1-Reading -FIB ( fill in the blank)
biophysicist
n. a scientist who studies the forces, energy and electrical processes in living things
mussel
n. a type of shellfish that has a long dark shell
improve [on/upon]
v. to make sth better than before e.g. Bertorelli has scored 165 points, and I don't think anyone will improve on that.
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
carefree chatting
collocation. - [carefree (adj)]: having no worries or problems e.g. he thought back to the carefree days of his childhood. e.g. a carefree attitude.
permanent dwelling area
collocation. - [dwelling] (n) : a house, apartment etc where people live.
Papal territory
collocation. areas related to Pope.
dietary habits
collocation. usual choices of food that people make - [dietary] (adj) : related to the food someone eats/ nutritional (syn) e.g. special dietary requirements.
tremendous change
collocation. very big change - tremendously (adv) e.g. tremendous effort e.g. tremendous support e.g. tremendous amount of money. e.g. tremendously wealthy.
financial market
collocation. where buyers and sellers exchange financial assets
sea breeze
collocation.a cooling breeze from the sea (during the daytime)
membrane
n. a very thin layer of material that covers something - membranous (adj)
acclaim
v. praise/ criticize (opp) e.g. his work was acclaimed by art critics.
fulfill
v. To complete or accomplish totally e.g. it was then that the organization finally began to fulfill the hopes of its founders. e.g. being deaf hasn't stopped Karen fulfilling her ambition to be a hairdresser.
bit
v. [the past tense of bite] adv. a little e.g. could you turn the TV up a bit?
forage
v. to search for food e.g. In the summer, the goats forage freely(=in any place they want to go)
pant-grunts
n. to breathe quickly with short noisy breath with a short rough voice.
by far
adv. by a great amount
structured worksheet
adj. [structured]: carefully arranged n. [worksheet]: a piece of paper with questions and exercises for students e.g. the interviews were highly structured. e.g. a structured approach to teaching.
trigger point
n. Specific sensitive area of muscle.
pontoon
A device used to create a floating structure
herbal
n. a plant used for medicinal purposes.
lettuce
n. a round vegetable with thin green leaves eaten raw in salads.
Timpani
n. a set of large drums that are played in an orchestra
pond
n. a small body of water
physician
n. doctor
editorialist
n. editor
latter
n. the second of two people or things just mentioned/ former (opp) e.g. where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter us due to the former.
in particular
n. specially e.g. It was a good concert - I enjoyed the last song in particular.
The increase
n. surge
modern-day humans
collocation.
vegetarian foods
collocation.
hindquarters
n. the back part of an animal with four legs.
living arrangements
collocation
long-term preservation
collocation
solid waste and massive carbon footprint
collocation
solo picture
collocation
space mission
collocation
stress response
collocation
structural employment
collocation
vast store
collocation
volume of radioactive waste
collocation
many areas of life
fixed match.
safest route
fixed match.
entity
n. a being e.g. the mind exists as a separate entity.
dull
adj. boring e.g. life is never dull when Elizabeth is here.
applicable (to)
adj. capable of being applied (to a person,group, **situation); relevant, suitable - applicability (n) e.g. the offer is only applicable to bookings for double rooms. - *[where/if/as applicable] e.g. Mr please delete as applicable
sedentary
adj. characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place e.g. health problems caused by our sedentary lifestyles.
affordable
adj. cheap enough for most people to afford. e.g. affordable housing. e.g. this is a top-quality product at a very affordable price.
integrated with
adj. combined with e.g. a racially community integrated with dull politicians.
interstellar
adj. happening or existing between the stars e.g. interstellar space
potent
adj. powerful - potently (adv) e.g. a potent symbol of oppression e.g. the treaty requires them to get rid of their most potent weapons.
well-built
adj. with a solid, strong body
hermetic
adj. without any hole in which air be able to pass through - hermetically (adv) : airtight (syn)
curb
v. to limit or control e.g. measures to curb the spread of the virus.
evoke
v. to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone. - evocation (n) e.g. the photographs evoked strong memories of our holidays in France. e.g. the poem is an evocation of lost love.
point out
v. to tell someone something that they didn't already know or had not thought about. e.g. the murder was obviously well planned, as the inspector had pointed out.
argue (with/about/over)
v.1- to disagree with someone in words, often in angry way. 2- to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done etc. - arguable (adj) : debatable (syn) - argumentative (adj): someone who likes arguing. e.g. we could hear the neighbor arguing. e.g. it could be argued that a dam might actually increase the risk of flooding. e.g. It's arguable that the legislation has had little effect on young people's behavior.
earthbound
adj. unable to move away from the surface of the Earth
within the body
collocation: internal
Mosaic picture
collocation.
advantageous distortion of perceived reality
collocation.
bank failure
collocation.
basic principles
collocation.
behavior segments
collocation.
face-like images
collocation.
wide-scale unemployment
collocation.
absolute accuracy
collocation. Correctness that is 100%
modern society
collocation. People living together in the current time
grease
n. a fatty or oily substance
mathematician
n. noun a person skilled in mathematics
fad
n. something that is very popular for a short time, then forgotten - faddish (adj) - faddishness (n) e.g. Interest in organic food is not a fad, it's here to stay.
centricity
n. the quality or state of being centric : a position of central prominence or importance e.g. to develop a child centricity scale
constitute
v. 1-to be considered to be sth. /2- make up e.g. the rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. e.g. we must redefine what constitute(=make up) a family.
unrivaled
adj. [also unrivalled : BrE] : better than any other e.g. an unrivalled collection of Chinese art. e.g. unrivaled progress
novel
adj. not like anything known before, and unusual or interesting. - novel idea/approach/method etc e.g. what a novel idea!
unlikely
adj. not likely to happen e.g. Donna might be able to come tomorrow, but it's very unlikely.
job-seeking process
collocation.
key factor
collocation.
positive first impression
collocation.
oxygen uptake
n. the volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute - [uptake] e.g. the uptake of sugars by the blood
find sb (do/doing) sth
fixed match e.g. I certainly find myself (thinking) this way in day-to-day life
levy
v. to impose a tax on sth n. a tax
opposite-facing row
collocation
parenting consultant
collocation
too narrow and ill-defined
fixed match
under threat
n. the possibility that something very bad will happen.
in exchange (for)
v. in return for someone or something
mar (by)
v. to spoil e.g. their wedding was marred by the death of Jenny's mother a week earlier.
Leapfrog
v. to suddenly become better,more advanced etc than others n. a children's game in which someone bends over someone else jumps over them. e.g. the company leapfrogged its rivals into a leading position.
compared (with/to sth)
v. used when considering the size, quality or amount of something in relation to something similar. e.g. a 20% reduction in burglary compared with last year. e.g. compared to our small flat, Bill's house seemed like a palace.
assist
v.n. to help someone to do sth. e.g. we want to assist people to stay in their own homes.
there are statistically significant differences between A & B
-fixed match.
tribe
n. a group of related families
midge
n. a small flying insect that can bite people
fill with
v. to become full of / to fill sth with
rub your hands
v. to move your hand backward and forward
key parental capacities
collocation
govern
v. to rule e.g. the leader who govern the country.
################PART 2: RW (fill in the blank)#################
###########PART 2: RW (fill in the blank)###########
that is becoming possible with ...
phrase.
Coastal Fish Farming
collocation
Work-related factors
collocation
higher-order moral emotions
collocation
poor understanding
collocation
practical help
collocation
private investment
collocation
social isolation
collocation
two-stage sequence
collocation
typical background level
collocation
Trade cycle
collocation.
Unachievable ideal
collocation.
language proficiency
collocation.
rich pattern of math
collocation.
transport problem/ urban transport
collocation.
unwanted attention
collocation.
social conditions
collocation. environments, cultural influences, family relationships, social support
fashioning fabrics
collocation. fabrics which are in fashion. - [fashion (v)] : to shape or make sth using your hands or only a few tools.
trade barriers
collocation. restrictions to free trade
getting people into action
fixed match
in the past few years
fixed match
it's because
fixed match
make legal decision
fixed match
three-fourths
n. 3/4
phenomenon
n. [plural: phenomena] e.g. the growing phenomenon of telecommuting e.g. homelessness is not a new phenomenon
charcoal
n. a black substance made of burnt wood that can be used as fuel. e.g. cooking over a charcoal fire
Steamboat
n. a boat propelled by a steam engine
a welter (of sth)
n. a large and confusing amount or number of something. e.g. there is a welter of information on the subject.
executive
n. a manager in an organization or company who helps make important decisions. adj. relating to the job of managing a business or organization and making decision. e.g. a marketing executive e.g. top executives on high salaries
economic growth
n. an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time.
moth
n. an insect related to the butterfly that flies mainly at night and is attracted to lights. some moths eat holes in cloth.
trackway
n. continuous series of tracks or footprints left by a single organism
fodder
n. food for farm animals e.g. summer/ winter fodder
autonomy
n. independence - autonomous (adj) : independent - autonomously (adv) e.g. campaigners who want greater autonomy for Corsica(= a large island to the south of France in the Mediterranean Sea) e.g. Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain. e.g. practical autonomy (=real independence)
farmland
n. land used for farming
heritage
n. legacy e.g. the importance of preserving the national heritage.
Snorkeling, scuba diving
n. names of sport which require special equipment.
unethical
n. not morally correct - unethically (adv) e.g. unethical medical practices
recruit
n. someone who recently joined an organization, team group of people etc. v. to hire e.g. new recruits are sent to the Atlanta office for training. e.g. It was the first of many associations with art world (recruits).
Industrial Average
n. stock price based on the Dow Jones Inc. calculation
perspiration
n. sweat e.g. he wiped the beads of perspiration(=drops) from his brow.(=forehead) - [antiperspirant] : deodorant
tariff
n. tax on imports and exports e.g. the government may impose(=to forcibly place upon) tariffs on imports - impose tariffs (on)
educator
n. teacher or someone involved in the process of educating people.
punchline
n. the last few words of a joke that make it funny e.g. radical punchline
Closure
n. the state of closing sth permanently e.g. the problem of school closure e.g. several companies are threatened with closure.
major sources
noun phrase.
productive development practice
noun phrase.
special-effect movie
noun phrase. Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world.
soy foods/products
noun.
union ministry of environment
noun.
two-thirds
number. 2/3
other areas of the plant
other areas of the plant such as stems and leaves
belying their potency
sentence. by believing in themselves
high socioeconomic class
prefix. (socio-) : relating to society
degrade
v. 1- to treat sb without respect 2- to make a situation or the condition of sth worse. - degradable (adj) - degradation (n) - degrading (adj) e.g. a movie that degrades women. e.g. the dolphin's habitat is being rapidly degraded. e.g. a life of poverty and degradation e.g. pornography is degrading to women and to the men that look at it.
convey
v. 1-to express sth (with or without using words) - convey a message : mean - convey a sense/message/ an idea / an impression / action or identities 2- to take or carry sth from one place to another e.g. all this information can be conveyed in a diagram
prey (on/upon sb)
v. 1-to hunt and it (for animal) / 2- to try to deceive or harm weaker people e.g. cats prey on birds and mice. e.g. religious cults that specialize in preying on young people.
spike
v. 1-to increase quickly; surge (syn) / 2- to secretly add strong alcohol or a drug to someone's drink or food. n. a sudden large increase in sth / surge (syn) e.g. spike in prices e.g. a spike in interest rates
culminate (in/with sth)
v. 1-to reach to final stage ( end in/with sth) - culmination (n) : the culmination of sth = something important that happens at the a end of a long period of effort or development e.g. a series of events for teachers and students will culminate in a Shakespeare festival next year. e.g. this little book represented the culmination of 15 year's work.
implement
v. To put into action; execute n. a tool, especially one used for outdoor physical work. - implementation (n) e.g. we have decided to implement the committee's recommendations in full. e.g. the implementation of the peace plan.
depend (on/upon)
v. [phrasal verb]: it is directly affected or decided by sth. e.g. choosing the right bike depends on what you want to use it for.
put out of use
v. to become unusable
lead (sb) to do (sth)
v. to cause someone to do or think something. e.g. What led you to think that?
perpetrate
v. to commit - perpetration (n) - perpetrator (n) : someone who does something morally wrong or illegal / culprit e.g. who could have perpetrated such a dreadful(=terrible) crime? e.g. the perpetrator were never caught.
blanket
v. to cover sth with a thick layer e.g. the rooftops were blanketed in snow.
maintain
v. to keep - maintenance (n) e.g. the cost of repair and maintenance.
trivialize
v. to make sth important seems less important or serious [used to show disapproval] - trivialization (n) - triviality (n): thing that is not important at all. - trivial (adj) : not serious, important or valuable e.g. the article trivializes the whole issue of equal rights. e.g. don't waste time on trivialities. e.g. trivial problem/matter/complaint etc e.g. we were punished for the most trivial offences.
take advantage of
v. to make use of; to benefit oneself by treating others unfairly
pass through
v. to penetrate e.g. it (passes) through the lungs for (usage) throughout the body.
contaminate
v. to pollute a place or substance (by putting sth such as chemicals or poison in it) - contamination (n) - contaminant (n) : a substance that makes sth dirty. - contaminated (adj) e.g. Drinking water supplies are believed to have been contaminated. e.g. radioactive contamination e.g. environmental contaminants.
reign
v. to rule a nation or groups as their king,queen or emperor n. the period when someone is king, queen or emperor or is in charge of an organization, team etc **- [ reign supreme] : to be the most important part of a situation or time. e.g. pharaohs reigned over Egypt for centuries. e.g. during his reign at the Education Department e.g. It was a time when romance reigned supreme.
toss out
v. to throw something, to send out e.g. she crumpled the letter and tossed it into the fire.
struggle to/with/against/for
v. to try extremely hard to achieve sth e.g. she's struggling to bring up a family alone e.g. the airline is struggling with high costs e.g. millions of people are struggling for survival e.g. firms are struggling against a prolonged recession
sway
v.n. 1- to influence sb (so that they change their opinion) 2- to move slowly from one side to another e.g. don't allow yourself to be swayed by his promise. e.g. the trees swayed gently in the breeze. e.g. these old attitudes still [**hold sway] in the church. e.g. the sway of the ship.
practice their lines / practice speech
- (related to actor or actress)
three times as many as planes
- N times as many/much as N
nonexistent
adj. not existing - non-existence (n) e.g. On Sunday morning traffic was almost nonexistent.
eco-friendly products
adj. not harmful to the environment. e.g. eco-friendly products
## 18-question: Plagiarism (apeuni)
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students' work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students' assessed work (through) electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software (compares) students work (against) text on the Internet, in journal articles and within previously (submitted) work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it (finds).
foundry
n. a workshop or factory for casting metal
## 75- question: the United Nations' Library (realpte)
The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate the work of the (United Nations) and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds (pass), including specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to (security) constraints in place at the United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general (public).
## 92- question: The logic of scientific method (realpte)
The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843 and was named the method of difference. A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses of water which are (identical) in every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes color! According to Mills method of difference it is safe to assume that the change in the color of the water is due to the (introduction) of a new factor - the (independent) variable -in this case, the ink.
## 60- question: Fiber segments (realpte-apeuni)
The trigger point causes the rest of the fiber segments to be (stretched) to capacity. It becomes a tight band. Normally the regular contracting and releasing of these little segments circulates blood in the capillaries that supply them [the segments] with their nutrients. When they hold this (contraction), blood flow is stopped to that area, there is not an oxygen supply, and waste products are not (pushed) out. The trigger point then sends out pain signals until the trigger point is put in a position of rest again.
barn
a large farm building used for storing grain, hay, or straw or for housing livestock.
chimp
n. chimpanzee
puppy
n. young dog e.g. a six-month-old puppy.
24-hour period
noun
ice cracking
noun.
self-disciplining
the practice of professionals setting up standards of conduct for their own profession and then holding their peers accountable to same
thaw
v. to melt/ freeze (opp) e.g. the lake thawed in March.
stitch
v. to sew
put to use
v. to utilize
DIY
(abbr). Do It Yourself: the activity of making, repairing, or decorating things in the home yourself, instead of paying somebody to do it
at the age of (twenty-one)
- fixed match
more than + number
-fixed match A heavy ice storm left (more) than xx residents' electricity cutoff.
## 205- question: Diversity of the Amazon basin (realpte)
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a (major) source of (diversity) for the Amazon basin, one of the largest (reservoirs) of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs (counter) to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the (tropical) forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is 'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the (basin). Adjacent regions have played a major role."
prosperous
adj. rich and successful./ rich=well-off (syn) e.g. a prosperous landowner
specialized
adj. trained, designed or developed for a particular purpose, type of work, place etc: e.g. the highly specialized plant that live in desert areas. e.g. specialized training for specific jobs. e.g. specialized agencies
remarkable
adj. unusual and surprising/ worthy of attention= striking(syn) e.g. she has made remarkable progress
[be/run/go] counter to something
adj.adv. to be the opposite of something e.g. some actions by the authorities ran counter to the president's call for leniency. - [counter (v)] : To do or say something in opposition to something else e.g. exercise helps to counter the effects of stress.
take a rest
-fixed match. to relax.
## 62- question: DJIA (apeuni)
The Daw Jones Industrial Average [DJIA] reports the average stock price of large, publicly traded US companies. It tends to (reflect) the state of the stock market as a whole. Though its name would (lead) you to believe the DJIA is made up of only (industrial) companies, the DJIA in fact contains stacks across many "industries," not all of which are industrial. The businesses (represented) include finance, food, technology, retail, heavy equipment, oil, chemical, pharmaceutical, consumer goods, and entertainment.
inbred
adj. 1-inherent e.g. inbred ambitions 2- produced by inbreeding
conclusive
adj. definite,certain - conclusively (adv) e.g. the investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence.
pervasive
adj. existing everywhere. - [all-pervasive] - pervasiveness (n) e.g. the pervasive influence of television e.g. the all-pervasive mood of apathy (=unwillingness)
inflationary pressures
adj. tending to increase prices and decrease the purchasing power of money e.g. inflationary pressures in the economy. e.g. a new round of wage increase could trigger an inflationary spiral (=continuing rise in both wages and prices.)
telegenic
adj. the quality of looking good on TV / non-telegenic (opp)
gross
adj. total amount before deductions n. 144 things v. [ gross sb out] : disgust e.g. a gross profit of $5 million e.g. two gross of candles e.g. his dirty fingernails really gross me out.
merely
adv. only e.g. he merely shrugged and walked away.
improvement in incomes
collocation
increasingly independent
collocation
innovative professionals
collocation
keen interest (in)
collocation
major health outcomes considered
collocation
material and spiritual development
collocation
most technologically advanced farms
collocation
non-profit bodies
collocation
personal advertising approach
collocation
realistic expectations
collocation. expecting only what is logical and reasonable
consumption patterns
collocation. how consumers buy and consume a particular product
social life
collocation. living together and enjoying life with other people
devise a test
fixed match
effects of their irresponsibility
fixed match
especially for
fixed match
features and structures
fixed match
for sth to be important,...
fixed match
for usage
fixed match
from the point of view of
fixed match
ice storm is a type of weather
ice storm : a weather phenomenon
Bhutan
n. a mountainous country in the Himalayas, surrounded by India, China, and Sikkim. - capital: Thimphu
leading authority
n. an expert
notion
n. an idea,belief, or opinion e.g. misguided notions of male superiority. - she had only a vague notion of what she wanted to do.
onset
n. beginning e.g. the beginning of winter.
consumer goods
n. goods produced for present consumption
purveyor
n. one who supplies or sells goods, services or information - purvey (v) : to supply goods, services, information etc to people e.g. DJ Dominic purveys a unique brand of music e.g. purveyors of farmyard-fresh poultry(= birds such as chickens and ducks that are kept on farms in order to produce eggs and meat)
entrepreneur
n. someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks. - entrepreneurial (adj)
developmental psychology
n. the study of continuity and change across the life span
kilowatt hour (kWh)
n.A unit of measure by which electricity is sold; equivalent to 1,000 watt-hours of electrical use.
the main difference between
phrase
whence has.....?
question. from where it has .... e.g. Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge?
associated with
v. to be related to e.g. problems associated with cancer treatment.
deteriorate
v. to become worse/ get worse - deterioration (n) e.g. Ethel's health has deteriorated. e.g. the argument deteriorated into a fight.
encounter
v. to experience sth (especially problems or opposition and for first and with unknown people) n. a brief or an unexpected meeting - encounter problem/difficulties/opposition/resistance e.g. they encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition (= a short trip) e.g. Yet, in the decades since first (encountering) Camus' test, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story
serve up
v. to give food to someone as part of a meal e.g. what are you serving up tonight?
(To) bring (things) together
-fixed match
major (in sth)
v. to study something as your main subject at college or university. e.g. he's majoring in political science. - **[ major on sth] : to pay particular attention to one subject or thing. e.g. the company is planning to major on offering the machines we need.
influential
Adj. having a lot of influence therefore changing the way people think and behave. e.g. a highly influential art magazine e.g. Dewey was influential in shaping economic policy.
## 30- question: strengthening and stretching (realpte)
Icing and anti-inflammatories will help (with) the pain and swelling. Vigorous massage (of) the knot (in) the muscle will help it (to) relax and ease the pain. Meanwhile, work (on) strengthening and stretching your hip, hamstring and lower-back muscles. (For) stretching, focus on the hamstring stretch, the hip & lower-back stretch, and the hamstring & back stretch. (For) strengthening, try side leg lifts.
toxic
adj. poisonous e.g. a highly toxic pesticide
## 150- question: Academic writing (realpte)
Academic writing is an expression of logic that is the product of thinking. This (means) that the writing that you produce is a reflection of your intellectual abilities. It (puts) into words your knowledge and your conceptual understanding and shows evidence of your ability to think critically.
## 7-question: planes (realpte-apeuni)
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three (times) as (many) as planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be (thousands) of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner (altitudes), competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid-air (collisions), and with commercially operated rockets carrying (satellites) and tourists into space.
## 166- question: Dance (realpte)
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some (cases) dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more (effective) when it forms an integral part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers on Your Toes [1936] in which the story about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that (enhances), rather than interrupts the drama.
## 200- question: English class at Beijing language institute (realpte)
There were twenty-six freshmen (majoring) in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boy and girls who has (come) from big cities in China. I was (told) that language study required smallness so that we would each get more attention from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were ready all (talking) in English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn't (understand) it all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them (spoken) back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of (beating) the city folks was thawing before my eyes.
## 114- question: Frost's poetry (realpte)
There's duplicity in Frost's poetry, and there's a certain doubleness in the figure that he (projects) as a poet. I like to think of his obsession with (double) meanings, which he has, as a way of responding to a division in culture, between popular and elite readers, a division that he saw as (expressive) of a division in American culture between money and esteem, business and art.
## 46- question: The new idea (realpte)
First, new ideas are the (wheels) of progress. Without them, stagnation (reigns). Whether you're a designer dreaming of another world, an (engineer) working on a new kind of structure, an (executive) charged with developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser seeking a breakthrough way to sell your product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a memorable school (assembly) program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to sell the same old raffle tickets, your ability to (generate) good ideas is critical to your success.
## 162- question: Hippocrates (realpte)
Hippocrates allowed observation, rationality and his own genuine respect for his patients to (guide) his practice [Garrison 94]. Using the scientific method, he carefully (recorded) his patient's symptoms and (responses) to treatments, and used the data (gathered) to evaluate and prescribe the most successful regimens. His prestige as a great medical (practitioner), educator, and author helped spread these ideals of (rational) medicine throughout the ancient world.
## 9- question : Ice storm (realpte)
Ice storm is a type of (weather). (Cold) rain falls down into the cold air changing from water into (ice). A heavy ice storm left (more) than xx residents' electricity cutoff. Because the ice storm hit down the wire.
## 41- question: Plates (realpte-apeuni)
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek (root) "to build." putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which (refers) to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is (fragmented) into a dozen or larger and small plates that are moving (relative) to one another.
## 169- question: Radioactive waste (realpte)
It is important to keep the quantities here in perspective. The (volume) of radioactive waste is very small - even smaller if the used (material) is chemically re-processed - but it has to be (managed) carefully. Most countries (accept) that they are responsible for their own.
## 22-question : Kathryn Mewes (realpte-apeuni)
Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behaviour, (as well as) doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control their (whole lives) and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" (because of) her pledge to fix behavioural problems in children under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The (role) of the parenting consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting advice.
## 97-question: Photographer Sandra Lousada (realpte)
London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty year (career) of photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty one portraits on display key (figures) in literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the (display) at The National Portrait Gallery highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which (feature) in Lousada's book Public Faces Private Places [2008]. Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind the scenes photographs taken on films (sets) and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
## 186- question: Mathematics and Statistics (realpte)
Mathematics and statistics play a (part) in almost all daily activities. They are at the (heart) of advances in science and technology, as well as providing (indispensable) problem-solving and decision-making tools in many (areas) of life.
three-fourths
Number : 3/4
## 82- question: Investment (realpte)
One city will start to attract the (majority) of public or private investment. This could be due to (natural) advantage or political decisions. This in turn will (stimulate) further investment due to the multiplier effect and (significant) rural to urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the (expense) of other cities.
## 86- question: The essence of reasoning (realpte)
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, (claimed) that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two 'behavior segments' in some (novel) way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, (devised) a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull's principles. The children were given the task of learning to (operate) a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence.
## 167- question: Musical (realpte)
One of the most popular forms of theatre is the musical. Combining drama, dance, and music, the musical has been around for over a century, and in that time has kept pace with changing (tastes) and socials (conditions), as well as (advances) in theatre technology. Many modern musical are known for their spectacular (sets), lighting and other effects.
## 38- question: Ock Trio - plants and animals (realpte)
Plants and Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio that began playing together as kids. Touring arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made their records on the go until 2013. So the band's decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on their latest offering. Waltzed In From The Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally sleeping in their own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine seasons. It's a return to their origins, but it also pushes (audaciously) forward. The aesthetic varies wildly and wonderfully from track to track, each song having its own (hermetic) seal but somehow still melding (cohesively) as a body of work. Jangling guitars, drums leaning toward the off-kilter swing of J Dilla, found sounds, a hint of shoe gaze, and (unorthodox) instrumentation come together to keep the ear constantly (engaged) with a feeling of constant evolution. They found an antique guiro next to a broken VCR and recorded both. They made an empty fridge sound like a timpani drum. They recorded gossip on a city bus. They brought in classical string flourishes. They sometimes left mistakes if they felt they were perfectly imperfect. It's truly DIY, but with a fee; of big production value that makes the album soar. Contemplative lyrics anchor the album through all the exploratory (wandering). The words are delivered melodically, belying their potency, but listening beyond the pretty aesthetic reveals piercing observations and an undeniable translation of feeling. The simplicity of the penetrating refrain on the three-part mini (opus) "Je Voulais Te Dire" is a paragon of how the lyrics effortlessly cut through the instrumentation. Guitarist/vocalist Warren Spicer sings "It's only love, but you want it bad," encompassing how we try to avoid and downplay our desire for love and affection, but ultimately search and long for it anyway.
## 91- question : Life changes (realpte)
Research has suggested that major stresses in our lives are life (changes), for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, (including) unemployment and boredom, are also common (causes) of stress. Differences in personality may also (play) a part.
##26-question: Shark bite-version 1 (realpte-apeuni)
Sharks killed four people and bit 58 others around the world in 2006, a comparatively dull year for dangerous encounters between the two species, scientists said in their annual shark attack census on Tuesday. Shark bite numbers (grew) steadily over the last century as humans reproduced exponentially and (spent) more time at the seashore. But the numbers have been (flat) over the past five years as overfishing (thinned) the shark population near shore and swimmers got smarter about the (risks) of (wading) into certain areas, Burgess said.
## 56- question : Papal reform (apeuni)
Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been (offered) to make the Western calendar more useful or (regular) .Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official (acceptance) but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction.
## 172- question: Radioactivity (realpte)
So why the concern? It's partly (because) radioactivity is invisible. If you receive a large dose, or if you (ingest) radioactive heavy metals, it is certainly toxic, and we tend to (associate) it with cancer, a great fear in modern (society). Nuclear waste is also highly concentrated. While this is seen as a "problem" it can be an advantage - it is very localized and its radioactive nature, means we can detect easily, the movement of tiny amounts of material.
## 170-question: Talking (realpte)
Talking is not just an activity of the vocal cords; it is a way of connecting with ourselves and (others) that creates a culture of health and (well-being). Specifically, speaking with healthcare (practitioners) about health worries, and more generally opening up to create more and stronger social (ties), can have many positive benefits.
most-favored-nation clauses of treats
- In theory, "MFN clauses" are designed as a safety net, guaranteeing that a programmer will never treat the distributor less favorably than any
foreigners venturing there risked their lives.
- venture (n) . a new business activity ( that involves taking risk) / v. to go somewhere that could be dangerous - collocation : risk someone's lives.
continental Europe/Asia etc
adj. all the countries of Europe, Asia etc that are not on islands
perfunctory
adj. done without care; in a routine fashion - perfunctorily (adv)
dizzying
adj. making you feel dizzy e.g. dizzying journey
rhythmically
adv. having movement or sound that recurs in a regular sequence - rhythmic (adj)
Shortage of supply
collocation.
Specific Policy
collocation.
have a chance
collocation. have an opportunities.
symbolic meaning
collocation.Deeper layer of meaning suggested by a works literal, or surface, meaning.
remotely operated drones
drone (n) : an aircraft that does not have a pilot, but is operated by radio / v.n. to make a continuous low dull sound operate (v) : to use and control sth remotely (adv) : slightly
duller space
dull= boring
commercially operated rocket carrying satellites and tourists
explain: rocket usually carries satellite
closing decades (of)
fixed match. the last decades of
trace
n. 1- a small sign of the existence of sb or sth 2- a very small amount of sth v. 1- to find sth or sb / 2- to find the origins of when something began or where it came from
staple
n. 1-a basic food that is used frequently and in large amounts e.g. staples like flour and rice 2- a small piece of thin wire that is pushed into sheets of paper and bent over to hold them together.
delicacy
n. 1-something good to eat that is expensive or rare/ 2- a careful and sensitive way of speaking or behaving e.g. snails are considered a delicacy in France. e.g. he carried out his duties with great delicacy and understanding.
consciousness
n. Awareness of ourselves and our environment e.g. she could faintly hear voices as she began to regain consciousness. e.g. human consciousness e.g. state of consciousness
Antarctic
n. Pertaining to the south pole or the regions near it.
offspring
n. [plural: offspring] : a person or animal's child or children. e.g. a young mother trying to control her offspring e.g. a lion and its offspring.
trout
n. [plural: trout] : a common river-fish, often used for food, or the flesh of this fish.
[maintain/preserve/defend] the status quo
n. [status quo] : Existing state or condition e.g. will the West use its influence to maintain the status quo and not disrupt the flow of oil?
Variable
n. a factor that can change in an experiment / constant (opp) adj. able to be changed e.g. the theater has variable temperature setting - variably (adv) - variability (n)
well-being
n. a feeling of being comfortable , healthy and happy e.g. we are responsible for the care and well-being of all our patients. - [economic well-being]
paragon
n. a model of excellence or perfection; a complete and perfect example of sth. e.g. a paragon of virtue
breakthrough
n. a new discovery or development (especially one made after trying for a long time) e.g. scientists have made a major breakthrough in treatment of cancer
quote
n. a passage or expression that is quoted or cited v. to repeat what someone else has said or written.
contestant
n. a person who takes part in a contest or competition e.g. female contestant
woodcut
n. a picture (made by pressing a shaped piece of wood and a coloring substance onto paper.
Acceleration
n. a process in which sth happens more and more quickly / velocity e.g. an acceleration in the rate of inflation.
valuation
n. a professional judgment. e.g. the property has a valuation of $ 1.6 billion.
proverb
n. a short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of advice.
standstill
n. a situation in which there is no movement or activity e.g. the traffic was at a standstill
caterpillar
n. a small creature like a worm with many legs that eats leaves and that develops into a butterfly or other flying insect.
frog
n. a small green animal that lives near water and has long legs for jumping / toad
manifestation
n. a very clear sign e.g. these latest riots are a clear manifestation of growing discontent.
nanny
n. a woman whose job is to take care of the children in a family.
bridesmaid
n. an unmarried woman who attends the bride at a wedding
convention bid
n. gathering for proposing a particular price for something. - competitive bidding process.
locust
n. grasshopper
antagonism (between/to/towards)
n. hatred between people or groups of people / hostility (syn) - antagonist (n) : opponent=rival - antagonistic (adj) : unfriendly/hostile (syn) - antagonistically (adv) - antagonize (v) : to annoy e.g. his antagonism towards the press. e.g. an antagonistic attitude e.g. do not antagonize your customers.
esteem
n. high regard; respect v. to regard highly e.g. please accept the small gift we enclose as a mark of our esteem. e.g. Peden was greatly esteemed by the people of Ayrshire.
word of mouth
n. informal oral communication e.g. The rumor spread rapidly by word of mouth.
isle
n. island - [islet] : a very small island e.g. the British Isles
asteroid
n. one of the many small planets that move around the sun, especially between Mars and Jupiter
likelihood
n. probability e.g. using seatbelt will reduce the likelihood of serious injury in a car accident.
nursery school
n. school for very young children e.g. 1-4
capillary
n. smallest blood vessel
necessity
n. something that you need to have in order to live // luxury (opp) e.g. a car is an absolute necessity if you live in the country.
might
n. strength e.g. he swung the axe again wit all his might. e.g. computer might
palm
n. the inside surface of your hand, in which you hold things. e.g. she held the pebble in the palm of her hand.
