; cerebellum, emotional memory

A. amygdala, emotional ; hippocampus, memory consolidation.

According to Freud, if parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

A. anal

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. A. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast B. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem C. provide correct or established answers to a problem D. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

A. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete? A. androgens B. dopamine C. endorphins D. estrogens

A. androgens

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus B. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death C. people would become comatose D. people would lose their ability to feel fear

A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

. Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

A. anterograde

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, Kwaku is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses best accounts for Kwaku's personality? A. antisocial personality disorder B. dependent personality disorder C. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder D. paranoid personality disorder

A. antisocial personality disorder

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks. A. anxiety B. generalized C. safety D. social

A. anxiety

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________. A. appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless. B. exhibits three separate personalities, each distinct from the other. C. hates being outside the home alone. D. refuses to leave his room due to anxiety over what might happen during the day.

A. appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless.

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung most likely say this exemplified? A. archetype B. id C. persona D. unconscious anxiety

A. archetype

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. A. are possible to test with animal studies. B. are ethical to test with participants from prison populations. C. are ethical to test with subjects if they live in nursing homes. D. are possible to test if subjects are unaware of how permanently they are harmed.

A. are possible to test with animal studies.

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example best illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

A. arousal

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory B. engram hypothesis C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. flashbulb theory

A. arousal theory

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associational B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive

A. associational

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________. A. at least three nights a week for one month. B. even after taking medication. C. every time she attempts to sleep. D. three nights in a row.

A. at least three nights a week for one month.

Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful processing. B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving. C. processing and storing. D. storing and retrieving.

A. automatic processing and effortful processing.

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. industry vs. inferiority C. integrity vs. despair D. trust vs. mistrust

A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Which of the following is least helpful to reduce the effects of interference on memory? A. avoid overlearning. B. use mnemonic devices C. rehearse or practice material repeatedly. D. get enough sleep.

A. avoid overlearning.

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. Nicole has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday Nicole was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses best accounts for Nicole's personality? A. avoidant personality disorder B. dependent personality disorder C. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder D. schizotypal personality disorder

A. avoidant personality disorder

Which of the following is the best example of instinct (i.e., unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior)? A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training

A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B. comfort objects C. higher-level needs D. wants

A. basic survival needs

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. A. become neurotic strategies B. lose their effectiveness C. result in a complete mental breakdown D. result in obsessive-compulsive behavior

A. become neurotic strategies

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders? A. becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self B. feeling sad and hopeless over a long period of time C. memory loss D. rapidly fluctuating mood

A. becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? A. behavior B. biomedical C. cognitive D. exposure

A. behavior

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder? A. behavioral inhibition B. biological predisposition C. displaying a specific phobia D. exhibiting stress

A. behavioral inhibition

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of __ A. being outside the home alone B. blood C. enclosed spaces D. heights

A. being outside the home alone

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience

A. bias

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. A. billions B. tens of thousands C. thousands D. millions

A. billions

The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders. A. biological; psychological B. diathesis; supernatural C. medical; stress D. psychological; biological

A. biological; psychological

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

A. biology

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy. A. biomedical B. cognitive C. humanistic D. RET

A. biomedical

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A. biopsychologist. B. developmental psychologist. C. humanist. D. social psychologist.

A. biopsychologist

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder. A. body dysmorphic B. generalized anxiety C. mood D. neurological

A. body dysmorphic

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way? A. caffeine B. insomnia C. narcolepsy D. sugar

A. caffeine

Which of the following is least describes a way that the textbook suggests to think of personality? Our personalities ________. A. can never change. B. are not easy to change. C. are stable. D. exist over a long term.

A. can never change

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion. A. can perform miracles on demand B. can quit smoking C. do not love your parents D. will be arrested for committing a crime

A. can perform miracles on demand

Allport distinguished between _______, traits (pervasive characteristics that govern behavior), _______ traits (more commonly found general characteristics around which behavior is organized), and _______ traits. (interests or dispositions that influence behavior in specific situations). A. cardinal, central, secondary B. secondary, cardinal, central C. central, secondary, cardinal D. cardinal, secondary, central,

A. cardinal, central, secondary

Dr. Johnson is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. case studies. B. correlational. C. cross-sectional. D. surveys.

A. case studies.

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. A. case study B. experiment C. cross-section D. survey

A. case study

Etiology is another word for ________. A. causes B. conditions C. forms D. psychopathology

A. causes

The brain and spinal cord constitute the ________nervous system. A. central B. somatic C. peripheral D. autonomic

A. central

An individual may suffer from __, if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing. A. central sleep apnea B. obstructive sleep apnea C. narcolepsy D. SIDS

A. central sleep apnea

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control movement and finer motor skills. A. cerebellum B. sensory cortex C. substantia nigra D. ventral tegmental area

A. cerebellum

Which of the following is least associated with a hindbrain structure? A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. medulla D. pons

A. cerebrum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack." A. change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia" B. change the word "acrophobia" to the word "arachnophobia" C. change the word "escape" to the word "survive" D. change the word "panic" to the word "heart"

A. change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation." A. change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia" B. change the word "fear" to the word "terror" C. change the word "specific" to the word "generalized" D. change the word "specific" to the word "simple"

A. change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities." A. change the word "psychological" to the word "biological" B. change the word "abnormalities" to the word "anomalies" C. change the word "disorders" to the word "pathologies" D. change the word "perspective" to the word "theory"

A. change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"

Which group is play therapy often used to treat? A. children B. elderly C. men D. women

A. children

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. A. choleric B. melancholic C. phlegmatic D. sanguine

A. choleric

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of _ A. chromosomes ; DNA B. chromosomes ; genes C. DNA ; genes D. genes ; DNA

A. chromosomes ; DNA

Addiction is often viewed by AA as a(an) ________ disease. A. chronic B. fleeting C. imaginary D. simple

A. chronic

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

A. chunking

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. A. circadian B. homeostatic C. meta D. pinea

A. circadian

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. A. circadian B. external C. protoconscious D. stimulus

A. circadian

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. A. circular B. cyclical C. perfectionistic D. unpredictable

A. circular

. In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus

A. classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A. classical conditioning B. controlled conditioning C. physiological conditioning D. psychic conditioning

A. classical conditioning

The amount of time spent in therapy depends on the needs of the client and the ________. A. client's personal goals. B. client's personality as determined during intake. C. client's willingness to follow the recommendations of the therapist. D. therapist-client relationship.

A. client's personal goals.

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy. A. client-centered B. cognitive-behavioral C. ECT D. personality-focused

A. client-centered

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients. A. clinical B. experimental C. naturalistic D. patient

A. clinical

. Alice wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. In what area of psychology should she work? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology

A. clinical psychology

What is comorbidity? A. co-occurrence of two disorders B. having two causes for a single disorder C. having two causes of death D. mental disorder leading to death

A. co-occurrence of two disorders

The idea behind ________ therapy is that how you think determines how you feel and act. A. cognitive B. cognitive-behavioral C. behavior D. client-centered

A. cognitive

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

A. cognitive map

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. cognitive therapy B. non-directive therapy C. play therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

A. cognitive therapy

The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________. A. cognitive-behavioral therapy. B. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). C. strategic family therapy. D. structural family therapy.

A. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. A. collective unconscious B. gestalt C. id D. ideal self

A. collective unconscious

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which of the following imaging techniques least describes a means to collect information about brain functioning? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalography (EEG) C. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which type of imaging would an individual least want repeated on a weekly basis due to radiation exposure? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands." A. concern over germs B. germs C. spending hours washing her hands D. spending hours wiping the surfaces of her home

A. concern over germs

A psychological disorder is a ________. A. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. B. condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. C. manifestation of a psychopathology. D. situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings

A. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Grace whistles while tickling Carolyn with a feather. Eventually, Carolyn starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

A. conditioned response

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? A. confidentiality B. disclosure C. discretion D. privilege

A. confidentiality

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A. confirmation bias. B. confounding variable. C. correlational research. D. observer bias.

A. confirmation bias.

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. dependent variable D. independent variable

A. confounding variable

Sleep is considered to be an altered state of ________. A. consciousness. B. fusion. C. direction. D. climax.

A. consciousness.

Jena wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jena praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A. continuous

When a person receives a reinforcer each time he/she displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A. continuous

The cerebellum controls _______. A. coordination. B. attention. C. pain. D. hearing.

A. coordination.

In ______ research researchers compare multiple segments of the population at the same time whereas, in ______ research, they gather data from the same group of people over time. A. cross-sectional; longitudinal B. longitudinal; cross-sectional C. survey; archival D. archival; survey

A. cross-sectional; longitudinal

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. A. darkness ; light. B. light ; darkness. C. pulsing light ; steady light. D. twilight ; gloom.

A. darkness ; light.

Explicit is to ______ memory as implicit is to ______ memory. A. declarative ; non-declarative B. non-declarative ; declarative C. episodic ; semantic D. semantic ; episodic

A. declarative ; non-declarative

Testing ideas against the empirical world is to ______ as empirical observations leading to new ideas are to _______. A. deductive ; inductive. B. inductive ; deductive. C. constructive ; destructive. D. destructive ; constructive.

A. deductive ; inductive.

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. denial B. displacement C. rationalization D. rejection

A. denial

Harrison and colleagues are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus nondepressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A. dependent variable. B. independent variable. C. operational definition. D. significant variable.

A. dependent variable.

What most often happens to patients after undergoing electroshock therapy? A. depression lifts B. subsequent months of uncontrollable crying C. life-long twitching D. development of schizophrenia

A. depression lifts

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for _______. A. depression. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. Parkinson's disease. D. schizophrenia.

A. depression.

A major advantage of case studies is ________. A. detailed information. B. generalizability. C. large sample size. D. quick data collection.

A. detailed information.

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. A. diathesis-stress B. supernatural C. Szasz D. Venn

A. diathesis-stress

Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders. A. differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture B. is borderline or narcissistic C. is incompatible with Western cultural norms D. is split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

A. differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture

Chuck wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. Chuck can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

A. distortion

The neurotransmitter ________ impacts "pleasure" and the neurotransmitter ________ impacts "mood." A. dopamine ; serotonin B. serotonin ; dopamine C. acetylcholine ; glutamate D. glutamate ; acetylcholine

A. dopamine ; serotonin

Psychoanalysis is to ____ as cognitive-behavioral therapy is to ______. A. dream analysis ; homework assignments. B. homework assignments ; dream analysis C. medication ; free association D. free association ; medication

A. dream analysis ; homework assignments.

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. A. ectomorph B. endomorph C. mesomorph D. somatomorph

A. ectomorph

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves. A. electroencephalography (EEG) B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. electroencephalography (EEG)

The three basic memory processes are ______ (converting stimuli into a form that can be stored in memory), ______ (retaining information in memory), and ______ (accessing stored information). A. encoding, storage, retrieval B. retrieval, encoding, storage C. storage, retrieval, encoding D. sensory, short-term, long-term

A. encoding, storage, retrieval

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. A. endocrine ; hormone B. endocrine ; neurotransmitter C. neurological ; hormone D. neurological ; neurotransmitter

A. endocrine ; hormone

. Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? A. examination of anatomy and physiology B. exculpation C. extrospection D. interviews

A. examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following factors does least strongly predicts the development of posttraumatic stress disorder? A. experiencing trauma in isolation B. greater trauma severity C. lack of immediate social support D. trauma experience

A. experiencing trauma in isolation

Which of the following is least part of obtaining informed consent? A. explaining the hypothesis to the participants B. letting participants know that participation is voluntary C. obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D. reviewing that data is confidential

A. explaining the hypothesis to the participants

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

A. explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. A. explicit memory. B. implicit memory. C. procedural memory. D. sensory memory.

A. explicit memory.

Hans Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability. B. extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism. C. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic. D. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine.

A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability.

Which of the following least describes suicidal ideation? A. fearing you will die B. making a self-harm attempt C. spending an unusual amount of time talking about death D. writing self-harm letters

A. fearing you will die

Gus receives a paycheck every Friday. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

A. fixed interval

Tim receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

A. fixed ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

A. flashbulb memory

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. initiative vs. guilt C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust

A. generativity vs. stagnation

Spearman's "g" means that people possesses________. A. global intellectual ability. B. limited intelligence. C. some form of learning disability. D. Gardner's quotient.

A. global intellectual ability.

Breach of confidentiality is a greater risk in ________ therapy. A. group B. humanistic C. individual D. play

A. group

Which of the following least influences perception? A. hair color B. cultural background C. previous experiences D. where we focus our attention

A. hair color

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. higher order B. initial C. primary D. secondary

A. higher order

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? A. homeostasis B. insomnia C. melatonin D. rhythm

A. homeostasis

Which of the following is least associated with an endocrine gland? A. hypothalamus B. ovaries C. pineal gland D. thyroid

A. hypothalamus

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images. B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards. C. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups. D. that is similar to a word association test

A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images.

What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

A. information about events we have personally experienced

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress." A. insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress" B. change the first appearance of the word "stress" with the word "trauma" C. change the second appearance of the word "disorder" with the word "diathesis" D. change the word "predisposition" to the word "susceptibility"

A. insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"

Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers from which sleep disorder? A. insomnia B. nightmare disorder C. narcolepsy D. sleepwalking

A. insomnia

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. A. interpersonal ; intrapersonal B. intrapersonal ; naturalist C. logical-mathematical ; interpersonal D. musical ; linguistic

A. interpersonal ; intrapersonal

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories. B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory. C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up. D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant.

A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories.

Procedural memory is to ______ as declarative memory is to ______ . A. knowing how; knowing that B. knowing that; knowing when C. knowing when; knowing who D. knowing that; knowing who

A. knowing how; knowing that

. Which of the following is least involved in critical thinking? A. knowing your opinion is correct B. maintaining an attitude of skepticism C. making use of logical thinking D. recognizing internal biases

A. knowing your opinion is correct

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, Dan has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say that Dan most likely has ________. A. low self-efficacy. B. malfunctioning cognitive processes. C. no context. D. vicarious learning

A. low self-efficacy

Bipolar disorder was formerly called _____. A. manic-depression. B. hysteria. C. illness anxiety disorder. D. multiple personality disorder.

A. manic-depression.

An experimental group experiences A. manipulation. B. single-bind. C. double-bind. D. consistent bias.

A. manipulation.

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay most likely using? A. moving away from people B. moving toward people C. regression D. sublimation

A. moving away from people

Which of the following is least associated with a panic attack? A. must remain in one's present location B. sweating C. breathing struggles D. feeling closed-in (losing control)

A. must remain in one's present location

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

A. negative reinforcement

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? A. night terrors B.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) C. restless leg syndrome D. sleep apnea

A. night terrors

Proactive inference occurs when A. older memories interfere with newer memories. B. newer memories interfere with older memories. C. more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced events. D. less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced events.

A. older memories interfere with newer memories.

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. A. one standard deviation above the mean. B. one standard deviation below the mean. C. two standard deviations above the mean. D. 15 points above the average.

