1 - Introduction: What is Physics?

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Law

A general statement about how nature behaves

A hypothesis is

A preliminary or possible explanation for a set of specific observations

The Scientific Method is

A systematic approach to science, which is based on the process of making observations and gathering data to answer a question

The difference between a theory and a law is

A theory cannot be proved, only disproved, while a law can be proved, and must be validated by lots of evidence

Model

An analogy or comparison of a given phenomenon with something familiar

Theory

An explanation of how nature behaves as it does. It organizes observations, and allows us to make predictions

The steps of the Scientific Method are:

Ask a question Do background research Make a hypothesis Test it through systematic experimentation and make observations (qualitative or quantitative) Analyze the results of the experiments and draw conclusions. The validity of these conclusions must be tested Communicate your results

There are two categories of physics, which are

Classical physics and modern physics

Relative uncertainty calculations are used to

Determine the error introduced by the natural limitations of the equipment used to collect the data

Percent deviation formula

Difference from accepted value/accepted value x 100

Modern physics treats matter and energy as

Different manifestations of the same entity

Relative uncertainty formula

Estimated uncertainty/actual measurement x 100

Aristotle believed that all matter was composed of

Four elements: earth, water, fire, and air

Before Galileo, who was regarded as the foremost authority on natural science?

Greek philosopher Aristotle

How does repeating trials affect systematic error?

It will not reduce it

How does repeating trials affect random error?

It will reduce but never eliminate it

Some classical physics fields are

Kinematics, dynamics, mechanics, electricity and magnetism, fluids, heat (thermal physics), sound, and light (optics)

Percent difference formula

Maximum difference in measurements/average measurement x 100

Three types of systematic error are

Natural error, instrument-calibration error, and personal error

Yes or no: Random error is biased

No

Systematic error

Results from a consistent bias in observation

Random error

Results from small variations in measurements due to randomly changing conditions (weather, humidity, quality of equipment, level of care, etc.)

Classical physics treats matter and energy as

Separate entities and deals with objects in our everyday experience

The word "physics" is derived from

The Greek word for "nature"

Galileo's approach to disproving Aristotle became the foundation of

The Scientific Method

Mechanics

The branch of physics comprising kinematics and dynamics; the how and the why of simple motion

Accuracy

The degree to which the result of an experiment or calculation approximates the true value

Precision

The exactness and repeatability of a value or set of values

Percent deviation/percent error

The numerical amount, expressed as a percent, by which an experimental result differs from the accepted or theoretical value

Physics

The study of matter and energy, and how they interact; it is the study of how objects behave in terms of motion, forces, and energy.

Kinematics

The study of motion

Some modern physics fields are

The study of relativity, atomic structure (atomic physics), the nucleus (nuclear physics), elementary particles (elementary particle physics), and space (astrophysics)

Dynamics

The study of the forces that cause motion

Error

Uncertainty/tolerance; not the result of a mistake, but caused by the limitations of the equipment or experimenter

Quantitative observations

Use objective methods to gather data, such as statistics and measurements

Qualitative observations

Use subjective methods to gather data, such as the 5 senses and characteristics

Percent difference

When measuring values that do not have a theoretical value based on a scientific theory and finding multiple different values, it can estimate the error in your ability to measure


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