American cabinet
n. the politicians with important positions in a government who meet to make decisions or advise the leader of the government.
climate
n. the typical weather conditions in a particular area
VCR
n. video cassette recorder
regulator
n.1- an instrument for controlling the temperature, speed etc of sth. 2- someone who makes sure that a system operates properly or fairly. e.g. a heat regulator e.g. traffic safety regulators. - regulate (v) : to control with rules e.g. strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in foods.
radio host
noun
card
v. 1- to show a card that has a special information about you 2- to comb,clean, and prepare wool or cotton before making cloth.
boast
v. 1- to talk too proudly about your abilities etc 2- if a place, object or organization boast sth, it has sth in a very goof level e.g. Amy boasted that her son was genius. e.g. the city boasts (has) two excellent museums.
sample
v. 1- to taste food or drink to see what it is like. 2- to choose some people from a larger group in order to ask them questions or get information from them. e.g. a chance to sample the local food e.g. 18% of the adults sampled admitted having had problems with alcohol abuse.
apply (for/to/in)
v. 1-[request]: to make a formal request for job,university 2-[affect] : to have an affect on or to concern a particular person,group, or situation 3- [use] : to use sth e.g. I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them. e.g. the offer only applies to flights from London and Manchester. e.g. new technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.
to play a part in sth
v. be actively involved in sth
fall short of sth
v. not to achieve a particular level e.g. this year's profit will fall short of 13%.
refrain
v. stop oneself from doing something n. 1-part of song or poem that is repeated especially at the end of each verse/ chorus 2- a remark or idea that is often repeated. e.g. please refrain from smoking in this area. e.g. our proposal met with the constant refrain that the company could not afford it.
cut through
v. take a shorter way e.g. cut through/down/across etc e.g. I usually cut through the car park to get to work.\ e.g. Let's cut across the field.
degrade
v. technical : if a substance chemical etc degrades, or if something degrades it, it changes to a simpler form
center (on/upon) sth
v. to be focused on e.g. the debate centered on funding for health service.
render onto
v. to draw sth onto sth e.g. to render a drawing onto paper
underdress
v. to dress to informally for the occasion. - underdressed (adj)
surpass
v. to exceed or go beyond e.g. he had surpass all our expectations.
discover
v. to find out or learn something e.g. the exercises let students discover math concepts on their own.
inject
v. to force into something; to force fluid in e.g. the drug is injected directly into the base of the spine. e.g. traditional handbag markers are injecting more fun into their designs.
contribute (to/towards) sth
v. to give money or help so sth - contributory (adj): being one of the causes of a particular result e.g. city employees cannot contribute to political campaign. e.g. stress is a contributing factor in many illness. e.g. smoking is a contributory factor in lunge cancer.
reward
v. to give sth to b because they have done something good or helpful. - rewarding (adj): making you feel satisfied and happy/ satisfying (syn) e.g. the club's directors rewarded him with a free season ticket.
pontificate (about)
v. to give your opinion about sth in a way that shows you think you are always right. / to speak pompously - pontifical (adj) e.g. politicians are always pontificating about education.
head (to/toward)
v. to go or travel towards a particular place, especially in a deliberate way. e.g. where are you guys headed? e.g. we headed south towards the capital.
dwindle
v. to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller. - dwindling (adj) e.g. the elephant population is dwindling. e.g. the stream has dwindled to a trickle. e.g. dwindling resources
steer (towards/away/through sth)
v. to guide toward sth\ e.g. Helen tried to steer the conversation away from herself.
contain
v. to have something inside( about objective) e.g. the museum contains a number if original artworks. - include ( subjective or not just material) e.g. does the price include postage? e.g. the curriculum includes courses in computing
nurture
v. to help sth to develop (idea, a child, a plant while it is growing) e.g. a hatred of foreigners nurtured by the media. e.g. plants nurtured in the greenhouse.
retain
v. to hold or keep e.g. the state wants to retain control of food imports.
span
v. to include (all of a period of time or space or area) n. 1-a period of time between two dates or events or for specific event 2- the distance between one side of something to the other e.g. a career which spanned nearly 60 years. e.g. the Mongol empire spanned much of Central Asia. e.g. over a span of ten years, the company has made great progress. e.g. captivity vastly reduces the life span of whales. e.g. a bird with a large wing span.
leap (into)
v. to jump into e.g. Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great (diversity) to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains
maintain sth (with) sb
v. to keep e.g. he maintained close relationship with his uncle.
captain
v. to lead a group
attend
v. to look after sth or sb e.g. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended and well (built).
uphold
v. to maintain or support - upholder (n) e.g. a committee that aims to uphold educational standards. e.g. the conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal
complement
v. to make a good combination with someone or something else. / go well together n. someone or something that emphasizes the good qualities of another person or thing - complementary (adj) - complementarity (n) e.g. the dark red walls complement the red leather chairs. e.g. this wine should be a nice complement to grilled dishes. e.g. the computer and the human mind have different but complementary abilities.
squeak
v. to make a short high noise ( by cry,say, etc) n. a very short high noise or cry e.g. a rat squeaked and ran into the bushes. e.g. 'Too late!' she squeaked. e.g. a squeak of alarm.
activate
v. to make an electrical system, or chemical process start working / set off (syn) / deactivate (opp) - activation (n) e.g. cooking fumes may active the alarm
clarify
v. to make clear or easier to understand - clarification (n) e.g. reporters asked him to clarify his position on welfare reform. e.g. could you clarify one or two points for me?
knit
v. to make clothing out of wool, using two knitting needles / crochet (syn) e.g. my grandmother taught me how to knit.
impede
v. to make it difficult for sb or sth to move forward - impediment (n) : an obstacle to doing sth - impedimenta (n) : things that you think you need to have or do, but which can slow your progress(often use humorously) e.g. storms at sea impeded our progress
hinder
v. to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed/ hamper= get in the way of sth(syn) e.g. policies that will hinder rather than help families.
downplay
v. to make sth seem less important that it really is / play down (syn) e.g. white houses officials attempted to downplay the president's role in the affair.
cite
v. to mention sth / to quote (syn)
outperform
v. to perform better than sb or sth. e.g. stocks generally outperform other investments.
stamp
v. to put your foot down onto the ground loudly and with a lot of force - stamp on/out: to stop sth n. a tool for pressing or printing a mark or pattern onto a surface. e.g. the audience stamped and shouted. e.g. officers were given orders to stamp on any hint of trouble.
pore (over) sth
v. to read or look at something very carefully for a long time. n. one of the small holes in your skin that swear can pass through e.g. she was poring over a book.
identify
v. to recognize - identifiable [as/by]. (adj) - identification (n) e.g. scientists have identified the gene that causes abnormal growth
blame ( sb for sth//sth on sb^sth)
v. to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad. e.g. don;t blame me - It's not my fault. e.g. Marie still blame herself for Patrick's death. e.g. one of the computer is broken and she's blaming it on me.
feature
v. to show or include sth as an important part of sth e.g. the exhibition features painting by Picasso e.g. pupils visited some of the websites featured in the article. e.g. violence seems to feature heavily in all of his books.
demonstrate
v. to show or prove sth clearly. e.g. the study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
reinvest
v. to use money you have earned from investments to buy additional investments. - reinvestment (n) e.g. she reinvested the dividends in mutual funds.
fluctuate
v. to vary - fluctuation (n) / variation(syn) : a change in a price, amount , level etc e.g. the fluctuation in interest rates. e.g. prices are subject to fluctuation e.g. prices were volatile(=unstable), fluctuating between $20 and $40.
influential
adj. having the power and importance to affect something e.g. a highly influential art magazine e.g. he had influential friends. e.g. influential art movement
rampant
adj. widespread and uncontrollable/ rife (syn) - rampantly (adv) e.g. rampant corruption e.g. a rampant plant
disturbed
adj. worried and upset e.g. police are very disturbed about latest trend. - disturbing (adj) : worrying or upsetting e.g. a disturbing increase in the crime rate - disturbingly (adv)
pointless
adj. worthless - pointlessly (adv) - pointlessness (n) e.g. a pointless quarrel.
busy and varied life
collocation
comprehensive definition
collocation
ethological ideas
collocation : relating to ethology : study of behavior
emotional response
collocation.
universal human condition
collocation.
new way of thinking
fixed match
those in power
fixed match
whats's more
fixed match . used to add something surprising or interesting to what you have just said
be similar in characteristics (to)
fixed match.
reveal clues about
fixed match.
greater depth aspects of sth
fixed match. e- to explore in greater depth aspects of sth.
broad category of sth
fixed match. e.g. broad category of cultural forms.
response to treatment
fixed match.In SOAP documentation, response to treatment refers to the outcomes experienced by the client, or observable by the practitioner, due to the massage session.
Put in another way
fixed match: in other words
difference in views
fixed sentence
how sth supports something
fixed sentence
ridge
n. a long, narrow chain of hills or mountains e.g. we made our way carefully along the ridge.
rumbling
n. a loud low dull continuous noise - rumble (v) e.g. we heard a rumbling behind us.
artifact
n. [ also artefact : BrE ] : an object such as a tool, weapon etc that was made in the past and is historically important. e.g. ancient Egyptian artifacts. e.g. human-made artifacts
inquiry (about/from)
n. [ also enquiry : BrE ]: a question e.g. we're getting a lot of inquiries about our new London-Rio service. e.g. I don't know who sent the gift, but I'll make some inquiries. e.g. academic inquiries.
principle
n. a rule, Idea e.g. the general principle(=basic and main idea) is that education should be available to all children up to the age of 16. e.g. schools try to teach children a set of principles.
anthrax
n. a serious disease affecting cattle and sheep,which can effect humans. e.g. anthrax organism
distaste
n. a strong dislike of something or someone/ aversion=hatred (syn) ; love (opp) e.g. a queasy distaste -distasteful (adj) : queasy (syn) - distastefully (adv)
herbicide
n. a substance for killing plants, especially weeds e.g. herbicide pollution
slump
n. a sudden decrease in sth (price, sales, profits etc)/ boom=soar (opp) v. to suddenly go down / soar=boom (opp)
potency
n. strength; power e.g. the myth of male superiority was losing its potency. e.g. the potency of the drug
recognition
n. the act of accepting that something is true or important or that it exists e.g. he has achieved recognition and respect as a scientist. e.g. receive recognition e.g. sign of recognition
caregiving
n. the act of assisting people with personal care, household chores, transportation, and other tasks associated with daily living; provided primarily by families without compensation or by direct care workers - caregiver
tillage
n. the act of preparation of land for growing crops
revelation (about/of/that/to)
n. the act of revealing a surprising fact about sth or sb that was previously secret and is now made known. e.g. startling revelation (=surprising revelation) e.g. the revelation of previously unknown facts. e.g. Copernicus revelation
tenacity
n. the state of being determined to do sth - tenacious (adj) - tenaciously (adv) e.g. a tenacious negotiator e.g. a tenacious religious tradition that is still practiced in Shinto temples.
survival
n. the state of continuing to live or exist e.g. Illegal hunting is threatening the survival of the species
compulsory schooling
collocation
current unsustainable consumption
collocation
deforestation rates
collocation
desired profit competition
collocation
dynamic multicultural society
collocation
educational practice
collocation
expected class participation
collocation
false conclusion (about)
collocation
fast-changing world of modern healthcare
collocation
Community expectations
collocation.
International benchmarks
collocation.
ancient world
collocation.
thoughtful criticism
collocation.
to draw a conclusion from
fixed match. to conclude
barely
adv. hardly e.g. she was very old and barely able to walk. e.g. Mary had barely enough money to live on. e.g. she could barely understand English.
to catch someone's eye
fixed match. to get someone's attention
surreptitious
adj. done secretly / confidential (syn) - surreptitiously (adv) - surreptitiousness (n) e.g. Rory tried to sneak surreptitious glance at Adam's wristwatch. - [ sneak a look/glance/peek] : to look at something quickly and secretly.
vigorous
adj. done with power, force or energy e.g. vigorous exercise. e.g. environmentalist have begun a vigorous campaign to oppose nuclear dumping in the are. e.g. vigorous massage
leave school
fixed match. to stop going to school
active process
collocation. - passive process
as the result of
fixed match: because of
Implementing
n. the state that sth is in action.
separate from
v. fixed match
come along
v. to accompany
collaborate (on/with)
v. to work together on/with
tragic paradox
collocation
an expression of logic
collocation.
production demands
collocation.
risk factors
collocation.
sales status
collocation.
socioeconomic status
collocation.
solar energy
collocation.
specific context
collocation.
strong similarity
collocation.
the importance of consistency
collocation.
the top worry
collocation.
advance in technology
fixed match.
build sb's knowledge
fixed match.
discussion on
fixed match.
honed their skills
- hone (v) : to improve your skill at doing sth e.g. he set about honing his skills as a draftsman
multiple pairs of sth
fixed match.
take (sb/sth) on
- [ take sb on]: to hire sb - [take sth on]: to agree to do some work or be responsible for something. e.g. we're taking on 50 new staff this year. e.g. don't take on too much work - the extra cash isn't worth.
wealthiest
- [superlative of wealthy(adj) ]: richest
put into word
fixed match.
## 55- question: Open door policy (apeuni)
An "Open Door" policy provides far maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. As a (specific) policy, it was first advanced by the United States, but it was (rooted) in the typical most-favored-nation clause of the treaties concluded with China after the Opium War [1839-42]. Although the Open Door is generally (associated) with China, it also received recognition at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could (levy) preferential duties in the Conga basin.
set the tone of interview
fixed match.
## 116- question: Transport policy (realpte)
Despite transport problems being a topic of frequent dinner table conversation, comprehensive (assessment) of policy directions for transport has been the subject of remarkably little academic analysis. This chapter introduces the (scope) of the book, which is intended to help redress this (shortcoming). The primary focus is on (urban) transport policy, with the emphasis being on policy analysis rather than analysis of the policy process. Importantly, the chapter sets out some key propositions that have been important in shaping the authors' approach to the particular matters that are considered in subsequent chapters.
## 67- question: Consumption pattern (apeuni)
Differential rates of price change can also shape consumption patterns. To (satisfy) their needs and wants, consumers sometimes choose to (substitute) spending on a particular product or service with spending on an alternative product or service in response to a (relative) price movement of the items.
to develop skills
fixed match.
to tell (a story)
fixed match.
dragging baggage
collocation. - [baggage]: luggage
coffee experience
collocation
common emotion
collocation
common practice
collocation
global public opinion (of)
collocation. - global public opinion of China
picture-making
compound noun
to gain skills
fixed match
to transfer onto surface
fixed match
today's education-reform movements
fixed match
Having not enough time
fixed match
Having too many bill to pay
fixed match
Having too much to do
fixed match
tropical forest
near the equator
on Africa continent
prep. [on]
sharp brain
sharp brain
project (yourself as)
v. to try to make other people have a particular idea about you. e.g. his attempts to project himself as a potential leader.
trio
n. [plural: trios] a group of three people or things e.g. he was met by a trio of smiling executives e.g. a classical guitar trio(=three musicians playing together)
Bareboat
n. [self-sail] :Method of chartering of the ship leaving the charterer with almost all the responsibilities of the owner.
cluster of neurons in the spinal cord
cluster= a group of things of the same kind that are very close together spinal = adj. pertain to spine cord= n. a piece of thick string or thin rope
Chief Executive
collocation
Early Societies
collocation
Natural Advantage
collocation
Serious violence
collocation
True event
collocation
greenhouse gas concentration
collocation
guiding improvement and development activities
collocation
household income
collocation
lead author
collocation
long-term sponsorship
collocation
rules under prevention of cruelty to animals
collocation
scientific method
collocation
simple example
collocation
social class
collocation
socioeconomic status
collocation
statistically based term
collocation
substantial cause
collocation
talkative student
collocation
the world's most sought after tourist destinations
collocation
wide-ranging research
collocation
world community
collocation
world-famous studio
collocation
declining (fish) stocks
collocation - [stock]: a supply of a particular type of thing
competent level of English
collocation.
comprehensive assessment
collocation.
high-tech industry
collocation.
multiple place of origin
collocation.
natural environment
collocation.
non-scientific interest
collocation.
nonscientific interest
collocation.
oil explorer
collocation.
operational viewpoint/planning
collocation.
participation records
collocation.
peace-loving states
collocation.
perfectly balanced
collocation.
political decisions
collocation.
poor customer service
collocation.
red-faced introduction
collocation.
refrigerated brands
collocation.
revolutionary changes
collocation.
the richness of the experience
collocation.
theoretical scientists
collocation.
trade depression
collocation. - [depression (n)]: recession
smallpox fatality rate
collocation. - [fatality] (n) : an event resulting in death; an accidental death. e.g. a 50% increase in the number of traffic fatalities.
unique community
collocation. e.g. complex living community
marine ecosystem
collocation. An ecosystem found in oceans, seas, and gulfs where the water has a salt content of at least 3.5%.
extreme environments
collocation. Locations with particularly difficult environments
human nature
collocation. The fundamental disposition of humans that determines their behavior
## 141- question: Trade-off (realpte)
"It appears that in the process of (evolving) specialized face-recognition abilities to quickly and accurately (extract) important information, there has been a trade-off where face-like images in (unexpected) orientations become especially difficult to process," he says. "The (reason) for this trade-off is unclear, but it probably (relates) to the fact that you rarely see inverted faces", says Sheehan.
lentil
- a small round seed like a bean, dried and used for food.
work-related stress
-noun phrase
## 13-question: the writing on the wall (apeuni)
The inevitable consequences (include) rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive Chinese companies, (chronic) waste of resources, rampant environmental (degradation) and soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is (inconsistent) with the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institutions developed elsewhere.
## 66- question: University science
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society (predicts) that as few as six departments [those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford] could remain open by 2014. Most recently，Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, (blaming) it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a (fall) in student applications, but money is a factor : chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists (say) that the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, increases the problem.
## 174- question: Smart card (realpte)
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we (introduced) a paper ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three (modes) in South East Queensland, so bus, train and (ferry) and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to (store) value so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for (travelling) around the system.
myriad
adj. [ a myriad] : very many e.g. the myriad causes of homelessness. e.g. we're still studying a myriad of options.
unprecedented
adj. unexampled
systematically
adv. in a organized way - systematic (adj) : organized carefully and done thoroughly. e.g. a systematic approach/way/method
relevantly
adv. in a related way e.g. this experience is relevantly suitable for this position.
neatly
adv. in a tidy and carefully arranged way - neat (adj) - neatness (n) e.g. he wrote his name neatly at the bottom of the page. e.g. his clothes where always neat and clean.
fatally
adv. in a way that causes death. e.g. two officers were fatally injured in the explosion.
implicitly
adv. in a way that is not directly expressed / explicitly (opp) - implicit (adj) / explicit (opp) e.g. this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only (implicitly) e.g. her words contained an implicit threat e.g. they believed implicitly in their own superiority
unaffordable luxury
collocation
unfamiliar environment
collocation
unguarded portrait
collocation
used materials
collocation
usual sources of support
collocation
debris
e.g. piece of sth that are left after it has been destroyed in an accident, explosion etc. e.g. she was hit by flying debris from the blast (=wind)
average quality of life
fixed match
campaign against sth
fixed match
causing a signal
fixed match
prior to this time
fixed match. - [prior] (adj) : previous e.g. you do not need any prior knowledge of the subject.
to kick the bucket
idiom. to pass away, to die - bucket down: to rain very hard/ pour (syn) e.g. It's been bucketing down all day.
frequency
n. 1- the number of times that something happens within a particular period of time / 2-the number of radio waves, sound waves etc that pass any point per second. - frequent (adj) - frequently (adv): very often or many times e.g. the frequency of serious road accident. e.g. this station broadcasts on three different frequencies. e.g. she was a frequent visitor to the house. e.g. he was frequently drunk.
adjustment
n. 1-small change/2-movement to improve something e.g. a slight adjustment to the mechanism e.g. a period of adjustment/ e.g. her adjustment to her new role
Aborigine
n. The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia. - aboriginal (adj) : 1- relating to the Australian aborigines/ 2- native=indigenous
feces
n. [ BrE: faeces ]L solid waste material from the bowels -fecal (adj)
trend (toward/in)
n. a general tendency toward/in sth e.g. the current trend is toward more part-time employment. e.g. recent trend in education. e.g. general trend towards the centralization of political power.
Secretariat
n. a government office or the office of a large international organization, especially one that has a secretary general in charge of it.
subsidy
n. a government payment that supports a business or market - subsidize (v) - subsidized (adj) - subsidization (n)
colony
n. a group of animals or plants of the same type that a re living or growing together.
microorganism
n. a living thing that is so small that it cannot be seen without a microscope.
mode
n. a particular way or style of behaving,living, or doing something. e.g. the most efficient mode of transport.
Legislature
n. an institution that has the power to make or change laws. e.g. the state legislature of Virginia.
rationality
n. logic and reasoning - [ rational (adj)]/irrational (opp)
implementation
n. the process of taking action e.g. the implementation of the peace plan.
Healthcare practitioner
n.a clinical professional who is directly responsible for providing patient services
narrative-literary fiction
noun phrase. In publishing, literary fiction novels are regarded as having more literary merit than most commercial or "genre" fiction.
publicly traded companies
noun phrase. companies that offer shares of stock or partial ownership to those that wish to buy into that company.
genetic analysis
noun.
amid
prep. amid. among; in the middle of e.g. demonstrators ripped up(= to tear) the national flag amid shouts of 'Death to the tyrants!' e.g. he sat amid the trees.
noun-ology
suffix. [-ology] : the study of sth,especially something scientific.
buzz up
v. To allow entrance into a building from a higher floor by triggering an electronic lock. - buzz up the highway
metabolize
v. to break down substances in cells to obtain energy
abound [with/in] sth
v. to contains a very large number of that thing. e.g. the forests abound with deer, birds, and squirrels. - [abound] (v): to exist in very large numbers e.g. Examples of this abound in her book.
reveal (sth to sb)
v. to make sth known to sb e.g. reality is (revealed) to us by our experiences e.g. it's easy to be seduced by the face nature (reveals) directly to our senses
untangle
v. to remove tangles or knots or make sth less complicated./ solve e.g. the research attempts to untangle some of these issues.
crouch
v.n. [also crouch down] :to stoop or bend low e.g. Paula crouched down and held her hands out to the fire.
scurry
v.n. to move quickly with short steps, especially because you are in a hurry. e.g. people were scurrying off to work.
to experience stress
- fixed match: to experience sth (such as feeling etc)
few borders
- fixed sentence: e.g.a common emotion that knows few borders.
relative (to sth)
adj. connected with sth e.g. facts relative to this issue
least
adv. minimum e.g. he's my least favorite member of staff.
replace A with B
v. to substitute B for A
be aware of
-fixed match. to be conscious of, to know about
bravery
n. courage / cowardice (opp) - brave (adj) - bravely (adv) e.g. an act of great bravery
houseboat
n. a river boat that you can live in
subject (sb/sth to sth)
phrasal verb. to force someone or something experience something unpleasant e.g. police subjected him to hours of questioning. e.g. Barker subjected his victim to awful abuse.
to interact [with sb]
v. to communicate with sb e.g. interact with customers
push out
v. to expel
Originate (in/from/with/as)
- to start (in a particular situation) or come from a particular place. - originator (n): the person who first has the idea for something and starts it / initiator (syn) e.g. many Christmas traditions originated in Germany. e.g. the idea originated with the ancient Greek philosophers. e.g. the town originated as a small fishing port. e.g. Professor Adams was the originator of the project.
frequently;sometimes
- two situation of the particular period of time.
stellar
adj. 1-relating to the stars / 2- extremely good e.g. Mckellen gave a stellar performance
hierarchical
adj. arranged in order of rank - hierarchy (n) - hierarchically (adv) e.g. a hierarchical society e.g. a rigid social hierarchy.
bizarre
adj. very unusual or strange - bizarrely (adv) e.g. a bizarre coincidence
extensively
adv. widely
Gaming experience
collocation
Health Status
collocation
law-abiding citizen
collocation. - abide (v) : to obey
entire globe
collocation. throughout the world
seabed
n. bottom of the sea / sea floor
occupancy
n. the act of occupying or taking possession of a building. e.g. single occupancy room rates.
dependent
n.adj. [also dependant : BrE]: someone especially a child, who depends on you for food, clothes, money etc e.g. dependent infant
focus more attention on
v. concentrate on e.g. she tried to focus her mind on her work
revolutionize
v. to completely change the way people do sth or think about sth. e.g. new technology is going to revolutionize everything we do.
accepted assumption
- assumption (n) : a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. - assume (v): presume (syn) e.g. a lot of people make assumption that poverty only exists in the Third World. e.g. It seems reasonable to assume that the book was written around 70 AD. e.g. " Are his parents still alive?""I presume so."
industrial applications
- collocation - application (n): 1- a formal request for university 2- practical purpose / 3- a piece of computer software e.g. the university welcomes applications from oversea students. e.g. the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture. e.g. the research has many practical applications.
## 135- question: The Odyssey (realpte)
For a long time, people have been fascinated with heroes who've somehow survived great danger and brutal hardship. Back in 800 B.C.E., the Greek poet Homer composed "The Odyssey," one of the great adventure tales of all time, in which his protagonist Odysseus survives (shipwrecks), encounters with myriad monsters and a wily sorcerer before finally returning to his family. While some of Odysseus' adventures were (fanciful), it now turns out that he may well have been a real person. In 2010, (archaeologists) announced they had uncovered a palace in ancient Ithaca that fit Homer's description of the place where his hero lived.
## 140- question: Population Growth (realpte)
For two decades, leading up to the millennium, global demand for food (increased) steadily, along with growth in the world's population, record harvests, (improvements) in incomes, and the diversification of diets. As a result, food prices continued to (decline) through 2000. But beginning in 2004, (prices) for most grains began to rise. Although there was an increase in production, the increase in demand was (greater).
## 110- question: How to be a good doctor (realpte)
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief executive. The people who (run) hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know (medicine). They must also be able to (balance) budgets, (motivate) a large and (diverse) staff and (make) difficult marketing and legal (decisions).
## 154- question: Joseph Engelberger (realpte)
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked "I can't (define) a robot but I know one when I see one" If you consider all the different machines people (call) robots, you can see that it's nearly impossible to come up with a (comprehensive) definition. Everybody has a different (idea) of what constitutes a robot.
## 35- question: White paper (realpte-apeuni)
Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, (void) of all characters, without any ideas: - How comes it to be (furnished)? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and (boundless) fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from (experience).
## 126- question : Two siblings (realpte)
No two siblings are the same, not even (identical) twins. Parents often (puzzle) about why their children are so different from one another. They'll say, I (brought) them up all the same. They forget that what (determines) our behavior isn't what happens to us but how we (interpret) what happens to us, and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way.
## 64- question: Reading (apeuni)
Reading is an active process, not a (passive) one. We always read within a (specific) context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we (approach) it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also (determine) the strategies we use to read the text.
## 14-question: Stress (apeuni)
Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body (responds) as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress (response). Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or (finish) an important job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your (immune system), making it harder to fight off (disease).
## 107- question: The Alpine Newt (realpte)
The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and (occurs) up the coasts of northeast France through to Holland but it does not (appear) to have been native to the British Isles. As its name (suggests) it can be found in montane habitats up to 2,500 meters in altitude but it can also be abundant in lowlands, and it will use a (variety) of water bodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow flowing streams [Griffiths, 1995].
## 115- question: the Roman people (realpte)
The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with either indifference or (derision). But as the months went by and (emigres) who remained in the city were less and less (hopeful) of an early return home, the mood of the Romans became increasingly towards the 'assassins of Paris'. The nationalization of Church property in France, the of papal territories, the dwindling of contributions and the paucity of tourists and pilgrims all contributed to an exacerbation of this antagonism. When the French Convention, determined to gain international recognition for the Republic, dispatched envoys to Rome, the people turned upon them in fury.
## 138- question : Bach in Venice and Germany (realpte)
Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his influence (blanketed) Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, (performing) and overseeing productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's scores, copied them for performance and (arranged) some for other instruments.
## 175- question: Trees (realpte)
Trees, as ever, are or should be at the heart of all (discussion) on climate change. The changes in carbon dioxide, in temperature, and in patterns of rainfall will each affect them in many ways, and each parameter (interacts) with all the others, so between them, these three main (variables) present a bewildering range of possibilities.
## 51- question : Language (realpte-apeuni)
With about one and a half billion non-native speakers, English has become the world's own language. Such (dominance) has its downside, of course. There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps (twice) that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in (part) to the rise of über-languages, most importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the (rate) of about one a fortnight. Want to learn Busuu, anyone? Then you'd better head to Cameroon fast, before one of the language's last eight speakers kicks the bucket [as the Busuu-nese presumably doesn't say].
exponential
adj. (of an increase) becoming more and more rapid. - **exponential growth/increase etc - exponentially (adv) e.g. an exponential increase in travel
patchy
adj. 1- happening or existing in some areas but not in others 2- not complete enough to be useful 3- good in some parts but bad in others e.g. patchy fog e.g. there is only patchy evidence of the animal's existence. e.g. I thought the performance was patchy. - patchiness (n)
therapeutic
adj. 1-making you feel calm and relaxed/ 2- relating to the treatment and therapy - therapeutically (adv) e.g. I find swimming very therapeutic. e.g. some claim that the herb has therapeutic value for treating pain.
Proactive
adj. Seeking to solve a problem before it occurs. e.g. a proactive approach to staffing requirements.
egalitarian
adj. based on the belief that everyone is equal and should have equal rights. e.g. an egalitarian society - egalitarianism (n)
chronic
adj. continuing for a long time and cannot be cured or solved easily; continuous e.g. chronic waste of resources. e.g. chronic disease e.g. chronic problem e.g. a chronic alcoholic
Multidisciplinary
adj. involving two or more subject areas e.g. a multidisciplinary team of nurses, social workers, and GPs (=general practitioner=doctor) e.g. multidisciplinary resources
picturesque
adj. like a picture; pleasing or charming to look at e.g. a quiet fishing village with a picturesque harbor
anti-inflammatory
adj.n. a drug that reduces inflammation e.g. anti-inflammatory painkillers for treating arthritis.
notably
adv. 1-particularly, especially / 2- significantly e.g. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. e.g. Emigration has notably(=significantly) increased over the past five years.
chiefly
adv. mostly but not completely / mainly (syn) e.g. the work consists chiefly of interviewing the public e.g. I lived abroad for years, chiefly in Italy.
thus far
adv. therefore, consequently e.g. they diluted ( dilute: water down) the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness. - **thus far : until now e.g. her political career thus far had remained unblemished.(=completely clean=spotless)
overwhelmingly
adv. very strongly or completely e.g. the response was overwhelmingly positive.
gloom
almost complete darkness. e.g. he peered into the gathering (=increasing ) gloom.
agricultural village
collocation. a farming-based settlement; relatively small in population
social work
collocation. a profession whose primary concern is how human needs can be met within society
hot spot
collocation. a small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings.
draft rules
collocation. rules before being officially accepted.
moral authority
collocation.. Authority based on ethics & values Professional judgment & decision-making
total output
collocation.the total amount of output of a good produced by the firm
life course
collocation: the stages of our life as we go from birth to death
mid-air collision
collocation: when two planes collide in the air
brain function
collocations. patterns of brain activity
in competent hands
competent . adj. having enough skill or knowledge to to sth to a satisfactory standard / incompetent (opp) e.g. a competent mechanic should be able to fix the problem
though
conj. Although [ used to introduce a statement that makes the main statement coming after it seem surprising, unlikely, or unexpected. - even though: though - as though: as if (syn) e.g. though she's almost 40, she still plans to compete. e.g. Pascal went ahead with experiment even though he knew it was dangerous. e.g. it looks as though everyone else has gone home.
whilst
conj. [BrE]: while
electricity cutoff
cutoff (n) : a limit or level at which you stop doing sth or sth stopped. - electricity cutoff
run counter to
idiom. to be opposed to / to disagree with (an idea, belief, theory) e.g. His theory ran counter to the beliefs of his time. e.g. The finding runs (counter) to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the (tropical) forest itself.
tagline
n a catchphrase designed to sum up the essence of a product.
European Union
n.
precocity
n. (also precociousness): showing mature qualities at an unusually early age - precocious (adj) - precociously (adv) e.g. precocity-doing something truly creative e.g. a precocious child who walked and talked early
guru
n. (informal) : someone who knows a lot about a particular subjects, and give advice to other people/ teacher (syn) e.g. a fashion guru e.g. a early style guru
practitioner
n. 1- a doctor or a lawyer 2- someone who regularly does a particular activity. e.g. a practitioner of alternative medicine. e.g. one of golf's most experienced practitioner.
downswing
n. A period of shrinking economic activity./ downturn/ upturn (opp)
grazing animals
n. animals that are grass-eaters - graze (v) : to eat grass
equality of opportunities
n. giving people an equal chance to succeed
absenteeism
n. regular absence from work or school without a good reason. - [absentee] (n) : someone who should be in a place or at an event but is not there.
cosmology
n. study of the universe
the advent of sth
n. the time when sth first begins to be widely used /coming (syn) e.g. the advent of the computer
tense
n.adj. anxious or nervous - tensely (adv) - tenseness (n) v. to make your muscle tight ad stiff, or to become tight and stiff. e.g. Marion spoke, eager to break the tense silence e.g. tense feeling e.g. Relax , and try not to tense up so much.
gaze
n.v.a long look at something or sb / stare
set (about doing sth)
phrasal v. to start doing sth ( especially sth that needs a lot of time and efforts) e.g. a team of volunteers set about the task with determination.
tease out sth
phrasal v. to succeed in learning information that is hidden, or that someone does not want to tell you/ learning by uncovering e.g. I finally managed to tease the truth out of her.
whence come.....?
question: from where it comes.... e.g. whence comes
10-fold/(tenfold)
suffix. a particular number of times e.g. the value of the house has increased fourfold (=it is now worth four times as much as before)
be clouded by
v. (passive) : to make something more difficult than it should have been. e.g. her happiness was clouded by having to leave her son behind.
constitute
v. 1- to be considered to be something 2- make up e.g. the rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.
falter
v. 1- to become weaker / 2- to become less certain e.g. my mother's grip(=control) upon the household never faltered. e.g. we must not falter in our resolve (=determination)
ease
v. To make less worried, pained, or troubled e.g. to ease pain
warm up
v. heat up
overdress
v. to dress too formally for the occasion\ - overdressed (adj)
alleviate
v. to make sth less painful or difficult to deal with - alleviation (n) e.g. measures to alleviate poverty.
function
v. to work in correct way/ operate (syn) e.g. flights in and out of Taipei are functioning normally again. e.g. functioning society
rouse
v. to wake someone (from sleeping, sb's emotion etc) e.g. his banging roused the neighbors. e.g. we don't want to rouse any suspicions.
derive from
v.1- to get from / 2- to come from e.g. Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique. e.g. this word is derived from Latin.
## 34- question: Wind (realpte-apeuni)
(Gentle) or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. Wind is formed by the circulation of air. The sun heats up some parts of the sea and the land. The air among the (hot) spot warms up and rises. The cold air drops because it is (heavy). Some wind circulates within a small area. Others blow in the (entire) globe.
the lowest influence of sb upon sth
-fixed match e.g. the lowest influence of the child upon the purchasing decisions of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk.
melting pot
.noun phrase . a place where different peoples, styles, theories, etc. are mixed together. e.g. "Toronto is a melting pot of different cultures" e.g. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs".
## 54- question: Botswana (apeuni)
Although Botswana is rich in diamonds, it has high unemployment and stratified socioeconomic classes. In 1999, the nation (suffered) its first budget deficit in 16 years (because) of a slump in the international diamond market. Yet Botswana (remains) one of the wealthiest and most stable countries on the African (continent).
## 144- question: Americans' Generosity (realpte)
Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28 bn given to charity in 2005, 76.5 percent of it came from (individual) donors. These people gave across the range of non-profit bodies, from museums to hospitals to (religious) organizations, with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the Asian tsunami and US hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2 percent of their household income in 2005, slightly above the 40-year (average).
## 197- question: Australia higher education funding (realpte)
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974, it (assumed) full responsibility for funding higher education - (abolishing) tuition fees with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, (particularly) students fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme [HECS] which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled universities to remain (accessible) to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government (introduced) a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme [PELS]. Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, students fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total (revenue) raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.
## 173: question: Civics (realpte)
Civics and citizenship education builds students' knowledge and understanding of the ways in which citizens can actively (participate) in Australia's diverse and inclusive society. Students learn about the civic institutions and the (processes) through which decisions are made for the common good of the (community) and they also develop the (skills) and understandings that relate to the organization of a harmonious democratic society.