A. one standard deviation above the mean.

Psychologists generally define learning as a relatively _______ change in behavior that results from _______. A. permanent ; experience B. temporary ; trial and error C. experiential ; permanence D. trial-and-error ; experience

A. permanent ; experience

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as ________. A. phrenology. B. psychology. C. physiology. D. personality psychology

A. phrenology.

In the endocrine system, the ______ gland is considered the "master gland," because its messenger hormones control the other glands A. pituitary B. thyroid C. adrenal D. pancreas

A. pituitary

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. A. projective test B. psychoanalysis C. self-report inventory D. trait analysis

A. projective test

Research is conducted in psychology because __________ A. psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. B. people can only learn if they have experiments conducted on them. C. behavior is never predictable. D. it is the only way to know anything about people.

A. psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

Clinical psychologists are to ______ as counseling psychologists are to _______. A. psychopathology ; normal human adjustment issues. B. normal human adjust issues ; psychopathology. C. writing prescriptions ; counseling. D. counseling ; writing prescriptions.

A. psychopathology ; normal human adjustment issues.

The step of ___ is required in order to move information from STM into LTM. A. rehearsal B. coding C. retrieval D. reenactment

A. rehearsal

Identical twins _____. A. share the same genes. B. are half-related to one another. C. are just as related as any other brother/sister. D. seldom look/act alike.

A. share the same genes.

A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for around 15-20 seconds is called A. short-term memory B. limited memory. C. sensory memory D. temporary memory.

A. short-term memory

An area of the brain that regulates sleep-wake cycles (clock-mechanism) is the _______. A. suprachiasmatic nucleus. B. amygdala. C. septum. D. cingulate gyrus.

A. suprachiasmatic nucleus.

A potential danger of being on unmonitored antipsychotic medications for long time frames is that it can potentially lead to ______. A. tardive dyskinesia (tremors). B. uncontrollable pain. C. hallucinations D. unexplained agressiveness

A. tardive dyskinesia (tremors).

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response

A. taste aversion

Your textbook defines personality as___________. A. the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways. B. the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual or a nation or group. C. the complex of all the attributes—behavioral, temperament, emotional and mental—that characterize a unique individual. D. an assumed role or manner of behavior that makes a person or thing distinct from another.

A. the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Which of the following correlations represents two variables with the strongest relationship? A. +0.80 B. -0.95 C. +0.85 D. -0.75

B. -0.95

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue. A. 5% B. 13% C. 21% D. 50%

B. 13%

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B. 2

Statistics show that _________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness. A. 15% B. 26% C. 35% D. 60%

B. 26%

Intellectual disability is generally identified on the basis of a low IQ score (typically ______ or below) and delayed or impaired social skills. A. 85 B. 70 C. 55 D. 40

B. 70

Ritalin is to ____ as Prozac is to ______. A. depression ; ADHD B. ADHD ; depression C. schizophrenia ; panic disorder D. panic disorder ; schizophrenia

B. ADHD ; depression

Who developed social-cognitive theory? A. Abraham Maslow B. Albert Bandura C. Carl Rogers D. Erik Erikson

B. Albert Bandura

Among these individuals, who would be considered the earliest pioneer in the field of intelligence testing? A. Lewis Terman B. Alfred Binet C. Charles Spearman D. Robert Sternberg

B. Alfred Binet

The most prominent psychologist organization in the U.S. is the A. American Psychiatric Association. B. American Psychological Association. C. Association for Psychological Science. D. American Psychological Society

B. American Psychological Association

Which of the following statements is least considered to be a hypothesis? A. Aggressive behaviors in female rats will be increased by testosterone administration, compared to a control group. B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences. C. College students with higher conscientiousness will achieve higher overall GPAs than those with lower conscientiousness. D. Rats with damage to their cerebellum will display deficits in motor coordination, using the rotarod test.

B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

. ________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; they can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness. A. Antidepressants B. Atypical antipsychotics C. Mood stabilizers D. Stimulants

B. Atypical antipsychotics

Which of the following situations is the type of physical functioning primarily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Aaron's body releases glucose when he stands up to the bully at school B. Betty calms down as she drifts off into sleep at night C. Chan's pupils dilate when he tells a lie to his father D. Dawn's heart beats faster as she prepares to take her first psychology exam

B. Betty calms down as she drifts off into sleep at night

The two most reliable IQ tests in the U.S. are the Wechsler and ___ tests. A. Terman B. Binet C. Spearman D. Sternberg

B. Binet

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? A. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. B. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. C. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. D. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

B. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

B. Carl Rogers

Who developed client-centered therapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Dorothea Dix D. Philippe Pinel

B. Carl Rogers

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? A. Adderall B. Clozaril C. Lithium D. Xanax

B. Clozaril

Carl Rogers was famous for ___ and Walter Mischel was famous for __. A. Personality is inconsistent across situations ; congruent self-concept. B. Congruent self-concept ; personality's consistency across situations. C. Self-actualization ; archetypes. D. Archetypes ; self-actualization.

B. Congruent self-concept ; personality's consistency across situations.

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture. A. Contemporary Stereotypes B. Contemporized-Themes C. Cultural Themes D. Thematic Subjects

B. Contemporized-Themes

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. A. Cause-and-effect B. Correlation C. Reliability D. Validity

B. Correlation

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. A. Analytic B. Creative C. Crystallized D. Practical

B. Creative

. ______ research collects data at the same time while ______ research collects data over time. A. Archival ; empirical B. Cross-sectional ; longitudinal C. Empirical ; archival D. Longitudinal ; cross-sectional

B. Cross-sectional ; longitudinal

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Glutamate D. Serotonin

B. Dopamine

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States? A. Carl Rogers B. Dorothea Dix C. Philippe Pinel D. Sigmund Freud

B. Dorothea Dix

Which of the following involves more than talking as part of patient-cures? A. psychoanalysis B. ECT C. RET D. cognitive therapy

B. ECT

Whose experiments demonstrate that people can learn, even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

B. Edward C. Tolman

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner. A. Stereotypical bias B. Egocentric bias C. Hindsight bias D. Enhancement bias

B. Egocentric bias

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Emotions can be a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

B. Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States? A. Carl Rogers B. Francis Cecil Sumner C. Naomi Weisstein D. Noam Chomsky

B. Francis Cecil Sumner

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is least correct? A. He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. His experiments demonstrated that people can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons? A. He had encephalitis as a child. B. He had severe seizures. C. He was born with an extra area of cortex. D. He was part of a medical trial study

B. He had severe seizures.

People who cannot bear to part with personal possessions are most likely to suffer from ___ Disorder. A. Body Dysmorphic B. Hoarding C. Dissociative Amnesia D. Dissociative Fuge

B. Hoarding

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? A. Behavior can be conditioned. B. How you think determines how you feel. C. Thoughts cannot be changed. D. Unconscious thoughts influence behavior.

B. How you think determines how you feel.

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A. Broca's area B. Hypothalamus C. Substantia nigra D. Thalamus

B. Hypothalamus

_______ is to animal research as _______ is to human research. A. Informed consent; deception B. IACUC ; IRB C. IRB ; IACUC D. Deception ; debriefing

B. IACUC ; IRB

Which of the following best exemplifies a personality trait? A. Greg eats a cupcake. B. Ida is charming. C. James has blue eyes. D. Marsha has three children.

B. Ida is charming.

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis? A. Behavior therapy involves free association and dream analysis, while psychoanalysis focuses on the use of classical conditioning to change patterns of thinking. B. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. C. In psychoanalysis, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while behavior therapy involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. D. Psychoanalysis involves using free association to work through repressed desires, while behavior therapy focuses on how undesirable behaviors are predicted unconsciously, in our dreams.

B. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

Which of the following is least true regarding U.S. executions? A. Individuals with intellectual disability cannot be executed. B. Individuals with learning disabilities cannot be executed C. States can determine their own guidelines for what qualifies as intellectual disability. D. IQ scores alone cannot determine eligibility for potential execution.

B. Individuals with learning disabilities cannot be executed

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A. Attrition B. Inter-rater reliability C. The control group D. Validity

B. Inter-rater reliability

Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning? A. E.L. Thorndike B. Ivan Pavlov C. John Garcia D. B.F. Skinner

B. Ivan Pavlov

Who is generally recognized as the founder of American psychology? A. Hall B. James C. Wundt D. Freud

B. James

Which of the following is best an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.

B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is the best example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mark receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mark get a reward for doing it. B. Jeong observes Briana getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Brian wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

B. Jeong observes Briana getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

B. John Hobson

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. A. Brain organization B. Lateralization C. Synaptogenesis D. Wernicke's area

B. Lateralization

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A. Fear is a conditioned response. B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. C. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement

B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Which of the following statements is most true? A. Learning disability and intellectual disability are the same. B. Learning disability and intellectual disability are different C. Learning disabled children seldom have average (or higher) IQs. D. Students with learning disabilities never take IQ tests.

B. Learning disability and intellectual disability are different

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?" A. IQ tests are biased in favor of Caucasians. B. Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans. C. Level II intelligence is prevalent among African Americans, followed by Asians, then Caucasians. D. There is no racial or ethnic component to intelligence.

B. Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

A(n) _______uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. A. EEG B. MRI C. PET scan D. CT scan

B. MRI

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is least true? A. Brain areas involved in sleep-wake cycles include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons. B. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle. C. Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones. D. They are controlled by multiple brain areas acting together.

B. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.

Which of the following statements is most true? A. Frequent time shifting generally helps circadian rhythms. B. Melatonin-levels can impact sleep. C. Sleep rebound refers to the amount of time dreaming. D. Humans sleep around half of their total life span.

B. Melatonin-levels can impact sleep.

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile. A. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Which of the following least describes one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? A. Mild B. Modest C. Profound D. Severe

B. Modest

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. A. collective unconscious. B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. C. Rorschach Inkblot Test. D. Tell-me-a-story Thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS).

B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Which of the following is most true?. A. All psychologist agree regarding personality characterizes. B. Not all psychologists agree regarding personality characteristics. C. No psychologists believe in personality characteristics. D. All psychologists deny personality as a field of study.

B. Not all psychologists agree regarding personality characteristics.

Which of the following least describes dissociative disorders? A. People with these disorders become disconnected from their sense of self. B. People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture. C. People with these disorders experience memory and identity disturbances. D. These disorders do not have a physical cause.

B. People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

Which of the following best exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder? A. Phoebe feels helpless when she is alone, and she can't make decisions on her own. B. Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention. C. Phoebe is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes engages in self-mutilation. D. Phoebe often displays an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance.

B. Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated

Which of the following is least describes one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? A. Perceptual reasoning B. Processing memory C. Verbal comprehension D. Working memory

B. Processing memory

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. Generalizability B. Reliability C. Statistical significance D. Validity

B. Reliability

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. A. Julian Rotter B. Rorschach C. TAT D. TEMAS

B. Rorschach

________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas. A. Nursing homes B. Rural areas C. Schools D. Urban areas

B. Rural areas

Which of the following senses is least likely to be routed through the thalamus? A. Audition B. Smell C. Taste D. Vision

B. Smell

In Gardner's model, an architect would most likely have high levels of which type of intelligence? A. Logical-mathematical B. Spatial C. Bodily-kinesthetic D. Intrapersonal

B. Spatial

Dr. Washington, a sleep researcher, looks at the EEG output of a participant from a sleep study. When Washington sees sleep spindles on the output, she indicates on the paper. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4

B. Stage 2

________ can be used to assess ________. A. Reliability ; validity. B. Statistical analyses ; reliability. C. Statistical analyses ; validity. D. Validity ; reliability.

B. Statistical analyses ; reliability.

Which of the following best exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder? A. Stella is devoted to her work and works so much that she has no time for friends or family. B. Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie. C. Stella often lies, fights, and gets into trouble with police. D. When Stella's father asked how her day was, she interpreted it as a threat.

B. Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.

People who size-themselves-up well, avoiding what they are not good at, but capitalizing on their strengths best exemplify ____ type of intelligence. A. Wechsler's B. Sternbergs's C. Terman's D. Binet's

B. Sternbergs's

Which of the following least describes healthier sleeping patterns? A. Avoid worrying while lying in bed at night. B. Taking naps. C. Only use sleep aid medication sparingly. D. Limiting intake of caffeine.

B. Taking naps.

Which of the following least describes a reason that ADHD may be over-diagnosed? A. Doctors are too quick to medicate children as a behavior treatment. B. The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified. C. There is greater awareness of ADHD now than in the past. D. What might seem like inattention to some parents and teachers could simply reflect exposure to too much technology

B. The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified.

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings? A. Cell membranes have carrier proteins for glucose but not for sodium. B. The cell membrane is semi-permeable. C. The membrane potential makes it difficult for sodium ions to diffuse across the membrane. D. The sodium-potassium pump keeps sodium inside the cell.

B. The cell membrane is semi-permeable.

What should be changed to make the following sentence most true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys. A. The name "Hippocrates" should be changed to the name "Galen." B. The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs." C. The word "personality" should be changed to the word "temperament." D. The word "phlegmatic" should be changed to the word "choleric."

B. The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization." A. The name "Arthur Jensen" should be changed to the name "Howard Gardener." B. The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched. C. The word "conceptual" should be eliminated. D. The word "rote" should be changed to with the word "routine."

B. The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it." A. The word "acquired" should be changed to the word "practiced." B. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized." C. The word "intelligence" should be changed to the word "intellect." D. The word "retrieve" should be changed to the word "practice."

B. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. A. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." B. The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical." C. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never." D. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely."

B. The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior. A. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to "Wilhelm Wundt." B. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious." C. The word "unconscious" to the word "conscious." D. The word "understand" should be changed to the word "believing."

B. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A. They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. C. They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis. D. They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime.

B. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Latent learning is most associated with the name _____. A. Skinner B. Tolman C. Pavlov D. Thorndike

B. Tolman

In Watson and Rayner's study of "Little Albert," the child became frightened of a white rat and similar stimuli because A. children are naturally afraid of white rats. B. a loud noise occurred whenever the rat was in Albert's presence. C. the rat repeatedly was paired with a neutral stimulus. D. Albert had a traumatic experience with a rat.

B. a loud noise occurred whenever the rat was in Albert's presence.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconscious C. fetal development D. sexual identity

B. a person's unconscious

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would most likely say that Kim has _______. A. a dependent personality. B. an external locus of control. C. an internal locus of control. D. low self-efficacy.

B. an external locus of control.

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would most likely say that Jessica has ________. A. an external locus on control. B. an internal locus of control. C. good self-regulation. D. poor self-regulation.

B. an internal locus of control.

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. academic B. analytical C. creative D. practical

B. analytical

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. A. anti-anxiety agents. B. antidepressants. C. antipsychotics. D. mood stabilizers.

B. antidepressants.

The major classes of psychiatric drugs are ________ (e.g., Valium and Xanax), ________ (e.g., Zoloft and Prozac), and ________ (e.g. Thorazine and Haldol). A. antipsychotic, anxiety, depression B. anxiety, depression, antipsychotic C. depression, anxiety, antipsychotic D. antipsychotic, depression, anxiety

B. anxiety, depression, antipsychotic

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior best refers to ________. A. actions that are not internally motivated. B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded. C. reactions that cannot be externally motivated. D. specific actions that are impossible to result in reactions.

B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded.

Critical thinking is ________. A. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic. B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. C. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena. D. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it.

B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________. A. archival research; naturalistic observation. B. archival research; surveys. C. case studies; naturalistic observation. D. experiments; surveys.