## 72- question: Crime prevention (realpte)
Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have tried to (protect) themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practice a (form) of prevention. Most parents want their children to learn to be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at east, most succeed. Only a small minority of young people become (recidivist) offenders. In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all- (pervasive) at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses. When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and (possible) remedies, it is comparatively rare for them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other 'law and order 'responses.
## 87- question: computational thinking (realpte)
Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them, many of us happily drive a car without (understanding) what goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to (learn) how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become (obsolete) as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have (featured) on England's curriculum for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what (makes) computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
## 94- question: Water and land temperature (realpte)
During the day, the sun heats up both the ocean surface and the land. (Water) is a good absorber of the energy from the sun. The land absorbs much of the sun's energy as well. However, water heats up much more slowly than land and so the air above the land will be (warmer) compared to the air over the ocean. The warm air over the land will rise throughout the day, causing low pressure at the surface. Over the water, high surface pressure will form because of the colder air. To (compensate), the air will sink over the ocean. The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary depending on the temperature (difference) between the land and the ocean.
## 49- question: Impressionist painters
Early impressionist painters were considered (radical) in their time because they broke many of the rules of the picture-making that had been set by earlier (generations). They found many of their (subjects) in life around them rather than in history, which was then the accepted (source) of subject matter for paintings.
## 160- question: Education (realpte)
Education is generally considered to be a key factor in improving outcomes for Indigenous Australians, with many studies showing that improved (health) and socioeconomic status are directly (linked) to educational participation and achievement. There is a range of issues (affecting) participation in education for Indigenous Australians, including (access) to educational institutions, financial constraints, and community expectations.e
## 11-question: Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs seek the best opportunities for production and (coordinate) all the other resources in order to carry them out. An entrepreneur (visualizes) needs and takes the necessary actions to initiate the (process) by which they will be (met). This often means (classifying) and taking risks.
## 81- question: First-year students (realpte)
For many first-year students, the University may be their first (experience) living away from home for an (extended) period of time. It is a (definite) break from home. The individual's usual (sources) of support are no longer present to (facilitate) adjustment to the unfamiliar environment. Here are tips for students which may provide realistic (expectations) concerning living (arrangements) and social life on campus. in addition, students may benefit from information concerning resources available to them at the Counseling Center.
## 40- question: People's saving (realpte-apeuni)
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is (only) to spend later. Those in work save (against) a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed and elderly (spend) their savings, overall (consumption) does not fall as people get richer.
## 99- question: Plants and animals (realpte)
From the earliest civilizations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding and recording the potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first illustrated (catalogue) of medicinal plants, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century through to the late fourteenth century the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing (popularity) of copperplate engravings, the traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals became more (accurate). Then, with the emergence of artists such as albrecht durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse Aldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be (depicted) in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness (rendered) onto paper or vellum.
## 17-question : Australian women novelist (apeuni)
In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian women. But it was (not until recently) that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an increase in women's novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about literary history - that (is becoming possible) with the spread of 'Digital Humanities.' The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that (were not possible without) computational methods and digitised resources to (bring) information together in an accessible way. Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really (takes off).
## 77- question: Teach oneself (realpte)
In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something (remarkable): that there's far more potential in our (minds) than we often give them credit for. I'm not just talking about the fact that it's possible to memorize lots of (information) using memory techniques. I'm talking about a lesson that is more GENERAL and in a way much bigger: that it's possible, with training and hard work, to teach oneself to do something that might seem really (difficult).
## 79- question: Selling price (realpte)
Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then (determine) the appropriate price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many (factors) including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is willing to (exchange) for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many factors influence what the purchaser (decides) is a fair value.
print advertising
Print advertising is a form of advertising that uses physically printed media to reach potential customers. Print ads were once the standard format for creative advertising. But as more advertising dollars are allocated to digital outlets, print advertising is seen as an expensive, untrackable media format.
## 89- question: Radioactivity (realpte)
So why is it a concern? It is (because) radioactivity is invisible and unsensed, and for that reason is perceived as scary. (Nevertheless), we understand quite well the radiation levels to which people can be (exposed) without harm, and those levels are orders of (magnitude) above the typical background levels.
## 83- question: Liquidity (realpte)
When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of these concepts. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary (pressure) may build up or bubbles may appear in financial markets — until central banks tighten policy or market opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of (economic) activity or a drop in asset prices can leave households, businesses and financial institutions in trouble if their balance sheets are not liquid enough [the second concept] or if they cannot find a buyer for (assets).
authentic
adj. 1-genuine; true;real e.g. authentic French food. e.g. an authentic work by Picasso. e.n. an authentic account
colloquial judgments
adj. [colloquial]: language or words that are colloquial are used mainly in informal conversations rather than in writing or formal speech. - colloquially (adv)
rear
adj. at or near the back of sth / front (opp) v. raise e.g. It's good place to rear young children
sparky
adj. full of life and energy / lively (syn) e.g. why would a sparky girl like Nicola want to marry him?
boundless
adj. having no limit or end - boundlessly (adv) - boundlessness (n) e.g. boundless energy and enthusiasm
adorable
adj. lovely and attractive e.g. oh what an adorable little baby!
initially
adv. at the beginning e.g. Initially, I thought I would only stay there a year.
chronically
adv. to occur in long-standing manner - chronic (adj) : a problem or disease that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved or be cured. e.g. patients who are chronically ill. e.g. chronic asthma
merely
adv. used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is / only (adj) e.g. he's merely a boy - you can't expect him to understand.
even if
adv. used to emphasize that something will still be true if another thing happens. e.g. she's going to have problems finding a job even if she gets her A levels.
cosmic expansion
collocation expansion : growth cosmic (adj) : 1- relating to universe / 2- extremely large. - cosmically (adv)
effect relationship
collocation: is a relationship in which one event (the cause) makes another event happen (the effect). One cause can have several effects.Jan
come as a reaction (against)
fixed match
common causes of
fixed match
help (with sth)
fixed match. e.g. it can help with the pain.
going beyond the obvious
idiom. to go further in a problem and seek literally to find new aspects of that issue.
various
many different types e.g. There are various genres of books in the library. - variously (adv) -* [various and sundry // many and various]: many different types of something e.g. the jacket is available in various color e.g. the reasons why teenage girl get pregnant are many and various.
Litter
n. 1-trash;garbage 2- a group of baby animals that a mother gives birth to at the same time 3- animal's bed e.g. people who drop litter can be fined in some cities. e.g. a litter of kittens.
urban migration
n. Migration into cities from rural areas.
vellum
n. a fine animal skin prepared for writing and painting.
stall
n. a place for an animal in a barn e.g. cow stall
assumption
n. a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. e.g. my calculations were based on the assumption that house prices would remain steady(=stable without any change)
textile industry
n. the making of cloth
standards-based approach
noun phrase.
pieces's color combinations
phrase. color combination = color matching
implied meaning
phrase. is meaning which cannot be cited from the text but which may be drawn from the reading; reading between the lines
the importance of precocity
phrase. the importance of sth
not to put too fine a point on it
phrase. to be completely honest (used before saying something in a very direct way that may seem rude. ) e.g. Emily is, not to put too fine a point on it, a liar.
to put it most/more succinctly
phrase: to explain it briefly - succinct (adj): clearly expressed in a few words (use to show approval)/ concise=brief - succinctly (adv): concisely=briefly - succinctness (n): conciseness (syn) e.g. a succinct explanation e.g. Anderson put the same point more succinctly.
by far
prep. by a great amount or degree e.g. Godard's first film was better by far
unique structure
unique structure
fetch
v. 1- to be sold for a particular amount / 2- to go and get sth or sb and bring them back - fetching (adj): attractive [ especially because the clothes you are wearing suit you] e.g. the painting is expected to fetch at least/around $20 e.g. would you mind going to fetch the kids from school? e.g. your sister looks very fetching in the dress.
fit in with sth
v. be suitable or pleasant together
outweigh
v. to be more important or valuable than sth else. e.g. the benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages.
represent (sb/sth) as
v. to describe someone or sth in a particular way e.g. he represented himself as an employee in order to gain access to the files.
trace (sth back to sth)
v. to find (the origin or cause of sth) e.g. by tracing the concept back to Newton's ideas. e.g. the style of these painting can be traced back to early medieval influence.
ensure
v. to guarantee/ to make sure e.g. facilities to ensure the safety of cyclists e.g. the hospital tries to ensure that people are seen quickly.
soar
v. to increase quickly to a high level / plummet (opp) e.g. her temperature soared. e.g. the price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.
pulses of the market
- [pulse] : the regular beat e.g. his breathing was shallow and his pulse was weak. e.g. the doctor listened to his breathing and checked his pulse.
## 165- question: Investment (realpte)
To invest, you need to (draw up) a clear plan, do your own research, (build in) a margin of safety by always thinking about the valuation and, ultimately, be patient. By all means include some speculative picks if you wish, but ensure they are only a small part of your portfolio. Looking for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble and double again is exciting but such firms are very rare. There are a lot more which have a consistent record of paying out the dividends which really make the markets work for you, once they are reinvested.
plainness
n. obvious and simplicity
strategize
v. to plan or decide on a strategy
fate
n. destiny - fated (adj) - fateful (adj) : momentous and important - fatefully (adv) e.g. no body knows what the fate of the hostages will be. e.g. I'm fated to spend my last years in an old folks' home. e.g. when hos rent was raised, he made the fateful decision to move north.
downside
n. disadvantage / upside=advantage (opp) e.g. Digital cell phone offer more security, but the downside is that they have less power. e.g. the downside of the book is that it is written in rather boring style.
pooch
n. dog - often used humorously. e.g. pedigree pooches.
mobility
n. movement; the ability to move easily from one job , area or social class to another/ immobility (opp) - **[social mobility] e.g. there is greater mobility of labor between jobs and areas. e.g. It improves the strength and mobility of joints.
Soviet
n. national council in the former Soviet Union.
novelty
n. new,unusual, and interesting e.g. novelty value e.g. many toys have no attraction beyond their novelty value. e.g. I t was fun for a while, but the novelty wore off (=it became boring)
inadequacy
n. not adequate : insufficient e.g. unemployment can cause feeling of inadequacy and low self-esteem(=respect). e.g. the inadequacy of local health care.
jaw
n. one of the two bones that your teeth are in. - lower/upper jaw e.g. a broken jaw e.g. an animal with two rows of teeth in its lower jaw
geological
n. relating to geology [ the study of the rocks,soil etc - geologically - geologist (n)
criticism (of)
n. remarks that say what you think is bad about someone or sth/ praise (opp) - criticize (v): to express your disapproval / praise (opp) - critic (n): someone whose job is to make judgments about the good and bad qualities of art, music, film etc/ reviewer - critical (adj): pertaining to criticizing e.g. my main criticism of the scheme is that it does nothing to help families on low incomes. e.g. the decision has been strongly criticized by teachers. e.g. critics of the scheme have said that it will not solve the problem of teenage crime. e.g. he made some highly critical remarks. e.g. responds to criticism of design programs
delegate
n. representative v. to give (part of your power or work to someone in a lower position than you) e.g. around 350 delegates attended the conference. e.g. It takes experience to judge correctly how much power should be delegated.
chain restaurant
n. restaurant that is one of a chain of restaurants
rules of thumb
n. rules that tell us what we should do based on what has usually worked best in similar situations./ heuristics
remedy
n. solution or cure v. to deal with a problem or improve a bad situation/ put right (syn) e.g. the problems in our schools do not have a simple remedy. e.g. to remedy the situation, the water must be chemically treated.
contender
n. someone or something that is in competition with other people or things/ fighter e.g. a contender for the title. e.g. her album is a strong contender for the Album of the Year award. - **[contend] (v) : to compete against someone in order to gain something. e.g. three armed groups are contending for power.
vice-chancellor
n. someone who is the head of a British university, and responsible for the way it is organized.
determinant (of)
n. something that strongly influences what you do or how you behave - determinate (adj) : definite or with an exact limit / indeterminate (opp) - determination (n) : 1- the act of determine /2- the act of deciding /3 the quality of trying to do something even when it is difficult
constraint [on/of]
n. sth that limits your freedom to do what you want/ restriction (syn) e.g. constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans. e.g. the constraints of family life.
genetic epistemology
n. study of the origins of knowledge - [epistemology]: the part of philosophy that deals with how we know things, how firmly we can know things etc. - epistemological (adj)
empathy (with/for)
n. the ability to understand other people's feeling and problem. - empathetic (adj) [also empathic] e.g. she had great empathy with people. - sympathy (n): the feeling of being sorry for someone e.g. our sympathies are with the families of the victims.
mistreatment
n. the act of treating badly or abusively - mistreat (v) / ill-treat=maltreat e.g. security forces are accused of mistreating prisoners.
disclosure
n. the action of making new or secret information known - disclose (v): reveal (syn) e.g. the disclosure of private medical information e.g. he refused to disclose the identity of the politician.
Management
n. the activity of controlling and organizing the work. - event management - strategic management - financial management
jogging
n. the activity of running slowly and steadily as a way of exercising.
assault
n. the crime of physically attacking someone. v. to attack sb in a violent way e.g. a case of robbery and assault. e.g. two men assaulted him after he left the bar. e.g. assault and battery
dawn
n. the first light of day / daybreak v. to begin e.g. when dawn broke (=the first light of the day appeared), we were still 50 miles from Calcutta. - down broke - at the crack of dawn (= very early in the morning - we work from dawn to dusk
debut
n. the first public appearance (of an entertainer, sports player etc or of something new and important.) v. 1-to appear in the public or become available for the first time. 2- to introduce a product to the public for the first time/ release=launch (syn) e.g. their debut album was recorded in 1991. e.g. he scored in his debut match for the club. e.the show will debut next Monday at 8.00 pm e.g. full-length debut
free will
n. the freedom and ability to choose e.g. he came of his own free will
outline
n. the main ideas or facts about something, without the details. e.g. a research proposal outline e.g. outline of the script idea v. yo describe sth in a general way, giving the main points but not the details. e.g. the new president outlined plans to deal with crime.
incidence
n. the number of times something happens, especially crime,disease etc / rate e.g. the incidence of poverty e.g. why did the incidence of heroin use continue to climb? - incident (n): an unusual event - incidental (adj) : secondary - incidental to (adj) : occurring as a minor consequence of something more important e.g. Am I risk because of some incident in my sexual past? e.g. companies that carry out investment business that is incidental to their main activity. e.g. drinking too much is almost incidental to bartending.
aftermath (of)
n. the period of time after sth (such as a war, storm, accident when people are still dealing with the results) - in the aftermath of e.g. the danger of disease in the aftermath of the earthquake e.g. in the aftermath of a recession
purchaser
n. the person who actually buys the product under consideration - purchase (v) : to buy sth - purchasable (adj) e.g. France was the no. 1 purchaser of Iraqi oil. e.g. a growing demand to purchase goods on credit
prospect
n. the possibility v. to examine an area of land or water, in order to find gold , silver, oil etc. e.g. there is every prospect(=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week e.g. real prospect e.g. I see no prospect of things improving here. e.g. the company is prospecting for gold in Alaska.
neuroimaging
n. the process of producing images of the structure or activity of the brain or other part of the nervous system by techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging or computerized tomography.
songwriting
n. the process of writing songs. e.g. there's some excellent songwriting on this album.
recruitment
n. the process through which the organization seeks applicants for potential employment e.g. recruitment of nurses e.g. a recruitment agency e.g. recruitment tools
Universality
n. the quality of involving or being shared by all people or things in the world or in a particular group. - universal (adj) e.g. a topic of universal interest.
pattern of pulses
n. the regular beat - pulse rate
perceived value
n. the relationship between a product's or service's benefits and its cost - [perceive]: to think of sb or sth in a particular way - perception (n)
abolish
n. to officially end a law, system etc, especially one that has existed for a long time. e.g. Slavery was abolished in the US in the 19th century.
in part
n. to some degree/ partly (syn) e.g. his reluctance to help could, in part, be explained by his poor eyesight.
objectivity
n. treating facts without influence from personal feelings or prejudices /reality
fortnight
n. two weeks e.g. a fortnight's holiday e.g. a fortnight ago
occupational therapy
n. use of work and recreational activities to increase independent function
Market Behavior
n. when the market buys where the market buys how the market buys who buys
counseling
n.[ BrE: counselling]: advice and support given by a counselor to someone with problems, usually after talking to them. e.g. a debt counseling service. e.g. she's been undergoing counseling for depression e.g. are you seeing a counselor
burnout
n.[also burn-out]: state of emotional, mental, and even physical exhaustion. e.g. many of the teachers are suffering from burnout. e.g. she's in danger of burning herself out.
multiplier effect
n.an effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.
localize
v. 1- to find out exactly where something is 2- to limit the effect of sth - [localized] (adj) : happening within a small area. e.g. a mechanic is trying to localize (find out the exact location of) the fault e.g. they hoped to localize (to limit the effect of) the fighting. e.g. localized flooding.
feed
v. 1- to give food 2- to increase the strength of an emotion, desire etc e.g. her depression grew, fed by her bitter experiences.
secrete
v. 1- to hide sth e.g. the money had been secreted in a Swiss bank account. 2- if a of an animal or plant secretes a liquid substance , it produces it. e.g. the toad's skin secretes a deadly poison.
intrigue
v. 1-to be fascinated by sth/ 2- to make a secret plan to harm sb e.g. other people's houses always intrigued her. e.g. while King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.
revise
v. 1-to change sth (cause of new information or ideas)/ 2- to study in order to learn them before an examination/ review (syn) - revision (n): the process of changing something in order to improve it by correcting it. e.g. the college has revised its plans because of local objections (=appeal=opposition). e.g. I'm making some revisions to the book for the new edition.
encounter
v. 1-to experience sth (especially problems or opposing) 2- to meet sb without planning to e.g. they encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition(=journey) were injured. e.g. I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.
embody
v. 1-to represent / 2- to include sth e.g. she embodies everything I admire in a teacher e.g. the last model embodies many new improvements.
refine
v. To make more pure or precise/ purify, improve (syn) - refined (adj) - refinement (n) - refinery (n) : a factory where something such as oil or sugar is made pure. e.g. car makers are constantly refining their designs. e.g. oil refining e.g. a refined way of speaking e.g. refined sugar/oil/petroleum e.g. the new model has a number of refinements.
attribute
v. [attribute sth to sb/sth] : regard something as being caused by someone or something n. characteristic - attributable (adj) - attribution (n) e.g. the fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet. e.g. what attributes should a good manager possess? e.g. Death was attributable to gunshot wounds.
strike
v. [p.t and p.p = struck)/ 1-to hit or fall against the surface of sth/ 2- to stop working as a protest - striker (n) : someone who is not working because they are on strike.
sink
v. [past tense: sank / past participle : sunk] : to go down ( water[syn.float],mud, amount of sth[syn.fall/opp.rise]) e.g. their motorboat struck a rock and began to sink. e.g. the good mood left me and I sank into depression e.g. shares in the company have sunk as low as 620p. e.g. the population of the village sank to just a few families.
simplify
v. [present participle : simplifying] :to make sth easier - simplification (n) e.g. an attempt to simplify the tax system. e.g. these figures are a simplification. the real situation is much more complicated than this.
play a part
v. be involved and influential in developing sth e.g. Britain should play its full part in the negotiations. e.g. health education will play a part in preparing us for old age.
erupt
v. burst or break out - eruption (n) e.g. violence erupted after police shot a student during the demonstration. e.g. their conversations often erupted into squabbles(=quarrel) e.g. a volcanic eruption.
persuade (to do/into doing sth)
v. cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument. e.g. I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me.
suit
v. to be acceptable,suitable e.g. whatever your reason for borrowing, we have the loan that suits your needs. e.g. there is a range of restaurant to suit all tastes.\ e.g. the climate there will suit you down to the ground (=suit you very well).
to build upon (sth)
v. to be based on sth e.g. an emotion built upon fears and anger - build up: 1-to gradually become/make sth bigger or greater / 2- to develop e.g. the rate at which the pension builds up. e.g. he's built up the family firm into multinational company.
engage (with sth/in/on/upon) or (in doing sth)
v. to be doing or to become involved in an activity e.g. the two parties engaged upon an escalating political struggle. e.g. are you so tired you don't have the energy to engage with your kids? e.g. despite her illness, she remains actively engaged in shaping policy. - engage somebody's interest/attention : to attract someone's attention and keep them interested.
predominate
v. to be greatest in number or importance - predominant (adj) - predominance (n) e.g. pine trees predominate in this area of forest. e.g. the predominant group in society e.g. Britain's naval predominance.
deepen
v. to become stronger or greater or to get worse e.g. the recession continues to deepen(=get worse) e.g. Jeanne liked Simon as a friend but she did not want the relationship to deepen.
redress
v. to correct sth that is wrong or unfair(=unjust) n. money that someone pays you because they have caused you harm or damaged your property /compensation (syn). e.g. little could be done to redress the situation e.g. affirmative(positive) action was meant to redress the balance for minorities.
embroider
v. to decorate cloth by sewing a pattern, picture or words on it with colored threads (= a long thin string of cotton) - embroidery (n)
rid [sb/sth of sth]
v. to get rid of e.g. he struggled to rid himself of his fears.
embrace
v. to hug sb or eagerly accept sth. e.g. Jack warmly embraced his son. e.g. we hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.
fossilize
v. to make or become fossil - fossilized (adj) - fossilization (n) e.g. most couples, however fossilized their relationship, have some interests in common.
purge
v. to remove undesirable elements from; to rid; to remove by cleansing e.g. an initiative(=plan) to purge the PC market of software pirates(= illegally copied)
compensate (for)
v. to replace or balance the effect of something bad/ make up (syn) - compensation (n): the money you pay in order to compensate sth - compensatory (adj) : intended to reduce the bad effects of something e.g. because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate e.g. compensation for injures at work e.g. workers are given a compensatory day off when a national holiday falls on a weekend.
proliferate
v. to reproduce, increase suddenly, or spread rapidly - proliferation (n) e.g. computer courses continue to proliferate. e.g. the proliferation of global media networks.
delve (into/in)
v. to search deeply e.g. researcher that delves deeply into this issue. e.g. he delved into his pocket and brought out a notebook.
comb (through sth)
v. to search through a lot of objects or information.in order to find a specific thing. e.g. we spent weeks combing through huge pile of old documents. - [comb sth out]: to use a comb(brush) to make untidy hair smooth and tidy. e.g. she sat combing out her hair in front of the kitchen mirror.
observe
v. to see and notice sth/ spot (syn) - observation (n) e.g. scientists have observed a drop in ozone levels over the Antarctic. e.g. his orders were to keep the man under observation.
sell (sb , sth)
v. to sell somebody sth e.g. to sell people a piece of paper.
glow
v. to shine e.g. the red tip of his cigarette was glowing in the dark.
disseminate
v. to spread information or ideas to as many people as possible. - dissemination (n) e.g. hr finding have been widely disseminated. e.g. the dissemination of information
initiate
v. to start e.g. Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
assume [the role of/ power/control/responsibility]
v. to start to have control, responsibility etc. e.g. he assumed power in a bloody coup in 1990. e.g. whoever they appoint will assume responsibility for all financial matters. e.g. He assume the role of managing director.
reintroduce
v. to start using something again/bring back (syn) - reintroduction (n)
stage
v. to start/organize doing sth e.g. he staged an amazing comeback. e.g. exhibitions staged in Paris e.g. the candidates' public appearance were carefully staged (=nit natural)
bind with
v. to stick together with sth - bind sb over (v) : to warn sb that, if they cause more trouble, they will be legally punished. e.g. the hydrogen molecule bind with the oxygen molecule. e.g. the demonstrators were bound over to keep the peace.
stagnate
v. to stop developing, or making progress - stagnation (n) - stagnant (adj) e.g. growth is expected to stagnate next year. e.g. economic stagnation e.g. a government plan to revive( = to bring to exist again) the stagnant economy.
turn away (from)
v. to stop supporting someone, or stop being interested in sth e.g. consumers are turning away from credit cards. e.g. events that turned Henry away from his family.
surge
v. to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction n. a sudden increase in amount or number e.g. the taxi surged forward. e.g. a surge in food costs e.g. a sharp surge in sth.
suspect
v. to think that sth is probably true, especially sth bad. adj. not likely to be completely honest /dodgy (syn) n. someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime. e.g. She strongly suspected he was lying to her e.g. who do you suspect? e.g. the two suspects for the robbery. e.g. the company was involved in some highly suspect business dealings.
regurgitate
v. to vomit (food/ facts and idea without thinking) - regurgitation (n) e.g. some birds and animals regurgitate food to feed their young. e.g. she tries to get students to think critically, not jut regurgitate facts.
overlap (in/with)
v.n to lie over part of something; to have elements in common e.g. the study of sociology overlaps with the study of economics.
melodic
adj. pleasant tune e.g. a deep melodic voice
Basic element
collocation
differences in personality
collocation. Differences in the way people process information and behave
essence of reasoning
collocation. The essence of reasoning is a search for truth. Yet truth isn't always as simple as we'd like to believe it is.
intimate relationship
collocation. a close relationship between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence - [intimate] : friendly - intimately (adv) e.g. she's on intimate terms with people in government. e.g. to collection has been moved from its intimate setting. -** intimate details(=very private or personal)
marine ecosystem
collocation. an ecosystem found in oceans, seas, and gulfs where the water has a salt content of at least 3.5%.
astronomer
n a person who studies planets and stars
figure
n. 1-[number] number or amount of money / 2- [people]: someone who is important or famous in some way or sb with a particular type of appearance/3- the shape of a woman's body v. 1-[figure in/among]: to be included in sth /2-[figure that/out] : to think [n1]e.g. It's about about 30,000 in round figures/e.g. the figure "2" [n2]e.g. a leading/key/central/cult figure e.g. the outstanding political figure of his time e.g. a tall figure in a hat [n3]e.g. she has a good figure v. social issues figured prominently in the talks. e.g. from the way he behaved, I figured that he was drunk.
stack
n. 1-a neat pile of things / heap (opp) 2- a large amount of sth. v. to make things into a neat pile e.g. stacks of dirty dishes. e.g. he's got stacks of money. e.g. the assistants price the items and stack them on the shelves.
dividend
n. 1-a part of company's profit that is divided among the people with shares in the company. 2-a number that is divided by another number. - [pay/bring] dividend: to be very useful and bring a lot of advantages e.g. good eating habits will pay dividends later on in life.
shot
n. 1-a photograph/ picture 2- an act of firing a gun e.g. a close-up shot of a demonstrator being beaten by a policeman e.g. I managed to get some good shots of the carnival e.g. she was killed by a single shot to the head
implication
n. 1-a suggestion (that is not made directly,imply) 2- consequence 3- the act of implicate in sth - implicate (v) : to show or suggest that someone is involved in a crime or dishonest act. e.g. the law bans organized protests and,by implication, any form of opposition. e.g. they are called 'Supertrams', the implication being that (= which is meant to suggest that) they are more advanced than earlier models. e.g. his talk will examine the wider implications of the Internet revolution (=consequence) e.g. the implication of two polices in the disaster. e.g. three police officers are implicated in the cover-up.
genius
n. 1-a very high level of intelligence /2- a person who has an unusually high level of intelligence. e.g. the film reveals Fellini's genius. e.g. Freud was a genius.
spectacle
n. 1-something displayed for the public to see and is very impressive./ impressive show or scene 2- glasses that help you see e.g. a multimedia dance and opera spectacle
archaeologist
n. A scientist who examines objects to learn about the human past. - archaeological (adj) - archaeologically (adv)
anthropologist
n. A scientist who studies human development and culture
audition
n. A short performance by an actor or musician as a test for a particular job. e.g. audition policy
Folktale
n. A story that is usually passed down orally and becomes part of a community's tradition
cognitive theory
n. A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Discrimination [against sb]
n. Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group./ prejudice (syn)= bias=partiality e.g. widespread discrimination against older people in the job market.
store-value cards
n. Cards that are prepaid, providing the card holder with immediate money
motive
n. Cause for action - motiveless (adj) - ulterior (=hidden) motive adj. motive [power/force]: the motive power for a machine, vehicle etc makes it move. e.g. the police believe the motive for this murder was jealousy. e.g. an apparently motiveless killing. e.g. It's not the kind of thing he'd do unless he had an ulterior motive(=a reason he kept hidden)
evolution
n. Change over time - revolution : a sudden change e.g. the theory of evolution e.g. constant evolution
hormone
n. Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another - hormonal (adj) e.g. hormonal changes
Subjectivity
n. Decisions based on personal feelings rather than facts. e.g. employee subjectivity - subjectively (adv) - subjective (adj)/ objective (opp) e.g. his work was judged objectively as well as subjectively.
debt-for-developed exchange
n. Financing part of a development project through the exchange of a foreign-currency-denominated debt for local currency, typically at a substantial discount. ... The NGO in turn spends the money on a development project, previously agreed upon with the debtor country government.Aug
Purple Loosestrife
n. Lythrum salicaria, or purple loosestrife, is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. It should not be confused with other plants sharing the name loosestrife that are members of the family Primulaceae. Other names include spiked loosestrife and purple lythrum.
moisturizer
n. Products formulated to add moisture to the skin.
acquisition
n. Something that is acquired (knowledge or sth that you buy or being given) - acquisitive (adj) - acquisitiveness (n) e.g. the acquisition of language e.g. the acquisition of new lands for development
functionality
n. The degree to which a system performs its intended function e.g. core set of functionality
Memory Techniques
n. The four memory techniques that are mentioned are clustering, relating, imagining, and mnemonics. I would use clustering with things that I can group by the first letter of the names such as different parts of the body. I would use relating to remember anything really that reminds me of something else that I can remember more easily. I would use imagining quite a lot for different things, I tend to remember a lot of things this way by remembering where it was written on a paper or where it is in real life, etc. To be truly honest I probably won't use mnemonics, they just haven't seemed to work for me in the past.
Amazon Basin
n. The land drained by the Amazon River - basin : an area of land that is lower at the center than at the edges, especially one from which water runs don into a river e.g. the Amazon basin e.g. the Pacific Basin
workforce
n. The people available for work in a particular area, firm, or industry. e.g. the company is cutting its workforce e.g. workforce planning
nutrition
n. The process by which your body takes in and uses food - malnutrition (n): when someone becomes ill or weak because they have not eaten good food. - under-nutrition = poor nutrition - good nutrition - undernourished (adj) : malnourished - undernourishment (n) : malnutrition e.g. poor nutrition can cause heart disease in later life.
Physiology
n. The study of body function - physiological (adj) e.g. physiological process
to draw parallel (between)
n. [parallel]: a relationship or similarity adj. 1- similar and happening at the same time /2-two lines,paths etc that are parallel to each other are the same distance apart along their whole length. e.g. books that attempt to draw parallels between brains and computers. e.g. social changes in Britain are matched by parallel trends in some other countries. e.g. line AB and CD are parallel.
emphasis (on)
n. [plural: emphases] : special attention or importance e.g. In Japan there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.
Schema
n. [plural: schemas or schemata] : a drawing or description (of the main parts of sth) - schematic (adj) e.g. a schematic diagram of DNA
species
n. [plural: specie]: group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring. e.g. pandas and other endangered species.
dissertation
n. a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree/ thesis
fingermark
n. a mark made by dirty fingers on something clean
verse
n. a single line of poetry e.g. Genesis chapter 3, verse 13
Caffeine
n. a substance in tea, coffee, and some other drinks that makes you feel more active. e.g. avoid caffeine before bedtime. e.g. a caffeine-free cola. - caffeinated (adj)
bouquet
n. an arrangement of flowers that is usually given as a present
## 119- question: Fingermark (realpte)
Fingerprints, referred to as "fingermarks" in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the fingers or palms is (transferred) onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of sweat and colorless (contaminating) materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks are described as "latent" as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that (locating) them at a crime scene can be challenging.
differ (in/from/between)
v. to be different from something in some way. e.g. the two systems differ in many respects. e.g. people differ from one another in their ability to handle stress. e.g. the symptoms did not differ between the two groups. e.g. experts have differing views on the subject.
be correlated with
v. to be related to sth (especially when one is the cause of the other one) - correlation (n) : connection - correlative (adj) : related e.g. poverty and poor housing correlate with a shorter life expectancy. e.g. a strong correlation between urban deprivation and poor health. e.g. rights and their correlative responsibilities
prosper
v. to be successful e.g. businesses across the state are prospering.
harden (into)
v. to become firm or stiff or to make something firm or stiff / soften (opp) - become hardened (to/into) sth: to become used to sth shocking because you have seen it many times
contract
v. to become smaller or narrower / expand (opp) n. an official agreement between two or more people e.g. metal contracts as it cools
commence
v. to begin e.g. work will commence on the new building immediately.
establish relationship/link/contact (with)
v. to begin a relationship with sb or a situation that will continue. e.g. Hungary established diplomatic relations with Chile in 1990. - [establish] : 1-to start sth; set up (syn) / 2- to find out facts e.g. the city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s. e.g. the autopsy established that he had been murdered.
initiate
v. to begin sth ( such as new plan, an official process) n. someone who has been allowed to join a particular organization, club , or group - initiation (n) :1- the process of officially introducing someone into a club or group/ 2- the act of starting sth - initiative (n) : 1-the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do /2- a important new plan e.g. Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism e.g. the club has an initiation ceremony for new members. e.g. the initiation of criminal proceedings(= the proceeding : an event or series of things that happen: e.g. we watched the proceedings in the street below)
purchase
v. to buy sth n. something that you buy. - purchasable (adj) - purchaser (n) e.g. the effect of children on purchasing decisions of families
project
v. to calculate what sth will be in the future, using the information you have now. e.g. the company projected an annual growth rate of 3%.
conduct
v. to carry out (=do sth in an organized way) a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts. - conduct a survey/investigation/review/experiment/a test/ a campaign/ an interview e.g. Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?
synchronize
v. to cause to happen at the same time - synchronization (n) - synchronous (adj) - synchronicity (n) e.g. businesses must synchronize their production choices with consumer choices.
synchronize
v. to cause to happen at the same time - synchronization (n) - synchronous (adj) - synchronicity (n) e.g. businesses must synchronize their production choices with consumer(n. consumption (n)/ consume (v) ) choices.
distort
v. to change (shape,content,situation etc) something to make it false,strange or unclear - distorted (adj) - distortion (n) e.g. tall buildings can distort radio signals. e.g. his account was badly distorted by the press. e.g. his face was distorted in anger. e.g. a gross(=bad and disgusting) distortion of the facts.
diversify
v. to change sth or to make it change so that there is more variety. - diversification (n) e.g. diversification of the rural economy. e.g. diversification of diets.
bring together/ pull together
v. to collect
integrate
v. to combine (one thing) with another so that they become a whole. e.g. we're looking for people who can integrate with a team. e.g. computers of different makes that integrate with each other.
coalesce (into/with)
v. to combine / fuse (syn) - coalescence (n) e.g. gradually the different groups of people coalesced into one dominant racial group.
integrate (into/with)
v. to combine or work together in a way that make something more effective. e.g. transport planning should be integrated with energy policy.
transform
v. to completely change the form and appearance of sth especially in a way that improves it. e.g. increased population has transformed the landscape. e.g. the movie transformed her almost overnight from an unknown schoolgirl into a megastar.
puzzle about
v. to confuse sb - [puzzle sth out] : to solve a confusing problem - [ puzzle over sth] : to think for a long time about sth because you cannot understand or solve it. e.g. he lay looking at the ceiling, trying to puzzle things out. e.g. the class puzzled over a poem by Shakespeare.
interlink
v. to connect or be connected with something else. e.g. a chain of interlinking loops.
persist [in doing sth)
v. to continue doing sth e.g. he persisted in his refusal to admit responsibility.
rectify
v. to correct/ to put right (syn) - rectification (n) e.g. I did my best to rectify the situation, but the damage was already done.
devastate
v. to damage sth or sb's feeling very bad and completely. - devastation (n) - devastating (adj) - devastatingly (adv) - devastated (adj) e.g. Rob was devastated by the news of her death. e.g. the city center was devastated by the bomb. e.g. It will be a devastating blow for the town of the factory closes. e.g. long-term unemployment can be devastating. e.g. devastating result. e.g. she was left feeling totally devastated.
rot
v. to decay by a gradual natural process or to make something do this n. the natural process of decaying - rotten (adj) e.g. the trees were cut and left to rot e.g. the smell of rotten egg e.g. the houseboats rotted.
subjugate
v. to defeat a person or a group and make them obey you./to bring under control; to conquer (syn) - subjugation (n) e.g. the native population was subjugated and exploited.
distort
v. to deform in a bad way. - distortion (n) - distorted (adj) e.g. tall building can distort radio signals. e.g. an expensive subsidy which distorts the market. e.g. his face was distorted in anger. e.g. a gross distortion of the facts. e.g. grotesque distortion
portray
v. to describe sb or sth / depict (syn) - portrayal (n) e.g. the president likes to portray himself as a friend of working people e.g. his most famous painting portrayed the death of Nelson e.g. the newspaper's portrayal of Islamic culture
depict
v. to describe sth through painting, picture etc. - depiction (n) e.g. to depict real life. e.g. a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
aspire (to/to do)
v. to desire and work towards achieving something important. - aspiration (n) : ambition (syn) - aspirant (n) : someone who hopes to get a position of importance or honor - aspirational (adj): having a strong desire to have or achieve something. e.g. at that time, all serious artist aspired to go to Rome. e.g. their hope and aspirations for the future e.g. aspirational young women
detect
v. to discover or notice something that is not easy to see, hear etc. - detectable (adj) e.g. many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
despise
v. to dislike and hate sb or sth. e.g. she despised her neighbors.
carry out
v. to do sth ( that needs to be organized and planned) - carry out a study/ a test/ a survey/ research/ a duty/ a survey
waive
v. to do without, give up voluntarily e.g. she waived her right to a lawyer. - waiver (n) : an official written statement saying that a right, legal process etc can be waived.
escalate
v. to elevate; to increase in intensity - escalation (n) - escalator (n) : a set of moving stairs that take people to different levels in a building. e.g. her fear escalating into panic. e.g. we do not want to escalate the war. e.g. the costs were escalating alarmingly. e.g. a rapid escalation in value. e.g. the escalation of fighting in June.
inspire
v. to encourage someone by making them feel confident and eager to do sth. - inspired (adj) - inspiration (n) - inspirational (adj) :providing encouragement or new ideas for what you should do.
conclude with
v. to end sth such as a meeting, a book, event, or speech by doing or saying one final thing. e.g. each chapter concludes with a short summary.
flood in
v. to enter/ arrive in large numbers e.g. donations have been flooding in since we launched the appeal.
overstate
v. to exaggerate / understate (opp) e.g. the importance of a child's early years cannot be overstated (=is very important) e.g. to say that all motorists speed in residential areas is overstating the case.
surpass
v. to exceed or go beyond - surpassing (adj) : outstanding e.g. he had surpassed all our expectations. e.g. surpass yourself! (= do sth better than you have ever done before) e.g. a picture of surpassing beauty.
anticipate
v. to expect beforehand e.g. It is anticipated that the research will have many different practical applications.
draw with
v. to finish without either side winning in a game such as football e.g. Liverpool drew with Juventus - *[withdraw= draw back from]: to decide not to do sth, especially because you think it would be bad for you e.g. the government draw back from their extreme standpoint.
run off
v. to flow (in a particular direction or place) e.g. water was running off the roof
impose
v. to force someone to accept or put up with e.g. the court can impose a fine. e.g. the government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory
impose
v. to force someone to obey a rule or have the same ideas,beliefs etc as you - imposition (n):1- the introduction of something such as a rule, punishment, tax etc./ 2- sth that sb expects or asks you to do for them, which is not convenient for you. - imposing (adj) : large, impressive and appearing important e.g. the government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory (=long teeth of an elephant) e.g. I know it's an imposition, but could I use your bathroom?
Have your say!
v. to get the chance to say what you think
provide (sb) with (sth)
v. to give e.g. provide children with a better start to school
bestow ( sth on/upon sb)
v. to give as a gift e.g. honors bestowed on him by the Queen.
hand in
v. to give sth to sb in authority - [ hand sth on]: to give sth to someone - [ hand sth out]: to give sth to each person in a group e.g. Tom has handed in his resignation. e.g. he was accused of handing on government secrets. e.g. could you start handing these books out please?
exceed
v. to go beyond a particular number or amount or rules or laws. e.g. working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week. e.g. he was fined for exceeding the speed limit. -** exceedingly : extremely e.g. thank you. You've been exceedingly kind.
peter (out)
v. to gradually become smaller, less, weaker etc and then come to an end. e.g. public interest in the environment is in danger of petering out. e.g. Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age.
accumulate
v. to gradually get or collect more and more - accumulation (n) e.g. It is unjust(=unfair) that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth. e.g. fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs.
enhance
v. to improve sth - enhancement (n) - enhancer (n) e.g. the publicity has enhanced his reputation. e.g. flavor enhancers.
enrich
v. to improve the quality of something - enrichment (n) - enriched (adj) e.g. education can greatly enrich your life e.g. curriculum enrichment e.g. enriched uranium.
incorporate
v. to include (sth as part of a group ,system plan etc.) e.g. we've incorporated many environmentally friendly features into the design of the building. - incorporation (n) e.g. the incorporation of the college into the university.
encompass
v. to include a wide range of sth (ideas,subjects,land,farm etc) e.g. the study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation. e.g. the houses encompassed about 100 square metres.
entail
v. to include as a necessary step e.g. some foreign travel is entailed in the job. e.g. the journey will entail changing trains twice.
subsume
v. to include as part of a larger group rather than considering separately. e.g. a wide range of offences are usually subsumed under the category of robbery
comprise
v. to include or contain; to be made up of e.g. the house comprises two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room. e.g. women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers.
soar
v. to increase quickly to a high level / plummet=plunge (opp) e.g. the price of petrol has soared in recent weeks e.g. soaring inequality
ramp up
v. to increase sth e.g. producers can quickly ramp up production.
notify
v. to inform - notification (n) - notifiable (adj): considerable e.g. you will be notified of any change in the system. e.g. you should received notification of the results within a week.
get/keep something in perspective
v. to judge the importance of something correctly. e.g. It is important to keep the quantities here in perspective. - [perspective (n) ] : a way of thinking about sth] - [put into perspective] : to judge correctly e.g. his father's death gave him a whole new perspective on life. e.g. I think Viv's lost all sense of perspective. e.g. the figures have to put into perspective.
throttle
v. to kill or injure someone by holding their throat very tightly so that they cannot breathe / strangle (syn) e.g. he grabbed her by the throat and began throttling her . r.g. policies which are throttling many Asian economy.
seduce by
v. to lead astray; persuade one to do wrong; persuade one to have sexual intercourse - seducer (n): a man who persuades someone to have sex with him e.g. it's easy to be (seduced) by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. e.g. I was young and seduced by New York
fancy
v. to like or want adj. very expensive / swanky (syn) n. a feeling that is not strong by which you like someone or want to have something. e.g. sorry, but I don't fancy going out tonight. e.g. fancy a quick drink, Emma? e.g. all the girl fancied him. e.g. a fancy restaurant
exacerbate
v. to make a bad situation worse/ degrade (syn) - exacerbation (n) e.g. the recession has exacerbate this problem. e.g. I don't want to exacerbate the situation.
fictionalize
v. to make a film or story about a real event, changing some details and adding some imaginary characters. e.g. a fictionalized account of his life in Berlin. - fictional: fictional people, events etc are imaginary and from a book or story / factual (opp) e.g. fictional characters
strive to/for/after
v. to make a great effort to achieve sth - striving (n) e.g. I was still striving to be successful e.g. we must continue to strive for greater efficiency
telescope (into)
v. to make a process happen in a shorter time e.g. the whole legal process was telescoped into a few week. e.g. to telescope time
lessen
v. to make less / reduce (syn) - lessen the risk/chance/possibility etc (of sth) - lessen the impact/effect/importance (of sth) e.g. exercise lessens the risk of heart disease e.g. the new project will lessen the effects of car pollution.
stimulate
v. to make more active/ suppress (opp) - stimulative (adj) - stimulation (n) - stimulating (adj) : exciting or full of new ideas / boring (opp) e.g. the president's plan to stimulate economic growth e.g. children need variety and stimulation e.g. a stimulating discussion of world politics. e.g. a stimulating effects of coffee and tea.
democratize
v. to make or become democratic e.g. efforts to democratize school management structures - democratization (n)
diminish
v. to make or become smaller or less(sth, the importance of sb or sth, etc) / reduce (syn) e.g. these drugs diminish blood flow to the brain e.g. don't let him diminish your achievement
## 44- question: Material culture studies (realpte-apeuni)
The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and (observation) of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source material for study is (exceptionally) wide, (including) not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts [as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body']. Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it (reigns) (supreme). It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, (especially) in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases, objects are all (scholars) have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents survive the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean (different) things to (different) people.
## 59- question : Children's obesity (realpte)
The study, of 322 overweight 10 to 14-year old, found that those whose usual, sedentary video games were partly (replaced) with active games (gained) less weight over six months. For years, experts have worried that the growing amount of time children are spending in front of TVs and computers is helping to (feed) an epidemic of childhood obesity.
## 131- question: Supply and Demand (realpte)
The supply of a thing, in the phrase "supply and demand," is the amount that will be offered for sale at each of a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that value depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is (raised). Therefore sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to take more of a commodity than they are already doing, must (reduce) its price; if they raise its price, they will sell less. If there is a general falling off if in demand — due, say, to trade depression — sellers will either have to reduce prices or put less on the (market); they will not be able to sell the same (amount) at the same price. Similarly with supply. At a certain price a certain amount will be offered for sale, at a higher price more will be offered, at a lower price less. If consumers want more, they must offer a higher price; if they want less, they will probably be able to force prices down. That is the first result of a change in demand or supply.
ritual
n. 1- a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order./ rite (syn) 2- sth that you do regularly and in the same way each time e.g. ancient pagan rituals e.g. the daily ritual of mealtimes. e.g. he went through the ritual of lighting his cigar. adj. done as part of a rite or ritual e.g. ritual dances.
basin
n. 1- a round container attached to the wall in a bathroom, where you wash your hands and face 2- an area of land that is lower at the center than at the edges, especially one from which water runs down into river. e.g. The Conga basin
matter
n. 1- a subject / 2- the material that everything in the universe is made of, including solids, liquids and gases. v. to be important e.g. there are important matters we need to discuss. e.g. particles of matter/ living matter e.g. will it matter if I'm a little late?
disposition
n. 1- a tendency or willingness to behave in a particular way, inclination (syn) / 2- a particular type of character, temperament (syn) e.g. neither side shows the slightest disposition to compromise. e.g. the film is not suitable for people of a nervous disposition.
sideline
n. 1- an activity that you do as well as your main job or business in order to earn more money. e.g. he does a bit of freelance photography as a sideline. 2- on the sidelines : not taking part in an activity even though you want to or should do. e.g. you can't stay on the sideline for ever; it's time you got involved.
domain
n. 1- an area of activity,interest or knowledge that a company or person deals with 2- an area of land owned and controlled by one person or government, especially in the past.
settlement
n. 1- an official agreement 2- payment 3- the process of living in a place. e.g. hope grew that a workable peace settlement might emerge. e.g. the settlement of all his debts e.g. the settlement of the American West.
association
n. 1- an organization (consist of a group of people who have the same aims,do the same kind of work) 2- a relationship or connection between two events, ideas, situation , person, groups etc. - associate (v) e.g. the Association of Master Builders e.g. his close association with Green Party. e.g. the strong association between the disease and middle-aged women.
establishment
n. 1- an organization/ 2- the act of starting or creating sth e.g. a first-class training establishment. e.g. the establishment of NATO in 1949.
abuse
n. 1- cruel or violent treatment of sb./ 2-the use of something in a way that it should not be used; misuse (syn) v. 1-to treat sb in a violent way often sexually 2- to misuse - abuser (n) - abusive (adj) e.g. child abuse e.g. government official's abuse of power. e.g. she was sexually abused as a child. e.g. he abused his position as mayor to give jobs to his friends. e.g. abusive language
application
n. 1- practical use / 2- written request e.g. with no real-life application
exhibit
n. 1- sth that put in a public place to show 2- an exhibition e.g. the exhibits date from 17th century. e.g. a big exhibition in Milan. v. to show e.g. her painting have been exhibited all over the world. e.g. a patient who is exhibiting classic symptoms of mental illness.
orientation
n. 1- tendency / 2-direction e.g. the company needs to develop a stronger orientation towards marketing its products. e.g. he was unhappy with the commercial orientation of the organization.
frontier
n. 1- the border of sth (such knowledge, country etc) 2- an area where people never lived before. e.g. Lille is close to the frontier between France and Belgium. e.g. a novel about a family's struggle on the American frontier. e.g. the frontier of knowledge/physics. - *[ push back the frontiers] : discover new things
margin
n. 1- the empty space at the side of a page. 2- an additional amount of sth [such as time,money,safety,...] that you include in order to make sure that you are successful in achieving sth. e.g. someone had scribbled a note in the margin. e.g. It'll take about 30 minutes to dry but I'd allow a safety margin of, say, another 10 minutes. - [margin of error] : the degree to which a calculation might or can be wrong. e.g. the survey has a margin of error of 2.1 %. e.g. ** build in a margin of safety
assembly
n. 1- the meeting together of a group of people 2- a group of people who are elected to make decisions or laws for a particular country,area or organization e.g. a memorable school assembly program e.g. police have imposed conditions on public assembly. e.g. the speaker of the California state assembly.
degradation
n. 1- the process by which something changes to a worse condition 2- an experience or situation that makes you feel ashamed and angry - degrade(v) - degradable (adj) - degrading (adj) : sth unpleasant that makes you lose respect for yourself e.g. rampant environmental degradation e.g. a life of poverty and degradation e.g. the dolphin's habitat is being rapidly degraded. e.g. a movie that degrades women e.g. the degrading treatment that the prisoners receive in jail.
translation
n. 1- the process of translating sth **2- the process of changing something into a different form.
scope
n. 1- the range of things that a book, subject,activity etc deals with. 2- opportunity - [scope sth/sb out] (v) : to look at sb or sth e.g. the scope of the book e.g. define the scope of the investigation e.g. the scope for successful gardening increase dramatically with a greenhouse. e.g. Let's go inside and scope out the menu.
Instrumentation
n. 1- the way in which a piece of music is arranged to be played by several different instruments. 2- the set of instruments used to help in controlling a machine. e.g. aircraft instrumentation. e.g. unorthodox instrumentation
execution
n. 1- when someone is killed, especially as a legal punishment. 2- a process in which you do something that has been carefully planned/ implementation (syn) - executioner (n) e.g. torture and summary execution(=execution without a trail or any legal process) e.g. the formulation and execution of urban policy.
buck
n. 1-(informal): a US,Canadian, Australian dollar: e.g. the movie is about a group of men trying to make a buck(=earn some money) 2- a male animal or a young man v. 1- to suddenly move /2- to try hard /3- to improve e.g. the plane bucked sharply e.g. he's bucking for promotion e.g. a company that is looking to buck up its networking capabilities.
spot
n. 1-[place] a place (especially a pleasant place where you spend time) 2- [tv/radio]: a short period of time when someone can speak or perform on radio or television 3- [mark] : a small mark on sth - **[ on the spot] : immediately e.g. a nice quiet spot on the beach e.g. he was given a 30-second spot just after the news/television spots e.g. there was a big damp spot on the wall. e.g. he had to make a decision on the spot.
offering
n. 1-a book,play,piece of music etc that someone has written recently. 2- something that is given as a present to please someone e.g. the latest offering from Nanci Griffith
liability
n. 1-a debt; something disadvantageous 2- legal responsibility e.g. tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause.
convention
n. 1-a large formal meeting 2- a formal agreement 3- custom [ behavior and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal and right] e.g. a teacher's convention e.g. the European convention on human right. e.g. paying together teaches children social conventions such as sharing.
prescription
n. 1-a piece of paper written by a doctor that lets you get medicine at the pharmacy/ 2- a suggestion - prescribe (v) e.g. I got the prescription filled on the way home. e.g. the party's main prescription for educational problems was to give schools more money.
peasant
n. 1-a poor farmer who owns or rents a small amount of land 2- an insulting word for someone who does not behave politely in social situations or is not well educated. - the peasantry (n) : all the peasants of a country e.g. most villagers are peasant farmers.
discourse (on/upon)
n. 1-a serious speech or piece of writing on a particular subject./ 2- a serious conversation or discussion v. to discuss something seriously e.g. a discourse on art. e.g. Candidates should engage in serious political discourse. e.g. political discourses
void
n. 1-an empty area of space where nothing exists 2- feeling of great sadness e.g. she looked over the cliff into the void e.g. running the business helped to fill the void after his wife died.
fancy
n. 1-liking /2- an idea that is not based on fact / 3-imagination e.g. wanting to go to Mexico was just a passing fancy(=the feeling did not last long) e.g. oh, that was just a fancy of him(=idea that is not based on fact)
attendance
n. 1-the number of people who attend a game, concert, meeting etc 2- when someone goes to a meeting,class etc e.g. we have an average attendance of 4,000 fans per game. e.g. most courses involve an average of eight hours' attendance at college each week. - class attendances
contraction
n. 1-the process of becoming smaller or narrower 2-a very strong and painful movement of muscle, especially the muscles around womb during birth. e.g. the contraction of metal as it cools.
Monopoly (of/in/on)
n. 1-the state of having complete control of sth that other organizations cannot compete with you./ 2- large company (that controls all or most of a business activity) - monopolize (v) - monopolistic (adj) e.g. the Communist Party's monopoly of power e.g. the state monopoly of television
contraction
n. 1-the tightening of a muscle / 2- the process of becoming smaller or narrower 3- shorter form of a word or words e.g. 'haven't ' is a contraction of 'have not'
discipline
n. 1-training to improve strength or self-control /2- an area of knowledge or teaching, especially one such as history, chemistry, mathematics etc that is studied at a university. e.g. In certain discipline, it reigns supreme.
displacement
n. 1-when a group of people or animals are forced to leave the place where they usually live. 2- the weight or volume of liquid that something replaces when it floats in the liquid.
skepticism
n. A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain./ an attitude of doubt - [skeptical about/of (adj): doubtful - skeptic (n) : a person who is doubtful about everything e.g. I'm extremely skeptical about what I read in the press. e.g. skeptics argued that the rise in prices was temporary.
expenditure
n. An amount of money that spent during a particular period of time. e.g. expenditure on research and development.
predator
n. An animal that hunts other animals for food e.g. a sexual predator
matter
n. Anything that has mass and takes up space e.g. particles of matter
Geothermal vents
n. Are the vents located deep in the ocean floor where extremely hot water (above boiling) and toxic chemicals are released into the ocean. - [vent] (n): a hole - [vent] (v): to express anger e.g. If he's had a bad day, Paul vents his anger on the family.
hint
n. Information given to help someone to answer a question/ a clue. e.g. 'Look, I can't tell you'. 'Oh, com on, give me a hint.'
intent
n. Purpose. adj. to be determined e.g. they are aware of the intent of Ads. e.g. she was intent on pursuing a career in business.
mass media
n. Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication.
doublethink
n. The power to hold two completely contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accept both of them.
Pollination
n. The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants - pollinate (v) e.g. flowers pollinated by bees
fury
n. Uncontrollable anger/rage (syn) - furious (adj): 1- very angry / 2- done with a lot of energy,effort,speed. - furiously (adv) e.g. I was shaking with fury e.g. her eyes blazing with fury. e.g. 'Go on then!' shouted Jamie in a fury. 'See if I care!' e.g. she was furious with herself for letting things get out of hand. e.g. Neil set off a furious pace.
artificial intelligence
n. [AI] :a scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.
Karat
n. [also carat: BrE]: a unite for measuring how pure gold is. / a unit for measuring the weight of jewels, equal to 200 milligrams. e.g. a 22 carat gold chain e.g. the Orloff diamond, a stone of 194.5 carats.
fiber
n. [also fibre (BrE)] - muscle fibers : the thin piece of flesh that form the nerves or muscle in the body. e.g. fiber segments
gemstone
n. [also gem]: a beautiful stone that has been cut into a special shape/ jewel e.g. precious gem
soybean
n. [also soya bean]: the bean of an Asian plant from which oil and food containing a lot of protein are produced.
ameba
n. [amoeba: BrE] a very small creature that has only one cell. - amoebic (adj)
dweller
n. [city/town/cave etc dweller] : a person or animal that lives in a particular place. - dwelling (n) : a house, apartment etc where people live. - dwell (v) : to live in a particular place - *[dwell on/upon sth]: to think or talk for too long about sth. e.g. city dwellers suffer higher pollution levels. e.g. they dwelt in the forest. e.g. that is not a subject I want to dwell on. e.g. dwelling house
design innovators
n. [innovator]: someone who introduces changes and new ideas.
elk
n. [plural: elk] : a very large brown North American,European and Asian animal with wide flat horns/ moose (syn)
general public
n. [the general public]: the ordinary people in a country, rather than people belonging to a particular group. e.g. the information is not available to the general public. e.g. the general public [*is] not at any risk from the gas leak.
grass roots
n. [the grass roots]: the ordinary people on an organization rather than leaders. e.g. we are hoping for full participation at grass roots level.
menopause
n. [women]: gradual ending of menstruation e.g. after the menopause a woman cannot bear a child.
beaver
n. a North American animal that has thick fur and a wide flat tail, and cuts down trees with its teeth
ferry
n. a boat that carries people or goods across a river or a narrow area of water.
dragonfly
n. a brightly-colored insect with a long thin body and transparent wings which lives near water.
arena
n. a building with large flat central area surrounded by seats, where sports or entertainments take place. e.g. a sports arena e.g. an indoor arena - the political/international/public etc arena : all the activities and people connected with politics,public life etc e.g. women are entering the political arena in large numbers.
nutrient
n. a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow. e.g. the plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
decomposition
n. a chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products. - decompose (v) e.g. a partially (=partly and not completely) decomposed body. e.g. decomposition rate
raffle ticket
n. a competition or game in which people buy numbered tickets and can win prizes e.g. a woman selling raffle tickets.
draw (sb's attention to sth)
v. to make sb notice sth e.g. a dark house can draw attention to the fact that the house is empty. - **[draw a comparison/parallel/distinction etc] : to compare two people or things and show how they are similar or different. - *[draw sb to sth] : to attract sb or make them want to do sth. - *[ draw sth from sth]: to get sth from sth - *[ be drawn] : to give information on sth in reply to questions about something. e.g. the report draw a distinction between various forms of health care.
reassure
v. to make someone feel calmer and less worried - reassuring (adj) : comforting - reassurance (n) - reassuringly (adv) e.g. teachers reassured anxious parents. e.g. It's reassuring to know that problems are rare. e.g. parents are looking for reassurance about their children's safety.
unsettle
v. to make someone feel slightly nervous, worried or upset. - unsettling (adj) - unsettled (adj) : 1- feel worried / 2- continuing without reaching any agreement /3- changeable (for weather) / 4- unsettled land has never had people living on it/ 5- unsettled debt has not been paid yet. e.g. the sudden changes unsettled Judy. e.g. children often feel unsettled if their parents' divorce. e.g. the dispute remains unsettled.
tense
v. to make your muscles tight and stiff or to become tight and stiff. adj. making you feel anxious and worried - tensed up (adj): feeling so nervous or worried that you cannot relax - tensely (adv) - tenseness (n) e.g. stress that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do. e.g. she tried to relax her tense muscles. e.g. Is anything wrong? You look a little tense.
compile
v. to make[assemble; gather; accumulate] a book, list, record etc using different piece of information, music etc - compilation (n) e.g. the document was compiled by the Department of Health. e.g. the reports was compiled from a survey of 5000 households. e.g. a compilation of love songs.
refer (to)
v. to mention or speak about somebody or something
swarm
v. to move or gather in large numbers (as with bees) e.g. America's skies will swarm with three times as many as planes
abide [by]
v. to obey e.g. you have to abide by the referee's decision.
volunteer
v. to offer to do sth without expecting e.g. Helen volunteered to have Thanksgiving at her house this year
levy
v. to officially say that people must pay a tax or charge n. an additional sum of money, usually paid as a tax. e.g. a new tax levied on all electrical goods. e.g. he wants to impose a levy on landfill waste.
acclaim
v. to praise e.g. his work was acclaimed by art critics.
glorify
v. to praise or honor - glorified (adj) - glorification (n) e.g. films which glorify violence. e.g. the glorification of war
circumstance
n. a condition. a situation - circumstantial (adj) : 1- based on sth that appears to be true but is not proven / 2- including all the details - circumstantially (adv) e.g. I can't imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal. **- under no circumstance (also : in no circumstance) : used to emphasize that something must definitely not happen. **- certain circumstance e.g. the case against McCarthy is based largely on circumstantial evidence. e.g. the book includes a long and circumstantial account of Empson's conversation with the Queen.
instructional manuals
n. a consumer document that comes with a purchased item - [instructional] (adj): educational - [manual]: (n)a book that give instructions about how to do sth. - [manual] (adj): manual work involves using your hands or your physical strength rather than your mind / blue-collar e.g. manual job/labor/work e.g. low-paid manual jobs. e.g. people in manual occupations have a lower life expectancy.
narrative
n. a description of events in a story especially in a novel' adj. the process or skill of telling a story e.g. narrative feature film - narrative film: Narrative film, fictional film or fiction film is a film that tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event or narrative. In this style of film, believable narratives and characters help convince the audience that the unfolding fiction is real.
disparity (in/between)
n. a difference between two or more things ( especially an unfair one) / parity= equality (opp) e.g. a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women
breakdown
n. a failure (of a relationship or system) e.g. relationship breakdown
a drop in sth
n. a fall in sth/ reduction e.g. a drop in temperature
well-being
n. a feeling of being comfortable, healthy and happy e.g. we are responsible for the care and well-being of all our patients.
affection
n. a feeling of liking or love and caring / fondness (syn_ - affectionate (adj) : loving (syn) - affectionately (adv) e.g. Bart had a deep affection for the old man. e.g. an affectionate hug
balance sheet
n. a financial statement that reports assets, liabilities, and owner's equity on a specific date.
conviction
n. a fixed or strong belief e.g. the students possess the conviction that they can make a difference to their community.
influx
n. a flowing or pouring in; arrival in massive numbers e.g. a large influx of tourists in the summer e.g. influx of ions
dialect
n. a form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group
lyric poetry
n. a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person
Treasury Secretary
n. a governor who works in a government department that controls the money that the country collects and spends.
commission
n. a group of people who have been given the official job of finding out about something v. to formally ask someone to do sth (write an official report, produce a work of art for you etc) e.g. the Government set up a commission to investigate allegations of police violence. e.g. Macmillan commissioned her to illustrate a book by Spike Milligan. e.g. formal commissioned portrait
a set of sth
n. a group of similar things that belong together o are related in some way. e.g. a set of tools e.g. a set of basic principles
crown
n. a hat for king or queen. v. to place a crown on the head e.g. In 1896 Nicholas was crowned as Tsar.
body of sth
n. a large amount of something that has been collected. e.g. body of traditional custom
grassland
n. a large area of land covered with wild grass / prairie (syn)
symphony orchestra
n. a large group of classical musicians led by a conductor. - symphonic (adj)
iceberg
n. a large mass of ice floating at sea, most of which is under the surface of the water. - [the tip of the iceberg] : a small sign of a problem that is much larger e.g. the reported cases of food poisoning are only the tip of the iceberg.
reservoir
n. a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.
institution
n. a large organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose - institute (v) : to start doing something/ being (syn) - institutional (adj) : relating to an institution e.g. the government and other political institution e.g. we had no choice but to institute court proceeding against the airline.
coral reef
n. a line of hard rocks formed by coral, found in warm sea water that is nit very deep. - [coral cay] : a very small low island formed of coral - [ individual reef system]
Pedigree
n. a list of ancestors, family tree; the history or origins of something adj. considered to be of a very good breed. e.g. a pedigree greyhound.
extended period of time
n. a long time
financial crisis
n. a major disruption in financial markets that is characterized by sharp declines in asset prices and the failures of many financial and non financial firms
impression
n. a mark left by pressing something into a soft surface. e.g. some of the fallen trees had left a clear impression in the hardened mud.
hallmark
n. a mark that shows the quality of sth/ sign e.g. the explosion had all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack. e.g. enjoyed painting in the open air — one of the hallmarks of Impressionism.
Computational Thinking
n. a method of problem-solving that helps computer scientists prepare problems for digital solutions - [computation (n)]: the process of calculating / calculation (syn) - [computational (adj)] e.g. the computation of monthly statistics. e.g. computational linguistics.
guiro
n. a musical instrument with a serrated surface which gives a rasping sound when scraped with a stick, originally made from a gourd and used in Latin American music
allure (of)
n. a mysterious,exciting or desirable quality - alluring (adj) - allurement (n) - allure (v) e.g. the allure of foreign travel e.g. at 50, she had lost none of her sexual allure. e.g. harmonies that never fail to allure the listener. e.g. the alluring magic of Hong Kong
feature
n. a part of sth (a part that seems important) e.g. air bags are a standard feature in most new cars. v. to include or show sth ( as a special or important part of sth) e.g. a study of language should feature in an English literature course
peacetime
n. a period of time when a country is not at war/ wartime (opp)
policymaker
n. a person responsible for making policy (laws), especially in government
athlete
n. a person trained to compete in sports e.g. a professional athlete.
emigre
n. a person who has left their own country in order to settle in another, usually for political reasons./ emigrant
accountant
n. a person who inspects a business's financial records and prepares reports
respondent
n. a person who provides data for analysis by responding to a survey questionnaire
materialist
n. a person who supports the theory that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications.
competitor
n. a person, team, company etc that is competing with another. e.g. last year they sold twice as many computers as their competitors.
creditor
n. a person,bank or company that you owe money to/ debtor (opp)
charm
n. a phrase or action believed to have special magic powers / spell (syn) - [ work like a charm] : to work exactly as you had hoped. e.g. the new sales program has worked like a charm.
canvas and easel
n. a piece of cloth on which an artist paints - [easel] (n): a wooden frame that you put a painting on while you paint it.
anchor
n. a piece of heavy metal that is lowered the bottom of the sea to prevent a ship or boat moving. v. 1- to fasten something firmly so that it cannot move./ 2- to prove a feeling of support / 3- to lower the anchor on a ship or boat; moor (syn) e.g. the shelves should be securely anchored to the wall e.g. Steve anchors the team's defense. e.g. three tankers were anchored in the harbor
opus
n. a piece of music by a great musician, numbered according to when it was written. e.g. Beethoven's Opus 95
meteorite
n. a piece of rock or metal from space that has landed on Earth
seal
n. a piece of rubber or plastic that keeps air, water dirt etc out of something. e.g. airtight seal e.g. watertight seal e.g. hermetic seal
sheltered accommodation/housing
n. a place for people to live who cannot look after themselves.
dairy
n. a place on a farm where milk is kept and butter and cheese are made. - dairy farms - dairy products/produce
venue
n. a place where an event is held e.g sporting/conference/concert etc venue e.g. the band will play (=perform at) as many venues as possible.
monastery
n. a place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world/ convent=nunnery : for nuns
exoplanet
n. a planet outside of our Solar System.
hyacinth-choked waters
n. a plant called water hyacinth grows in very dirty water. It floats on the rivers and sometimes it is so thick one cannot even see the water - choked (adj) : very upset - hyacinth (n) : a garden plant with blue, pink, or white bell-shaped lowers ad sweet smell
complication
n. a problem or situation (that makes something more difficult to understand or deal with
interaction
n. a process by which two or more things affect each other. - interactive (adj) - interact (v) e.g. price is determined through the interaction of demand and supply e.g. the complex interaction between mind and body. e.g. interactive computer system. e.g. interactive teaching methods such as role playing e.g. Lucy interact well with other children in the class.
commodity
n. a product that is bought and sold. - commodification (n)[used showing disapproval] : a process by which something starts being sold for money e.g. the commodification of art.
commitment
n. a promise or pledge to do something e.g. are you ready to make a long-term commitment? e.g. our company has a commitment to quality and customer service.
riddle
n. a question requiring thought to answer or understand; a puzzle or conundrum or mystery v. to make a lot of small holes in sth - [riddled with something]: very full of something bad or unpleasant e.g. see if you can solve the riddle. e.g. two gunmen riddled the bus with gunfire e.g. the whole house was riddle with damp.
pilgrim
n. a religious person who travels a long way to a holy place. - pilgrimage (n) : a journey to a holy place for religious reason e.g. pilgrims visiting a holy shrine. e.g. the chance to go on pilgrimage to Mecca. e.g. Presley's home has become a place of pilgrimage.
preschool
n. a school for 2-5/ kindergarten= nursery school
Experiment (with/on/it)
n. a scientific test v. to do experiment - experimental (adj): relating to experiments - experimentally (adv) - experimentation (n) e.g. experiments with alcohol-fuelled car e.g. an experiment in state socialism e.g. he experimented with lighter-than-air flight.
treatise (on)
n. a serious book or article about a particular subject e.g. a treatise on medical ethics.
Smallpox (Variola)
n. a serious disease that causes spots which leave marks on your skin.
tang
n. a sharp or strong taste or smell - tangy (adj) e.g. the tang of fresh lemons/ lemon tang / tangy orange cake
motto
n. a short sentence or phrase giving a rule on how to behave e.g. "Sustainable Job Growth" is a motto for many governments
nap
n. a short sleep, especially during the day e.g. an afternoon nap e.g. I usually take a nap after lunch.
omen
n. a sign of what will happen in the future e.g. the car won't start. Do you think it's an omen?