B. archival research; surveys.

Karl can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take Karl to a doctor in order to have him assessed for ________. A. Asperger's syndrome B. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder C. autism spectrum disorder D. schizoid personality disorder

B. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Jim wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Jim using to stop biting his nails? A. aversion therapy B. aversive conditioning C. experience conditioning D. exposure therapy

B. aversive conditioning

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this best exemplify? A. aversive conditioning B. behavior therapy C. client-centered therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

B. behavior therapy

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. A. archetypes and personas. B. beliefs and expectations. C. defense mechanisms and coping strategies. D. myths, legends, and stories.

B. beliefs and expectations.

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. A. acetylcholine B. beta-endorphin C. GABA D. norepinephrine

B. beta-endorphin

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. A. between -1 and 0. B. between -1 and +1. C. between 0 and +1. D. between 0 and +100.

B. between -1 and +1.

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. A. axon B. biological C. heterostatic D. suprachiasmatic

B. biological

Seven, plus-or-minus-two refers to A. duration of sensory memory. B. capacity of short-term memory. C. capacity of sensory memory. D. duration of short-term memory

B. capacity of short-term memory.

Which part of the brain controls balance? A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. pons D. medulla

B. cerebellum

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

B. cerebellum

What should be changed in order to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. A. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" B. change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" C. change the word "parts" to the word "components" D. change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"

B. change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding." A. change the word "beyond" to the word "within" B. change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural" C. change the word "psychological" to the word "psychopathological" D. change the word "scientific" to the word "spiritual"

B. change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

Phobias develop through associations of aversive stimuli with previously neutral stimuli. This expresses the explanation of phobia development in terms of ____. A. cognitive. B. classical conditioning. C. operant conditioning. D. psychodynamic.

B. classical conditioning.

What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy? A. client's early infancy B. client's present and future C. client's recent past D. client's unconscious desires

B. client's present and future

When an individual has two or more diagnoses (which often includes a substance related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis) this is known as ________. A. bipolar disorder. B. comorbid disorder C. codependency. D. bi-morbid disorder.

B. comorbid disorder

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

B. conditioned stimulus

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. extroversion D. neuroticism

B. conscientiousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. conscience. B. consciousness. C. REM sleep. D. unconsciousness.

B. consciousness

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding ; recoding. B. construction ; reconstruction. C. equipotentiality ; amnesia. D. information ; misinformation.

B. construction ; reconstruction

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. A. alternate experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

B. control

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique. A. classical conditioning B. counterconditioning C. free association D. psychodynamic

B. counterconditioning

Aversive conditioning is a ________. A. classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior. B. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior. C. form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors. D. therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors.

B. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior.

Kari cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kari's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. analytic B. creative C. fluid D. practical

B. creative

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. debrief participants; ageist attitudes B. debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; deception D. pay participants; use of personal photos

B. debrief participants; deception

In psychology research, ______ is allowed if ______ occurs. A. decryption ; deception B. deception ; debriefing C. detection ; dehabilitation D. detachment ; dereliction

B. deception ; debriefing

Which mental disorder is least likely to be treated in children 8-15 years old? A. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B. dementia disorder C. conduct disorder D. mood disorder

B. dementia disorder

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable. A. confounding B. dependent C. experimental D. independent

B. dependent

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Lucy wants to study changes in thinking skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _______ psychology. A. cognitive B. developmental C. personality D. social

B. developmental

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A. biopsychology B. developmental psychology C. personality psychology D. sensation and perception

B. developmental psychology

A primary characteristic of autism spectrum disorder is _____. A. bed-wetting. B. difficulty relating to others. C. short attention span. D. high and engaging interest in others.

B. difficulty relating to others.

What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away. A. catatonic behavior B. disorganized thinking C. hallucinations D. paranoid delusions

B. disorganized thinking

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder. A. anxiety B. dissociative identity C. personality D. schizophrenia

B. dissociative identity

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? A. dopamine; acetylcholine B. dopamine; norepinephrine C. serotonin; GABA D. serotonin; glutamate

B. dopamine; norepinephrine

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned

B. double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A. control B. double-blind C. double-control D. single-blind

B. double-blind

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? A. common opinions B. empirical studies C. intuition D. lucky breaks

B. empirical studies

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. A. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape. B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops. C. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. D. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.

B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops.

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________? A. asymptomatic B. episodic C. limited in duration to a few weeks D. reoccurring every few months

B. episodic

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing hypothesis D. Stroop effect

B. equipotentiality hypothesis

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. A. behavioral genetics B. evolution by natural selection C. genetic mutation D. survivalism

B. evolution by natural selection

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders? A. above average number of psychoses B. excessive, persistent fear and anxiety C. inability to control the body's reaction to paranoia D. sporadic, intense panic attacks

B. excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________. A. detailed literature search. B. experiment. C. study. D. survey.

B. experiment.

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. correlational B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. survey

B. experimental

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. A. congruent ; incongruent B. external ; internal C. internal ; external D. real ; ideal

B. external ; internal

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A. acquisition B. extinction C. recovery D. reflex

B. extinction

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. A. archetype B. extrovert C. introvert D. neurotic

B. extrovert

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A. fast ; a short duration B. fast ; long lasting C. slow ; a short duration D. slow ; long lasting

B. fast ; long lasting

Which of the following is least part of feminist psychology? A. discovering the contributions of women to psychology B. favoring all men over all women C. questioning male biased practices D. studying psychological gender differences

B. favoring all men over women

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

B. fixed ratio

Dr. Williamson works with courts to evaluate criminals; Williamson is a(n) _______ psychologist. A. social B. forensic C. industrial/organizational D. physiological

B. forensic

Which category of memory-failure, associated with what the textbook so-called seven sins of memory, is exemplified by the following? Samantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

B. forgetting

Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client. A. cognitive therapy B. free association C. rational emotive therapy D. transference

B. free association

Parsons and colleagues are conducting a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

The most significant weakness of case studies is _______. A. inflatability. B. generalizability. C. operationalization. D. correlation coefficients.

B. generalizability.

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. Miguel calls his parents twice a day because he worries about how they might feel regarding him. Miguel most likely suffers from ________. A. free-floating anxiety disorder B. generalized anxiety disorder C. obsessive-compulsive disorder D. persistent depressive disorder

B. generalized anxiety disorder

Edwina is constantly worried. She cannot really identify why she feels this way, and she finds it nearly impossible to relax. Edwina's therapist believes her symptoms best represent ___ A. obsessive-compulsive. B. generalized anxiety disorder. C. panic disorder. D. social anxiety disorder.

B. generalized anxiety disorder.

In Freud's ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

B. genital

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. A. genotype; Bb B. genotype; bb C. phenotype; Bb D. phenotype; bb

B. genotype; bb

How can parents best help their children achieve high congruence? A. forcing them to be independent B. giving them unconditional love C. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms D. pointing out their mistakes

B. giving them unconditional love

The myelin sheath consists of ________. A. axons. B. glial cells. C. somas. D. terminal buttons.

B. glial cells.

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? A. feel someone touching her hand B. groan and move her eyes C. hear someone talking to her D. speak in simple words

B. groan and move her eyes

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician? A. couple therapy B. group therapy C. strategic family therapy D. structural family therapy

B. group therapy

Peer reviewers ________. A. are similar to magazine editors. B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings. C. work for the authors of scientific articles. D. work for the journals that publish scientific research findings.

B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings.

What is the goal of humanistic therapy? A. helping clients change undesirable behaviors B. helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves C. learning a new response to a stimulus D. treating a client's fear or anxiety

B. helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A. another person's consciousness B. her own conscious experience C. her own subconscious experience D. the social construction of consciousness

B. her own conscious experience

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. A. high ; high B. high ; low C. low ; high D. low ; low

B. high ; low

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. Tammy develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, Tammy quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would most likely say Tammy has ________. A. healthy cognitive processes. B. high self-efficacy C. low self-efficacy D. moderate reciprocal determinism

B. high self-efficacy

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric B. hindsight C. stereotypical D. transient

B. hindsight

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. A. factors B. hormones C. neurotransmitters D. proteins

B. hormones

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the phone C. what the word inconceivable means D. your least favorite vacation trip

B. how to use the phone

A testable prediction about how the world will behave if an idea is correct is called a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. equation. D. deductive reason.

B. hypothesis

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. A. ego B. id C. superego D. unconscious

B. id

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

B. implicit

The _______ is controlled by the experimenter, while the _______ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. A. dependent variable ; independent variable B. independent variable ; dependent variable C. placebo effect ; experimenter bias D. experiment bias ; placebo effect

B. independent variable ; dependent variable

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. A. Freudian B. inferiority C. neurotic D. psychosocial

B. inferiority

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of _____. A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

B. instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions B. instincts C. operants D. reflexes

B. instincts

The sleep debt is the result of ________. A. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis. C. the circadian rhythm. D. travel from one time zone to another

B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? A. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors C. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant D. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Observational (also called social learning) learning A. is also known as latent learning. B. involves imitating the behaviors of others. C. may lead to the acquisition of useful new skills but not to fear responses. D. is based on the principles of operant conditioning.

B. involves imitating the behaviors of others.

Intelligence _______. A. has a singled agreed-upon definition. B. is defined differently different experts. C. cannot be impacted by either nature or nurture D. is 100% inherited in the genes.

B. is defined differently different experts.

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California in order to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________. A. external circadian B. jet lag C. night terrors D. parasomnia

B. jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? A. crying while asleep B. kicking and punching while asleep C. snoring while asleep D. talking while asleep

B. kicking and punching while asleep

What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Which of the following best defines antisocial personality disorder? A. instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood B. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds C. overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance D. pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks

B. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

B. latent

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This best exemplifies ________. A. instinct B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus

B. learning

Dopamine and glutamate are both involved with _______. A. running. B. learning. C. shifting. D. turning

B. learning.

Which of the following is least associated as a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? A. improving mood B. less exposure to carcinogens C. lower stress levels D. maintaining healthy weight

B. less exposure to carcinogens

In order for a memory to go into permanent storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual

B. long-term

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming. A. K-complex B. lucid C. REM D. theta wave

B. lucid

Jennifer has been depressed for several months and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. On which brain structure is the drug acting? A. amygdala B. medulla C. pons D. reticular formation

B. medulla

What hormone does the pineal gland release? A. insulin B. melatonin C. estrogen D. testosterone

B. melatonin

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage. B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running. C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward. D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher.

B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running.

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. A. cognition. B. model. C. response. D. stimulus.

B. model.

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence. B. modified the way witnesses are questioned. C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome. D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity.

B. modified the way witnesses are questioned.

When Jill feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Jill most likely using? A. moving against people B. moving toward people C. reaction formation D. repression

B. moving toward people

Multiple sclerosis is mostly associated with ________. A. plasma. B. myelin. C. sinew. D. blood.

B. myelin.

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. A. insomnia. B. narcolepsy. C. night terrors. D. restless leg syndrome.

B. narcolepsy.

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes), if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment. B. negative reinforcement. C. positive punishment. D. positive reinforcement.

B. negative reinforcement.

Neurons are ________. A. chemicals. B. nerve cells. C. in humans only. D. in animals only.

B. nerve cells.

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A. guesswork. B. observation. C. practice. D. statistics.

B. observation

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. A. anxiety B. obsessive-compulsive C. personality D. phobia

B. obsessive-compulsive

A negative correlation means ________. A. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship. B. one variable decreases as the other increases. C. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant. D. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome.

B. one variable decreases as the other increases.

What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development? A. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital C. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital D. oral, phallic, anal, latency, genital

B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Yin can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. Yin spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size. A. having hundreds of first editions in his book collection B. organizing the books C. thinking about the books all the time D. thinking about the order of the books all the time

B. organizing the books

Self-efficacy is ________. A. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. B. our level of confidence in our own abilities. C. the belief that one's environment can determine behavior. D. the belief that we have power over our lives.

B. our level of confidence in our own abilities.

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. A. associated with lucid dreaming. B. outside periods of REM sleep. C. that always occurs immediately after REM sleep. D. that overlaps REM sleep.

B. outside periods of REM sleep.

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A. lucid dreaming. B. parasomnias. C. protoconsciousness. D. somnambulism.

B. parasomnias.

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

B. parasympathetic

In ________ reinforcement, the person is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B. partial

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B. partial

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________. A. only black men were invited to participate. B. participants were not allowed to seek available treatment. C. penicillin was not administered to the men's wives. D. the study was continued for approximately 40 years.

B. participants were not allowed to seek available treatment.

Like other behaviorists, Skinner believed that ____________. A. unconscious forces had a major influence on personality. B. personality is shaped by rewards and punishments. C. the environment played little role in influencing personality. D. trait theories were the best description of personality.

B. personality is shaped by rewards and punishments.

Behaviorists all focus on ________. A. individual attitudes. B. physiological responses that result in action. C. the internal motivation for action. D. the subconscious

B. physiological responses that result in action.

Psychologists study biopsychology because _________. A. people are totally determined by biology. B. physiology significantly impacts how humans behave. C. humankind is nothing but neurotransmitters. D. all behavior is driven by serotonin.

B. physiology significantly impacts how humans behave.

The _________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. A. adrenal B. pituitary C. testes D. thyroid

B. pituitary

Jane has recently been having trouble staying awake throughout the day. Which area of Jane's brain is most likely related to her difficulty? A. cerebellum B. pons C. medulla D. cerebrum

B. pons

Although correlation allows _______, it does not allow _______. A. cause &effect ; prediction. B. prediction ; cause & effect. C. confounding ; prediction. D. prediction ; cause & effect.

B. prediction ; cause & effect.

Trephination was the ________. A. method that supposedly proved that the world is flat. B. procedure where a large hole was created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape. C. technique that helped ensure the validity of experimental results. D. theory that mental illness was caused by demonic possession.

B. procedure where a large hole was created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape.

Which of the following least describes a part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory? A. observation learning B. reaction formation C. reciprocal determinism D. self-efficacy

B. reaction formation

The overall outcome of Lashley's search for the engram was the A. discovery of different engrams for different sorts of memories. B. realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure. C. discovery of a single engram for various sorts of memories. D. localization of engrams in the hippocampus.

B. realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure.

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect

B. recognition

After Allen does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. reaction formation B. regression C. repression D. sublimation

B. regression

College students who throw temper tantrums often display ___. A. repression. B. regression. C. projection. D. displacement

B. regression.

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. A. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins. B. revealed a genetic component to intelligence. C. suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption. D. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence.

B. revealed a genetic component to intelligence.

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. self-reference effect C. sensory memory D. Stroop effect

B. self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

B. semantic

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people. B. short-term memory itself has different forms. C. people process happy memories better than sad memories. D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color.

B. short-term memory itself has different forms.

Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except ________. A. auditory hallucinations. B. sleep episodes. C. paranoia. D. visual hallucinations.

B. sleep episodes.

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent _____. A. conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

B. stimulus discrimination

For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this? A. dream analysis B. stimulus hierarchy C. virtual hierarchy D. virtual reality exposure

B. stimulus hierarchy

Wundt is to _______ as James is to _______. A. structuralism ; gestalt. B. structuralism ; functionalism. C. behaviorism ; gestalt. D. behaviorism ; functionalism.