Indie
n. a small independent company, especially one that produces popular music - indie rock: is a genre of rock music that originated in the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s. Originally used to describe independent record labels - Indie rock trio
viper
n. a small poisonous snake
ethnicity
n. a social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race. - ethnic (adj) e.g. ethnic Russian in Estonia.
civilization
n. a society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes. e.g. modern American civilization.
ambergris
n. a solid waxy substance originating in the intestine of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon). In Eastern cultures ambergris is used for medicines and potions and as a spice and perfume.
regimen
n. a special plan of food, exercise etc that is intended to improve your health. / regime (syn) e.g. a regimen of morning stretching exercise e.g. patient maintain a strict dietary regimen.
boredom
n. a state of being bored e.g. a game to relieve the boredom of a long journey e.g. the sheer boredom of being in jail. e.g. his boredom with life in a small town.
halt
n. a stop or pause v. to stop e.g. heavy snowfall brought traffic to a halt. e.g. the world Championship was brought to a temporary halt(=was stopped from continuing) e.g. the president has called for a halt to the wave of emigration. - [call a halt to sth]: I urge those responsible to call a halt to the violence. e.g. the government has failed to halt economic decline.
curiosity
n. a strong desire to know or learn something - [curiosity killed the cat] : idiom: used to tell someone not to ask too man question about something.
contention
n. a strong opinion and argument e.g. her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating. e.g. the issue of hunting is a source of contention.
scholar
n. a student; a person of much learning - scholarly (adj) : relating to serious study of a particular subject. - scholarship : an amount of money that is given to someone by educational organization to help pay for their education. e.g. a Shakespearean scholar e.g. a scholarly journal
proposition
n. a suggestion or statement v. to suggest to someone that they have sex with you e.g. most people accept the proposition that we have a duty to protect endangered animals. e.g. key proposition. e.g. here, prostitutes constantly proposition tourists.
immune system
n. a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response - immune (adj) - immunize (v) : vaccinate=inoculate (syn) : to protect sb from a particular illness by giving them a vaccine
leaning (towards sth)
n. a tendency to prefer or agree with a particular set of beliefs, opinion etc / inclination (syn) e.g. a leaning towards the right. e.g. his radical political leaning.
hamstring
n. a tendon behind your knee, which sometimes gets injured when you do sport. e.g. he pulled a hamstring in training. v. to make sb unable to take action e.g. the president feels he is hamstrung by congress.
external eardrums
n. a tight thin piece of skin over the inside of your ear which allows you to hear sound.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
n. a trade organization that replaced the old General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
cottonwood
n. a tree having soft, white, downy clusters of seeds
neuron
n. a type of cell that makes up the nervous system and sends messages to other parts of the body or the brain / nerve cell e.g. neuron membrane
willow
n. a type of tree that has long thin branches and grows near water or the wood from this tree.
independent variable
n. a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does collocation. not depend on that of another.
desert
n. a very dry area v. to leave sth or sb and no longer help or support them/ abandon (syn) e.g. I don't advise deserting altogether
metropolis
n. a very large city that is the most important city in a country or area. e.g. the city has become a huge, bustling(=very busy) metropolis.
a handful (of)
n. a very small number of people or things e.g. there were only a handful of people there.
sun-soaked
n. a very sunny place
caveat
n. a warning (that something may not be completely true, effective etc. e.g. she will be offered treatment, with the caveat that it may not work.
medium
n. a way of communicating information and news to people, such as newspapers, television etc / media e.g. in medium used e.g. advertising is a powerful medium
double meaning
n. a word or phrase that is open to more than one interpretation
enfant terrible
n. a young successful person who behaves in a way that is shocking but also amusing.
successful intelligence
n. according to Sternberg, an integrated set of abilities needed to attain success in life.
strain of products
[strain]: n. 1-quality e.g. there's a strain of madness in his family 2- stress or a problem or an injury. e.g. do you find the job a strain(stress) e.g. the dry summer has further increased the strain on water sources. e.g. long hours working at a computer can cause eye strain v. 1- to injure a muscle /2-to try very hard. e.g. I've strained a muscle in my leg. e.g. she was straining to keep her head above the water
accomplishment
n. achievement - accomplish (v) : to complete by success - accomplished (adj) : very skillful e.g. It was a major accomplishment for a player who had been injured so recently. e.g. mission accomplished (= we have done what we intended to do) e.g. we have accomplished all we set out to do. e.g. a highly accomplished designer.
adolescent
n. adj. a young person between 12-18 who is developing into an adult. e.g. adolescent girls
landmark
n. adj. object (such as a building) that stands out and can be used to navigate by; very important place, event, etc. e.g. one of Belfast's most famous landmarks, the Grosvenor Hall, has been demolished.
accord
n. agreement v. 1- to agree with sth 2- to give attention or special treatment to sb - [ be in accord with sth] e.g. the results are in accord with earlier research. e.g. the Helsinki accord on human rights. e.g. you will not be accorded any special treatment. e.g. the punishment accorded with the current code of discipline.
electorate
n. all the people in a country who have the right to vote - electoral (adj) : relating to elections and voting e.g. a majority of the electorate oppose the role e.g. our electoral system strongly favors tow-party government. e.g. a campaign for electoral reform e.g. electoral success
pun
n. an amusing use of word or phrase / play on words (syn) v. to make a pun e.g. the clergy prey (no pun intended) on bereaved families.
ion
n. an atom which has been given a positive or negative force by adding or taking away an electron
invasion
n. an attack by an armed force to conquer another country - invasive (adj) e.g. the invasion of Normandy e.g. the annual invasion of teenagers for the Glastonbury Festival. - [invasion of privacy]: a situation in which someone tries to find out details about another person's private affairs.
supply and demand
n. an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)
alternative route program
n. an educational program in which it enables individuals who have not completed a teacher education program to enter into the teaching profession.
indispensable
adj. essential. e.g. this book is indispensable to anyone interested in space exploration. -[indispensable for/in (doing) sth]: e.g. meat is not indispensable for maintaining a healthy diet. e.g. mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our lives. e.g.It provides indispensable problem-solving and decision-making tools in many area of life.
top-notch
adj. excellent (in quality or standard) e.g. I was lucky and got myself a job with top-notch company.
extravagant
adj. excessive e.g. don't be too extravagant with the wine e.g. an extravagant display of loyalty. e.g. extravagant claim about the drug's effectiveness.
institutionalized
adj. existed for a long time in an organization and have become accepted as normal even though they are bad. - institutionalize (v) - institutional (adj) - institution (n) - institute (v) : to begin or start a system, rule, legal process e.g. institutionalized corruption/racism/sexism etc e.g. the struggle to institutionalize equality for women. e.g. accusations of institutional racism in the police force. e.g. the government and other political institutions. e.g. we had no choice but to institute court proceeding s against the airline.
innate
adj. existing from birth, inborn/ instinctive (syn) - innately (adv) e.g. children have an innate ability to learn language e.g. innate releasing mechanism
prospective
adj. expected, likely, potential e.g. prospective employee/candidate/buyer etc
be subject to
adj. face to e.g. all flights are subject to delay. e.g. prices are subject to change. v. to force sb to do sth e.g. police subjected him to hours of questioning.
sizeable
adj. fairly large e.g. a sizeable [amount/amount/ proportion/portion/minority] of sth e.g. a sizeable amount of money. e.g. part-time students male up a sizeable proportion of the college population.
eminent
adj. famous e.g. an eminent lawyer
illustrious
adj. famous and admired (because of what you have achieved.) e.g. illustrious company. e.g. Wagner was just one of many illustrious visitors to the town.
intriguing
adj. fascinating, interesting - intriguingly (adv) - intrigued [by,with] (adj) : fascinated by, interested in - intrigue (v) : to make interested in sth e.g. the magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing. e.g. he was intrigued by her reaction. e.g. other people's house always intrigued her.
[feel] queasy (about)
adj. feeling uncomfortable because an action seems morally wrong e.g. many Democrats felt queasy about the issue.
initial
adj. first n. the first letter of all your names in order : SS (Saeed Safai) v. to sign a document
an estimated of
adj. fixed match - an estimated 80 percent of the world's population - heroin with an estimated street value of $50,000
candid (about/with)
adj. frank e.g. she was quite candid about the difficulties the government is having. e.g. he was remarkably candid with me.
grown-up
adj. fully developed as an adult n. an adult e.g. before you know it, the children will be grown-up and leaving home. e.g. I expected more grown-up behavior of you. e.g. If you're frightened, tell one of the grown-ups.
outermost
adj. furthest from the middle/ innermost (opp) e.g. the outermost layers of the Earth e.g. the outermost stars
weighted [against]
adj. giving an advantage or disadvantage to one particular group or activity. e.g. the voting system is weighted against the smaller parties.
preferential
adj. giving or showing advantage to one over another e.g. preferential credit terms for reliable borrowers. - preferentially (adv) e.g. preferential duties
underway
adj. happening now. e.g. the project is already well underway. - [get underway] : to start. e.g. your peace will shattered(=break) when the tourist season gets underway(=starts)
subsequent to
adj. happening or coming after something else. e.g. events that happened subsequent to the accident. e.g. subsequent pages of the book.
intractable
adj. hard to control or deal with/stubborn - intractability (n) e.g. the seemingly intractable problem of human greed. e.g. intractable debt
arduous
adj. hard to do, requiring much effort - arduously (adv) e.g. the arduous task of loading all the boxes into the van. e.g. an arduous journey through the mountains e.g. push sth arduously forward.
detrimental
adj. harmful; damaging - detriment (n) : harm or damage - detrimentally (adv) e.g. the detrimental effect of pollution on the environment. e.g. he worked very long hours, to the detriment of his marriage.
prestigious
adj. having a highly favorable reputation, of high standing, commanding respect e.g. a highly prestigious university
talkback
n. an electronic system used in a film or television studio, so that someone can talk to someone else without other people hearing them. - a radio program that people take part in by phone.
privileged
adj. having a special advantage/ unprivileged (opp) e.g. a privileged background e.g. a privileged position - privilege (n): special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people e.g. he had nos special privileges and was treated just like other prisoner e.g. I was privileged to lead the team
stratified
adj. having different social class (having layers) - stratification (n) - stratify (v) e.g. a stratified society e.g. a stratified rock e.g. the Indian caste system is an example of social stratification.
medicinal
adj. having healing properties e.g. Garlic is believed to have medicinal properties. e.g. medicinal purpose e.g. medicinal plants
horned
adj. having horns or sth that looks like horns e.g. horned cattle
unsensed
adj. having no certain sense
latent
adj. hidden (present but not realized and may develop or become more noticeable in the future.) e.g. the virus remains latent in the body for many years.
stylized
adj. in a particular style, often an unrealistic one that does not look natural or real, but that is still pleasant to look at. - stylization (n) e.g. a stylized picture of the sun
accordant (with/to)
adj. in agreement or harmony (with or to) e.g. result that it appears to be not even approximately accordant with the facts. e.g Ridley suggested changing it to Elizabeth as "more accordant to the feelings of the people";.
multicultural
adj. including many ethnic groups e.g. a multicultural society. e.g. multicultural nature
unthinkable
adj. inconceivable, unimaginable e.g. It is unthinkable that a mistake like this could have happened.
exponential
adj. increasing rapidly by a large amount - exponentially (adv) e.g. an exponential increase/growth in travel
homegrown
adj. indigenous/ native (syn) e.g. homegrown Australian fiction (=books and stories about imaginary people and event, non-fiction (opp) )
instinctual
adj. instinctive/ innate (syn) e.g. a mother's instinctive love e.g. instinctual caregiving behavior
provocative
adj. intended to excite, annoy, or arouse - provocatively (adv) - provocation (n) e.g. she was accused of being deliberately provocative e.g. provocative images of young girls. e.g. Juile has a tendency to burst into tears at the slightest provocation e.g. provocative message
problematic
adj. involving problems and difficult to deal with e.g. the reforms could turn out to be highly problematic.
inconsiderate
adj. lacking concern for the needs of others / thoughtless (syn) / considerate (opp) e.g. inconsiderate motorists (=sb who drives a car)
last standing
adj. last standing kingdom
legitimate
adj. lawful,rightful - legitimately (adv) - legitimacy (n) - legitimize (v) : 1-to make sth that is unfair or morally wrong seem acceptable and right 2- to make sth official or legal e.g. that's perfectly legitimate question. e.g. a legitimately elected government. e.g. opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling. e.g. there is a danger that these film legitimize violence. e.g. acceptance by the UN would effectively legitimize the regime.
fraternal
adj. like brothers e.g. fraternal loyalty. e.g. fraternal solidarity(=loyalty) among union members. - fraternally (adv)
bohemian
adj. living in a very informal or relaxed way and not accepting society'd rules of behaviour. e.g. bohemian cafe's frequented(=to go there often) by artists and ators
beloved
adj. loved very much by someone e.g. he's always talking about his beloved car! e.g. dearly(=very much) beloved
subordinate
adj. lower in rank or position/ secondary (syn) n. someone who has a lower position v. to put sb or sth in a less important position. - subordination (n) e.g. a subordinate officer e.g. nervous subordinates e.g. why subordinate your wishes to those of your family?
primary focus
adj. main focus e.g. primary importance e.g. our primary concern
convincing
adj. making you believe that something is true or right. - convince (v) - convinced (adj) - convincingly (adv) e.g. convincing evidence of his guilt. e.g. her arguments didn't convince everyone, but changes were made.
psychological
adj. mental e.g. sleep disorders are a serious psychological problem. - patient's psychological state.
chillier
adj. more chilly - [chilly (adj)]: being cold/ frosty (syn) e.g. a chilly November morning e.g. the bathroom's a bit chilly. - chilliness (n)
abundant
adj. more than enough; plentiful/ scarce (opp) e.g. abundant opportunities for well-qualified staff.
indigenous
adj. native e.g. the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia.
adjacent
adj. near, next to, adjoining e.g. the building adjacent to the library.
unprecedented
adj. never done or known before - unprecedentedly (adv) - precedent (n) : sth of the same type that has happened or existed before. - precedence (n) : priority (syn) - preceding (adj) : previous(syn)/ following (opp) e.g. unprecedented growth e.g. a legal precedent e.g. guests were seated in order of precedence e.g. safety must be given precedence e.g. do we want a society where appearance takes precedence over skill or virtue (=moral goodness of character and behaviour; vice (opp)) e.g. the diagram in the preceding chapter
unprecedented
adj. never having happened before - unprecedentedly (adv) e.g. an event that is unprecedented in recent history.
corporate
adj. of or belonging to a unified group of people e.g. corporate culture (= the way that people in a corporation think and behave) e.g. corporate identity e.g. corporate body e.g. corporate responsibility
maternal
adj. of or like a mother e.g. she seems to have a strong maternal instinct. e.g. maternal grandfather : your mother's father
monetary
adj. of or relating to money or currency e.g. the government's tight monetary policy.
computational methods
adj. of, relating to the process or the result of calculating - computation (n): calculation e.g. the computation of the monthly statistics
accredited
adj. officially authorized or recognized; provided with credentials. e.g. an accredited language school. e.g. an accredited counselor.
[get/go] stale
adj. old or not interesting/ fresh (opp) e.g. French bread goes stale (=becomes stale) very quickly. e.g. the smell of stale smoke e.g. other marriages might go stale, but not theirs. e.g. If you stay in the job for more than ten years, you get stale.
outdated
adj. old-fashioned or obsolete e.g. outdated notion(=idea,belief or opinion/ notional (adj))
contrary to the idea of ...
adj. opposing e.g. two contrary views emerged
contrary
adj. opposite in nature, direction, or meaning/ opposing e.g. contrary to popular belief, a desert can be very cold.
obsolete
adj. out-of-date, no longer in use e.g. obsolete weapons e.g. computer hardware that quickly became obsolete. e.g. will computers render(=make) books obsolete?
formalistic
adj. paying a lot of attention to the rules and correct forms of sth, rather than to inner meanings. - formalism (n) - formalist (n)
civic
adj. pertaining to a city or citizen e.g. Jackson spent the day meeting with local religious and civic leaders. e.g. It is your civic duty to vote in the local election. e.g. civic pride (= people's pride in their own city)
aesthetic
adj. pertaining to beauty - aesthetics (n) : the study of beauty, especially beauty in art.
unadorned
adj. plain, not decorated e.g. they liked their churches to be unadorned.
lush
adj. plants that are lush grow many leaves and look healthy and strong e.g. a lush green mountainous island. e.g. lush pasture
favoured by
adj. popular or preferred by someone e.g. Brittany is a favoured holiday destination for families.
forceful
adj. powerful e.g. a forceful attack on government policy.
fruitful
adj. productive / fruitless (opp) - fruitfully (adv) - fruitfulness (n) e.g. today's meeting proved (=was) more fruitful than last week's. e.g. a busy and fruitful time. e.g. have proven(=been) fruitful.
instructional
adj. providing instruction/ educational (syn) - instructional program/materials/technique e.g. a free instructional video - instructor (n): someone who teach (a sport or practical skills- or teach in American college or university) e.g. a driving instructor - instructive (adj) : providing a lot of useful information /informative (syn) e.g. a instructive comparison
proposed
adj. put forward for consideration e.g. proposed change/plan/development e.g. the government is set to vote on the proposed reforms tomorrow. - propose (v) : to suggest sth as a plan. - proposal (n) : a plan or suggestion which is made formally to an official person or group
credentialed
adj. qualified - credentials: written evidence showing that a person has a right to a certain position or authority e.g. a newly credentialed teacher e.g. the commissioner presented his credentials to the state Department. e.g. she had excellent credentials for the job.
eligible
adj. qualified for or allowed or worthy of being chosen e.g. over 500,000 18-year-olds will become eligible to vote this year. e.g. eligible bachelor. - eligibility (n)
sizeable
adj. quite large e.g. sizeable amount/number e.g. sizeable proportion/portion/minority of sth e.g. a sizeable amount of money
solid work
adj. real and practical in a good way
canine
adj. related to dogs; doglike e.g. canine disease e.g. canine body shape
gravitational
adj. related to or resulting from the force of gravity. - gravitation (n) e.g. the Moon's gravitational field e.g. a gravitational pill of the Moon
pedagogical
adj. related to teaching -pedagogically (adv) e.g. straightforward pedagogical consideration.
neural activity
adj. relating to a nerve or the nervous system e.g. signs of neural activity e.g. privileged neural activity
quantitative evidence
adj. relating to amounts rather tan to the quality or standard of sth. - quantitative analysis/method/data etc - quantitatively (adv) e.g. we need to do a proper(=suitable) quantitative analysis of this problem. e.g. quantitative evidence
agrarian
adj. relating to farming or farmers e.g. an agrarian economy(=based on farming) e.g. agrarian society e.g. agrarian parties
antiquarian
adj. relating to or dealing in antiques or rare books - antiquary (n) : person who studies or buy antique - antiquated (adj) : outdated - antiquity (n) : ancient time e.g. antiquated laws e.g. the common household fork was nearly unknown in antiquity.
statistical
adj. relating to statistics - statistically (adv) e.g. statistical analysis e.g. statistical evidence e.g. the variation is not statistically significant.
nutritional
adj. relating to substance in food that help you to stay healthy. - nutritionally (adv) e.g. cooking vegetables for too long lessens their nutritional value. e.g. nutritional deficiencies
auditory system
adj. relating to the ability to hear - auditor (n) : someone whose job is to officially examine a company's financial records.
papal
adj. relating to the pope e.g. a challenge to papal authority. e.g. papal reform
demographic
adj. relating to the population and groups of people in it. e.g. demographic change e.g. the 21-40 demographic
spatial
adj. relating to the position,size,shape etc of things.
pharmaceutical
adj. relating to the production of drugs and medicines. e.g. the pharmaceutical industry.
forensic
adj. relating to the scientific methods used for finding out about crime. - forensics (n): the use of scientific tests to solve crime e.g. forensic experts found traces of blood in the car. e.g. forensics is widely used in criminal cases.
accountable
adj. responsible and willing to explain or be criticized for them. - accountability (n) e.g. the government should be accountable to all the people of the country.
well-off
adj. rich / badly-off = less well-off (opp) e.g. children from well-off families. e.g. many pensioners are less well-off than they used to be.
rewarding
adj. satisfying e.g. teaching can be a very rewarding career.
preserved
adj. saved or maintained - preserve (v) : to save sth/sb from being harmed - preservation (n) - preservable (adj) - preserver (n) e.g. preserved body parts e.g. we must encourage the planting new trees and preserve our existing woodlands. e,g, the responsibility of the police to preserve the peace. - preserve (n) : a substance made from boiling fruit or vegetables with sugar,salt, or vinegar.
probing
adj. searching or investigating - probingly (adv) e.g.probing question e.g. probing curiosity e.g. probing method e.g. his probing eyes
be inconsistent with sth
adj. seems to doesn't match with it. - be consistent with sth : seems to match with it e.g. the results are consistent with earlier research
glib
adj. speaking easily but without thinking carefully [used to show disapproval] - glibly (adv) - glibness (n) e.g. glib explanation
given
adj. specific e.g. a given community e.g. Candidates will have to give a presentation on a given topic. e.g. a game in which, at a given signal, everyone has to stand still(= stand still : do not move)
contemplative
adj. spending a lot of time thinking seriously and quietly e.g. a contemplative mood - contemplate (v) : to think about something that you might do in the future/consider (syn) - contemplation (n) : quiet serious thinking about something. e.g. Did you ever contemplate resigning e.g. the monks spend an hour in contemplation each morning.
imbalanced
adj. state of disequilibrium / not balanced=inequality (syn - imbalance (n) e.g. many pupils (=[BrE]: someone who is being taught, especially a child) follow an imbalanced curriculum e.g. the current imbalance between farming and conservation interests. e.g. become imbalanced
eerie
adj. strange and frightening - eerily (adv) e.g. the eerie sound of an owl hooting at night.
misleading
adj. tending to give a wrong idea, often on purpose - misleadingly (adv) e.g. the article was misleading, and the newspaper has apologized. e.g. the diagrams are misleadingly simple. e.g. the figures are highly misleading.
tolerate the free riders
adj. to bear with sb or sth - toleration (n) - tolerance (n) - free riders: people who are irresponsible e.g. I couldn't tolerate the long hours. e.g. religious toleration e.g. tolerance towards religious minorities.
be curious about
adj. to want to find out about something/inquisitive e.g. he was curious about how she would react.
excessive
adj. too much; more than is reasonable - excessively (adv) e.g. his excessive drinking e.g. excessively high taxes.
contradictory
adj. two statement that are contradictory cannot both be true. / inconsistent (syn) - contradiction (n) - contradict (v) e.g. contradictory messages/statements/demands etc e.g. the public is being fed contradictory messages about the economy. e.g. apparent contradictions in the defendant's testimony. e.g. the article flatly(=direct and explicitly) contradicts their claims.
inconceivable
adj. unbelievable / conceivable (opp) - inconceivably (adv) / conceivably (opp) - conceive (v) : to imagine e.g. a few years ago a car fuelled by solar energy would have been inconceivable. e.g. many people can't conceive of a dinner without meat or fish. e.g. It is conceivable that you may get full compensation, but it's not likely. e.g. conceivably, interest rates could rise very high indeed.
grotesque
adj. unpleasant, shocking and offensive e.g. by modern standards, the treatment of prisoners was grotesque. e.g. a grotesque figure with huge head.
exotic
adj. unusual and interesting (because it related to other place [ use to show approval]) - exotically (adv) e.g. exotic birds e.g. exotic places
conventional
adj. used for a long time and is considered the usual type - conventionally (adv) - conventionality (n) e.g. Internet connections through conventional phone line are fairly slow. e.g. a strong believer in conventional morals.
abusive
adj. using cruel words or physical violence - abusively (adv) - abusiveness (n) e.g. Smith denies using abusive language to the referee. e.g. he became abusive and his wife was injured in struggle.
aerobic
adj. using oxygen / anaerobic (opp) e.g. aerobic fitness e.g. aerobic exercise e.g. running, swimming, and other forms of aerobic exercise.
state-of-the-art
adj. using the most modern and recently developed methods,materials, or knowledge/ modern e.g. state-of-the-art technology. e.g. his new laptop is state-of-the-art
appalling
adj. very bad and shocking / terrible=atrocious (syn) e.g. she suffered appalling injuries. e.g. the weather was absolutely appalling.
magnificent
adj. very beautiful and impressive - magnificently (adv) - magnificence (n) e.g. a magnificent performance. e.g. she looked magnificent in a long red dress.
diverse
adj. very different from each other/ different; varied (syn) e.g. subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology. e.g. diverse staff - diversely (adv)
overwhelming
adj. very great in amount; very strong e.g. an overwhelming sense of guilt. e.g. an overwhelming majority of the members were against the idea.
compelling
adj. very interesting or exciting and reasonable, so that you have to pay attention. e.g. Lucy had no compelling reason to go into town. e.g. he felt a compelling desire/need to tell someone about his idea. - compellingly (adv) - compel (v) : to force sb to do sth. - compulsion (n) e.g. she felt compelled to resign because of the scandal. e.g. the compulsion to smoke or eat too much.
accomplished
adj. very skillful e.g. a highly accomplished designer
intense
adj. very strong - intensely (adv) e.g. young people today are under intense pressure to succeed. e.g. he disliked Kate intensely.
fierce
adj. very strong or violent (energy,feeling etc)/ gentle (opp) e.g. fierce fighting in the city e.g. fierce guard dogs
vicious
adj. violent and cruel - viciously (adv) - viciousness (n) - [vicious circle] : a situation in which one problem causes another problem, that then causes the first problem again, so that the whole process continues to be repeated.
pending
adj. waiting to be settled prep. until e.g. many trade dispute are pending, awaiting the outcome of the talks. / the pending election e.g. Sales of the drug have been stopped, pending further research.
would-be
adj. wanting or trying to be e.g. would-be actor/murderer etc e.g. ). As sacred places, temples presented an extra (deterrent) to (would-be) thieves.
apocalyptic
adj. warning people about terrible events that will happen in the future. e.g. the novel presents us with an apocalyptic vision of the future.
cohesive
adj. well integrated, forming a united whole/ integrated (syn) - cohesively (adv) - cohesiveness (n) e.g. a cohesive community e.g. historically, sport has been a cohesive force in international relations. e.g. melding cohesively
timely
adj. well-timed, happening at a suitable time e.g. the fight ended only with the timely arrival of the police. - [ in a timely manner/fashion] : as quickly as is reasonable e.g. we aim to settle all valid claims in a timely manner.
pervasive
adj. widespread - all-pervasive mood / all-pervasive presence(=absence (opp)) e.g. all-pervasive presence of advertisement reflects the importance of these matters.
off-kilter
adj.1-not in perfect balance e.g. the paintings were slightly off-kilter 2- unusual in a strange or interesting way e.g. her off-kilter sense of humor
upright
adj.adv. standing or sitting straight up. e.g. the chimpanzee stood upright and grasped the bars of its cage.
pre-eminent
adj.much more important, more powerful, or much better than others - pre-eminence (n) - pre-eminently (adv) e.g. his pre-eminent position in society
spare
adj.n. extra v. to give (make something available for sb, especially when this is difficult for you to do) e.g. a spare key/clothes e.g. can you spare $5?
national
adj.of or belonging to the people of a single country n. someone who is a citizen of a particular country but is living in another country./e.g. foreign national
distortion
n. an exaggeration or stretching of the truth to achieve a desired effect. - distort (v): 1- to change the appearance,shape, sound of sth so that it is strange or unclear /2- to change sth fro the way it would naturally be. - distorted (adj) e.g. a gross distortion of the facts. e.g. his account was badly distorted by the press. e.g. his face was distorted in anger
compliment
n. an expression of esteem or approval v. to say something nice to sb in order to praise them. - complimentary (adj) : 1-given free to people /2- saying that you admire someone or something. - [compliment slip] : a small piece of paper with a company's name and address on it, which it sends with goods instead of a letter e.g. all the guests paid her extravagant compliments. e.g. this soup is delicious; my compliments to the chef. e.g. Bob complimented me on my new hairstyle. e.g. I've got some complimentary tickets for the theatre tonight. e.g. Jennie was very complimentary about Kathrine's riding e.g. complimentary remarks.
breakthrough
n. an important new discovery ( in sth you are studying, especially one made after trying for a long time) e.g. scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.
boom
n. an increase or soar (in business or popularity)/ slump=fall e.g. a sudden boom in the housing market e.g. the boom in youth soccer in the U.S e.g. an economic boom e.g. a building/construction boom (= a sudden increase in building work)
superstition
n. an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear e.g. the old superstition that walking under a ladder is unlucky.
pass
n. an official piece of paper which shows that you are allowed to enter a building or travel on something without paying. e.g. the guard checked our passes.
scheme
n. an official plan that is intended to help people in some way/ program (syn) e.g. a pension scheme e.g. the money will be used for teacher training scheme. e.g. a new scheme to boost exports.
envoy
n. an official representative (as of a government who is sent to another country)/ emissary (syn)
sentiment
n. an opinion ( that you have about something; a feeling) sentimental (adj) : emotional e.g. similar sentiments were expressed by many politicians
a glut (of)
n. an oversupply / shortage (opp) e.g. a glut of oil on the world market. v. to cause sth to have too much of sth e.g. the glutted property market
inequality (in/of/between)
n. an unfair situation, in which some group in society have more money, opportunities, power etc than others / equality (opp) e.g. soaring inequality e.g. there are inequalities in wealth distribution e.g. inequality of opportunity e.g. inequalities between men and women
weed
n. any plant that competes with crops that prevents crops or garden flowers from growing properly.
in turn
n. as a result of something/ therefore e.g. Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.
in contrast (to/with)
n. as opposed to e.g. the stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.
at the expense of
n. at the cost of sb or sth else that could harm the other person or things. e.g. the growth in short breaks, at the expense of longer package holidays.
be at stake
n. be at risk; be in danger of being lost e.g. they have to win the contract - thousands of jobs are at stake. e.g. national pride is at stake in next week's game against England. -*[ hold/have a stake in something] : yo get benefit from sth.
goal-directed behavior
n. behavior in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem
health behavior
n. behavior taken by a person to maintain or gain good health - health education - health workers - health insurance
fascination [with]
n. being extremely interested in something e.g. police knew of his fascination with guns.
motto
n. brief statement used to express a principle e.g. "be prepared" is the motto of the Boy Scouts.
spectrum
n. broad range of related ideas or objects e.g. broad/wide/full spectrum e.g. the ethnic spectrum of America
vigilance
n. careful attention that you give to what is happening so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity/ precaution and attention (syn) e.g. the need for increased police vigilance
scrutiny
n. careful observation and examination - scrutinize (v) e.g. careful/close/critical scrutiny e.g. he scrutinized the document.
attire
n. clothes e.g. business attire. - attired (adj): dressed in a particular way e.g. he arrived suitably attired in a dark dinner suit.
offender
n. criminal; lawbreaker;culprit e.g. he was a persistent offender
Pre-literate Society
n. culture developed before the invention of writing, and hence, leaving no written record.
semi-submersible
n. denoting an oil or gas drilling platform or barge with submerged hollow pontoons able to be flooded with water when the vessel is anchored on site in order to provide stability. - [submersible (n) ]: a small vehicle that can travel under water, especially one that travels to very great depths in the ocean for scientific purpose.
duplicity
n. dishonest behavior that is intended to deceive someone/ double-dealing, doubleness - duplicitous (adj) e.g. the duplicity of a friend who also helps the enemy. e.g. he is a duplicitous man.
trade-off
n. exchange e.g. there has to be a trade-off between quality and quantity if we want to keep prices low.
exuberance
n. excitement - exuberant (adj) - exuberantly (adv) e.g. she needs to try and control her natural exuberance. e.g. an exuberant personality
implementation
n. execution - implement (v): to put in action e.g. we have decided to implement the committee's recommendations in full.
spare
n. extra v. to make sth available for someone ( like: time, money etc) e.g. a spare key e.g. sorry, I can't spare time e.g. could you possibly spare me a few moments in private.
lack of success
n. failure
curriculum
n. formal course of study e.g. languages are an essential part of the school curriculum. - [curriculum vitae]: a formal British expression for cv/ resume (syn)
leisure
n. free time e.g. leisure time e.g. leisure activity e.g. leisure facilities e.g. leisure industry e.g. at your leisure : do something slowly and without hurrying
mathematical sophistication
n. having mathematical sophistication means possessing the avenues of knowing of the mathematical community that allow one to construct mathematics for oneself. - [mathematical (adj)]: relating to or using mathematics. - [sophistication] : the state of being sophisticated
shrine
n. holy place
enhancement
n. improvement -enhance (v) - enhancer (n) e.g. good lighting will enhance any room. e.g. the publicity has enhanced his reputation. - progressive enhancement.
in truth
n. in fact / really (syn) e.g. early independent leaders were in truth little better than rebels.
in response to
n. in reaction to e.g. the law was passed in response to our appeal for help.
word-of-mouth
n. information about products, services, and experiences that is transmitted from consumer to consumer e.g. positive word-of-mouth
publicity
n. information intended to attract public interest e.g. much advance publicity was given to the talks.
think tank
n. institutional collection of policy-oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas e.g. academic think tank e.g. the think tank has suggested some major reforms.
encroachment
n. intrusion on a person's territory, rights, etc. - encroach (v) e.g. the fighting encroached further east. e.g. bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual. e.g. foreign encroachment.
monoculturalism
n. is the practice of actively preserving a national culture via the exclusion of external influences. ... Usually a monocultural society exists by racial homogeneity, nationalistic tendencies, geographic isolation, or political isolation (sometimes but not always under a totalitarian regime).
narratology
n. is the study of narrative and narrative structure and the ways that these affect our perception. It is an anglicisation of French narratologie, coined by Tzvetan Todorov (Grammaire du Décaméron, 1969).
territory
n. land that is owned or controlled by a particular country, ruler or military force. - territorial (adj) : relating to land that is owned or controlled by a particular country e.g. a territorial dispute
paucity
n. less than is needed of something / lack (syn) e.g. a paucity of information.
hay
n. long grass that has been cut and dried, used as food for cattle.
protagonist
n. main character e.g. a protagonist of educational reform e.g. the main protagonist in the conflict.
medication
n. medicine or drugs given to people who are ill - [be on medication] (for something) e.g. he's on medication for high blood pressure
heuristics
n. mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always).: in fact, heuristics is the study of how people use their experience to find answers to questions or to improve performance.
stagnation
n. motionless; inactivity v. to stop developing or making progress. e.g. growth is expected to stagnate next year. e.g. economic stagnation
recidivist
n. one who returns to criminal habits - recidivism e.g. recidivist offender
plagiarism
n. passing off or using as one's own writing (or other materials) of another person - plagiarist (n) - plagiarize (v) e.g. the journal accused the professor of plagiarism. e.g. he accused other scientists of plagiarizing his research.
economist
n. person who studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
extrasolar planets
n. planets orbiting stars other than our Sun
wolves
n. plural of wolf
standpoint
n. point of view e.g. a discussion of marriage from the standpoint of women. e.g. let's look at the questions from an economic standpoint.
dominance
n. power and influence over others - dominant (adj) - dominate (v) e.g. the economic and political dominant of Western countries. e.g. its dominant position within the group. e.g. the industry is dominated by five multinational companies.
conservation
n. protection / preservation (syn) - conserve (v) : preserve (syn) - conservator (n) e.g. conservation area e.g. conservation of energy e.g. wildlife conservation e.g. the need to conserve energy
health education
n. providing accurate health information and health skills teaching to help people make healthy decisions
(with/in) regard to
n. relating to e.g. US foreign policy with regard Cuba - regard (n) : 1-attention / 2- admiration /3- best wishes e.g. she has no regard for other people's feeling. e.g. Burt had high regard for his old law professor, Dr. Frinch. e.g. Hope to see you. Regards, Chris.
Neolithic Period
n. relating to the last period of the Stone Age, about 10,000 years ago, when people began to live together in small group and make stone tools and weapons.
residue
n. remainder - residual (adj) - residuals (n): money that is paid to an actor, writer etc when their work is broadcast again. e.g. residue from sewage treatment plants e.g. the flies leave a sticky residue on crops. e.g. the residual effects of drug treatment.
circumstance
n. situation;condition e.g. the rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances.
dwarf
n. small and not normally grown v. to seem small e.g. the cathedral is dwarfed by the surrounding skyscrapers.
mollusc
n. snail
protector
n. someone or something that protects someone or something else.
respondent
n. someone who answers, or responds to, a survey
contestant
n. someone who competes in a contest - **[contest] (v) : to compete for something or to try to win it. e.g. his wife is contesting a seat on the council.
laureate
n. someone who has been given an important prize or honor, especially the Nobel Prize. e.g. Nigeria's Nobel laureate,Wole Soyinka - Nobel laureate
assassin
n. someone who murders an important person. - assassinate (v) e.g. Kennedy's assassin is assumed to have been Lee Harvey Oswald. e.g. a plot to assassinate the president.
depositor
n. someone who puts money in a bank or other financial organization. - depository (n) : a place where something can be safely kept. - [deposit] (v) : to put sth (like: money) down in a particular place (like: bank). e.g. you are advised to deposit your valuables in the hotel safe.
vocalist
n. someone who sings popular songs, especially with a band.
sitter
n. someone who sits or stands while someone else paints them or takes photographs of them/ model (syn)
protester
n. someone who takes part in a public activity such as a demonstration in order to show their opposition to something.
Proctor
n. someone who watches students in an examination to make sure that they do not cheat/ invigilator v. proctor / invigilate (syn)
trifle
n. something of little importance or value - [ a trifle] : slightly - trifling (adj) : unimportant e.g. there's no point in arguing over trifles. e.g. matters of trifling importance. v. [trifle with sb/sth] : to treat sb or sth without respect e.g. he's not a man to be trifled with. e.g. men who trifle with women's affections.
asset
n. something of value/ liabilities (opp) e.g. a sense of humor is a great asset in this business e.g. I think Rachel would be an asset to the department.
deterrent
n. something that discourages; hindrance - deterrence (n) e.g. window locks are an effective deterrent against burglars.
entity
n. something that exists as a single and complete unit./ being (syn) e.g. the mind exist as a separate entity. ** e.g. academic entity
boon
n. something that is very useful and makes your life a lot easier or better/ a blessing * - [be a boon to sth]
contribution
n. something that you give or do in order to help something be successful. - contribute (v): to give money or help to sth that a lot of people are also involved in - contributory (adj): being one of the causes of a particular result e.g. the school sees its job as preparing students to make a contribution to society. e.g. city employees cannot contribute to political campaigns. e.g. smoking is a contributory factor in lung cancer.
contribution [to/toward/of]
n. something that you give or do in order to help something be successful. e.g. the school sees its job as preparing students to make a contribution to society. e.g. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to Quantum Theory. e.g. a contribution of $25 will buy 15 books.
utterance
n. something you say or the action of saying something - illogical utterance of children e.g. Politicians are judged by their public utterances.
expertise
n. special skills or knowledge in a particular subject ( that you learn by experience or training) e.g. trainee engineers with varying degrees of computer expertise
expertise
n. special skills or knowledge in a particular subject, that you learn by experience or training. e.g. what he's bringing to the company is financial expertise. e.g. legal expertise e.g. business expertise e.g. relevant expertise e.g. international expertise
lie
n. sth that is not true v. 1- to tell sth that is not true / 2- to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor, on a bed etc. - verb table: [ p.t: lay / p.p: lain / present.p: lying / third person singular: lies e.g. he was lying on the bed smoking cigarette e.g. I could tell from her face that she was lying e.g. I knew that soon she would hear the lies about me.
neurology
n. study of the nervous system - neurologist (n) - neurological (adj) e.g. a neurological disease
consumption
n. the amount of sth that is used. e.g. dramatic rises in fuel consumption
fair value
n. the amount that a business could sell an asset for, or the amount that a business could pay to settle a liability
Integration (of/into)
n. the combining of two or more things so that they work together effectively e.g. the integration of data e.g. the family unit is supported by its integration into a wider social network. e.g. social integration
suitability
n. the degree to which sth or sb has the right qualities for a particular purpose. - habitat suitability e.g. there's no doubt about Christine's suitability for the job.
shipwreck
n. the destruction of a ship in an accident. e.g. survivors of the shipwreck. - [wreck] (v) : ruin
deficit (in/of)
n. the difference between the amount of sth that you have and the higher amount that you need/ shortfall (syn) e.g. a deficit of $2.5 million e.g. many countries have a big deficit in food supply.
Justification
n. the fact that is said to prove that something is true - [justification for (doing) sth] - justify (v) e.g. there is no justification for holding her in jail. e.g. he felt, with some justification, that his colleagues had let him down. e.g. he made a speech in justification of his actions. e.g. ministers must appear before Parliament and justify their actions.
etiquette
n. the formal rules for polite behavior in society or in a particular group. e.g. strict rules of professional etiquette. e.g. business etiquette
magnitude
n. the great size or importance of something e.g. they didn't seem to appreciate (=realize) the magnitude of the problem. -**[order of magnitude] e.g. an increase of this order of magnitude(=size)
the body of article
n. the main,central or most important part of the article.
ancestry
n. the members of your family who lived a long time ago - [of ... ancestry] e.g. her mother is of German ancestry.
bonnet
n. the metal lid over the front of a car / hood (syn) e.g. I'll need to check under the bonnet.
habitat
n. the natural home of plant or animal e.g. watching monkeys in their natural habitat.
census
n. the official count of a population or sth e.g. a traffic census
entitlement
n. the official right to have or do sth - entitlement program : a US government program or system that gives money or help to people who need it.
contamination
n. the process of becoming unclean - contaminate (v) : to make a place or substance dirty by putting something such as chemical or poison on it. - contaminated (adj) - contaminant (n) : a substance that makes sth dirty. e.g. radioactive contamination e.g. drinking water supplies are believed tho have been contaminated. e.g. contaminated food/blood/water supplies etc e.g. environmental contaminants.
likeness
n. the quality of being similar in appearance to sb or sth/ resemblance e.g. Hugh's uncanny(= difficult to explain) likeness to his father.
great precision
n. the quality of being very exact or correct adj. made or done in a very exact way -precise (adj): exact -precisely (adv): exactly e.g. the work was carried out with military precision e.g. precision bombing e.g. It was difficult to get precise information. e.g. he arrived at precisely four o'clock.
causality
n. the relationship between cause and effect - causal (adj) - causally (adv) e.g. ** causal relationship/link/factor etc e.g. a causal relationship between unemployment and crime.
onus
n. the responsibility for sth/ commitment (syn) e.g. the onus is on the prosecution to provide proof of guilt.
mathematics
n. the science of numbers and shapes, including, algebra, geometry and arithmetic
forestry
n. the science or skill of looking after large areas of trees.
botany
n. the scientific study of plants
elegance
n. the state of being beautiful,attractive, intelligent - elegant (adj) - elegantly (adv) e.g. you can dine(=eat dinner) in elegant surrounding. e.g. an elegant solution to the problem.
prevalence (of)
n. the state of being common - prevail (v) - prevalent (adj) : common e.g. the prevalence of deafness in older age group.
feasibility
n. the state of being feasible - feasible (adj) : possible - feasibly (adv) e.g. economically/technically/politically etc feasible e.g. * feasibility study e.g. a feasible solution
vulnerability
n. the state of being vulnerable - vulnerable (adj) : can be easily harmed or hunt/ invulnerable (opp) - vulnerably (adv) e.g. he took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable. e.g. children are most vulnerable to abuse within their own home. e.g. their theories were badly thought out and very vulnerable to ridicule.
pathology
n. the study of the causes and effects of illnesses. - pathologist (n)
plate tectonics
n. the study of the forming and movement of the large sheets of rock that form the surface of the Earth.
Bronze Age
n. the time between about 6,000 and 4,000 years ago, when bronze was used for making tools, weapons etc. - [ Stone Age]: a very early time in human history when only stone was used for making tools, weapons etc.
Biodiversity
n. the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
biodiversity
n. the variety of plants and animals in a particular place. e.g. the biodiversity of the rainforest.
plankton
n. the very small forms of plant and animal life that live in water, especially the sea, and are eaten by fish.
generosity
n. the willingness to give or share e.g. I shall never forget the generosity shown by the people of Bataisk.
triarchic theory of intelligence
n. theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including Analytic = the ability to solve problems, Creative = the ability to deal with new situations, and Practical = the ability to adjust and cope with one's environment
vocal cords
n. thin piece of muscle in your throat that produce sounds when you speak.
become a slave to/of sth
n. to be so strongly influenced by something that you cannot make your own decisions
in one/some/any respect
n. used to say that something is true in one way, in some way , in any way etc. e.g. In many respects the new version is not as good as the old one.
bacteria
n. very small living things, some of which cause illness or disease. - bacterial (adj) e.g. a bacterial infection.
thiamin
n. vitamin B
shortcoming (of/in)
n. weakness ( that makes sb or sth less effective or successful) e.g. the shortcoming of our local government system. e.g. the report suggested that there were severe shortcoming in police tactics.
liquidity
n. when a business or a person has money or goods that can be sold to pay debts. e.g. a glut of liquidity
polling
n. when a person or organization asks a lot of people the same questions in order to find out what they think about a subject - poll (n): a survey; opinion poll - poll (v) : to ask a lot of people the same question in order to find out what they think about a subject.
emergence
n. when something begins to be known or noticed. e.g. the emergence of Japan as a world leader e.g. the company's emergence from bankruptcy
transition
n. when something changes from on form or state to another e.g. the smooth transition from full-time work to full retirement. e.g. making the transition from youth to adulthood can be very painful.
prevention
n. when sth bad is stopped from happening. e.g. Educating new drivers is important from the prevention of accidents. e.g. crime prevention. e.g. prevention is better than cure.
derision
n. when you show that you think someone or something is stupid or silly / ridicule (syn) - derisive (adj) / ridiculous (syn) - derisively (adv) / ridiculously (adv) e.g. his speech was greeted with derision by opposition leaders. e.g. derisive laughter
## 16-question: Child-Centric mother (apeuni)
The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the (values) loaded to the child by the child-centric mother's attitude and the effect of 5-6-year-old nursery school children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a high socio-economic class. The second objective is to (develop) a child centricity scale and the third object is to examine the attitude and behaviour (differences) between low child-centric and high child-centric mothers. (Analysing) the data gathered from 257 mother respondents, the researchers have found that the lowest influence of the child upon the purchasing decisions of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and are used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk used by the whole family. Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between the high child-centric and low child-centric mothers regarding purchasing products that are highly risky and used by the whole family.
## 47- question: Internet growth ( realpte-apeuni)
The exponential growth of the Internet was (heralded), in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and (dissemination) of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of (democratizing) access to knowledge. For people (concerned) with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of (leapfrogging) over the technology gap that (separates) Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
stock
n.1- [in a shop]: a supply of a particular type of thing 2-[finance]: a share in a company. v. to supply sth e.g. we have a huge stock of quality carpets on sale. e.g. the trading of stocks and shares. e.g. we stock a wide range of kitchen equipment. - stock market - stockbroker: a person or organization whose job is to buy and sell shares,bonds etc for people.
## 193- question: Ocean floor (realpte)
The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km long coral (formation) off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth [photosynthesis]. The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, sub polar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a (frigid) environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift [spreading ridge] off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a (surprise). Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs [geothermal vents] should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally (unexpected), was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life - giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that (thrived) around the hot springs.
yield
v. to produce (things such as result, profit. crops etc) n. the amount of profits, crops etc that something produces. - yielding (adj) : accommodating (syn) e.g. our research has only recently begun to yield important results. e.g. the tourist industry yielded an estimated $2.25 billion for the state last year. e.g. shareholders are expecting a higher yield this year.
resonate (with)
v. to produce or show sound vibrations; to echo or resound - resonance (n) - resonant (adj) : 1- a loud and clear sound that continues for a long time / 2- filled with sth e.g. an idea that resonate with many voters
bring up
v. to raise a child e.g. he was brought up by his grandparents. - [bring on/about] : to cause e.g. Stress can bring on an asthma attack. e.g. a huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests. - [bring forth]: to produce sth e.g. a tragic love affair that brought forth only pain.
## 201- question: Computer simulation (realpte)
The purpose of this paper is to consider the claim, often made, that computer simulation exercises provide an excellent source of speaking practice. In so doing I shall first consider the properties of computer simulations from a theoretical point of view, then describe the experience of (using) a particular simulation with a general EFL class. On the basis of this (experience), and of some very straightforward pedagogical considerations, I shall argue that the claim is justified, (subject) to a very important caveat: computer simulations can form the basis of excellent speaking exercises, provided you do not expect the computer to do all the work. Put in another way, many computer simulations only (attain) their full potential as language exercises if they are (integrated) into a larger, planned, teacher-managed activity.
specifically
adv. 1-in a detailed and exact way/ exactly (adv) 2- used when you are adding more exact information e.g. I specifically asked you not to do that. e.g. specifically, the department wanted answers to the following questions.
however
adv. 1-nevertheless 2- no matter how e.g. this is a cheap and simple process. However, there are dangers. e.g. you should report any incident,however minor it is.
otherwise
adv. 1-when you want to emphasize the result of doing or not doing sth e.g. you'll have to go now, otherwise you'll miss your bus. 2- when you want to say that, sth happened because of sth else e.g. they got two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they'd never have been able to afford to go. 3- except for what has just been mentioned. e.g. he was tired but otherwise in good health.
inadvertently
adv. Accidentally / deliberately (opp) - inadvertent (adj): accidental (syn) - inadvertence (n) e.g. viruses can be spread inadvertently by email users. e.g. Robinson's name was inadvertently omitted from the list. e.g. inadvertent exposure to chemicals.
nearly
adv. almost ( but not completely) e.g. It took nearly two hours to get here. - I nearly always go home fro lunch. - he very nearly died. -** [not nearly]: not at all e.g. he's not nearly as good-looking as his brother.
seemingly
adv. apparently e.g. Alice was standing in the street, seemingly oblivious (=unaware) to the rain. e.g. there is seemingly nothing we can do to stop the plans going ahead.
comparatively
adv. as compared to something else or to a previous state / relatively (syn) - comparative (adj) e.g. a comparatively small number of people e.g. comparatively few books have been written on the subject. e.g. comparative comfort/freedom/wealth e.g. comparative study/analysis (=a study etc that involves comparing something to something else)
initially
adv. at the beginning e.g. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements(=outdoor tools)
meanwhile
adv. at the same time - in the meanwhile: in the period of time between two events. e.g. the flight will be announced soon.meanwhile, please remain seated.
remotely
adv. by only a small amount / slightly (syn) e.g. there was nothing remotely new in this idea.
literally
adv. exactly e.g. I said I felt like quitting, but I didn't mean it literally. e.g. the Olympic Games were watched by literally billion of people.
exceptionally
adv. extremely / outstandingly (syn) - exceptional (adj) : 1-unusually good ;outstanding (syn)/ 2- unusual e.g. exceptionally wide e.g. she defended her position exceptionally well. e.g. an exceptional student e.g. this is an exceptional case; I've never seen anything like it before.
hence
adv. for this reason - henceforth (adv): from this time on e.g. the area was full of black smoke from factories, hence the name 'the Black Country' e.g. henceforth knock before you enter!
simultaneously
adv. happening at the same time - simultaneous (adj) e.g. the opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio.
inextricably
adv. in a way impossible to untangle - be inextricably (linked to/bound up with/mixed to/tied up with) sth : if two or more things are inextricably linked etc, they are very closely related and affect each other - inextricable (adj) - inextricable connection between sth and sth e.g. physical health is inextricably linked to mental health e.g. economic and social history are inextricably bound up with with each other e.g. the inextricable connection between language and culture
sensibly
adv. in a way of being reasonable e.g. sensibly simple
fittingly
adv. in an appropriate way - fitting (adj): 1-appropriate /2- outer part of sth that helps you to carry them (like a handle) e.g. a fitting end to what was a memorable trip.
equally
adv. in equal parts or amount - equal (adj) - equalize (v) e.g. you must have a good education, but practical training is equally important. e.g. both candidates received an equal number of votes. e.g. we have tried to equalize the workload between the different teachers.
nevertheless
adv. in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned./ nonetheless (syn) e.g. what you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.
simply
adv. just/ merely e.g. some students lose marks simply because they don't read the question properly.
further
adv. more e.g. Australian government went further and proposed a global ban.
predominantly
adv. mostly or mainly / chiefly (syn) e.g. the city's population is predominantly Irish. - predominant (adj): more powerful e.g. In this painting , the predominant color is black.
unsurprisingly
adv. not making you feel surprised
notably
adv. particularly, especially\ e.g. some early doctors, notably Hippocrates thought that diet was important.
presumably
adv. probably e.g. It's raining which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled.
presumably
adv. probably e.g. It's raining, which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled.
truly
adv. really e.g. his work is truly original
comparatively
adv. relatively e.g. a comparatively small number of people. e.g. crime on the island is comparatively rare.
relentlessly
adv. showing no signs of stopping or lessening in intensity; persistently - relentless (adj) : determined, cruel and without ever stopping / endless e.g. he questioned her relentlessly e.g. her relentless determination to succeed. e.g. a relentless crying of a small baby.
alongside
adv. side by side e.g. a car drew up alongside e.g. children's prices are shown alongside adult prices. e.g. Charles spent a week working alongside the miners.
oddly
adv. strangely - [oddly enough] : funnily enough e.g. she's been behaving oddly this week. e.g. oddly enough, someone asked me the same question only yesterday.
remarkably
adv. surprisingly e.g. she plays the violin remarkably well.
thus
adv. therefore e.g. most of evidence was destroyed in the fire. thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
commonly
adv. widely e.g. Sodium chloride is more commonly known as salt. e.g. Lung cancer is the most commonly found cancer in men.
effortlessly
adv. without hard work; with little effort - effortless (adj) e.g. he dived effortlessly into the turquoise(= a greenish-blue color) water e.g. she rose to his feet with a single effortless movement.
oftentimes
adv.[informal] often e.g. Oftentimes I have to wait more that 20 minutes for a bus.
relatively
adv.in relation, comparison, or proportion to something else. e.g. the system is relatively easy to use. - **relatively speaking : [used when comparing something with all similar things e.g. Relatively speaking, land prices are still pretty cheap here.
as likely as not
adv.might happen = 1/2 = 50% chance e.g. "I won't take their pills, because as likely as not they'd poison me"
roughly
adv.not exactly / approximately(syn) e.g. there were roughly 200 people there.
whence
adv.pronoun. from where e.g. I walked to Rainbagh, whence I could complete the journey by car
Copperplate engraving
an intaglio printing technique in which lines are carved into the surface of a copper plate. - [copperplate] : a plate made of copper - [engrave] (v) : to cut words or designs on metal, wood, glass etc.
excise
v. to remove by cutting - excision (n) e.g. the tumor was excised. n. the government tax that is put on the goods that are produced and used inside a country e.g. excise officer(=someone who collects excise) e.g. excise duty/tax (= the money paid as excise) e.g. excise duty on tobacco
bolt
v. to run suddenly in order to escape because your are frightened. e.g. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted.
dispatch
v. to send someone or something somewhere for a particular purpose. e.g. a reporter was dispatched to Naples to cover the riot. n. a message or report e.g. a dispatch from headquarters. - dispatch rider (n) : someone whose job is to take message or packages by motorcycle.
coedit
v. to share the duties of editing (something) with one or more others
disqualify
v. to stop sb from taking part in sth/ ban e.g. he was disqualified from driving. e.g. they disqualified the team fro fielding an underage player.
take off
v. to suddenly start being successful e.g. Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really (takes off).
irrigate
v. to supply land or crops with water - irrigation (n) e.g. the water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.
subsidize
v. to support by giving financial aid - subsidized (adj) - subsidization (n) - subside (v) : to become less and then stop e.g. farming is heavily subsidized by the government. e.g. heavily subsidized agricultural exports e.g. the pains in his head had subsided, but he still felt dizzy and sick.
ingest
v. to take food or other substances into your body. - ingestion (n)
take account (of)
v. to take into consideration e.g. You must take account of how many marks are (available) for each part.
incline (to/towards sth)
v. to tend to behave in a particular way or to have a particular attitude or opinion n. a slope - inclined (adj) : to hold a particular opinion, but not very strongly e.g. we're inclined to think e.g. the accident inclined him to reconsider his career e.g. I incline to accept the official version of events. e.g. Arthur has some strange ideas, but on this occasion I'm inclined to agree with him.
reckon
v. to think or guess e.g. do you reckon he'll agree to see us? e.g. we reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us around $9 billion a year in lost output. - **[ sb/sth to be reckoned with]: someone or sth that is powerful and must be regarded seriously as a possible opponent,competitor,danger etc. e.g. Barcelona will be a force to be reckoned with this season.
assume
v. to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof / presume (syn) e.g. I didn't see your car, so I assumed you'd gone out. -* [assumed name]: a name that is not real but you use to be me unknown / pseudonym (syn) e.g. he's been living in Peru under an assumed name.
operate
v. to use and control a machine or equipment etc e.g. the Lewise family operated a number of boats on the canal. e.g. the whole tax system is now operating more efficiently.
wade (in/into/through sth)
v. to walk (through water [that is not deep] or sth ( a crowd, a discussion,written work) e.g. don't wading into this part of the sea e.g. I wish you wouldn't always wade in with your opinion. e.g. the police waded into the crowd swinging sticks.
arrange
v. to write or change piece of music so that is suitable for a particular instrument. e.g. to arrange for other instrument. e.g. a symphony arranged for the piano
intertwine
v. when two things are connected or twisted together - be closely/inextricably intertwined e.g. the problems of crime and unemployment are closely intertwined. e.g. a necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls.
impressionist
n.1- a painter who practices impressionism, the artistic style developed in Europe in the late 1800s, in which dabs or strokes of color are used to give the effect of reflecting light. 2- someone who copies the speech or behavior of famous people in order to entertain other people. - impressionistic (adj) : based on general feeling of what something is like, rather than on specific facts or details - impressionistically (adv) e.g. the officers seemed to make only an impressionistic assessment.
fare
n.1- the money that you pay to travel by bus, plane, taxi, etc. /2- food (especially food served in a restaurant or eaten on a special occasion) v. [fare well/badly/better etc] : to be e.g. air fare have shot up by 20% e.g. traditional Christmas fare e.g. Although Chicago has fared better than some cities, unemployment remains a problem .
disposition
n.1-a person's inherent qualities of mind and character 2- the position or arrangement of something in a particular place / location (syn) e.g. the film is not suitable for people of a nervous disposition e.g. a map showing the disposition of American forces
legal compliance
n.[compliance] when someone obeys a rule,agreement or demand / obedience (syn) - comply (v) : to obey - compliant (adj) : willing to obey e.g. he changed his name to Lee in 1815 in compliance with his uncle's will. e.g. patients should have a history of good compliance with treatment. e.g. for years I had tried to be compliant and dutiful wife. e.g. future versions will be fully compliant with the industry standards. e.g. failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution. e.g. legal compliance
mnemonic
n.adj. something such as a poem or sentence that you use to help you remember a rule, a name etc.
ecosphere
n.the biosphere of the earth or another planet, especially when the interaction between the living and non-living components is emphasized. the region of space around a star where conditions are such that planets are theoretically capable of sustaining life.
appeal
n.v. 1-an urgent request/ 2- a quality that makes people like sth or sb (being attractive) e.g. an appeal to the army to not use too much force. e.g. the film has great appeal for young audiences.
story feature film
noun phrase. is a film (also called a motion picture or movie) with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program. ... The first narrative feature film was the 60-minute The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906, Australia). - narrative feature film
fight-or-flight response
noun phrase. the initial reaction of the body to stress during the alarm stage
pluralism of opinion
noun phrase. the state of having opinion in the same place
Flexible Work Practices
noun phrase. work practices that allow employees to balance work and family responsibilities.
Company finance
noun.
ecologist
person concerned with the interrelationship between living organisms and their environment; person concerned with the detrimental effects of human civilization on the environment; CF. ecology
law and order response
phrase
it was not only recently that ...
phrase.
far more potential (in sth)
phrase. e.g. there is far more potential in our minds.
an expression of creativity
phrase. an expression of creativity
throughout
prep. in every part of a particular area,place etc. e.g. a large organization with offices throughout the world.
upon
prep. used to mean 'on' or 'onto' e.g. Brandon threw him upon the ground.
putting flower in a container
putting flower in a container
child-centric mother
suffix- N-centric : giving most attention to a particular thing, person, or group - (child-centric mother) : mothers who give most attention to their children
graze
v. (of an animal) feed on growing grass e.g. fields where they used to graze their sheep
encounter
v. 1- to experience sth /2- to meet someone without plan. n. an occasion when you meet someone or something or experience something.
mangle
v. 1- to injure / 2- to spoil badly - mangled (adj) e.g. the trap closed round her leg, badly mangling her ankle. e.g. the orchestra had mangled Bach's music. e.g. the mangled remains of the aircraft.
prevail
verb: be widespread in a particular area at a particular time; be dominant - prevailing (adj) : be current( be accepted in a particular place or at a particular time), be common, be dominant e.g. I admired the creativity which prevailing among the young writers. e.g. justice will prevail. e.g. the prevailing mood of public opinion remained hostile.
coordinate by/with/to
v. 1- to make different part of sth move and work or look together well ( people in a group, organization, decoration in a place) n. one of set of numbers which give the exact position of a point on a map e.g. the cooker is green, to coordinate with the kitchen e.g.her movement were beautifully coordinated. e.g. the agencies are working together to coordinate policy on food safety
note
v. 1- to mention sth because it is important or interesting / 2- to pay careful attention to sth e.g. the judge noted that Miller had no previous criminal record. e.g. he carefully noted the time when they left the building.
address
v. 1- to solve a problem/question/issue etc 2- to speak to someone directly e.g. our products address the needs of real users. e.g. she turned to address the man on her left e.g. you will have to address(=say) your comments to our Head Office.
constrain (sb from doing sth; by ; to)
v. 1- to stop sb from doing sth/ restrict (syn) 2- to limit sth / restrict (syn) e.g. financial factors should not constrain doctors from prescribing the best treatment for patients. e.g. women's employment opportunities are often severely constrained by family commitments.
attain
v. 1-to achieve/2-to reach a particular level,age size etc - attainable (adj) - attainment (n) e.g. more women are attaining positions of power. e.g. share prices attained a high of $ 3.27. e.g. this target should be attainable.
assimilate
v. 1-to completely understand and begin to use new ideas, information etc / absorb (syn) - assimilation (n) e.g. It will take time to assimilate all these facts. 2- to become part of a group and be accepted by the people in that group. e.g. Refugees find it difficult to become assimilated into the community.
pose
v. 1-to create a threat, problem/ 2-to ask a question/ 3-to pretend to be somebody. e.g. the officials claim the chemical poses no real threat. e.g. In her book she poses the question 'How much do we need to be happy?'.
diminish
v. 1-to reduce sth or sb* ** [diminishing returns] : when the profits or advantages you are getting from something stop increasing in relation to the effort you are making. ** [ diminished responsibility] : when someone is not considered to be responsible for their actions because they are mentally ill. e.g. these drugs diminish blood glow to the brain e.g.* don't let him diminish your achievements.
signify
v. 1-to represent/ 2- to indicate e.g. the image of the lion signified power and strength. e.g. he turned away from her slightly to signify his indifference.
resolve
v. 1-to solve /2-to make a definite decision -** [ resolve (sth) into sth] : to separate into parts **n. determination e.g. the crisis was resolved by negotiations e.g. Mary resolved that she would stop smoking. e.g. this mixture will resolve into two separate compounds. e.g. recent events strengthened her resolve to find out the truth.
establish
v. 1-to start a company, organization, system, etc/ found (syn) 2- **to begin a relationship 3- **to find out facts - **established (adj) : already in use or existing for a long period of time. - **establishment (n) : an organization or institution e.g. our goal is to establish a new research center in the North. e.g. well-established teaching methods. e.g. a first-class training establishment. e.g. Hungary established diplomatic relationship with Chile in 1990 e.g. the police must establish the facts of the case before proceeding.
establish
v. 1-to start or begin a company,system etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time/ found (syn) 2- to begin a relationship with someone or a situation that will continue 3- to find out facts about sth e.g. our goal is establish a new research center in the North. e.g. establish relations/links/contact etc (with sb) e.g. Hungary established diplomatic relations with Chile in 1990.
dab
v. 1-to touch sth lightly several times usually with something such as a cloth 2- to put a substance onto sth with quick light movement s of your hand. n. a light touch with your hand e.g. the wiped her tears away with a dab of her handkerchief. e.g. she dabbed some cream on her face. e.g. and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas(= the piece of cloth it is painted on) rather than mixed on the palette.
visualize
v. To make a picture in the mind/ to imagine (syn) - visualization (n) - visualize sb doing sth - visualize how/what etc e.g. An entrepreneur (visualizes) needs e.g. I tried to visualize the house while he was describing it. e.g. It's hard to visualize how these tiles will look in our bathroom e.g. somehow I can't visualize myself staying with this company for much longer
implement
v. To put into action; execute - implementation (n) e.g. we have decided to implement the committee's recommendations in full.
assert
v. To state or express firmly - assertion (n) e.g. he asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source. - assert itself: (if an idea or belief asserts, it begins to influence something. e.g. National pride began to assert itself.
sew
v. [ past tense: sewed / past participle: sewn ]:to make something using a needle and thread. e.g. she sewed the two side together. e.g. can you sew a patch on my jeans? - [ sew up] : to repair sth by sewing.
take account of
v. [also : take sth into account] : to consider e.g. these figures do not take account of changes in the rate of inflation.
slacken
v. [also slacken off]: to gradually become slower, weaker,looser, less active etc, or to make something do this. e.g. the heavy rain showed no signs of slackening off. - slacker (n) : someone who is lazy and does not do all the work they should - used to show disapproval
thin
v. [also thin out] : to become fewer in number (especially when there were many before) e.g. the crowd had thinned out and only a few people were left. e.g. the trees thinned as we got closer to the top of mountain.
trigger
v. [also trigger off]: to make sth happen quickly n. the part of a gun that you pull with your finger to fire it. e.g. certain forms of mental illness can be triggered by food allergies. e.g. he took aim and squeezed the trigger. e.g. the hijacking became a trigger point for military action.
champion (of) sth
v. [champion]: to publicly fight for or defend an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people. n. someone or sth that has won a competition, especially in sport. e.g. she championed the cause of religious freedom e.g. the world heavyweight boxing champion e.g. the Olympic champion e.g. a champion of women's right.
gas guzzling
v. [guzzle]: 1- to eat or drink a lot of sth, eagerly and quickly (usually showing disapproval) 2- gas guzzling : when a vehicle uses a lot of gas in a wasteful way.
pursue
v. chase, follow, seek e.g. she plans to pursue a career in politics. e.g. pursue their owns interests. e.g. pursue policies e.g. pursue the matter furthur
meld (with/into)
v. combine,blend e.g. he melded country music with blues to create rock and roll. e.g. the raindrops melded into a sheet of water.
concern with
v. fixed match
interact with
v. have an effect on each other; to communicate with
nationalize
v. if a government buys sth or take control of it - [ privatize]: if government sells things that it owns. - nationalization (n) e.g. a nationalized industry e.g. the British government nationalized the railway in 1948.
break off (from sth)
v. if something break off from sth else, it is no longer attached to another. e.g. the wing mirror had broken off from the car.
rooted in
v. in based on, originated from e.g. this feeling of rejection is often deeply rooted in childhood
maintain sth (with) sb
v. maintain close relationship with other universities
evacuate
v. move out of an unsafe location into safety - evacuation (n) e.g. police evacuated the area. e.g. several families were evacuated from their homes. e.g. the evacuation of British troops from the area.
misperceive
v. perceive wrongly or incorrectly. e.g. every now and then one speaker or reader misperceives some word, and a mutation results. - [mutation] (n): a change in genetic structure of an animal or plant that makes it different from others of the same kind. - [mutate] (v) e.g. simple organisms like bacteria mutate rapidly.
replicate
v. reproduce, or repeat - replication (n) e.g. the ability of DNA to replicate itself. e.g. there is a need for further research to replicate these findings.
justify
v. show or prove to be right or reasonable e.g. how can we justify spending so much money on arms? - justified (adj) e.g. In his vies, the use of force was fully justified.
spur
v. stimulate, impel, encourage, provoke e.g. It was an article in the local newspaper which finally spurred him into action. e.g. lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth. - [on the spur of the moment] (n): suddenly, without any previous planning or thought.
sought
v. the past tense and past participle of seek
herald
v. to announce n. 1-someone who carried message from a ruler in the past. 2- announcement e.g. flashing blue lights heralded the arrival of the police. e.g. a bowl of daffodils, the first bright heralds of spring.
ratify
v. to approve, give formal approval to - ratification (n) - **[ ratify a treaty/an agreement/ a decision etc] e.g. we hope that the republics will be willing to ratify the treaty. e.g. an attempt to delay ratification of the treaty.
classify
v. to arrange or order by classes or categories - classification (n) - classifiable (adj) e.g. This often means (classifying) and taking risks. e.g. families are classified according to the father's occupation e.g. there are five job classification e.g. the classification of wines according to quality
allege
v. to assert without proof or confirmation - allegation (n) e.g. It was alleged that the policeman had accepted bribes.
correlate with
v. to be closely connected with sth - correlation (n) : connection - correlative (adj.n.) : related e.g. poverty and poor housing correlate with a shorter life expectancy. e.g. a strong correlation between urban deprivation and poor health. e.g. rights and their correlative responsibilities.
the more likely scenario
fixed match.
this certainly applies to (sth)
fixed match.
to develop characteristics
fixed match.
up to sth
- fixed match: as much or as many as a certain amount or number but not more. e.g. the Olympic stadium will hold up to 80,000 spectators. e.g. a process that can take anything up to then days.
flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras
- flotilla (n) : a group of small ships - vividly (adv) : clearly / vivid (adj) : so clear; vague (opp)
formality and ornateness
- formality . n. the state of being formal - ornateness (n) . the state of having lot of decoration
at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists.