B. structuralism ; functionalism.

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggestibility C. recognition D. reconstruction

B. suggestibility

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? A. advocating for analytical psychology B. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality C. the idea that men have womb envy D. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

B. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A. soma. B. synapse. C. terminal button. D. vesicle.

B. synapse.

Client-centered, psychoanalysis, and cognitive therapies all have what in common? A. behavior cures. B. talking cures. C. repression cures. D. sleeping cures.

B. talking cures.

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning? A. learning to speak Spanish by participating in a Spanish class B. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park C. your brother refusing to play with you D. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

B. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

The term lateralization refers to A. divisions of the brain into hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. B. the division of functions between the right and left hemispheres. C. the cross-wiring of the brain . D. the connections between Broca's area and Wernicke's area

B. the division of functions between the right and left hemispheres.

In explaining the development of schizophrenia, the diathesis-stress model emphasizes ____. A. the role of brain abnormalities. B. the interaction of genetic predispositions and stress. C. the role of stressful life experiences in creating a diathesis. D. the role of psychosocial influences in creating a diathesis.

B. the interaction of genetic predispositions and stress.

Extinction occurs when ________. A. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. B. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus. C. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

B. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

Accessibility of memory decreases over time is to __ as false memories are to ___. A. suggestibility ; transience B. transience ; suggestibility C. belief system; bias D. bias ; belief system

B. transience ; suggestibility

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

B. two

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

B. variable ratio

In this type of schedule of reinforcement, a person receives reinforcement for different time periods, and the time periods are not always the same. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio

B. variable-interval

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? A. -0.9 B. 0 C. +0.2 D. +0.9

C. +0.2

Eric was tested at school for entry into the gifted program. It is likely that Eric scored at least _______ on his intelligence test. A. 100 B. 115 C. 130 D. 150

C. 130

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. 1600s B. 1700s C. 1800s D. 1900s

C. 1800s

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experience mental illness. A. 13% B. 15% C. 19% D. 25%

C. 19%

Antipsychotic medicines were first introduced in ________. A. 1850. B. 1933. C. 1954. D. 1960.

C. 1954.

Sleep cycles repeat about every minutes, and the typical adult has______cycles per night. A. 60 ; six to seven B. 60 ; three to four C. 90 ; four to five D. 120 ; two to three

C. 90 ; four to five

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. B. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. C. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. D. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

C. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Regarding sleepwalking disorder, which of the following statements is least true? A. Sleepwalking is cured by medication. B. Sleepwalking is the same as Sleep Behavior Disorder.. C. Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful. D. Sleepwalkers eyes are open.

C. Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful.

Why is psychology considered a social science? A. Because psychologists do not study groups and how groups interact. B. Because psychology is considered a hard science. C. Behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. D. Behavior is always completely random.

C. Behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

The personality dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness together constitute the ___. A. Eyssnck Personality Inventory. B. IGPF. C. Big Five Model of Personality. D. MMPI.

C. Big Five Model of Personality.

The type of mood disorders characterized by severe mood swings is called_______ disorder. A. Psychogenic B. Dysphoric C. Bipolar D. Autistic

C. Bipolar

Which of the following least describes something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common? A. Both theories are humanistic. B. Both theories focus on individual choices. C. Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy. D. Both theories reject biological determinism.

C. Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? A. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B. Comorbidity C. Dysgraphia D. Dyslexia

C. Dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? A. Dysfunction B. Dysgraphia C. Dyslexia D. Dysthymia

C. Dyslexia

To Freud, the part of the mind that organizes efforts to satisfy basic impulses in ways that avoid social condemnation is the _______. A. Id. B. Superego. C. Ego. D. Preconscious

C. Ego.

William James was the ________. A. author of the first psychology textbook. B. father of psychology. C. first American psychologist. D. first psychoanalyst.

C. First American psychologist

Regarding traditional psychoanalysis, which of the following statements is least true? A. A major technique in psychoanalysis is dream analysis. B. Freud believed that the ability to understand transference is essential to a client's success in psychoanalysis. C. Freud's felt that the ego would never try to block or repress unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association. D. Patients are instructed to lay down on a couch.

C. Freud's felt that the ego would never try to block or repress unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association.

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this best exemplify? A. archetype B. collective unconscious C. Freudian slip D. repressed memory

C. Freudian slip

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is least true? A. He believed intelligence consisted of a general factor called g. B. He believed intelligence could be measured and compared between individuals. C. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. D. He focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

C. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is most true? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

_______ psychologists counsel medically-related problems, while _______ psychologists apply science to solve business-related problems. A. Personality; social B. Social; personality C. Health; industrial/organizational D. Industrial/organizational; health

C. Health; industrial/organizational

Which of the following statements is least true? A. The words higher-order and second-order conditioning are synonymous. B. Higher-order conditioning works at only one level beyond the original stimulus pairing. C. Higher-order conditioning works up to three levels beyond the original stimulus paring. D. Research has shown higher-order conditioning not to work.

C. Higher-order conditioning works up to three levels beyond the original stimulus paring.

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Reliability refers to consistency. B. Validity refers to accurate measure. C. Human research does not require IRB approval. D. Research subjects provide informed consent.

C. Human research does not require IRB approval

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A. Behaviorism B. Gestalt C. Humanism D. Structuralism

C. Humanism

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? A. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart. B. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart. C. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities. D. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.

C. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants. A. Institutional Research Board B. Institutional Research Bureau C. Institutional Review Board D. Institutional Review Bureau

C. Institutional Review Board

Which of the following best exemplifies a benefit of group therapy? A. Clients in group therapy don't need additional biomedical therapy. B. In every case it is more effective than individual therapy. C. It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem. D. There is less transference during group therapy.

C. It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem.

Which of the following least describes a characteristic of a good hypothesis? A. It can be tested using empirical methods. B. It is an if-then statement. C. It is complex. D. It is falsifiable.

C. It is complex.

Which of the following examples best illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A. Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. B. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. D. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party

C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Other factors being equal, which of the following people should be hardest to awaken? A. Jane is in Stage 1 of sleep. B. Amy is in Stage 2 of sleep. C. John is in Stage 3 of sleep. D. Andy has just fallen asleep.

C. John is in Stage 3 of sleep.

Which of the following is the best example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Who proposed the locus of control concept? A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung C. Julian Rotter D. Walter Mischel

C. Julian Rotter

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Jung C. Karen Horney D. Sigmund Freud

C. Karen Horney

Lana is late for dinner with her parents. They don't care, but she thinks this is a catastrophe—an inaccurate view of the situation that leads her to feel bad about herself. In this example, what best represents the cognitive distortion? A. Lana being late for dinner with her parents B. Lana feeling bad about herself C. Lana thinking that being late for dinner is a catastrophe D. Lana's parents not caring that she is late for dinner

C. Lana thinking that being late for dinner is a catastrophe

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

People who are normal all year long, but experience mood problems during the months of December, January, and February suffer from _______. A. Prodromal Syndrome B. Body Dysmorphic Disorder C. Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern D. Depersonalization Disorder

C. Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern

Juanita was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why? A. Juanita also suffers from social anxiety disorder. B. Mood disorders are more likely to occur in younger people. C. Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis. D. People who grow up with a depressed parent become depressed themselves.

C. Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology? A. Anna Freud B. Bruno Bettelheim C. Naomi Weisstein D. Sigmund Freud

C. Naomi Weisstein

Carl is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident? A. Blindness B. Cannot taste C. No sensation in his legs and feet D. Deafness

C. No sensation in his legs and feet

Which of the following is least true regarding ADHD? A. Symptoms must be present in early childhood. B. All adults with ADHD possessed symptoms as children. C. Nobody ever grows out of ADHD symptoms. D. The formal diagnostic label is always ADHD and never ADD.

C. Nobody ever grows out of ADHD symptoms.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? A. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. B. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. D. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person. A. Grandiose B. Hallucination C. Paranoid D. Somatic

C. Paranoid

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. A. Insomnia B. NREM phase C. Parasomnia D. REM phase

C. Parasomnia

________ are subjects of psychological research. A. Clients B. Individuals C. Participants D. People

C. Participants

How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning? A. An individual's behavior is determined by the environment. B. Cognitive processes depend on imitation. C. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate. D. The environment determines which personal factors a person chooses to observe.

C. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? A. Personality is formed solely in childhood. B. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. D. Personality theory should be based on social health.

C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Which of the following is least associated with forebrain structure? A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Pons D. Thalamus

C. Pons

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. B. People in developed nations revere the elderly. C. Populations of developed nations are living longer. D. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

C. Populations of developed nations are living longer.

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. Classical B. Operant C. Primary D. Secondary

C. Primary

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

C. Rosalind Cartwright

________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself. A. Obsessions B. Ruminations C. Safety behaviors D. Therapies

C. Safety behaviors

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is least true? A. Her analysis of dreams is not Freudian. B. Her ideas about dreams are supported empirically. C. She is a Jungian dream analyst. D. She is a sleep and dream researcher

C. She is a Jungian dream analyst.

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? A. Hippocrates B. Immanuel Kant C. Sigmund Freud D. Wilhelm Wundt

C. Sigmund Freud

. A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator

C. Skinner box

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is least true? A. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. B. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. C. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. D. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.

C. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Deep sleep, which is characterized by delta brain wave patterns, occurs during ______ sleep. A. Stages 1 & 2 B. Stages 2 & 3 C. Stages 3 &4 D. Stages 2 & 4

C. Stages 3 &4

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? A. engrams B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. Stroop effect D. visual encoding

C. Stroop effect

________ involves thoughts of self-inflicted death, thinking about or planning one's death, or making a self-death attempt. A. Flight of ideas B. Rumination C. Suicidal ideation D. Suicide

C. Suicidal ideation

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A. Archival research B. Case studies C. Surveys D. University experiments

C. Surveys

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture. A. Five Factor Model B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following defines hypothesis? A. idea that proves a theory B. means of explaining social phenomena C. tentative explanation D. way of looking at the world

C. Tentative explanation

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. B. The brain processes black and white information faster. C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. D. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.

C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What is the Flynn effect? A. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. B. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. C. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. D. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

C. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Which of the following best describes a criticism of structuralism? A. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B. Structuralism was parsimonious. C. The process was highly subjective. D. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

C. The process was highly subjective

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? A. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. B. The proponents were Nazis. C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology. D. The theories were not based on measurable data.

C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it. A. The phrase "or anxiety" should be eliminated. B. The phrase "or situation" should be eliminated. C. The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure." D. The word "problem" should be changed to the word "anxiety."

C. The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." A. The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." B. The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits." C. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." D. The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological."

C. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

What should be changed to make the following sentence to be most true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality. A. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to the name "Carl Jung." B. The word "personality" should be changed to the phrase "real self." C. The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality." D. The word "unconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

C. The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

Which of the following best describes an advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? A. They are feminist. B. They are multicultural. C. They can be scientifically tested. D. They use animal research.

C. They can be scientifically tested.

Damage to the _________disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact. A. amygdala B. Broca's Area C. Wernicke's Area D. occipital lobe

C. Wernicke's Area

Which term best captures the meaning of the word "gestalt?" A. Unconscious B. Introspection C. Whole D. Observation

C. Whole

IMPORTANTWho was the first person referred to as a psychologist? A. Wolfgang Köhler B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

C. Wilhelm Wundt

Which question was most central to the marshmallow test? A. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? B. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? C. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? D. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?

C. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization? A. Once you are conditioned to relax, you will never feel stress again. B. Some people are genetically predisposed to tension. C. You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time. D. You can't enjoy life if you are surrounded by things that induce anxiety.

C. You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.

The most common form of hallucinations in schizophrenia is _______. A. visual B. olfactory C. auditory D. tactile

C. auditory

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? A. ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life B. ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life C. balance between extroversion and introversion D. moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious

C. balance between extroversion and introversion

Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________. A. anxiety disorders. B. depression. C. bipolar disorder. D. ADHD.

C. bipolar disorder.

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses best accounts for her personality? A. antisocial personality disorder B. avoidant personality disorder C. borderline personality disorder D. schizotypal personality disorder

C. borderline personality disorder

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic ; somatic nervous systems. B. autonomic ; sympathetic nervous systems. C. central ; peripheral nervous systems. D. parasympathetic ; sympathetic nervous systems

C. central ; peripheral nervous systems.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into longterm memory, is called memory consolidation. A. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" B. change the word "long" to the word "short" C. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" D. change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"

C. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" B. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" D. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"

C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

Behavior therapy focuses on ____. A. changing thoughts to correspond to behaviors. B. helping clients achieve self-actualization. C. changing maladaptive patterns of responding. D. altering errors of thinking.

C. changing maladaptive patterns of responding.

Electrical charges in axons must transduct into a _____ form called neurotransmitters. A. light B. heat C. chemical D. vapor

C. chemical

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________. A. chromotropes. B. chronologies. C. chronotypes. D. chromatins.

C. chronotypes.

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________. A. client engages in self-reflection prior to the session to decide what to discuss. B. client keeps a dream diary to guide therapy sessions. C. client says whatever comes to mind at the moment. D. therapist hypnotizes the client.

C. client says whatever comes to mind at the moment.

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. aversion therapy B. classical conditioning C. cognitive-behavioral therapy D. free association

C. cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which of the following is the best example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Split-brain patients are the result of an operation that severs the A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. corpus callosum. D. cerebral cortex

C. corpus callosum.

Sandra wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. In which area of psychology should she work? A. biopsychology B. clinical psychology C. counseling psychology D. wellness psychology

C. counseling psychology

Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. Jerry cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses best accounts for Jerry's personality? A. avoidant personality disorder B. borderline personality disorder C. dependent personality disorder D. narcissistic personality disorder

C. dependent personality disorder

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________. A. altering levels of neurotransmitters. B. blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine. C. depressing central nervous system activity. D. improving the ability to focus on tasks.

C. depressing central nervous system activity.

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. A. conducting and reviewing B. designing and reviewing C. designing, conducting, and reviewing D. reviewing and publishing

C. designing, conducting, and reviewing

Which of the following least describes a scientific method step? A. drawing conclusions B. developing a hypothesis C. drawing conclusions based on gathering expert opinions D. gathering evidence

C. drawing conclusions based on gathering expert opinions

Neurons send ________ charges. A. gravitational B. hydraulic C. electrical D. frozen

C. electrical

. ECT stands for ________. A. easy classical treatment B. economy, cognition, tokens C. electroconvulsive therapy D. extra conditioning therapy

C. electroconvulsive therapy

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

C. emotion can be a conditioned response

Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with _________. A. misinformation effects. B. recovered memories of early childhood abuse. C. emotionally charged experiences. D. final-death experiences.

C. emotionally charged experiences.

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

C. encoding failure

A school psychologist would be most likely to A. help teachers develop new instructional techniques. B. study how groups affect individuals. C. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program. D. make suggestions as to how managers could improve employee morale.

C. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program.

Which psychological perspective advocates that human sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A. cognitive behavioral B. dependent C. evolutionary D. Freudian

C. evolutionary

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. A. behavioral geneticists. B. behavioral psychologists. C. evolutionary psychologists. D. historical psychologists.