- prospect of/for/that (n): the possibility (that something will happen) e.g. there is every prospect (= a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week - influx of (n) : arrival (of large number of people or large amounts of money, good etc, especially suddenly) e.g. a large influx of tourists in the summer
rhetorical flourish
- rhetorical (adj) : sth that is rhetorical doesn't need answer and it's so obvious and use just for showing the importance of that thing and play with the words in a speech wisely - rhetorical question - flourish : n. special and impressive / v; thrive = do well
seen as (n/v+ing)
- seen as hindering job growth
separatist and Islamist militancy
- separatist (n) : someone who belongs to a group that wants to start a new country with its own government - Islamist (n) : someone who strictly follows the teachings of Islam and believes it should have more influence - militancy (n) : the state of using strong or violent action in order to achieve political or social change. / militant (n.adj) : someone who is willing to use strong or violent action in order to achieve political or social change.
impressionist
- someone who uses impressionism in the painting or music that they produce. e.g. impressionist painters
the conducted study serves three objectives
-conduct (v) : to do (carry out) a particular activity or process - conduct a study/ a survey/a investigation / a review/ an experiment/ a campaign/ a interview etc
ineffectiveness
. lacking the power to be effective - ineffective (adj) - ineffectively (adv) e.g. the ineffectiveness of most diets. e.g. the chemical was almost totally ineffective in killing the weeds. e.g. various drugs have proved ineffective against the virus.
## 57- question : Dark matter (apeuni)
A new interdisciplinary center for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at the University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Center will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to (collaborate) on research that concerns them both. "This center will bring the two departments together in an area where they (overlap) in the physics of the very early universe," said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, (discoveries) that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics (involve) energies so high that no Earthbound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their (laboratory).Dr. Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Center's advent "a very exciting development" for that department.
## 161- question: Absence from work (realpte)
Absence from work is a costly and (disruptive) problem for any organization. The cost of absenteeism in Australia has been put at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annually. The study reported here was (conducted) in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, where, prior to this time, few active steps (had) been taken to measure, understand or manage the (occurrence) of absenteeism.
offspring
n. a person's child or children e.g. a young mother trying to control her offspring e.g. a lion and its offspring
## 121- question: Antarctic (realpte)
At the height of summer the Antarctic, tourist ships move gently around the coast. Even 30 years ago such sights would have been unthinkable, but to day people are willing to pay large sums of money to see the last real wilderness in the world. In the Arctic, careless human exploitation in the (past) has damaged the fragile ecosystem. Today concerned governments are trying to find ways to develop the region (while) caring for the very special natural environment. (Because) the Antarctic is less accessible then the Arctic, it is still largely undamaged by human, although holes in the Ozone Layer above the Antarctic have already been discovered. Many people believe that one way to preserve the area is to make the whole region into a World Park, with every form of exploitation internationally (banned).
## 156- question: Affordable childcare (realpte)
Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly mothers, to be in paid employment. International studies have found that countries with greater enrollment rates in publicly funded or provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, (although) untangling causal relationships is complex. From the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty has been shown to be a key independent determinant of children's outcomes. (From) the point of view of the public purse, as mothers (enter) employment they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra revenues (through) income tax and national insurance.
## 37- question: Agrarian parties (realpte-apeuni)
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or (whether) they even exist, depends mainly (on) two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative (to) the urban population. The other is a matter of social integration: (for) agrarian parties to be important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated (with) the other major sections of society. Thus a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, (rather than) their occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
## 148- question: National gallery of Canada (realpte)
An exhibit that brings together for the first (time) landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The (gallery) in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to (pull) together the collection of 60 Renoir (paintings) from 45 public and private collections.
## 85- question: Psychological theories (realpte)
Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter on the translation of the (theory) into educational practice. Often, this translation is not clear. (Therefore), when a program does not succeed, it is not clear whether the (lack) of success was due to the inadequacy of the theory or the inadequacy of the implementation of the theory. A (set) of basic principles for translating a theory into practice can help clarify just what an educational implementation should [and should not] look like. This article presents 12 principles for translating a triarchic theory of successful intelligence into educational practice.
## 50- question: Australia (realpte-apeuni)
Australia is a dynamic multi-cultural society, viewed by many as the world's most desirable place to live. Here Frank Welsh traces Australia's intriguing and varied history to (examine) how this society (emerged), from its ancient Aborigine tribes and earliest British convict (settlements) to today's modern nation - one that (retains) strong links with its colonial past but is (increasingly) (independent) and diverse.
## 90- question: Bhutan (realpte)
Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has (preserved) much of their culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the world Internet, television, and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but thing remain (perfectly) balanced. Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a 'GNH.' You may think GNH is just another (statistically) based term with no real-life application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness." The process of measuring GNH began when Bhutan opened to globalization. It measures people's quality of life, and makes sure that "material and spiritual development happen together." Bhutan has done an amazing Job of finding this balance. Bhutan has continually been ranked as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world according to Business Week. In 2007 Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as (maintaining) their environment and cultural identity. Bhutan is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. Over two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and Buddhism is supported by the government both politically and economically. The government gives (subsidies) to Buddhist monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist programs.
## 42- question: Coastal fish farms
Coastal fish farms seem to do less harm to nearby plants and animals than previously believed, a new study (reveals). And marine ecosystems can (recover) from this damage (surprisingly) fast. But the analysis of a single trout farm in a Faroe Islands fjord over nearly a year also shows that these facilities need to be (placed) carefully, and that there's a limit to how many can (operate) in a particular area before its biodiversity suffers lasting harm. In coastal farms, fish live in large cages hanging from pontoons on the surface. Fish feces and uneaten food sink to the seabed, affecting its ecosystem. Badly-managed farms can also have serious (effects) on the surrounding water column.
## 27- question: surface water (realpte-apeuni)
Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes run off farmland and enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body that is used as a (drinking) water supply receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must (filter) them out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with (soil) more readily, are less toxic, or degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can help minimize herbicide (pollution).
## 36- question: Chemistry (realpte)
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the (result) of chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx of ions across a neurons membrane, causing a (signal) to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the (storage) of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it (passes) through the lungs for (usage) throughout the body.
It's because
fixed match.
being at heart of advance in sth
fixed match.
cause a drop in sth
fixed match.
## 33-question: cuteness (realpte)
Cuteness in offspring is a (potent) protective mechanism that (ensures) survival for otherwise completely (dependent) infants. Previous research has linked cuteness to early ethological ideas of a "kindchenschema" [infant schema] where infant facial features serve as "innate releasing mechanisms" for (instinctual) caregiving behaviors. We propose extending the concept of cuteness beyond visual features to (include) positive infant sounds and smells. Evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies links this extended concept of cuteness to simple "instinctual" behaviors and to caregiving, protection and complex emotions. We review how cuteness (supports) key parental capacities by igniting fast privileged neural activity followed by slower processing in large brain networks also involved in play, empathy, and perhaps even higher-order moral emotions.
## 120- question: Disadvantage in early childhood (realpte)
Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development. Factors such as low socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation may have lasting (impacts) on a child's chance of reaching their full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool education can help to (lessen) the effects of these risk factors and can provide children with a better start to school. However, some of these factors may also be (barriers) to preschool attendance for groups that would benefit most from preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's education are the responsibility of man government and non-government agencies and it occurs in a range of settings. Preschool is aimed at children around four years of age to (prepare) them for compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states and territories, children can start full-time schooling at five years of age, when they enroll in a kindergarten or preparatory year. In 2001, just over half of five-year olds [57%] were at school with about a third [34%] attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can (commence) preschool before they turn four, participation rates for three-year olds are much lower than four-year olds [24% compared with 56% for four-year olds in 2001]. The preschool participation rate of four-year olds in 2001 [56%] was similar to the rate in 1991 [58%].
antagonistic
adj. 1- unfriendly;hostile (syn) 2- opposed to an idea or group - antagonistically (adv) e.g. an antagonistic attitude e.g. antagonistic to new ideas e.g. antagonistic effect
colonial
adj. of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colonies. e.g. Britain was the largest colonial power.
## 194-question: Burger king (realpte)
Drive down any highway, and you'll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and far enough you'll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's, and Wendy's the "big four" of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of (claiming) the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No. 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three (contenders) have increased. The decline has been (attributed) to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems [nineteen CEOs in fifty years] need to be (rectified) before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The (importance) of (consistency) in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer's order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way," or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more (reliable).
## 202- question: Essay (realpte)
Essays are used as an assessment tool to (evaluate) your ability to research a topic and construct an (argument), as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of everything your lecturer has said (throughout) the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater (depth) aspects of the course - theories, issues, texts, etc. and in some cases relate these aspects to a (particular) context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a (certain) way: using formal academic style.
## 104- question : Management (realpte)
Event management is particularly challenging from an operational viewpoint. In many cases, events are staged on sites where everything has been set up over a 24-hour period, with all elements carefully (synchronized). In contrast, many events are years in the planning: large convention bids are often won five years before the event is held. For the very (competitive) bidding process, budgets need to be developed and prices quoted, requiring a good understanding of market, economic and political trends, as well as consumer choices. This long-term view is the basis of strategic management, which is covered in Part 1, and focuses on the event concept, feasibility of the event, legal compliance and financial management. Marketing is a critical (success) factor and other important topic of this first section, many events [sporting, cultural and arts] involving long- term sponsorship (arrangements) with key industry players. Relationship building is particularly (challenging) since there are so many stakeholders involved in events, including government agencies at many levels. Part 1 will look at all these aspects, including strategic risk, before moving on to the second part where operational planning and implementation will be covered in detail.
incandescent
adj. 1- very angry / 2- shining brightly - incandescent lamp e.g. the prince was said to be incandescent with rage. e.g. incandescent flowers (=very bright )
## 10-question: Genius (apeuni)
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity-doing something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year (through) his late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the (age) of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the (importance) of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ["I grow old . . . I grow old"]? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the (creativity) researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a (domain) where (talent) is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
## 164- question: Hot Jupiter (realpte)
Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in (characteristics) to the solar system's biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent targets for (astronomers) in their search for extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to (detect) as they create a large decrease in brightness when passing in front of their parent stars.
comparable [to/with]
adj. being equally important, good, bad etc/ incomparable (opp) e.g. these two artists just aren't comparable. e.g. his poetry id hardly comparable with Shakespeare's. e.g. Pluto is comparable in size to the Moon. - comparability (n)
## 98- question: Electorate (realpte)
It would be reassuring to think that the electorate chooses who to vote for based on the candidates' track records and future policy promises. (In truth), many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate selected by students (as) looking the most competent was also the one who'd had real life electoral success, the implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates' appearance [there's little evidence that appearance and competence actually (correlate)]. Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes, especially in war time [in peacetime, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage]. Other research has shown that were more likely to vote for male and female candidates with deeper voices.
## 129- question : Lake Turkan (realpte)
Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This (part) of Africa was home to some of the first humans. Here, archaeologists have found piles of (bones) [both human and animal] and collections of stones that humans used as (tools). By carefully uncovering and (examining) these remains, scientists have started to put together the story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million year-old skeleton was uncovered in the area. Although a link between it and modern-day humans has not been established, the skeleton shows the species was walking upright.
## 191- question: Leadership (realpte)
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organize and direct the efforts of others. But moral authority does not come from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from many (sources), including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep understanding of the business in question. All these (factors) build confidence. Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave (unethically); they become plagued by self-doubt and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power lose self-awareness and thus lose (connection) with those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong it is up to them to (abide) by a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them or vote them out.
## 105-question: The nature of human (realpte)
Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and evolutionary psychology have resulted in new (ways) of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the mind and consciousness in (terms) of brain function? Can we understand modern human behavior in terms of our evolutionary heritage? Is science even the right (place) to start if we want to understand human nature? Come along the Great Debate, hear the arguments and have your (say).
## 2- question : Plainness (realpte)
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a (slave) to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in (competent) hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should (strive) to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences (conveying) clear actions or identities. It's faster. It makes arguments easier to follow. It increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you (focus) more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise (abandoning) altogether.
## 112- question : the Math book (realpte)
Number and form are the essence of our world: from the (patterns) of the stars to the pulses of the market, from the (beats) of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing (geniuses) from Alcibiades, the enfant terrible of Athens, to Gauss, the Mozart of numbers, this geniuses (inspiring) book makes the mysteries of maths accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.
## 100- question: Pre-Raphaelitism (realpte)
Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain's most significant and influential 19th-century art movement. Founded in 1848, it (centered) on a group of three young artists: William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais. These artists sought to revive English art by radically turning away from the old studio (tradition) and bringing painting into direct (contact) with nature. With an eye for absolute (accuracy), every detail was now to have intense realist as well as (symbolic) meaning.
## 65- question: Progressive enhancement (apeuni)
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of (designing) for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then (progressively) enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice. Instead of (spending) hours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers that don't. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers won't know what they are missing. The biggest (challenge) to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.
actual
adj. being real or exact e.g. In actual fact (=really), there is little evidence to support the allegations. e.g. I'm not joking. those were his actual words.
subatomic
adj. smaller than an atom or existing within an atom e.g. subatomic particles
## 188- question: Social isolation (realpte)
Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government (forecasts) are right, about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be single (occupancy). And there is evidence the situation is already (deteriorating). According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things---And yet, while some are (declaring) a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN's Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a (spectacular) rise of 64 per cent since 2003.
## 159- question: Why many banks made such disastrous decisions? (realpte)
Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal (explanations) for why so many banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural. Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to function as they should. Rules and guidelines were either (inadequate) or ignored. The second explanation is that Wall Street was (incompetent), that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that they made extravagant bets without (understanding) the consequences.
## 189- question: Snails (realpte)
Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex decisions using just two brain cells in (findings) that could help engineers design more efficient robots. Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the (heads) of freshwater snails as they searched for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was (hungry) or not, while another let it know when food was present. Food searching is an example of goal-directed behavior, during which an animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using as little energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, sai "This will eventually help us design the 'brain' of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components necessary to perform complex tasks. What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioral decisions and carry them out is poorly understood. Our study reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an animal's brain which drives and optimizes complex decision-making tasks."
entomophagous
adj. someone who eats insects
## 124- question: Global textile industry (realpte)
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth (produced) 200 tons of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, (leaving) behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint. "Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term," says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntax, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India. With something of an "if you build it, they will come" attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha (toward) the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in central India to (supply) its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change (their) growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fair-trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
satisfy sb.'s needs
fixed match.
## 133- question: Inventions (realpte)
Throughout the 18th century, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers researched, discussed, and published their investigations into how the world worked, while engineers and inventors developed new and successful machines and processes. The latest theories inspired greater invention, and more technology encouraged theoretical scientists to make further discoveries in medicine, biology, mechanics, physics, and chemistry. By 1800, the new machines had (brought) revolutionary changes to the workplace, transportation and communications, and eventually to the home. Some of these inventions simply made it easier to produce things on a large scale such as textile machines and foundries, (which) produced large quantities of cloth and metal objects quickly and cheaply. But some inventions (brought) completely new possibilities such as the first batteries, steamboats, and locomotives. It would take decades for some of these inventions to make a big impact on the world. (Yet) their creation, and the sheer amount of imagination and risk-taking involved, marked the beginning of a modern, global, technologically based economy of the kind that we live in today.
## 145- question: How a coffee nap nap might work? (realpte)
To (understand) how a coffee nap might work, we need to look at how the body (processes) caffeine. When you drink a coffee, the caffeine stays in the stomach for a while before moving to the small intestine. It is from here that caffeine is (absorbed) and distributed throughout the body. This process, from drinking to absorption, takes 45 minutes. Although caffeine is broken down in the liver, half of it remains in the blood for 4-5 hours after drinking a moderate amount (equivalent to two large cups of brewed coffee). It (takes) more time to eliminate greater amounts of caffeine from the body.
## 204- question: Job-hunting (realpte)
When it comes to job-hunting, first (impressions) are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself - to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your (attire); thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a (positive) first impression. Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course, that you are judged. Throughout the entire job-seeking process employers use short-cuts — heuristics or rules of thumb — to save time. With cover letters, it's the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With resumes, it is a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview, it's how you're dressed that sets the (tone) of the interview. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little (investigation) of your (prospective) employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you (fit) in with the organization. If you overdress [which is rare but can happen] or under dress [the more likely scenario], the potential employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.
## 108- question: Global ecosystem (realpte)
Whether measured by greenhouse gas concentrations, deforestation rates or declining fish stocks, current (unsustainable) consumption and production patterns threatened to exceed the capacity of global ecosystems and the world community must (accelerate) efforts to pursue environmentally (sound) economic growth and "meet our commitments to future generations".
## 178- question: Indian Onion (apeuni)
With its capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an (explosive) role in Indian politics. This week, reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the governing elite. The most (vital) ingredient in Indian cooking, the (basic) element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all classes. But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable (luxury) for India's poor. Over the past few days, another sharp (surge) in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of (supply). But the (increase) follows a trend of rising consumer prices across the board — from diesel fuel to cement, from milk to lentils.
audacious
adj. brave; without fear - audaciously (adv) e.g. the risks involved in such an audacious operation. e.g. audaciously forward.
## 63- question: Exam instructions-9FIB-R (apeuni)
You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are (available) for each part when you answer it Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes (answering) a part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have (time) to spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer — this is just a waste of your (valuable) time [and the examiner's].
digitized resources
adj. (also digitised [BrE]) converted to a form that can be read by a computer - digitize (v) : to put information into a digital form
## 1- question: Teenage brain (realpte)
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless (at the same time)? Easily, according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School [HMS] who have been (exploring) the (unique) structure and chemistry of the (adolescent) brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of (development). These are people with very (sharp) brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them." In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the Central Pattern Generator [CPG]. This produces signals that drive muscles to (contract) rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the (pattern) of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different (modes), such as going from a standstill to walking.
speedy and fluent manner
fixed match.
written word
collocation. allowed societies to develop complex sets of knowledge, legal systems, behavior patterns, and customs to assign or deed land and other possessions, etc.
free trade Agreement
collocation. an agreement between member countries to remove duties and trade barriers on products traded among them.
naked eye
collocation. bare, unassisted, unaided
minor character
collocation. character who plays a lesser role
relationship building
collocation. creating a means of maintaining contact with the customer after the sale is completed
temperature difference
collocation. difference in temperature between two points
empirical research
collocation. research based on the collection of data - [empirical] : based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas / theoretical=hypothetical (opp) e.g. empirical evidence - empirically (adv)
inclusive society
collocation. society which includes everything and any people.
oral tradition
collocation. the custom of passing along stories by speech
academic writing
collocation. the kind of writing generally undertaken by scholars and students, in which a writer responds to another's work or uses multiple sources to develop and support an original idea
marine life
collocation. the plants and animals of the ocean - [ marine (adj)]: relating ti the sea and the creatures that live there. e.g. the enormous variety of marine life. e.g. the effects of oil pollution on marine mammals. e.g. marine biology
relative price
collocation. the price of one good in comparison with the price of other goods e.g. relative price movement of the item.
selective breeding
collocation. the process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation
Stakeholder
n. any persons or groups who will be affected by an action e.g. Citizens should be stakeholders in the society they live in.
occurrence
n. sth that happen e.g. laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom. e.g. the frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the area means that the buildings must be specifically designed to withstand(=resist) the force.
loss of
n. the fact of no longer having something. e.g. a disease which causes fever and a loss of appetite.
cuteness
n. the state of being attractive, charming in a sweet or heart warming way. - cutely (adv) - cute (adj) e.g. that's a really cute outfit
lowland
n.adj. land that is lower than the area around it/ highland (opp) e.g. a wild lowland landscape
predate
v. exist or occur at a date earlier than something e.g. Banks probably (predated) the invention of money.
with exposure to
v. to encounter with
Representational
adj. a representational painting or style of art shows things as they actually appear in real life / figurative (syn) e.g. he's my son, in the figurative sense of the word.
halcyon days
adj. a time in the past when you were very happy.
identifiable (as/by)
adj. able to be recognized e.g. she looked young , and was immediately identifiable as a trainee. e.g. the police were identifiable by their uniform. e.g. identifiable peasantry
trustworthy
adj. able to be trusted - trustworthiness (n) e.g. many people do not see politicians as trustworthy.
consistent
adj. always behaving or happening in a similar, usually positive, way e.g. we need to be consistent in our approach. e.g. she's the team's most consistent player.
submissive
adj. always willing to obey and never disagreeing with with them, even if they are unkind to you./ meek (syn) / assertive (opp) - submissively (adv) - submissiveness (n) - submission (n): the state of being completely submissive e.g. In those days, women were expected to be quiet and submissive. e.g. submissive signals. e.g. Napoleon threatened to starve the country into submission.
maximal
adj. as much or large as possible / minimal (opp) - maximally (adv) e.g. the right conditions for a maximal increase in employment. e.g. maximal fitness test.
inquisitive
adj. asking many questions; curious - inquisitively (adv) - inquisitiveness (n) e.g. I'd have asked more questions, but I didn't want to seem inquisitive.
socioeconomic
adj. based on a combination of social and economic conditions. - socioeconomically (adv)
speculative picks
adj. based on guessing, not an information or facts. - speculatively (adv) e.g. a purely speculative theory about life on other planets. e.g. speculative picks - [ pick (n)] : things that is your choice. e.g. have a look at the menu and take your pick.
fragmented (into)
adj. be broken into a lot of small separate parts [used to show disapproval] e.g. a fragmented society
integral part
adj. being an very important part of something. - [integral] (adj) : forming a necessary part of something. e.g. vegetables are an integral part of our diet. e.g. statistics are integral to medical research.
advantageous
adj. beneficial and helpful/ disadvantageous (opp) - advantageously (adv) e.g. he was now in a more advantageous position. e.g. terms advantageous to foreign companies.
vivid
adj. bright, distinct, and clear/ vague (opp) - vividly (adv) - vividness (n) e.g. I've got vivid memories of that summer e.g. he had a vivid picture of her in his mind. e.g. I can vividly remember the day we met.
distinct
adj. clearly different / indistinct - distinctive (adj) - distinctively (adv) - distinction (n) e.g. distinct brushstroke (stroke: to move sth somewhere with gentle movements of your hand) e.g. two entirely distinct languages e.g. there are four distinct types. e.g. a rock band with a distinctive sound e.g. the distinction between formal and informal language.
convinced
adj. completely certain about something - convince (v) - convincing (adj) : making you believe sth - convincingly (adv) e.g. I was convinced that we were doing the right thing. e.g. her argument didn't convince everyone, but changes were made. e.g. convincing evidence of his guilt e.g. convincing victory/win
associated (with)
adj. connected, correlated, linked - associate with (v) : to be connect with e.g. problems associated with cancer treatment. e.g. associated life project.
consistent in/with
adj. consistent (in): 1-always acting or behaving in the same way / inconsistent (opp) 2- consistent with: state of being match with sth e.g. she's the team's most consistent player e.g. we need to be consistent in our approach e.g. the evidence is not consistent (not match) e.g. the result are consistent with (match) earlier research
sustained
adj. continuing for a long time e.g. a period of sustained economic development e.g. a sustained attack on the government.
respective
adj. corresponding to each person or thing in a series e.g. respective districts(= an area with particular features). e.g. respective districts. - respectively (adv): in the same order as the things you have just mentioned.\ e.g. the cups and saucers cost $5 and $3 respectively
interdisciplinary
adj. covering more than one area or study e.g. interdisciplinary center
full-length
adj. covering the body from top to bottom
reliant (on/upon)
adj. dependent on e.g. most companies are now reliant on computer technology.
Naturalistic
adj. derived from real life or nature, or imitating it very closely. - naturalistically (adv)
individualized
adj. designed to fit the special needs of a particular person or thing. - individualize (v) e.g. an individualized training program. e.g. individualized approach
various
adj. different types of things e.g. he decided to leave school for various reasons. e.g. there are various ways to answer your question.
disillusioned (by/with)
adj. disappointed [ because you have lost your belief that someone is good or that an idea is right/ disenchanted (syn) - disillusionment (n)= disillusion - disillusion (v) : to make disappointed e.g. as she grew older, Laura became increasingly disillusioned with politics. e.g. I hate to disillusion you, but I don't think she's coming back.
sedentary
adj. doing or requiring a lot of sitting e.g. sedentary life/job/lifestyle etc e.g. health problems caused by our sedentary lifestyle. e.g. sedentary activities e.g. sedentary gaming.
doctoral student
adj. done as part of work for the university degree of doctor e.g. a doctoral thesis
exploratory
adj. done in order to find out more about something. / investigatory (syn) e.g. he's going to have exploratory surgery on his knee.
preparatory
adj. done in order to get ready for something e.g. preparatory talks to clear the way for peace settlement.
accessible
adj. easy to approach; obtainable/ inaccessible (adj) - accessibility (n) e.g. the island is only accessible by boat.\ e.g. easily accessible
evident
adj. easy to see or notice / obvious - evidential (adj): able to be used as evidence, or relating to evidence. - evidentially (adv) - evidence (n) e.g. It soon became evident that she was seriously ill. e.g. It was clearly evident that the company was in financial difficulties.
expressive
adj. effectively conveying thought or feeling - expressively (adv) - expressiveness (n) - **[ be expressive of something] : showing a particular feeling or influence. e.g. her wonderfully expressive eyes e.g. her poem is expressive of calm days and peace of mind.
rudimentary
adj. elementary; basic / sophisticated (opp) e.g. my rudimentary German e.g. subsistence farming in its rudimentary form. e.g. rudimentary memory.
pleasurable
adj. enjoyable / unpleasant (opp) - pleasurably (adv) e.g. a pleasurable experience
environmentally sound economic growth
collocation - [ sound] (adj) : sensible,good and strong / poor (opp)
social bonding
collocation - [bond] (n) : relationship
instant and continued success
collocation - [instant] (adj) : immediate e.g. instant success e.g. instant access e.g. instant dislike e.g. instant response e.g. instant coffee/ instant soup
advisory service
collocation - advisory committee/body - advisory role/capacity
special interest
collocation e.g. special/particular interest e.g. considerable/strong/keen interest
uncommon eyes
collocation - see an issue with uncommon eyes means you should think regardless to common viewpoints.
creativity researcher
collocation : a researcher who study the subject creativity
informed assessment
collocation : informed assessment = assess wisely and carefully
principal explanation
collocation : main explanation
International standard
collocation.
Positive benefits
collocation.
a major source of diversity
collocation.
academic program
collocation.
active lifestyle
collocation.
adjacent region
collocation.
aggressive gesture
collocation.
biological diversity
collocation.
chemical information-processing functions
collocation.
contemporary culture
collocation.
critical awareness
collocation.
daily challenges
collocation.
developing people
collocation.
diplomatic missions
collocation.
disastrous decisions
collocation.
disruptive problem
collocation.
distinctive basis (of sth)
collocation.
distinctive features
collocation.
economic and healing properties
collocation.
energy expenditure
collocation.
entrance score
collocation.
expanded economic globalization
collocation.
facial expression
collocation.
fair trade price
collocation.
financial report
collocation.
first impressions
collocation.
food price
collocation.
fragile ecosystem
collocation.
frequent dinner table conversation
collocation.
general pattern of activity
collocation.
gesture of reassurance
collocation.
humanitarian missions
collocation.
ideal experimental animal
collocation.
identical twins
collocation.
individual donors
collocation.
inspiring book
collocation.
intellectual challenge
collocation.
intense realist
collocation.
intercultural difficulties
collocation.
internal ears
collocation.
internal management problems
collocation.
international reputation
collocation.
key independent determinant
collocation.
market forces
collocation.
modern anthropology
collocation.
poor English skills
collocation.
reference point
collocation.
total revenue
collocation.
liability status
collocation. - [ liability (n)] : legal responsibility for something, especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury. -**[ liabilities] (n) : debts (syn) / assets (opp)
a million year-old skeleton
collocation. - [ skull] - [collarbone] - [ rib] - [ pelvis] - [spine/backbone] - [kneecap]
cow protection agenda
collocation. - [agenda (n)]: a list of rules or subject to be discussed or planned to deal with. e.g. the government set an agenda for constitutional reform.
alternate plan
collocation. - [alternate (adj)]: placed one after the other e.g. alternate blue and red stripes - [alternate] (v) : to happen one after the other in a repeated pattern e.g. she alternated between outrage and sympathy.
critical challenge
collocation. - [critical] (adj) : 1-relate to criticize sb/ 2- crucial=vital
harmonious democratic society
collocation. - [harmonious (adj)]: harmonious relationships are ones in which people are friendly and helpful to one another. - harmoniously (adv)
inconsistent product quality
collocation. - [inconsistent] (adj) : not consistent according to a particular set of principles or standards/ contradictory (syn)/ consistent (opp) e.g. the accounts (=descriptions) of the witnesses are inconsistent. e.g. his conduct was inconsistent with what is expected of a congressman.
saturated fat
collocation. - [saturated] (adj) : has had as much as of sth mixed into it. - saturate (v) : our culture is saturated with television and advertising.
spectacular sets
collocation. - [set] : a group of similar things that belong together or are related in some way. e.g. a set of tools. e.g. we faced a new set of problems.
wily sorcerer
collocation. - [sorcerer] (n) : a man in stories who uses magic and receives help from evil forces/ wizard (syn) / witch : for woman - [wily] (adj) : clever at getting what you want, especially by tricking people/ cunning (syn) e.g. a wily politician - wiliness (n)
theoretical point of view
collocation. - to consider sth from a theoretical point of view.
double/treble damages
collocation. -[double (v)] : to become twice as big or twice as much -[treble (v) ] : to become three times as big in amount/ triple (syn) e.g. their profits have trebled in the last two years. e.g. within yow years the company had doubled in size.
livestock market regulation
collocation. -[livestock]: animals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm / cattle (syn) - [regulation (n)]: official rule e.g. all companies must comply with the regulations.
catastrophic consequences
collocation. [ catastrophic] : disastrous - catastrophe (n) - catastrophize (v) e.g. the Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution e.g. catastrophic floods. e.g. I have a tendency to catastrophize , so I imagined that I would die on the operating table.
Primary Threat
collocation. [ primary] (adj) : main e.g. our primary concern is to provide the refugees with food and health care.
universal appeal
collocation. e.g. the universal appeal of the book
non-productive activities
collocation. (like: governing, priests etc)
adventure tale
collocation. A story in which action (which is always exterior, usually physical, and frequently violent) is the predominant material
behavioural problems
collocation. Behaviour patterns so different that they threaten normal relationships between the child and others
academic excellence
collocation. In schools where students typically succeed rather than fail
modern developments
collocation. New equipment, transportation, Preservation techniques, convenience foods, Microbiology and nutrition
nutrient cycling
collocation. The circulation of chemicals necessary for life, from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment.
customer traffic
collocation. The number of people that go into a store at any given time.
economic activity
collocation. The production, distribution, and consumption of commodities.
competitive edge
collocation. The special feature or aspect of a product that makes it different from and better than other businesses
social ties
collocation. The various types of connections individuals make with other people./ social bonds
social media platform
collocation. Web-based technologies that enable a company to build and manage social media solutions and services.
Management Theory
collocation. [consists of theory x and theory y] : addresses how managers and supervisors relate to their organizations in the knowledge of its goals, the implementation of effective means to get the goals accomplished and how to motivate employees to perform to the highest standard
biological systems
collocation. a complex network of biologically relevant entities
low pressure
collocation. a condition of the atmosphere in which the pressure is below average
critical success factor
collocation. a factor critical to your organization's success
intellectual abilities
collocation. abilities needed to perform mental activities
non-Indigenous Species
collocation. an organism that has been introduced to an area to which it is not native; exotic or non-native.
Coral formations
collocation. are made of animals living symbolically with simple algae. e.g. coral reefs
objective information
collocation. based on what a person sees, hears, touches, or smells
implications of development in sth
collocation. possible future effect or result of development in sth. - [implication] (n) : consequence=outcome - implicate (v) : to be involved in sth e.g. his talk will examine the wider implications of the Internet revolution. e.g. the allegation implicated Abe to such an extent he was forced to resign. e.g. viruses are known to be implicated in the development of some cancers.
nuclear waste
collocation. radioactive waste material produced by nuclear power plants
Strategic Risk
collocation. refers to uncertainty regarding the firm's financial goals and objectives
moderate to vigorous physical activity
collocation. this is activity that ranges requires a moderate amount of effort (that noticeably increases your heart rate) to a large amount of effort (that causes rapid breathing and a substantial increase in heart rate
valuable time
collocation. time of importance or considerable use - valuable : worthless (opp)
icebergs grinding
collocation. to press an iceberg onto another while rubbing each other with a strong twisting movement.
peacekeeping [operation/force]
collocation. troops and observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement
Diverse Society
collocation. varied by ethnicity (race, religion, culture)
identity statement
collocation. what sth says about sb
consumer choice
collocation.options among a range of media products
though
conj. despite the fact that/ although (syn) e.g. though she's almost 40, she still plans to compete.
so that
conj. used to say that something happens or is true as a result of the situation you have just stated. e.g. the gravestones were covered with moss, so that is was impossible to read the names on them.
depend on[upon] A for B
fixed match
focus on
fixed match
limit sb to sth
fixed match
to develop a computer model
fixed match
to relax
fixed match
two times more popular than ...
fixed match
work on sth
fixed match
sth pose multiple risks to sth
fixed match - to pose [risk,threat,danger]
it's only to (do sth)
fixed match : just because of
balance budget
fixed match- Income and spending are equal.