C. evolutionary psychologists.

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli. A. conscious B. epidermal C. external D. peripheral

C. external

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning

C. extinction

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. A. cortex; forebrain B. fissures; folds C. folds; grooves D. grooves; folds

C. folds; grooves

The text identifies _____ as examples of primary reinforcers and ______ as an example of a secondary reinforcer. A. water & sex; clothes B. air & water; food C. food & water; money D. sex & air; transportation

C. food & water; money

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A. cognitive B. counseling C. forensic D. legal

C. forensic

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. A. behavior B. evolution C. genetics D. nurture

C. genetics

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors? A. client's characteristics, values, preferences, and culture B. clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist C. having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex D. use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for client's issue

C. having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

Suicide rates are ________ among men than among women, and they are ________ during the winter holiday season than during the spring months. A. higher; higher B. lower; lower C. higher; lower D. lower; higher

C. higher; lower

The ______ is located just behind the amygdala and can be described as playing an important role in the formation of memories. A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. hippocampus D. cerebellum

C. hippocampus

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

C. hippocampus

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. A. circadian rhythms B. heterostasis C. homeostasis D. internal-external stimulus

C. homeostasis

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. A. biological determinism B. feminism C. humanism D. social cognition theory

C. humanism

A(n) ______ is a testable prediction about how the world will operate if the idea is correct. A. deduction B. induction C. hypothesis D. theory

C. hypothesis

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? A. data collection B. experiment C. hypothesis D. observation

C. hypothesis

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A. correlation. B. fact. C. illusory correlation. D. opinion.

C. illusory correlation.

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. A. decreases. B. depends on the CS-UCS relationship. C. increases. D. is not affected.

C. increases.

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. variability

C. independent variable

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings. A. culture B. feminist C. indigenous D. TEMAS

C. indigenous

Susan wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A. biological B. Gestalt C. industrial-organizational D. social

C. industrial-organizational

Psychologists are so committed to protecting the welfare of research participants by following ethical guidelines that require _______ content, protect the _______ of research records, and ensure that approval of research protocols from ________ review committees is first obtained before obtained before undertaking research with humans or animals. A. terminated; safety; security B. safety; protocol; impartial C. informed; confidentiality; institutional D. predetermined; copyright; university

C. informed; confidentiality; institutional

Observational research involves applying _______. A. regression to the mean. B. effect sizes. C. inter-rater reliability. D. observer bias.

C. inter-rater reliability.

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli. A. external B. hypnotic C. internal D. psychoactive

C. internal

Mark spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Mark is engaged in ________. A. behaviorism. B. client-centered therapy. C. introspection. D. psychoanalysis

C. introspection

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. A. extrovert. B. humanist. C. introvert. D. neo-Freudian.

C. introvert.

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe? A. free association B. humanistic C. involuntary D. voluntary

C. involuntary

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. A. has at least 20 participants B. has at least 200 participants C. is large and randomly selected D. is small and specifically selected

C. is large and randomly selected

All of the following are explicitly identified concerns about the use of punishment in the text except A. it may teach fear in some cases. B. it may model aggressive behavior. C. it is difficult to administer. D. it sometimes can be effective.

C. it is difficult to administer.

Gene is talking with her wife, Mary. Mary starts crying, and Gene immediately assumes that Mary wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion is this? A. all-or-nothing thinking B. emotional crumbling C. jumping to conclusions D. overgeneralization

C. jumping to conclusions

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is the best example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D. playing the slot machine

C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Which of the following best exemplifies avolition? A. inability to enjoy fine dining B. lack of interest in going out with your friend C. lack of motivation to bathe yourself D. refusing to speak

C. lack of motivation to bathe yourself

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? A. anal B. genital C. latency D. phallic

C. latency

Mark wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Mark is focused on the ________ content. A. biological B. circadian C. latent D. manifest

C. latent

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping. B. conditioning. C. latent learning. D. reinforcement.

C. latent learning.

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

C. learning

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________. A. brain damage. B. intellectual disability. C. learning disability. D. post-traumatic stress.

C. learning disability.

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. interpersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

C. logical-mathematical

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. cross sectional B. experimental C. longitudinal D. survey

C. longitudinal

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and wakes herself up out of the bad dream. This is the typical example of ________ dreaming. A. external B. internal C. lucid D. stage 1

C. lucid

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing _______.________. A. body dysmorphia. B. flight of ideas. C. mania. D. rapid cycling.

C. mania.

When people have problems, they A. always see a professional counselor for help. B. never see a pastor or other clergy member for help. C. may see a variety of individuals in order to obtain help. D. never seek help

C. may see a variety of individuals in order to obtain help.

A dependent variable is A. theorized. B. hypothesized. C. measured. D. manipulated

C. measured.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms

C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing B. effortful processing C. memory D. sensory encoding

C. memory

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a B.A. in psychology? A. human resources B. marketing C. mid- and top-level management D. social work

C. mid- and top-level management

Dopamine and serotonin are both involved with ________. A. vision. B. hearing. C. mood. D. taste.

C. mood.

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? A. difficulty comprehending language B. difficulty producing language C. motor skill deficits in the left side of her body D. sensory deficits in the right side of her body

C. motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos most likely using? A. detachment B. extroversion C. moving against people D. moving with people

C. moving against people

Juan is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This best exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. linguistic B. logical-mathematical C. musical D. spatial

C. musical

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality? A. borderline personality disorder B. histrionic personality disorder C. narcissistic personality disorder D. schizotypal personality disorder

C. narcissistic personality disorder

James was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. James may have ________. A. a stroke. B. damage to his K-complex. C. narcolepsy. D.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

C. narcolepsy.

Patwardhan and colleagues report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use? A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. survey

C. naturalistic observation

What kind of schizophrenic symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives? A. absentee B. invisible C. negative D. positive

C. negative

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

C. neuroticism

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A. emotional B. GABA C. neurotransmitter D. serotonin

C. neurotransmitter

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify? A. article blindness B. developmental theory C. object permanence D. perpetuation

C. object permanence

Tomica watches her older sister do headstands. Tomica falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Tomica is then able to do headstands herself. This best exemplifies which type of learning? A. classical B. conditioning C. observational D. operant

C. observational

Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through A. classical conditioning. B. insight learning. C. observing and imitating models. D. latent learning

C. observing and imitating models.

Nagging, intrusive thoughts are called ____, and repetitive or ritual behaviors are called____. A. diatheses; delusions. B. compulsions; obsessions. C. obsessions; compulsions. D. diatheses; conversions.

C. obsessions; compulsions.

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses best accounts for Jeff's personality? A. histrionic personality disorder B. narcissistic personality disorder C. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder D. schizoid personality disorder

C. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

. The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting A. occurs slowly at first, then speeds up. B. occurs uniformly over time. C. occurs quickly at first, and then slows down. D. does not occur until at least 24 hours have passed

C. occurs quickly at first, and then slows down.

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she _________. A. experiences flashbacks interspersed with depression. B. never thinks about the risk that a major depressive episode will follow a manic episode. C. often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania. D. once started a day euphoric and ended the day tired.

C. often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania.

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A. experimental plan B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

C. operational definition

Researchers must _______ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. A. randomly assign B. randomly select C. operationalize D. generalize

C. operationalize

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

C. oral

According to the textbook, which brain region is best believed to play a critical role in OCD? A. anterior cortex B. cingulate cortex C. orbitofrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex

C. orbitofrontal cortex

Which of the following is the most significant problem with surveys? A. it is always easy to obtain a large sample. B. random samples do not usually represent the population. C. people do not always tell the truth. D. archival research usually is a better alternative.

C. people do not always tell the truth.

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. A. id B. ideal self C. persona D. superego

C. persona

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ___. A. cognition B. perception C. personality D. social psychology

C. personality

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm in order to describe a ________ person. A. choleric B. melancholic C. phlegmatic D. sanguine

C. phlegmatic

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) _______. A. mood disorder B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. phobia D. psychosis

C. phobia

Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory. B. mental trauma that creates a memory. C. physical trace of a memory. D. sensory component of a memory.

C. physical trace of a memory.

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. cognitive-behavioral therapy B. ECT C. play therapy D. RET

C. play therapy

Dreaming occurs in the ____ region of the brain. A. medulla B. ventral tegmental C. pons D. substantia nigra

C. pons

Which of the following least describes a risk factor for suicide? A. alcohol dependence B. history of previous suicide attempts C. popular music that promotes suicide D. substance abuse

C. popular music that promotes suicide

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his Ph.D., which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers. A. industrial B. medical C. postdoctoral D. predoctoral

C. postdoctoral

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. A. antisocial personality B. mood C. posttraumatic stress D. schizotypal personality

C. posttraumatic stress

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________. A. decriminalization of patients. B. medicalization of patients. C. process of closing large asylums. D. treatment of those on parole and probation.

C. process of closing large asylums.

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? A. classical conditioning B. dream analysis C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior D. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill? A. churches B. prisons C. psychiatric hospitals D. schools

C. psychiatric hospitals

A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This best exemplifies ________. A. biomedical therapy. B. play therapy. C. psycho-educational treatment. D. rational-emotive therapy (RET)

C. psycho-educational treatment.

Dr. Adams noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Adams applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. A. functionalism B. Gestalt psychology C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

C. psychoanalytic theory

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

C. punishment

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________. A. issues related to being a female therapist treating a male client. B. issues related to whether the client is considered normal or deviant. C. race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment. D. treating everyone the same regardless of cultural background.

C. race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment.

Bandura proposed the principle of _______ determinism, which is the belief that cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors mutually influence each other. A. social B. modeling C. reciprocal D. behavioral

C. reciprocal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. declarative memory. B. hyperthymesia. C. rehearsal. D. relearning.

C. rehearsal.

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________. A. addiction B. comorbidity C. relapse D. reversion

C. relapse

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

The best research studies are ______. A. complicated. B. isolated. C. replicated. D. invalidated.

C. replicated.

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A. inter-rater reliability. B. reliability. C. replication. D. validity.

C. replication.

From a Freudian perspective, the purpose of dreams is to A. consolidate memories and new learning. B. sort through possible solutions to everyday problems. C. reveal the unconscious. D. discard unnecessary information.

C. reveal the unconscious.

Green and colleagues used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________. A. generalization; sample; hypothesis. B. population; sample; generalization. C. sample; population; generalization. D. sample; population; hypothesis.

C. sample; population; generalization.

Psychology refers to the ________. A. empirical study of humanity. B. experimental study of individuals. C. scientific study of behavior and the mind. D. systematic study of human interaction.

C. scientific study of behavior and the mind.

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. A. good parenting. B. love. C. self-actualization. D. self-efficacy

C. self-actualization.

The input of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

C. semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit B. procedural and implicit C. semantic and episodic D. short-term and long-term

C. semantic and episodic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding

C. semantic encoding

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

C. somatic

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. A. correlation coefficient B. scatterplot C. statistical analysis D. validity assessment

C. statistical analysis

Which of the following is the least best way that you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? A. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size. B. sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Yankee Doodle." C. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study. D. think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state.

C. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study.

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem? A. comorbid B. relative C. strategic D. structural

C. strategic

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A. interpret dreams. B. manipulate human behavior. C. study the function of behavior. D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind

C. study the function of behavior

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious. B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests. C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior.

C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes.

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. A. falls asleep in the middle of the day B. sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period C. suffers from chronic sleep deprivation D. suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

C. suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________. A. suggested the person could not be helped. B. suggested the person seeking help needed medicine. C. suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure. D. was too negative.

C. suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure.

What is one task in which a peer reviewer is least likely to participate? A. conducting his or her own research in the same subject area B. looking for flaws in the way a study was conducted C. suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research D. verifying that the research meets ethical standards

C. suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A. axons ; terminal buttons B. dendrites ; synaptic vesicles C. terminal buttons ; synaptic vesicles D. terminal buttons ; transport proteins

C. terminal buttons ; synaptic vesicles

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders. A. growth hormone B. insulin C. testosterone D. thyroxine

C. testosterone

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior. B. only the mind. C. the mind and behavior. D. the soul, the mind, and behavior

C. the mind and behavior.

Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is least true? A. eyewitness testimony is often flawed and full of errors. B. eyewitnesses are suggestible. C. the more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be. D. DNA evidence now often show eyewitnesses inaccuracies and help exonerate victims of false eyewitness testimony.

C. the more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be.

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious. B. the operation of individual parts of the mind. C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts. D. understanding the id, ego, and superego.

C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts.

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________. A. how behaviors have changed over time. B. the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied. C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population. D. whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait.

C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population.

There are the ___ people in the U.S. who are gifted as there are who possess intellectual disabilities. A. more B. fewer C. the same number D. no measurable number

C. the same number

Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called ___. A. habits. B. tendencies. C. traits. D. types.

C. traits.

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

C. unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable points in time. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C. variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes, hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C. variable interval

. Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? A. latent acquisition B. latent punishment C. vicarious punishment D. vicarious reinforcement

C. vicarious punishment

A person's participation in a research project must be _______. A. confidential. B. rewarded. C. voluntary. D. public.

C. voluntary.

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to play the piano C. what the word chocolate means D. your most recent visit to the dentist

C. what the word chocolate means

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior D. when a dog refuses to play dead

C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Most adults need ______ hours of sleep per night. A. 4-5 B. 5-6 C. 6-7 D. 7-9

D. 7-9

Which of the following is the best definition of archetype? A. The self-aware part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts B. A constellation of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development C. A relatively enduring personal characteristic D. A primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences

D. A primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences

__________ involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) A. Abstraction B. Backtracking C. Reflexes D. Association learning

D. Association learning

Which of the following was not listed in the textbook as a barrier to mental health treatment? A. Fears about treatment B. Language C. Transportation D. Being a member of the ethnic majority

D. Being a member of the ethnic majority

_______ are used when few subjects exists to study and _______ is used when data is collected inconspicuously. A. Surveys ; observer bias B. Observer biases ; surveys C. Case studies ; archival research D. Case studies ; naturalistic observation

D. Case studies ; naturalistic observation

Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory? A Preconscious B. Unconscious C. Ego D. Conscious

D. Conscious

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Correlation higher than 1.0 cannot exist B. A positive correlation means that variables move in the same direction C. Negative correlation means that variables move in opposite directions D. Correlation shows cause and effect

D. Correlation shows cause and effect

The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for ________. A. Diseases and Statistics Manual of Medicine B. Diagnosable Standards Manual of Mental Disorders C. Diseases and Symptoms Manual of Mental Disorders D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? A. Desperate Social and Mental Disorders B. Determinants of Social Mental Disorders C. Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

What is a PsyD? A. Doctor of Philosophy B. Doctor of Psychiatry C. Doctor of Psychoanalysis D. Doctor of Psychology

D. Doctor of Pyschology

Which of the following best exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes her term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C. Dr. Jones decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Smith observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

D. Dr. John Smith observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

Which of the following least describes an element necessary for social learning to occur? A. Attention B. Reproduction C. Motivation D. Emotion

D. Emotion

Which of the following least describes a reason that investigators have described for the functions of sleep? A. Protection and survival such as predatory risks B. Restore energy resources C. Consolidation of newly formed memories D. Enhancement of ability to alter consciousness

D. Enhancement of ability to alter consciousness

Which of the following is the best example of a flashback? A. Eugene was bitten by a snake. Now when he sees a snake, he is careful to move away slowly and silently. B. Eugene was in a boating accident. Now he experiences intense fear of large bodies of water and avoids boats. C. Eugene was in a car accident. He is convinced that if he starts, stops, and restarts the engine five times in a row he will avoid having a car accident. D. Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

D. Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is most correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. B. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. C. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. D. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

D. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Which of the following is least a part of the fight or flight response? A. Adrenaline surges into the bloodstream B. Heart rate and blood pressure increases C. Pupils dilate D. Falling asleep

D. Falling asleep

Which type of therapy focuses on helping relatives to focus on changing disruptive patterns of communication and improving the ways in which members relate to each other? A. Group therapy B. Marital therapy C. Couples therapy D. Family therapy

D. Family therapy

. In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. A. H.O.P.E.S. B. Either-Or C. Fifth Dimension D. Five Factor

D. Five Factor

The fact that Rosa has very good "people skills" but is not particularly adept at linguistic skills is best accounted for by _____. A. Wechsler's theory of verbal/nonverbal intelligences. B. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. C. Spearman's 'g' theory. D. Gardner's model of multiple intelligences.

D. Gardner's model of multiple intelligences.

Which of the following best exemplifies flight of ideas? A. Gilbert attempts suicide, then calls 9-1-1. B. Gilbert exhibits an abundance of energy during his debate session. C. Gilbert speaks in a monotone voice. D. Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.

D. Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance? A. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud B. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney C. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow D. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

D. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Tom's parents have just been told that Tom has dyslexia. What does this mean? A. He has impaired ability in mathematics. B. He has an intellectual disability. C. Tom is hyperactive. D. He has impaired ability in reading.

D. He has impaired ability in reading.

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis? A. He compared rats with brain damage to rats without brain damage on how quickly they could solve a puzzle to get food. B. He observed rats with brain damage gradually learn the correct route through a maze and then apply that knowledge to get through a different maze. C. He timed rats with brain damage and rats without brain damage to see which could complete a maze quicker. D. He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

D. He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. Hypotheses

D. Hypotheses

______ are falsifiable. A. Meditations B. Hunches C. Theories D. Hypotheses

D. Hypotheses

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling any of their emotional impulses. B. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is least true? A. It involves dream analysis. B. It involves free association. C. It was developed by Sigmund Freud. D. It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century

D. It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is least true? A. It can result in sleeping problems. B. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. C. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. D. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

D. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

D. John B. Watson

Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to ________. A. classical conditioning ; operant conditioning B. operant conditioning ; classical conditioning C. Law of Effect ; classical conditioning D. Law of Effect ; operant conditioning

D. Law of Effect ; operant conditioning

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. A. Archival B. Correlational C. Cross-sectional D. Longitudinal

D. Longitudinal

Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is most true? A. Sleep deprivation is relatively uncommon. B. Sleep deprivation tends to affect older adults but not young adults of college age. C. People are generally unable to "rebound" from REM deprivation. D. Loss of sleep results in irritability.

D. Loss of sleep results in irritability.

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is least true? A. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. B. During REM sleep, muscle activity is blocked almost to the point of paralysis. C. REM deprivation can help some people treat major depression. D. Napping during the day helps maintain consistent REM cycles at night

D. Napping during the day helps maintain consistent REM cycles at night

Brenda has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into "sleep attacks" during the daytime. What is the name of Brenda's disorder? A. REM sleep disorder B. Sleep apnea C. Sleep terror disorder D. Narcolepsy

D. Narcolepsy

Intelligence is based on a complex interaction of ______ (genetic influences) and _______ (environmental influences). A. Genotypes ; phenotypes B. Phenotypes ; genotypes C. Phonemes ; morphemes D. Nature ; nurture

D. Nature ; nurture

________ reinforcement strengthens behavior when an unpleasant or painful stimulus is removed after the response occurs. A. Aversive B. Dependent C. Partial D. Negative

D. Negative

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) suggests ____ regarding the amount of mental illness in the criminal justice system? A. Criminals are likely to fake mental illness to avoid trial. B. Criminals plead insanity to get away with index crimes such as murder. C. Criminals with mental illnesses stay in prison in order to receive treatment. D. People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.

D. People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.

Anna has the ability to apply what she knows to her everyday life. Her friends say that Anna is "street smart." The triarchic theory of intelligence would label Anna as having ________ intelligence. A. Multiple B. Analytic C. Emotional D. Practical

D. Practical

___ memory is relatively resistant to forgetting. A. Explicit B. Declarative C. Semantic D. Procedural

D. Procedural

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A. night terrors B. non-REM C. NREM D. REM

D. REM

Monica is having a long, detailed dream. In which stage of sleep is Monica most likely to be? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. REM

D. REM

Which of the following best exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder? A. Rafe believes he is entitled to special treatment from those around him. B. Rafe believes that his dreams are prophetic. C. Rafe is convinced his life has meaning beyond himself. D. Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

D. Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. A. Behavioral genetics B. Environmental psychology C. Evolutionary psychology D. Range of reaction

D. Range of reaction

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Raymond Cattell D. Robert Sternberg

D. Robert Sternberg

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research. A. Chimpanzees B. Fruit flies C. Pigs D. Rodents

D. Rodents

________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year. A. Bipolar disorder B. Mood disorder C. Persistent depressive disorder D. Seasonal pattern

D. Seasonal pattern

. Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? A. Charles Darwin B. Jean Piaget C. Noam Chomsky D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

Who developed psychoanalysis? A. Carl Jung B. Carl Rogers C. Dorothea Dix D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A. Longitudinal research is time consuming. B. Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C. Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of childhood abuse? A. Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine, and these memories are credible sources of testimony in legal cases. B. Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine, but they are still not credible sources of testimony in legal cases. C. Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are false, and they should not be considered a credible source of testimony in legal cases. D. Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack apt tools in order to differentiate between them.

D. Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack apt tools in order to differentiate between them.

Learning differently to various stimuli that are similar is called __ and ___ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. A. stimulus discrimination ; stimulus generalization B. stimulus generalization ; stimulus discrimination C. Habituation ; stimulus discrimination D. Stimulus discrimination ; habituation

D. Stimulus discrimination ; habituation

Which of the following is least associated with being a limbic system structure? A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Hypothalamus D. Substantia Nigra

D. Substantia Nigra

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A. Home ostasisB. Resting potential C. Reuptake D. Synergy

D. Synergy

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A. Frontal B. Occipital C. Parietal D. Temporal

D. Temporal

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is least correct? A. Arousal in the amygdala can impact forming new memories. B. The amygdala plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones. C. The amygdala seems to facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing. D. The amygdala has no meaningful role in transferring new learning into long-term memory.

D. The amygdala has no meaningful role in transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Regarding training to work in the field of psychology, which of the following statements is least true? A. The primary difference between the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. is that the Psy.D. focuses more on practitioner skills than on research skills. B. Those who pursue doctorate-level work in schools of education typically earn a Doctorate in Education (Ed.D.). C. A dissertation requires the completion of an original research project. D. The bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.

D. The bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? A. All scientists of all times and cultures have fully agreed about evolution. B. Scientists can replicate evolution across species. C. Evolution only can occur at macro- but not micro-levels. D. The construct was an idea that Darwin generated for further investigation.

D. The construct was an idea that Darwin generated for further investigation

American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research? A. Inter-rater reliability has not been assessed. B. Language barriers will prevent successful research from occurring. C. The study may not be reliable due to differences in expectations for compliance between cultures. D. The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

D. The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. A. The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant." B. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism." C. The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval." D. The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

D. The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. A. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." B. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian." C. The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland." D. The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

D. The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences. A. The word "clinical" should be changed to the word "theoretical." B. The word "preferences" should be changed to the word "references." C. The word "psychology" should be changed to the word "therapy." D. The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."

D. The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A theta wave is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli." A. The word "high" should be changed to the word "low." B. The word "theta" should be changed to the word "alpha." C. The words "environmental stimuli" should be changed to the words "sleep spindles." D. The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

D. The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate? A. Despite advances in feminism, there are still gender inequalities in post-secondary studies. B. More women than men attend college. C. The research sample is invalid because men and women are not equally represented. D. There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

D. There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist? A. He tried to become a psychologist, but he could not pass the required exams. B. He tried to become a psychologist, but no university would admit a Jewish student. C. His theories were too radical, so he trained as a physician to give himself creditability. D. There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

D. There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? A. Job growth is greatest in these fields. B. They all focus on groups instead of individuals. C. They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement? A. They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support. B. They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support. C. They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. D. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

D. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Karl and Jean have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design? A. People will know that they are part of a research study and may decline participation. B. Survey data is not as valid as experimental data. C. Their results will depend on how busy the mall is. D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

Which of the following statements least describes Antisocial Personality Disorder? A. They do not feel normal remorse when doing bad behaviors. B. These individuals are self-serving, unkind, and mean. C. Some people with this disorder can be charming. D. This disorder affects women more often than men.

D. This disorder affects women more often than men.

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is least true? A. Exposure to environmental pollutants such as mercury has been linked to the development of this disorder. B. Genetic factors appear to play a prominent role in the development of this disorder. C. It is characterized by a pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior. D. This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.

D. This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.

Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms? A. Isla Fischer B. John Waller C. Marcia Cross D. Thomas Szasz

D. Thomas Szasz

Which one of the following least describes a choleric personality type? A. Accomplishment B. Aggressive C. Active D. Time wasting

D. Time wasting

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. A. Character B. Jungian C. Rorschach D. Trait

D. Trait

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. A. Generalizability B. Operational definition C. Reliability D. Validity

D. Validity

Regarding Wechsler's tests of intelligence, which of the following statements is least true? A. Used the IQ definition, "The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with one's environment." B. There are separate Wechsler tests for preschool children, school-age children, and adults. C. WAIS stands for Wechsler Achievement Intellectual Scales. D. Wechsler developed the Flynn Effect.

D. Wechsler developed the Flynn Effect.

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A. Broca's area B. Occipital cortex C. Prefrontal cortex D. Wernicke's area

D. Wernicke's area

Regarding intellectual disability, which of the following statements is least true? A. Most people are average. B. Most individuals with intellectual disability fall in a mild range of severity. C. There are many more individuals in the U.S. who are gifted than who have intellectual disability. D. What used to be called intellectual disability is now termed mental retardation.

D. What used to be called intellectual disability is now termed mental retardation.

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. A. Noam Chomsky, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Wundt B. Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud C. Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Gordon Allport D. William H. Sheldon

D. William H. Sheldon

Which of the following is the best example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, the researcher found that men value youthful appearance more than women because A. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. B. Men need to display their mates as a trophy. C. Women are not as superficial as men. D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

. Which of the following best describes the effects of deinstitutionalization? Deinstitutionalization has been ____. A. a resounding success, since almost all mental patients have now been happily reintegrated into the community. B. an unequivocal failure, since mental patients have not been helped at all. C. predominantly a failure, since most psychiatric patients continue living in asylums. D. a mix of success and failure, since many people have become homeless.

D. a mix of success and failure, since many people have become homeless.

When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating A. a discriminative stimulus. B. superstitious behavior. C. stimulus discrimination. D. a phobia

D. a phobia

The electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals is called a(n)_______ A. threshold of excitation B. resting potential C. membrane potential D. action potential

D. action potential

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

According to the Eysencks' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be _____. A. calm. B. stable. C. outgoing. D. anxious.

D. anxious.

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests? A. antisocial personality disorder B. attention deficit disorder C. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder D. autism spectrum disorder

D. autism spectrum disorder

Which of the following is the best example of stimulus generalization? A. being conditioned not to laugh at hats B. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats C. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" B. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" C. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. A. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" B. change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" C. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" D. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

D. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

When asked to report his social security number Ian says, "999991111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to recall. This is best explained by the concept of __________. A. elaborative rehearsal. B. flashbulb memory. C. the savings method. D. chunking.

D. chunking.

The sleep-wake cycle operates according to a(n) _________ cycle. A. anecdotal B. suprachiasmatic nucleus C. hypnogogic D. circadian

D. circadian

For both ___ and ___ type of learning, a person must be physically present. A. observational ; social B. social ; modeling C. latent ; classical D. classical ; operant

D. classical ; operant

Which of the following words does not belong in the group? A. observation B. modeling C. vicarious learning D. conditioned stimulus

D. conditioned stimulus

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the ________ of behavior influence(s) the strength or likelihood that behavior will occur. A. frequency B. quality C. amount D. consequences

D. consequences

The medulla ________. A. exists only in animals. B. disappeared through evolution. C. controls only the left hemisphere. D. controls automatic functioning

D. controls automatic functioning

The _______is a nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. A. pons B. reticular C. medulla D. corpus callosum

D. corpus callosum

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is used successfully in order to treat ______. A. schizophrenia. B. ADHD. C. somatoform disorder. D. depression.

D. depression.

Dissociative identity disorder mainly involves ________. A. depersonalization B. derealization C. schizophrenia D. different personalities

D. different personalities

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________. A. associative fugue B. catatonia C. depersonalization D. dissociative fugue

D. dissociative fugue

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. A. believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g. B. developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. C. developed triarchic theory of intelligence. D. divided intelligence into two components.

D. divided intelligence into two components.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is least associated with memory? A. epinephrine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. endorphins

D. endorphins

Some children who live in poverty might perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. A. are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure B. are not encouraged to reach their potential. C. don't care about IQ testing. D. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores.

D. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores.

Which of the following is least correct? A. strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories. B. weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories. C. eyewitness testimony may be influenced by misinformation. D. flashbulb memories are immune to distortion.

D. flashbulb memories are immune to distortion.

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your _________ intelligence. A. analytic B. common sense C. crystallized D. fluid

D. fluid

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? A. one B. two C. three D. four

D. four

Phineas Gage showed severe personality changes following an accident that damaged his A. temporal cortex. B. hypothalamus. C. hippocampus. D. frontal lobe.

D. frontal lobe.

Of the following options, IQ can best be described as mostly being A. changing. B. palatable. C. nonexistent. D. genetic.

D. genetic.

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________. A. animal ; a full debriefing. B. animal ; obtaining informed consent. C. human ; a full debriefing. D. human ; obtaining informed consent.

D. human ; obtaining informed consent.

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using? A. a lobotomy B. resistance therapy C. free association D. humanistic therapy

D. humanistic therapy

Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluid concentrations, and body temperature? A. reticular formation B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. hypothalamus

D. hypothalamus

Appetite is most impacted by the _______. A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.

D. hypothalamus.

Spurling and colleagues investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A. control ; experimental B. dependent ; independent C. experimental ; control D. independent ; dependent

D. independent ; dependent

Rorschach test is to _____ as Thematic Apperception Test is to ______. A. ambiguous ; clear. B. ambiguous ; unambiguous. C. picture ; objective statements. D. inkblot ; picture.

D. inkblot ; picture.

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs. A. admission B. analysis C. counseling D. intake

D. intake

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. generativity vs. stagnation C. identity vs. confusion D. integrity vs. despair

D. integrity vs. despair

Tall parents, by and large, beget tall children; much in the same way, intelligent parents by and large beget ___ children. A. average B. slow C. intellectually disabled D. intelligent

D. intelligent

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory-failure associated with what the textbook refers to as the so-called the seven sins of memory is best exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

D. intrusion

Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind. B. chemical and hormonal changes. C. dreams. D. learned behavior.

D. learned behavior

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories. A. basal ganglia ; childhood B. basal ganglia ; emotional C. limbic system ; childhood D. limbic system ; emotional

D. limbic system ; emotional

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves. A. central gyrus B. central sulci C. hemisphere D. longitudinal fissure

D. longitudinal fissure

A theta wave is a type of ________. A. brain wave associated with critical thinking. B. brain wave associated with sleep spindles. C. low frequency, high amplitude brain wave. D. low frequency, low amplitude brain wave.

D. low frequency, low amplitude brain wave.

Joan is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. A. Freudian B. Jungian C. latent D. manifest

D. manifest

In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its _________content, while the underlying meaning of a dream is its content. A. unconscious; conscious B. latent; manifest C. conscious; subconscious D. manifest; latent

D. manifest; latent

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. B. equipotentiality hypothesis. C. levels of processing theory. D. misinformation effect paradigm.

D. misinformation effect paradigm.

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. A. a single gene. B. different genes under different circumstances. C. different parts of only a few different genes. D. more than one gene.

D. more than one gene.

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following least describes one of them? A. moving against people B. moving away from people C. moving toward people D. moving with people

D. moving with people

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. B. neutral response and a conditioned response. C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response. D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Neurons ____ touch. A. always B. sometimes C. usually D. never

D. never

In the cerebral cortex, _______is to vision as _______is to hearing. A. occipital ; parietal B. temporal ; frontal C. frontal ; parietal D. occipital ; temporal

D. occipital ; temporal

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. extroversion C. neuroticism D. openness

D. openness

Aaron tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this? A. all-or-nothing thinking B. beating a dead horse C. jumping to conclusions D. overgeneralization

D. overgeneralization

An archetype is a ________. A. balance of opposing forces within one's personality. B. collective consciousness. C. feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies.

D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies.

Scientific findings are best believed when they are read in _______. A. magazines. B. blogs. C. the newspaper. D. peer-reviewed journals.

D. peer-reviewed journals.

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A. conscious and unconscious. B. experimental and provable. C. hypothesized and theoretical. D. perceivable and measurable.

D. perceivable and measurable

People with ____ disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment. A. psychiatric B. psychological C. Psychosocial D. personality

D. personality

Symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except ________. A. intrusive thoughts or memories of a traumatic event. B. avoidance of things that remind one of a traumatic event. C. jumpiness (startle). D. physical complaints that cannot be explained medically.

D. physical complaints that cannot be explained medically.

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. A. experimenter bias. B. observer bias. C. participant bias. D. placebo effect.

D. placebo effect.

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

D. positron emission tomography (PET)

In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________. A. a prophet B. about to die C. in need of counseling D. possessed by demons

D. possessed by demons

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the __________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. analytic B. creative C. functional D. practical

D. practical

An emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experience characterizes which school of psychology? A. Behaviorism B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Psychodynamic

D. psychodynamic

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this best exemplify? A. behavior therapy B. cognitive therapy C. humanistic therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

Schizophrenia is considered a_______ disorder. A. mood B. obsessive-compulsive C. personality D. psychotic

D. psychotic

Drs. Adams and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. A. case B. correlational C. experimental D. quasi-experimental

D. quasi-experimental

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling. B. blind group assignment; random sampling. C. blind sampling; random group assignment. D. random sampling; random group assignment.

D. random sampling; random group assignment.

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

D. reflexes

Tina enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing B. encoding C. an engram D. relearning

D. relearning

Which of the following is the best example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common? A. conviction that the patient herself is the cause of many people's troubles B. generalized anxiety and specific phobias C. obsession with the suffering of others D. repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

D. repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome. A. agitated B. nervous C. RBD D. restless

D. restless

Joey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________. A. agitation. B. deprivation. C. disorder. D. retardation.

D. retardation.

The ________ is the part of the brain which is most likely to generate high arousal. A. cerebellum B. medulla C. pons D. reticular formation

D. reticular formation

You are most likely to be awoken by your morning alarm clock through the activation of the __________. A. cerebellum B. corpus callosum C. medulla D. reticular formation

D. reticular formation

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________. A. confirmed by multiple studies. B. found to have been based on falsified data. C. published once but not confirmed. D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding. B. hyperthymesia. C. storage. D. retrieval.

D. retrieval.

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

D. retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

D. retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

D. retrograde; anterograde

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? A. Flynn effect B. rounding C. calculus effect D. sample size

D. sample size

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation. A. bar graph B. correlation coefficient C. histogram D. scatterplot

D. scatterplot

Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. With which of the following disorders is Veena living? A. anxiety disorder B. borderline personality disorder C. major depressive disorder D. schizophrenia

D. schizophrenia

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? A. anxiety B. bipolar C. personality D. schizophrenia

D. schizophrenia

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

D. scientific theory

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have? A. bipolar B. peripartum/postpartum C. persistent depressive D. seasonal pattern

D. seasonal pattern

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. A. discrimination emigration B. elective immigration C. personality location D. selective migration

D. selective migration

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory

D. sensory

. Electroconvulsive therapy is most effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________. A. a slight mood disorder who do not believe in traditional biomedical approaches. B. ADHD who also suffer from anxiety. C. auditory hallucinations associated with schizophrenia. D. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy.

D. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy.

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of A. insight learning. B. higher-order conditioning. C. conditioning taste aversions. D. shaping

D. shaping

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? A. circadian rhythm B. consciousness C. jet lag D. sleep

D. sleep

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________. A. electroencephalography. B. K-complex stimulation. C. lucid dreaming. D. sleep rebound.

D. sleep rebound.

What best describes a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? A. control groups B. operational definitions C. random assignment D. small sample size

D. small sample size

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. personality C. psychoanalysis D. social psychology

D. social psychology

Chi-en harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath her fingernails. What kind of delusion is this? A. disorganized B. grandiose C. paranoid D. somatic

D. somatic

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. A. hypersomnia. B. night terror. C. restless leg syndrome. D. somnambulism.

D. somnambulism.

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This best exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. logical-mathematical C. naturalist D. spatial

D. spatial

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus D. spontaneous recovery

D. spontaneous recovery

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache. A. anti-anxiety agents B. antipsychotics C. atypical antipsychotics D. stimulants

D. stimulants

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D. stimulus generalization

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm C. reconstruction D. suggestibility

D. suggestibility

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

D. sympathetic

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using? A. aversion therapy B. free association C. play therapy D. systematic desensitization

D. systematic desensitization

Which of the following is the best example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day B. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores C. playing poker D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. A. cognition and emotion. B. language, such as speech. C. motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face. D. temperature, touch, and pain.

D. temperature, touch, and pain.

The _______ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. thalamus

D. thalamus

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________. A. characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania. B. in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms. C. in which an individual has a tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one's depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences. D. that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth.

D. that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth.

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses. B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior. C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain. D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

Which of the following is the best example of a reflex (i.e., an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment)? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________. A. a combination of genetics, mental predisposition, and bad parenting combined with the MMR vaccination caused autism spectrum disorder. B. delaying vaccinations lessened the odds that a child would develop autism spectrum disorder after a vaccination. C. quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life was related to the development of autism spectrum disorder. D. the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder.

D. the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder.

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. A. deductive reasoning. B. inductive reasoning. C. the experiment. D. the scientific method.

D. the scientific method.

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life. A. affirming the sexual identity B. resolving the Electra complex C. seeking positive attention D. the self-realization process

D. the self-realization process

According to Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. A. dream analysis. B. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind. C. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue. D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. A. smoking causes lung cancer. B. lung cancer causes cancer. C. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer. D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? A. being able to remember the words to a song even when you can't remember the tune B. dreaming about your mother and deciding to call her C. remembering the colors of the rainbow by thinking about a bag of Skittles D. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

D. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. A. acting unconsciously. B. hypothesizing. C. theorizing. D. thinking critically.

D. thinking critically.

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy? A. behavior affects social interaction B. emotions affect thoughts C. social interaction affects emotions D. thoughts affect behavior

D. thoughts affect behavior

Cognitive psychology can best be described as focusing on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior. B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception. C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior. D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.

D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

. Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. humanism C. RET D. token economy

D. token economy

Giorgio memorizes the German poem, "The Erlking," in order to recite it in his eighth grade German class. He remembers the poem well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking B. misattribution C. persistence D. transience

D. transience

What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. A. active play ; passive play B. food choice ; no play C. no play ; type of play D. type of play ; no play

D. type of play ; no play

. Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this? A. active listening B. client focus C. transference D. unconditional positive regard

D. unconditional positive regard

Which of the following is best an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to. A. motor cortex ; acetylcholine B. motor cortex ; dopamine C. substantia nigra ; acetylcholine D. ventral tegmental area; dopamine

D. ventral tegmental area; dopamine

A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study involving human participants will be permitted. A. librarian at the research institution B. local independent grocer with interests in academic research C. scientist who conducts research at a university D. veterinarian

D. veterinarian

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

D. visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

D. visual

. Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe? A. classical conditioning B. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) C. involuntary D. voluntary

D. voluntary

Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________. A. exhibit an extreme fear of water. B. insist that she hears voices. C .refuse to leave her bed due to anxiety over what might happen during the day. D. wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

D. wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior? A. assessing behaviors from a police cruiser dash cam B. having passengers rate the driver's behavior C. using footage from red light cameras D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Which of the following best exemplifies research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? A. how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group B. what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women C. whether culture influences perception D. whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

D. whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following would be most difficult to assess using empirical research? A. the abilities of non-human primates to use sign language B. the reaction time for participants to indicate they heard a ball drop on a table C. whether a baby is crying because he is sad, hungry, or in pain D. whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

D. whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________. A. a highly successful drug use intervention program. B. a highly successful suicide intervention program. C. a psychological research study that was conducted in a laboratory. D. why empirical research is needed.

D. why empirical research is needed.

How long does psychoanalysis typically take? A. months B. one week of intensive sessions C. weeks D. years

D. years

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was most associated with choleric temperament? A. black bile from the kidneys B. red blood from the heart C. white mucous from the lungs D. yellow bile from the liver

D. yellow bile from the liver

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school

D. your first day of school

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. -.90 b. -.50 c. +.80 d. +.25

a. -.90

What is the minimum amount of time addicts should receive treatment if they are to achieve a desired outcome? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 9 months d. 12 months

a. 3 months

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks. a. Light-dark exposure b. coffee consumption c. alcohol consumption d. napping

a. Light-dark exposure

Which of the following is NOT a projective test? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. Rorschach Inkblot Test c. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) d. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Which personality assessment employs a series of true/false questions? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) c. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. a. Skinner b. Watson c. James d. Koffka

a. Skinner

What happens during an intake? a. The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. The therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in a therapy session. b. The therapist guides what happens in the therapy session and designs a detailed approach to resolving each member's presenting problem. c. The therapist meets with a couple to help them see how their individual backgrounds, beliefs, and actions are affecting their relationship. d. The therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: For example, who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, and how decisions are made.

a. The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. The therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in a therapy session.

Clifford falsely believes that the police have planted secret cameras in his home to monitor his every movement. Clifford's belief is an example of ________. a. a delusion b. a hallucination c. tangentiality d. a negative symptom

a. a delusion

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine. a. adrenal b. thyroid c. pituitary d. master

a. adrenal

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem? a. anchoring bias b. confirmation bias c. representative bias d. availability bias

a. anchoring bias

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? a. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation b. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention c. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction d. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction

a. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. health c. clinical d. social

a. biological

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing. a. central sleep apnea b. obstructive sleep apnea c. narcolepsy d. SIDS

a. central sleep apnea

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning c. operant conditioning; observational learning d. operant conditioning; learning conditioning

a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

The idea behind ________ is that how you think determines how you feel and act. a. cognitive therapy b. cognitive-behavioral therapy c. behavior therapy d. client-centered therapy

a. cognitive therapy

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. a. construction; reconstruction b. reconstruction; construction c. production; reproduction d. reproduction; production

a. construction; reconstruction

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences? a. creative b. spatial c. linguistic d. musical

a. creative

The process of closing large asylums and providing for people to stay in the community to be treated locally is known as ________. a. deinstitutionalization b. exorcism c. deactivation d. decentralization

a. deinstitutionalization

Antisocial personality disorder is associated with ________. a. emotional deficits b. memory deficits c. parental overprotection d. increased empathy

a. emotional deficits

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________. a. engram b. Lashley effect c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm d. flashbulb memory effect

a. engram

Arthur Jensen believed that ________. a. genetics was solely responsible for intelligence b. environment was solely responsible for intelligence c. intelligence level was determined by race d. IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account

a. genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

Temperament refers to ________. a. inborn, genetically based personality differences b. characteristic ways of behaving c. conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion d. degree of introversion-extroversion

a. inborn, genetically based personality differences

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form. a. informed consent b. debriefing c. IRB d. ethics

a. informed consent

An action potential involves Na+ moving ________ the cell and K+ moving ________ the cell. a. inside; outside b. outside; inside c. inside; inside d. outside; outside

a. inside; outside

Joey was convicted of domestic violence. As part of his sentence, the judge has ordered that he attend therapy for anger management. This is considered ________ treatment. a. involuntary b. voluntary c. forced d. mandatory

a. involuntary

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________. a. it is closest to 0 b. it is closest to -1 c. it is positive d. it is negative

a. it is closest to 0

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream. a. latent b. manifest c. collective unconscious d. important

a. latent

A study based on over 9,000 U. S. residents found that the most prevalent disorder was ________. a. major depressive disorder b. social anxiety disorder c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. specific phobia

a. major depressive disorder

The self-referencing effect refers to ________. a. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you b. making a phrase of all the first letters of the words you are trying to memorize c. making a word formed by the first letter of each of the words you are trying to memorize d. saying words you want to remember out loud to yourself

a. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Which of the following best illustrates a compulsion? a. mentally counting backward from 1,000 b. persistent fear of germs c. thoughts of harming a neighbor d. falsely believing that a spouse has been cheating

a. mentally counting backward from 1,000

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________. a. mnemonic devices b. memory-enhancing strategies c. elaborative rehearsal d. effortful processing

a. mnemonic devices

Common symptoms of major depressive disorder include all of the following except ________. a. periods of extreme elation and euphoria b. difficulty concentrating and making decisions c. loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities d. psychomotor agitation and retardation

a. periods of extreme elation and euphoria

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as ________. a. phrenology b. psychology c. physiology d. personality psychology

a. phrenology

The concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs is known as ________. a. selective migration b. personal oriented personality c. socially oriented personality d. individualism

a. selective migration

Your level of confidence in your own abilities is known as ________. a. self-efficacy b. self-concept c. self-control d. self-esteem

a. self-efficacy

Which of the following elevates the risk for developing PTSD? a. severity of the trauma b. frequency of the trauma c. high levels of intelligence d. social support

a. severity of the trauma

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________. a. shaping b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

a. shaping

Extinction occurs when ________. a. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus c. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus d. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

a. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. how quick and easy these studies are to perform c. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible d. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

In the harmful dysfunction definition of psychological disorders, dysfunction involves ________. a. the inability of an psychological mechanism to perform its function b. the breakdown of social order in one's community c. communication problems in one's immediate family d. all the above

a. the inability of an psychological mechanism to perform its function

The diathesis-stress model presumes that psychopathology results from ________. a. vulnerability and adverse experiences b. biochemical factors c. chemical imbalances and structural abnormalities in the brain d. adverse childhood experiences

a. vulnerability and adverse experiences

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. a. 1/3 b. 2/3 c. 3/4 d. 4/5

b. 2/3

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes. a. 15 b. 23 c. 46 d. 78

b. 23

. ________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics. a. Phenotype; genotype b. Genotype; phenotype c. DNA; gene d. Gene; DNA

b. Genotype; phenotype

is to animal research as ________ is to human research. a. informed consent; deception b. IACUC; IRB c. IRB; IACUC d. deception; debriefing

b. IACUC; IRB

A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. a. EEG b. MRI c. PET scan d. CT scan

b. MRI

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. a. William James b. Max Wertheimer c. Carl Rogers d. Noam Chomsky

b. Max wertheimer

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. a. PhD b. PsyD c. postdoctoral training program d. dissertation

b. PsyD

Brianna is 18 months old. She cries frequently, is hard to soothe, and wakes frequently during the night. According to Thomas and Chess, she would be considered ________. a. an easy baby b. a difficult baby c. a slow to warm up baby d. a colicky baby

b. a difficult baby

What is a learning disability? a. a developmental disorder b. a neurological disorder c. an emotional disorder d. an intellectual disorder

b. a neurological disorder

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________. a. a group of same-age peers b. a representative sample c. children with mental disabilities d. children of average intelligence

b. a representative sample

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________. a. your best possible future self b. a traumatic life experience c. a trivial topic d. your grocery list

b. a traumatic life experience

Self-concept refers to ________. a. our level of confidence in our own abilities b. all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves c. the belief that we control our own outcomes d. the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control

b. all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most? a. practical b. analytical c. emotional d. creative

b. analytical

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

b. case study

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours. a. biological b. circadian c. rotating d. conscious

b. circadian

When an individual has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substancerelated diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, this is known as ________. a. bipolar disorder b. comorbid disorder c. codependency d. bi-morbid disorder

b. comorbid disorder

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________. a. unconditioned responses b. conditioned responses c. unconditioned stimuli d. conditioned stimuli

b. conditioned responses

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. a. informed consent b. deception c. ethics d. debriefing

b. deception

One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is ________. a. bed-wetting b. difficulty relating to others c. short attention span d. intense and inappropriate interest in others

b. difficulty relating to others

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner. a. stereotypical bias b. egocentric bias c. hindsight bias d. enhancement bias

b. egocentric bias

Scientific knowledge is ________. a. intuitive b. empirical c. permanent d. subjective

b. empirical

Jane believes that she got a bad grade on her psychology paper because her professor doesn't like her. Jane most likely has an _______ locus of control. a. internal b. external c. intrinsic d. extrinsic

b. external

. ________ are defined as observable realities. a. behaviors b. facts c. opinions d. theories

b. facts

In which of the following anxiety disorders is the person in a continuous state of excessive, pointless worry and apprehension? a. panic disorder b. generalized anxiety disorder c. agoraphobia d. social anxiety disorder

b. generalized anxiety disorder

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. a. dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. placebo effect; experimenter bias d. experiment bias; placebo effect

b. independent variable; dependent variable

The United States is considered a ________ culture. a. collectivistic b. individualist c. traditional d. nontraditional

b. individualist

Patterns of inner experience and behavior are thought to reflect the presence of a psychological disorder if they ________. a. are highly atypical b. lead to significant distress and impairment in one's life c. embarrass one's friends and/or family d. violate the norms of one's culture

b. lead to significant distress and impairment in one's life

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. a. archival research b. longitudinal research c. naturalistic observation d. cross-sectional research

b. longitudinal research

Who of the following does not support the humane and improved treatment of mentally ill persons? a. Philippe Pinel b. medieval priests c. Dorothea Dix d. All of the above

b. medieval priests

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function. a. growth hormone b. melatonin c. LH d. FSH

b. melatonin

Dissociative amnesia involves ________. a. memory loss following head trauma b. memory loss following stress c. feeling detached from the self d. feeling detached from the world

b. memory loss following stress

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________. a. teacher b. model c. instructor d. coach

b. model

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? a. food b. money c. water d. sex

b. money

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________. a. soma b. myelin sheath c. synaptic vesicles d. dendrites

b. myelin sheath

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response

b. neutral stimulus

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. a. is innate b. occurs as a result of experience c. is found only in humans d. occurs by observing others

b. occurs as a result of experience

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels. a. adrenal b. pituitary c. testes d. thyroid

b. pituitary

The id operates on the ________ principle. a. reality b. pleasure c. instant gratification d. guilt

b. pleasure

A personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing unconscious feelings, impulses, and desires ________. a. self-report inventory b. projective test c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

b. projective test

The ego defense mechanism in which a person who is confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral stage is called ________. a. repression b. regression c. reaction formation d. rationalization

b. regression

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks. a. melatonin b. slow-wave sleep c. sleep deprivation d. growth hormone

b. slow-wave sleep

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system. a. autonomic b. somatic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

b. somatic

________ is another word for sleepwalking. a. insomnia b. somnambulism c. cataplexy d. narcolepsy

b. somnambulism

Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________. a. essence b. soul c. behavior d. love

b. soul

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 and stage 4 d. REM

b. stage 2

The way a person reacts to the world, starting when they are very young, including the person's activity level is known as ________. a. traits b. temperament c. heritability d. personality

b. temperament

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

b. variable ratio

Self-regulation is also known as ________. a. self-efficacy b. will power c. internal locus of control d. external locus of control

b. will power

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. a. Noam Chomsky b. Carl Rogers c. Abraham Maslow d. Sigmund Freud

c. Abraham Maslow

Who proposed observational learning? a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Watson c. Albert Bandura d. B. F. Skinner

c. Albert Bandura

________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression. a. Social psychology b. Evolutionary psychology c. Epigenetics d. Behavioral neuroscience

c. Epigenetics

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world. A. Lucid dreaming B. Manifest content c. Protoconsciousness D. Stage 1 sleep

c. Protoconsciousness

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Goleman b. Gardner c. Sternberg d. Steitz

c. Sternberg

Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact. a. amygdala b. Broca's Area c. Wernicke's Area d. occipital lobe

c. Wernicke's Area

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________. a. jingle b. acronym c. acrostic d. acoustic

c. acrostic

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system. a. axon b. SSRI c. agonist d. antagonist

c. agonist

Today, most people with psychological problems are not hospitalized. Typically they are only hospitalized if they ________. a. have schizophrenia b. have insurance c. are an imminent threat to themselves or others d. require therapy

c. are an imminent threat to themselves or others

People with borderline personality disorder often ________. a. try to be the center of attention b. are shy and withdrawn c. are impulsive and unpredictable d. tend to accomplish goals through cruelty

c. are impulsive and unpredictable

Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD ________. a. are similar to the symptoms of panic disorder b. are triggered by low levels of stress hormones c. are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex d. are reduced if people are asked to view photos of stimuli that trigger the symptoms

c. are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. a. deception b. observation c. attrition d. generalization

c. attrition

Which of the following would constitute a safety behavior? a. encountering a phobic stimulus in the company of other people b. avoiding a field where snakes are likely to be present c. avoiding eye contact d. worrying as a distraction from painful memories

c. avoiding eye contact

Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a ________ perspective. a. psychological b. supernatural c. biological d. diathesis-stress

c. biological

Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________. a. anxiety disorders b. depression c. bipolar disorder d. ADHD

c. bipolar disorder

Where does high intelligence come from? a. genetics b. environment c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

c. both A and B

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy. a. RBD b. CPAP c. cataplexy d. insomnia

c. cataplexy

The universal bank of ideas, images, and concepts that have been passed down through the generations from our ancestors refers to ________. a. archetypes b. intuition c. collective unconscious d. personality types

c. collective unconscious

The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your ________. a. education b. socioeconomic status c. culture and background d. age

c. culture and background

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation. a. schizophrenia b. Parkinson's disease c. depression d. generalized anxiety disorder

c. depression

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________. a. engram b. arousal theory c. flashbulb memory d. equipotentiality hypothesis

c. flashbulb memory

A treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician is known as ________. a. family therapy b. couples therapy c. group therapy d. self-help group

c. group therapy

Suicide rates are ________ among men than among women, and they are ________ during the winter holiday season than during the spring months. a. higher; higher b. lower; lower c. higher; lower d. lower; higher

c. higher; lower

The body's biological clock is located in the ________. a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. pituitary gland

c. hypothalamus

A study of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia found that the adoptees were most likely to develop schizophrenia ________. a. if their childhood friends later developed schizophrenia b. if they abused drugs during adolescence c. if they were raised in a disturbed adoptive home environment d. regardless of whether they were raised in a healthy or disturbed home environment

c. if they were raised in a disturbed adoptive home environment

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? a. child riding a bike b. teen socializing c. infant sucking on a nipple d. toddler walking

c. infant sucking on a nipple

The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation. a. autism and developmental disabilities b. lowered intelligence c. intellectual disability d. cognitive disruption

c. intellectual disability

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. a. associate's b. bachelor's c. master's d. doctoral

c. master's

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

c. naturalistic observation

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. a. randomly assign b. randomly select c. operationalize d. generalize

c. operationalize

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease. a. somatic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. spinal cord

c. parasympathetic nervous system

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. a. psychosexual stage b. object permanence c. personality d. perception

c. personality

The Oedipus complex occurs in the ________ stage of psychosexual development. a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. latency

c. phallic

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics

c. philosophy

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands. a. ovary b. thyroid c. pituitary d. pancreas

c. pituitary

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep. a. pineal gland b. thyroid c. pituitary gland d. pancreas

c. pituitary gland

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision? a. anchoring bias b. confirmation bias c. representative bias d. availability bias

c. representative bias

Which of the following is not a primary characteristic of ADHD? a. short attention span b. difficulty concentrating and distractibility c. restricted and fixated interest d. excessive fidgeting and squirming

c. restricted and fixated interest

________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 and stage 4 d. REM sleep

c. stage 3 and stage 4

The major limitation of case studies is ________. a. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. the absence of inter-rater reliability

c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

A person's participation in a research project must be ________. a. confidential b. rewarded c. voluntary d. public

c. voluntary

________ is another name for short-term memory. a. sensory memory b. episodic memory c. working memory d. implicit memory

c. working memory

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________. a. 70 b. 130 c. 85 d. 100

d. 100

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: a. There is no relationship between height and weight. b. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are. c. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are. d. As height increases, typically weight increases.

d. As height increases, typically weight increases.

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today? a. Sir Francis Galton b. Alfred Binet c. Louis Terman d. David Wechsler

d. David Wechsler

The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for ________. a. Diseases and Statistics Manual of Medicine b. Diagnosable Standards Manual of Mental Disorders c. Diseases and Symptoms Manual of Mental Disorders d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

________ is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality. a. Hippocrates b. Gall c. Wundt d. Freud

d. Freud

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. personality b. clinical c. social d. I-O

d. I-O

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. a. bachelor of science b. bachelor of art c. master's d. PhD

d. PhD

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. b. Smart students watch less television. c. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Poverty always affects whether individuals are able to reach their full intellectual potential. b. An individual's intelligence is determined solely by the intelligence levels of his siblings. c. The environment in which an individual is raised is the strongest predictor of her future intelligence d. There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.

d. There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to the Eysencks' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be ________. a. calm b. stable c. outgoing d. anxious

d. anxious

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. a. naturalistic observation b. survey research c. longitudinal research d. archival research

d. archival research

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? a. PhD b. PsyD c. master's degree d. bachelor's degree

d. bachelor's degree

Which of the following was not listed as a barrier to mental health treatment? a. fears about treatment b. language c. transportation d. being a member of the ethnic majority

d. being a member of the ethnic majority

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________. a. being able to recall information b. being able to create new products c. being able to understand and communicate with different cultures d. being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

d. being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________. a. persistence b. misattribution c. transience d. blocking

d. blocking

Sympathetic activation is associated with ________. a. pupil dilation b. storage of glucose in the liver c. increased heart rate d. both A and C

d. both A and C

The ________ plays a role in controlling slowwave sleep. a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pons d. both a and b

d. both a and b

The central nervous system is comprised of ________. a. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems b. organs and glands c. somatic and autonomic nervous systems d. brain and spinal cord

d. brain and spinal cord

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. a. associative learning b. observational learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

d. classical conditioning

The idea that people's ideas about themselves should match their actions is called ________. a. confluence b. conscious c. conscientiousness d. congruence

d. congruence

The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons. a. soma b. terminal buttons c. myelin sheath d. dendrites

d. dendrites

Dissociative identity disorder mainly involves ________. a. depersonalization b. derealization c. schizophrenia d. different personalities

d. different personalities

The three functions of memory are ________. a. automatic processing, effortful processing, and storage b. encoding, processing, and storage c. automatic processing, effortful processing, and retrieval d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________. a. one or two bits of information b. seven bits, plus or minus two c. limited d. essentially limitless

d. essentially limitless

Clay is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say whatever comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________. a. active listening; client-centered therapy b. systematic desensitization; behavior therapy c. transference; psychoanalysis d. free association; psychoanalysis

d. free association; psychoanalysis

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are: a. estrogen and progesterone b. norepinephrine and epinephrine c. thyroxine and oxytocin d. glucagon and insulin

d. glucagon and insulin

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________. a. ignored the doll b. played nicely with the doll c. played with tinker toys d. kicked and threw the doll

d. kicked and threw the doll

Personality is thought to be ________. a. short term and easily changed b. a pattern of short-term characteristics c. unstable and short term d. long term, stable and not easily changed

d. long term, stable and not easily changed

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA. a. allele b. chromosome c. epigenetic d. mutation

d. mutation

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications. a. sleep apnea b. RBD c. SIDS d. narcolepsy

d. narcolepsy

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________. a. psychodynamic b. temperament c. humors d. personality

d. personality

Symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except ________. a. intrusive thoughts or memories of a traumatic event b. avoidance of things that remind one of a traumatic event c. jumpiness d. physical complaints that cannot be explained medically

d. physical complaints that cannot be explained medically

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. statistical analysis d. placebo

d. placebo

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a. observation b. measurement c. test d. proposed explanation

d. proposed explanation

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study. a. operationalizing b. placebo effect c. random assignment d. random sampling

d. random sampling

John was drug-free for almost six months. Then he started hanging out with his addict friends, and he has now started abusing drugs again. This is an example of ________. a. release b. reversion c. re-addiction d. relapse

d. relapse

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep. a. jet lag b. rotating shift work c. circadian rhythm d. sleep debt

d. sleep debt

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________. a. higher order conditioning b. acquisition c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization

d. stimulus generalization

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain? a. thalamus b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. substantia nigra

d. substantia nigra

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. a. archive b. case Study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

d. survey

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. a. observable b. original c. provable d. testable

d. testable

The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

d. thalamus

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. Gestalt d. unconditional positive regard

d. unconditional positive regard

According to the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, identical twins, whether raised together or apart have ________ personalities. a. slightly different b. very different c. slightly similar d. very similar

d. very similar

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. a. were too limited in scope b. were too outrageous c. were too broad d. were not testable

d. were not testable