This does not necessarily mean that
fixed match.
fifty year career of sb
fixed match.
film sets
fixed match.
guide practice
fixed match.
on the basis of experience
fixed match.
preparation (for)
fixed match.
providing new insights into sth
fixed match.
reason for sth/ cause of sth
fixed match.
substitute A with B (B for A)
fixed match.
to maintain high standards
fixed match.
to push the standards higher
fixed match.
articulate [idea/feeling]
fixed match. - [articulate] (v): to express
draw up a (plan/timetable/contract)
fixed match. - [draw up] (v) : to prepare a written document, such as a list or contract or plan. e.g. draw up a list of all the things you want to do.
in tribute [to]/ pay tribute [to]
fixed match. - [tribute] (n): respect e.g. the player wore black armbands as a tribute to their late teammate. e.g. I'd like to pay tribute to(=praised and admire publicly) the party workers for all their hard work. - **[be a tribute to sb or sth] : to be a clear sign of the good quality that someone or something has. e.g. It was a tribute to her teaching methods that so many children passed the test.
induce
(v.) 1-to cause, bring about; to persuade 2- to make a woman give birth to her baby by giving her a special drug - inducement e.g. nothing would induce me to vote for him again. e.g. the doctor decide to induce labor.' e.g. patient with eating disorders may use drugs to induce vomiting.
experimental evidence
- [experimental] (adj) : 1-used for, relating to, or resulting from experiments. 2- using new ideas or methods e.g. a hypothesis is tested by finding experimental evidence for it. e.g. experimental studies on birds and animals. e.g. an experimental(*2) theater group
open up
- [in opportunity terms] : to become available - [in disagreement terms]: to start a discussion or argument e.g. the new international agreement opens up the possibility of much greater co-operation against terrorism. e.g. the article was written with the intention of opening up a public debate.
be plagued [by/with sth]
- [plague] (v): to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to someone especially for a long period of time. e.g. he was plagued by eye troubles. e.g. financial problems continued to plague the company. n. a very infectious disease that produce high fever and swollen places in the body, and often lead to death.
sub polar water
- [sub] (prefix) : under or below a particular level or thing.
basic tenets
- [tenet] (n) : a principle or belief - central/basic/fundamental etc tenet. e.g. one of the basic tenets of democracy e.g. the main tenet of his philosophy.
to turn up to class
- [turn up] (v) : 1- to arrive at a place / 2- to be found/ 3- to turn a switch on e.g. you can't just turn up and expect a meal. e.g. eventually my watch turned up in a coat pocket. e.g. turn up the radio.
unusual accommodation
- accommodation (n) : 1-a place for someone to stay, live , or work 2- an agreement between people or group - rented accommodation - secure accommodation - student accommodation - reached an accommodation between both parties
airliner altitudes
- airliner : a large plane for passengers - altitude: the height of an object or place above the sea - altitude of - high/low altitudes e.g. we're flying at an altitude of 40,000 feet e.g. at high altitude it is difficult to get enough oxygen
boho westerners
- boho = bohemian (adj) : living in a very informal or relaxed way and not accepting society's rules of behaviour e.g. boho lifestyle
in the popular conception
- conception (n) : an idea; the act of conceiving - popular (adj) : liked by a lot of people / unpopular (opp)
disciplined art
- disciplined (adj) : obeying rules and controlling your behaviour e.g. skilled and disciplined workers.
special effort (on sth)
- fixed match
through one's 20s
- fixed match
to one extend/ to some extend
- fixed match
to compare (A) against (B)
- fixed match e.g. This software (compares) students work (against) text on the Internet.
fragments of color
- fixed match : fragment: a small piece of sth
take action on/against I take risk
- fixed match.
inevitable consequence
- inevitable (adj) : certain to happen and impossible to avoid - inevitably (adv) e.g. a further escalation (= the state of becoming worse) of the crisis now seems inevitable - consequence : something that happens as a result of a particular actions
initiate the process
- initiate (v) . begin - initiate a process or new plan - initiate sb into sth = to tell sb how to use sth e.g. those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age.
to some extend
- it is partly but not completely true./ = to a certain extend = to an extend
particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms
- multicolored : having many different colors - arrangement: the way in which something is organized
per capita
- per person: Per capita is a Latin term that translates into "by head." Per capita means the average per person and is often used in place of per person in statistical observances. The phrase is used with economic data or reporting but is also applied to almost any other occurrence of population description.
to open a new window into sth
- phrase: to find a new way for doing sth
final price
= List Price - (Incentives + Allowances) + Extra Fees
## 15-question: Sustainable Job Growth
"Sustainable Job Growth" is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a recession. The problem of 'job quality' is less often addressed and may be seen as (hindering) job growth. The sentiment 'any job is better than no job' may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of high unemployment. However, if the (balance) between improving the quality of (existing) jobs and creating new jobs becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work stress among (current) and future workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre Report on Stress at Work highlights these (concerns), and describes the context, determinants and consequences of work-related stress in Britain.
## 199- question: Dogs (realpte)
A Dog may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries (selective) breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as (pathologies). Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their (litter) size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. (Moreover), breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus, have an (ideal) experimental animal.
## 95- question: Dairy farms (realpte)
A few summers ago, I visited two dairy farms, Huls Farm and Gardar Farm, which despite being located thousands of miles apart were still remarkably similar in their strengths and vulnerabilities. Both were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their (respective) districts. In particular, each was centered on a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for (sheltering) and milking cows. Those structures, both neatly (divided) into opposite-facing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both farms let their cows (graze) outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and (increased) their production of summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.
## 177- question: Trackway (realpte)
A fossilized trackway on public lands in Lake County, Oregon, may reveal (clues) about the ancient family dynamics of Columbian mammoths. Recently excavated by a (team) from the University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History, the Bureau of Land Management and the University of Louisiana, the trackway includes 117 footprints thought to represent a number of (adults) as well as juvenile and infant mammoths.
explosive
Adj. able or likely to explode n. a substance that can cause an explosion - explosively (adv) - explosiveness (n) e.g. play an explosive role e.g. because the gas is highly explosive, it needs to be kept in high-pressure containers.
edible
Adj. something that is edible can be eaten / inedible (opp) e.g. these berries are edible, but those are poisonous
## 3-question: Advertisement (realpte)
Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are (filled) with adverts. This all-pervasive presence (reflects) the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would (struggle) to inform potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make (informed) assessments when looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and (practices) that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better- would be (infinitely) more (problematic) than it is. And without advertisements and the (aspirations) represented in them, the world would be a far (duller) place.
## 68- question: Microorganism (apeuni)
Although for centuries preparations derived from living (matter) were applied to wounds to destroy (infection), the fact that a microorganism is (capable) of destroying one of another species was not (established) until the latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to (therapeutic) use.
## 127-question: Cheat (realpte)
Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the concept and act of cheating in (history) as well as contemporary culture. J. Barton Bowyer writes that cheating "is the advantageous distortion of perceived reality. The advantage falls to the cheater because the cheated person (misperceives) what is assumed to be the real world". The cheater is taking advantage of a person, a situation, or (both). Cheating also involves the "distortion of perceived reality" or what others call "deception". Deception can involve hiding the "true" reality or "showing" reality in a way intended to deceive others.
## 139- question: Economic depression (realpte)
As the economic depression deepened in the early 30s, and as farmers had less and less money to spend in their town, banks began to fail at (alarming) rates. During the 20s, there was an average of 70 banks failing each year nationally. After the crash during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 banks failed-10 times as many. In all, 9,000 banks failed during the (decade) of the 30s. It's estimated that 4,000 banks failed during the one year of 1933. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion (disappear) through bank failures.
withdraw (the ban on sth)
fixed match. - [withdraw] : [pt: withdrew / p.p: withdrawn] : to stop taking part, belonging to an organization, to stop support of, etc. e.g. union members will vote on whether to withdraw their labor (=stop working)
## 182-question: Black Diamonds from Outer Space (apeuni)
An (exotic) type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or "black" diamonds, the (mysterious) stones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are (unusual) for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can (weigh) in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted glass. Because of their (odd) appearance, the diamonds are (unsuitable) as gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study (suggesting) that the odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds (probably) formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong (similarities) to tiny Nano diamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're not (identical)" Haggerty said, "but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that Nano diamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter (debris) through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said (probably) come from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.
## 171- question: Melting ice (realpte)
At the end of the last ice age, scientists believe that the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North Atlantic and (caused) a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even (though) the rest of the planet was warming (up), the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for almost 1300 years. The same thing happened (around) 8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it (could) happen again today.
## 32- question: financial institutions
At the other end of the spectrum, protesters see globalization in a very different light than the treasury secretary of the United States, or the finance or trade ministers of most of the advanced industrial countries. The difference in (views) is so great that one wonders, are the protectors and the policymakers talking about the same (phenomenon)? Are they looking at the same data? Are the visions of those in (power) are so clouded by special and particular (interests)?
## 80- question: Instructional methods (realpte)
Because of the instructional methods, expected class participation and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed number of absences is applicable to all (situations). Each (instructor) is responsible for making clear to the class at the beginning of the (semester) his or her policies and procedures in regard to class (attendance) and the reasons for them.
narrowest definition of
fixed match. - narrow [sense/definition]: a meaning of a word that is exact or limited/broad (opp) e.g. I use the world 'neighbor' in its more precise or narrow sense
## 187- question: Debt-for-developing exchange (realpte)
Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting (as) it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is (intended) for a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines [including accounting and finance]; non-Government organizations [NGOs]; civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor (has developed) an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council [ARC] Discovery grant to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes (from) aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and (contribute) to regional security.
to generate [revenue/profits/income] through [sth]
fixed match. e.g. tourism generates income for local communities.
because of
fixed match. due to
the extent to which
fixed match. the degree to which something happens or is likely to happen
## 109- question: Chaucer's tales (realpte)
Chaucer's Tales quickly (spread) throughout England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury Tales (reached) their instant and continued success because of their accurate and oftentimes (vivid) portrayal of human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer's time. George Macy, founder of The Limited Editions Club wrote on The Canterbury Tales.
## 117- question: Chimpanzee (realpte)
Chimpanzee posture, gestures, and facial expressions communicate many messages and (emotions) between various individuals. When (greeting) a dominant individual following an absence or in response to an aggressive gesture, nervous (subordinates) may approach with submissive signals - crouching, presenting the hindquarters, holding a hand out - accompanied by pant-grunts or squeaks. In response, the dominant individual may make gestures of (reassurance), such as touching, kissing, or embracing.
run practices
fixed match.\ e.g. The people who (run) hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know (medicine).
## 123- question: Coffee (realpte)
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our modern life and (culture). While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee (consumption) on human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists [IFT], found that the potential (benefits) of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major health (outcomes) considered.
## 20-question: Colorful poison frogs (apeuni)
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great (diversity) to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a (major) source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest (reservoirs) of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs (counter) to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the (tropical) forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the (basin). Adjacent regions have played a major role."
## 157- question: Employment (realpte)
Finding challenging or (rewarding) employment may mean retraining and moving from a stale or boring job in order to find your (passion) and pursue it. The idea is to think long range and anticipate an active lifestyle into later years — perhaps into one's 80s or 90s. Being personally productive may now mean anticipating retiring in stages. This might indicate going to an alternate (plan) should a current career end by choice or economic chance.
## 113- question: Critical thinking (realpte)
Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many different (angles) and perspectives. It involves going beyond the (obvious) or beyond "easy" to seek new understanding and rare (solutions). It involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems with new skepticism, everyday conflicts with probing (curiosity), and daily challenges with greater attention to detail.
## 23: question: sex-biased hiring (realpte-apeuni)
Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely difficult to demonstrate sex-biased hiring. A change (in) the way symphony orchestras (recruiting) musicians provides an unusual way to test for sex-biased hiring. To overcome possible biases in hiring, most orchestras (revised) their audition policies in the 1970s and 1980s. A major change involved the use of blind' auditions with a screen' to (conceal) the identity of the candidate from the jury. Female musicians in the top five symphony orchestras in the United States were less than 5% of all players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely to be advanced and/or hired with the use of blind' auditions. Using data from actual auditions in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen (increases) by 50% the probability a woman will be (advanced) out of certain preliminary rounds. The screen also enhances, by several fold, the likelihood a female contestant will be the winner in the final round. Using data on orchestra personnel, the switch to blind' auditions can explain between 30% and 55% of the increase in the proportion female among new hires and between 25% and 46% of the increase in the percentage female in the orchestras since 1970.
plant
n. 1- a living thing that has leaves and roots 2- a factory 3- heavy machinery v. to put plants or seeds in the ground to grow e.g. municipal water treatment plant (=machinery)
## 84- question: Education and well-being (realpte)
Education and well-being have often been (associated). The idea that education can promote individual well-being indirectly, by (improving) earnings and promoting (social) mobility, is an old one; so are notions of education helping to promote the good society by (contributing) to economic growth and equality of opportunity.
## 31- question : language changes (realpte)
English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be (curious) about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but we (experience) a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our noses. There are even language critics who are (convinced) that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively (damaged) through long years of mistreatment.
## 76- question: the logic of scientific method (realpte)
Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as (likely) to perpetrate serious violence in the next two years, according to a University of Michigan (study). Researchers found there is a (substantial) cause and (effect) (relationship) between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behavior and health education, analyzed five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighborhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.
## 181- question: Edible Insects (apeuni)
Fancy a locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it's a different story. Edible insects — termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs — are on the menu for an (estimated) 80 per cent of the world's population. More than 1000 species of insects are (served up) around the world. For example, "kungu cakes" —made from midges — are a (delicacy) in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating — or entomophagous — hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are (consumed). (Demand) is so high that 40 species are now under (threat), including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly (fetch) around $250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes (nutritional) sense. Some contain more (protein) than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good (source) of vitamins and (minerals) too: a type of caterpillar (Usta terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon (tang), apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, (inadvertently), already tasted some of these things, as insects are often (accidental) tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts (allowed) in certain foods. For example, it is (acceptable) for 225 grams of macaroni to contain (up to) 225 insect fragments.
## 195- question: Foreign students' English standards (realpte)
Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students are graduating from Australian universities (with) poor English skills. Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign students are graduating (without) a competent level of English. But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enroll foreign students once they have achieved international standards of language (proficiency). "This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities," she said. "International students must meet international (benchmarks) in English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia and they can't get into university without reaching that international standard." University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. "There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who don't speak such (fantastically) good English either. So we're trying to push the standard even higher than present but it's a very useful one already." Ms. Bishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seen no (evidence) to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by the universities," she said. "I've not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their international (reputation) is (at stake)."
## 28- question: retirement (realpte-apeuni)
For a start, we need to change our (concept) of 'retirement', and we need to change mindsets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to (delay) their retirement. We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers (gradually) reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time. We also need to recognize the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the (barriers/borders) between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of leave entitlements. They take an individualized approach to workforce planning and development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met (simultaneously). This approach supports the different transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.
## 206- question: United Nations (realpte)
Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the United Nations now counts 192 member nations, (including) its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations Day has been (observed) on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN (engages) in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions conflict prevention conflict across the globe. Though some say its (influence) has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary-General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of August 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.
## 12-question: Kids distinguish commercial Ads (apeuni)
From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or (practice) their (lines)? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main (difference) between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987 Robertson and Rossiter 1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to (distinguish) between programs and commercials and are (aware) of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
## 190- question: Good customer service (realpte)
Good customer service relates to the service you and your employees provide before, during and after a purchase. For example, it's how you (interact) with your customers. Improving your customer service skills can lead to great customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience for them. No matter the size of your business good customer service needs to be at the heart of your business model if you wish to be successful. It is important to provide good customer service; to all types of customers, including (potential), new and existing customers. Although it can take extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to customer satisfaction which can generate positive (word-of-mouth) for your business, keep your customers happy and encourage them to purchase form your business again. Good customer service can help your business grow and prosper.
## 146- question: The new draft rules (realpte)
Good sense appears to have (prevailed) at last. With a fresh set of draft rules to replace last year's poorly conceived ones, the Center has sought to withdraw the ban on sale of cattle for in animal markets. The draft rules are now open for comments and suggestions. When the Union Ministry for Environment, Forests and Climate Change notified the rules under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act on May 23, 2017, there was (concern) that in the name of preventing cruelty to animals and regulating livestock markets the government was surreptitiously throttling the cattle trade and furthering the BJP's cow protection agenda. The rules were criticized for restricting legitimate animal trade and interfering with (dietary) habits.
## 71-question: Microbiologist (realpte)
He has published over 110 research papers, has coedited a major (treatise) on phototrophic bacteria, and has served as chief editor of the (journal) Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of the journal Environmental Microbiology. His nonscientific (interests) include tree planting and (caring) for his dogs and horses. He lives (beside) a quiet lake about five miles from the SIUC campus with his wife, Nancy, four shelter dogs [Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, and Merry], and three horses [Springer, Feivel, and Festus].
## 158- question: Civilization (realpte)
I use the word civilization now for the first time, because before the Bronze Age there is nothing that we would define as civilization. Civilization involves the establishment of permanent dwelling areas that we call (cities) as opposed to villages. Agricultural villages will have existed all over the place in the late Stone Age, in the Neolithic Period, as it is known. But there is a difference and the critical difference is that a city contains a number of people who do not provide for their own support. That is to say, they don't (produce) food. They need to acquire it from somebody else. Instead, they do various things like governing and are priests, and are bureaucrats, and are (engaged) in other nonproductive activities that depend upon others to feed them. That's the narrowest definition of cities.
## 198- question: Spanish language (realpte)
If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not (necessarily) mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which (predominate) in US schools. The confusion is partly political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the (mountainous) areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own (accents) and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed (characteristics) that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th" In Madrid, "gracias" [thank you] becomes "gratheas" [as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America]. Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" [you all or you guys] as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.
## 147- question: Mike's research (realpte)
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike's research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited a major (treatise) on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the (journal) Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike's non-scientific (interests) include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives (beside) a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs [Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry], and four horses [Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus].
## 29-question: bizarre universe (realpte-apeuni)
It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science is the prospect that 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious (substance) known as 'Dark Energy', which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up from invisible 'Cold Dark Matter' that can only be (detected) through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget. These (discoveries) require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus (revelation) that the Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the chequered history of Dark Energy, not only since Einstein's proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept back to Newton's ideas. This lecture will (summarize) the current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved: the "Dark Energy Survey", the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission.
## 186- question: Jean Piaget (apeuni)
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to children, watching children and (poring) over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it most (succinctly), that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to (suspect) that behind their cute and seemingly illogical (utterances) were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a (discovery) "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it." Piaget's insight (opened) a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably (prolific) research career that spanned nearly 75 years--from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84--Piaget had developed several new fields of science. Developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology. Although not an educational reformer, he (championed) a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today's education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages" and "cannibals" by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.
## 192- question: Edison (realpte)
Like Ben Franklin, Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see (tremendous) change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a (novelty), a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park" The most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. He also (improved) upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration." In (tribute) to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.
## 136- question : Managing performance (realpte)
Managing performance is about getting people into action so that they achieve planned and agreed results. It focuses on what has to be done, how it should be done and what IS to be achieved. But it is equally concerned with (developing) people - helping them to learn - and providing them with the support they need to do well, now and in the future. The framework for performance management is provided by the performance agreement, (which) is the outcome of performance planning. The agreement provides the basis for managing performance throughout the year and for (guiding) improvement and development activities. It is used as a reference point when reviewing performance and the achievement of improvement and development plans.
## 176- question: Recommended (realpte)
Recommended energy intakes are difficult to (calculate) even among individuals of the same age, sex, weight, height and general pattern of (activity). Therefore the energy requirement for healthy people is often (expressed) as the amount of energy needed to (maintain) the status quo.
## 203- question: Market for vegetarian foods (realpte)
Mintel Consumer Intelligence (estimates) the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration's 1999 decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving and are also low in (saturated) fat and cholesterol has spurred (tremendous) interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food Tech International [Veggie Patch brand] reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of (consumers) willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy's (effectiveness) in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk [Soy foods USA e-mail newsletter]. Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat (alternatives) in food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million.
## question 6-Ikebana-version 1(realpte)
More than simply putting flowers in a (container), ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and (humanity) are brought together. Contrary to the (idea) of a particolored or multicolored (arrangement) of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the (plant), such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an (expression) of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece's color (combinations), natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement.
## 180- question: Impressionism (apeuni)
Movement in painting that (originated) in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to (depict) real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to (describe) Claude Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air — one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all (experimented) with effects of light and movement created with distinct brushstrokes and (fragments) of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later described as post-Impressionism. British Impressionism had a major influence on the more (experimental) and (progressive) British painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who (inspired) many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist.
## 155- question: Cause of unemployment (realpte)
One cause of unemployment may be downswings in the trade cycle, i.e. periods of recession. Another explanation of wide-scale unemployment refers to (structural) employment; structural unemployment arises from longer-term changes in the economy, affecting (specific) industries, regions and occupations. Structural unemployment often explains regional unemployment. Some regions of the UK such as Central Scotland and the North-West have higher rates of unemployment because the (traditional) heavy industries which (located) there have gone into decline as they are (replaced) by cheaper imports from abroad. The new high-tech industries based on new technologies tend to be based in the South-East and along particular growth corridors.
## 111- question: the great Barrier Reef (realpte)
One of Australia's most remarkable natural gifts, the Great Barrier Reef is blessed with the breathtaking beauty of the world's largest coral reef. The reef contains an (abundance) of marine life and comprises of over 3000 individual reef systems and coral cays and literally hundreds of (picturesque) tropical islands with some of the world's most beautiful sun-soaked, golden beaches. Because of its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has become one of the world's most (sought) after tourist destinations. A visitor to the Great Barrier Reef can enjoy many (experiences) including snorkeling, scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours, bare boats [self-sail], glass-bottomed boat viewing, semi-submersibles and educational trips, cruise ship tours, whale watching and swimming with dolphins.
## 143- question: Good information (realpte)
One of the characteristics of 'good' information identified earlier was that it should be 'balanced'. In an ideal world, 'objective' or 'balanced' information would present all the evidence for and against, and leave you to WEIGH this up and draw (conclusions). In the real world, however, we recognize that all information presents a position of interest, although this may not necessarily be intentional. Objectivity may therefore be an unachievable ideal. This means that the onus is on you as the reader and user of the information to develop a (critical) awareness of the positions represented in what you read, and to take (account) of this when you interpret the information. In some cases, authors may explicitly express a particular viewpoint - this is perfectly valid as long as they are open about the perspective they represent. Hidden bias, whether or not it is (deliberate), can be misleading.
## 152- question: Classic (realpte)
One of the most important things to remember is that "classic" does not necessarily translate to "favorite" or "bestselling". Literature is instead considered classic when it has stood the test of time; and it stands the test of time when the artistic quality it expresses - be it an (expression) of life, truth, beauty, or anything about the (universal) human condition - continues to be relevant, and continues to inspire emotional responses, no matter the period in which the work was written. Indeed, classic literature is considered as such (regardless) of book sales or public popularity. That said, classic literature usually merits lasting recognition - from critics and other people in a position to (influence) such decisions - and has a universal appeal. And, while effective use of language - as well as technical excellence - is a must, not everything that is well-written or is characterized by technical achievement or critical acclaim will automatically be considered a classic. Conversely, works that have not been (acknowledged) or received positively by the writer's contemporaries or critics can still be considered as classics.
## 128- question: Free trade agreement (realpte)
Over the years, to increase trade, many countries have created free trade agreements with other countries. Under the framework of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization, countries opened up their borders and agreed to (remove) trade barriers, which saw the emergence of International Trade and expanded economic globalization. For example, in 1994, the United States, Mexico, and Canada signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which ultimately (removed) all tariffs on trade goods between the three nations. This (allowed) globalization of goods and services, as well as people and ideas, between these three countries.
## 73- question: Pop mega-stars (realpte)
Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir Elton John have all (recorded ) music at the world-famous Metropolis Studios. Last year, the recording studios set about compiling an album called 'Lost Songs', which (features) songs from relatively unknown musicians. First-year student Zak Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be (included) in Volume Two of the Lost Songs album which was released this year, after he (saw) how successful Volume One had been. Zak 24, said: "I (found) this competition when simply searching the internet for songwriting competitions one day, and was lucky that there was still time to enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with huge pop stars thought my song was good and worth something."
## 196- question: Richard Morris (realpte)
Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the top 5 per percent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s. Sometimes in the lecture we've only got about one third of students (enrolled) attending, he said. It definitely is a problem. If you don't turn up to class you're missing out on the whole (richness) of the (experience): you don't think a whole lot, you don't (engage) in debates with other students or with your teachers. It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was (transforming) the way students access and use information. It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, (traditional) lectures seem to persist in our universities.
## 88- question: Rudman (realpte)
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Math has led historians to false conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation-that ancient Greece (enjoyed) unrivaled progress in the subject while (failing) to teach it at school - leads to a (radical) punchline; Mathematics could be better learned after we (leave) school.
## 137- question : Challenges (realpte)
So some of the time an intellectual challenge is to assimilate how similar we can be to other species. In other cases that challenge is to appreciate how, though human psychology (resembles) that of other species, we use the psychology in novel ways. We activate the classical psychology of vigilance while watching a scary movie. We active a stress (response) when thinking about morality. We secrete hormones related to nurturing and social bonding, but in response to an adorable baby Panda. And this (certainly) (applies) to aggression - we use the same muscle as does a male chimp attacking a sexual competitor, but we use them to harm someone because of their ideology.
## 160- question: Basic organisms (realpte)
Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about randomly, amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated (strategies) to look for food and might travel in a way that (optimizes) their foraging. Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left as right again, and vice versa, they told a meeting of the American Physical Society meeting in Denver, Colorado, last week. This suggests that the cells have a rudimentary (memory), being able to remember the last direction they had just turned in, says Robert Austin, a biophysicist at Princeton who was not involved in the study.
## 125- question : Stress (realpte)
Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too (much) to do, (too many bill) to pay and (not enough) time or money is a common emotion that knows (few borders). About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy South Korea and the United Kingdom say they (experience) stress on a daily basis, according to a (polling). Those anxious feelings are even more (intense) during the holidays. Germans feel stress more (intensely) than those in other countries (polled). People in the US (cited) financial pressure as the top worry. About half the people in Britain said they frequently or (sometimes) felt life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed.
## 103- question: The well-being of humans
Spending too much time in the concrete jungle is bad for city (dwellers)' health and could have potentially catastrophic (consequences) for the environment, conservation biologist Richard Fuller will argue during a seminar at the University of Canberra (today). Dr Fuller, lecturer in biodiversity and conservation at the University of Queensland and CSIRO, will explore the fact that although there's evidence that the well-being of humans increases with (exposure) to our surrounding biodiversity, the (opportunities) for people to experience nature are declining rapidly in the modern world.
## question 5- sportswomen's records (realpte)
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't (exist), we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a (point) on it, while we still have a (chance). After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are (lost) too.
## 52- question: statistical theory (realpte)
Statistical theory plays an important role in diverse aspects of society ... that (benefit) humanity. Statistical analysis is ... (initiated)... // Manufacturers can improve their strain of products (through) the effective use of statistical analysis in quality control.
## 179- question: Stress Knows Few Borders (apeuni)
Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too (much) to do, (too many bill) to pay and (not enough) time or money is a common emotion that knows (few borders). About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy South Korea and the United Kingdom say they (experience) stress on a daily basis, according to a (polling). Those anxious feelings are even more (intense) during the holidays. Germans feel stress more (intensely) than those in other countries (polled). People in the US (cited) financial pressure as the top worry. About half the people in Britain said they frequently or (sometimes) felt life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed.
## 48- question: Part-time jobs (realpte-apeuni)
Students are increasingly finding it necessary to obtain employment in order to subsidize their income during their time in higher education. The (extra) income helps to pay for necessities, to maintain a social life and to buy clothes, and holding a part-time job helps students to (gain) skills for life after university or college. Using a part-time job to cut down on borrowing is a sound investment, as it reduces the (debt) that will be waiting to be paid off after graduation. How many hours students are currently working each week during term-time is not really certain. Some institutions advise that students should not work more than ten hours a week, and there are others that set a higher recommend (limit) of fifteen hours a week. There is no doubt that some students (exceed) even fifteen hours a week.
## 8-question : Reality (realpte-apeuni)
Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is (revealed) to us by our experiences. To one (extent) or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only (implicitly). I certainly find myself (thinking) this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be (seduced) by the face nature (reveals) directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first (encountering) Camus' test, I've learned that modern science (tells) a very different story.
## 69- question: flexible work practices-19FIB-R ( apeuni)
Technology and flexible work (practices) have had a significant impact on today's busy companies. In terms of productivity. It seems the (focus) has shifted from managing employees in the workplace to monitoring their total (output) no matter where they choose to work. Whether this trend will continue depends to some (extent) on how well it works for everyone concerned.
## 78- question: A teacher how to answer a question (realpte)
The (casual) observer does not necessarily recognize the (skill) in how a teacher, for instance, responds to a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very different from the 'standard response' to a commonly inquisitive or (talkative) student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing; they monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the (best) in their students.
## 132- question: Claude Monet (realpte)
The (closing) decades of an artist's life do not generally make the biographer's heart beat faster, but Claude Monet is one of a (handful) of painters who bucks the pattern of an irrelevant old age. While it's true that by the time he was 73 he had (accumulated) all the usual dragging baggage.
## 130- question: Distinctive features of American federal government
The American cabinet, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and this lack of (coordination) between executive and legislature is one of the (distinctive) features of American federal government. It came as a reaction against George Ill's very intimate relations with the House of Commons. The Constitution guarded against executive control through "place- men" by (disqualifying) federal officials.
Ikebana
The Japanese style of floral arrangements characterized by their linear forms.
## 102-question: National portrait gallery (realpte)
The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's (major) functions, the long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make them (accessible) now and in future. The Collection (dates) from the 8th century to the present day, and (consists) of portraits in a variety of media, so the gallery employs Conservators with (expertise) in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and Photography.
## 70-question: Roman arena (realpte)
The Romans glorified the (bravery) shown in the arena, but (trivialized) the events and degraded the participants. Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, (graphically) violent to our eyes, were displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its significance and (represented) the institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The (tendency) was also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves.
## 142- question: University of Maryland (realpte)
The University of Maryland boasts 78 academic programs (ranked) in the top 25 nationally and 29 academic programs in the top 10 according to U.S. News and World report. By drawing top-notch faculty, attracting the brightest students and (investing) in the quality of our academic programs, we are a force to reckon with on a national (basis).
## 24-question: Allure of book (realpte-apeuni)
The allure of the book has always been negative and (positive), for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many young readers to (discover) and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to (prey) upon young readers' dispositions and desires and to (sell) them a menu that turns out to be junk food.
## 25- question: Corporate culture (realpte-apeuni)
The article subjects the assumptions and prescriptions of the 'Corporate Culture' literature to critical scrutiny. The (body) of the article is (devoted) to teasing out the distinctive basis of its appeal (compared) with earlier management (theory). It is seen to build upon earlier efforts [e.g. 'theory Y'] to constitute a self-disciplining form of employee subjectivity by asserting that 'practical autonomy' is (conditional) upon the development of a strong corporate culture. The paper illuminates the dark side of this project by drawing (attention) to the subjugating and totalitarian (implications) of its excellence/quality prescriptions. To this (end), (parallels) are drawn with the philosophy of control favoured by the Party in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. Specifically, the paper critiques the doublethink' contention that autonomy can be realized in monocultural conditions that systematically (constrain) opportunities to wrestle with competing values standpoints and their associated life projects.
best-selling
adj. Selling in very large numbers e.g. the UK's best-selling album - [best-seller] (n) : a popular product especially a book that many people buy.
## 149- question: The fall of smallpox (realpte)
The fall of smallpox began with the realization that (survivors) of the disease were immune for the rest of their lives. This led to the practice of variolation- a process of exposing a healthy person to infected material from a person with smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that (provided) immunity from further infection the first written account of variolation describes a Buddhist nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700s, this method of variolation was (common) practice in China, India, and Turkey. In the late 1700s European physicians used this and other methods of variolation, but reported "devastating" results in some cases. Overall, 2% to 3% of people who were variolated died of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total number of smallpox (fatalities) by 10-fold.
## 19-question: Banking (apeuni)
The first banks were probably the religious temples of the ancient world, and were probably established sometime during the third millennium B.C. Banks probably (predated) the invention of money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious (metals) such as gold, in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended and well (built). As sacred places, temples presented an extra (deterrent) to (would-be) thieves.
## 184- question: Technology Education (apeuni)
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell [Goldsmith College, London] responds to (criticisms) of design programs as (formalistic) and (conventional), stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally (problematic). His research contains three parts that include (preliminary exploration) of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative (element) and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design (innovators). The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about "having, growing, and proving" ideas. (Colloquial) judgments are evident in terms such as "wow" and "yawn" and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, "sparkiness", which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with (thoughtful) criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as "technical" and "aesthetic" (pertaining) to users, are too (narrow) and ill-defined. The author provides (examples) of the project, its features and (structures), student's notes and judgments, and their (sketches) and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.
## 183-question: The Snake that Hears Sound through its Jaw (apeuni)
The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its (head) buried in the sand, it can (strike) with great (precision) as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have (developed) a computer (model) of the snake's (auditory) system to explain how the snake "(hears)" its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have (internal) ears that can hear (frequencies) between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. "The snakes don't have external (eardrums)," says van Hemmen. "So unless the mouse wears boot and starts stamping, the snake won't hear it."
checkered
adj. [also chequered : BrE] having a pattern made up of squares of two different color - have a checkered history/career/past etc : to have had periods of failure as well as successful times in your past. e.g. a checkered marble floor e.g. this is an unusual building with a checkered history.
## 153- question: Impact and management of purple loosestrife (realpte)
The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or (experimental) evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife [Lythrum salicaria], has been criticized for lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and management using bio control for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters (decomposition) rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat (suitability) for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to (curb) the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by (encroachment) of L. salicaria. We conclude that negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that (detrimental) effect of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of bio control agents. Long term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota.
## 185- question: Personal Politics (apeuni)
The morality of the welfare state (depends) on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don't (contribute) and many are irresponsible, the choice of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to (tolerate) the free riders, refuse to pay for the (effects) of their irresponsibility or trust the state to (educate) them. Hence the government campaigns (against) smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole (observes) the new order.
## 101-question: The purpose of this study
The purpose of this study was to: [1] determine energy expenditure [E] during a range of active video games [AVGs] and [2] determine whether EE during AVGs is influenced by gaming (experience) or fitness. Twenty-six boys [11.4±0.8 years] participated and performed a range of sedentary (activities) [resting, watching television and sedentary gaming], playing AVGs [Nintendo® Wii Bowling, Boxing, Tennis, and Wii Fit Skiing and Step], walking and running including a (maximal) fitness test. During all activities, oxygen uptake, heart rate and EE were determined. The AVGs resulted in a significantly higher EE compared to rest [63-190%, p≤0.001] and sedentary screen-time activities [56-184%, p≤0.001]. No significant differences in EE were found between the most (active) video games and walking. There was no evidence to suggest that gaming experience or aerobic fitness influenced EE when playing AVGs. In conclusion, boys expended more energy during active gaming compared to sedentary activities. Whilst EE during AVG is game-specific, AVGs are not intense enough to contribute towards the 60min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity that is currently recommended for children.
## 53- question: Recruitment tools (realpte-apeuni)
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most (effective) recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to (spread) the word without any special (effort) on the part of their program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, (especially) for newer programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a (boon) to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district's alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
## 43- question: Film (realpte)
The universality of story Feature films are narratives - they tell stories. Even films based on (true) events will fictionalize them in order to produce drama, to telescope time, to avoid being filled up with too many (minor) characters, or simply to be more entertaining. Even in the current welter of special-effect movies, feature films are usually summarized by their plots - in their first 'treatment' [or outline of the script idea], in the advance publicity, in the TV guide, in reviews, and in conversations. Films may differ from other (kinds) of narrative-literary fiction or television drama, for instance - in the medium used and the representational conventions. They do, however, (share) with literary fiction and television drama the basic structure and functions of narrative. Much work has been done by researchers in the field known as 'narratology' on exactly what constitutes the structures and functions of the narrative. Their conclusions are of great use to students of the feature film.
## 93- question : Folklore (realpte)
The word Folklore was first used by the English antiquarian William Thomas in 1846. Folklore A modern term for the (body) of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given (community) by processes of repetition not reliant on the written (word). Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad (category) of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral (tradition).
## 21-question: Thea Proctor (realpte-apeuni)
Thea Proctor was just sixteen when her entry at the Bowral Art Competition caught the eye of the judge, Arthur Streeton. It was the first of many associations with art world (recruits). The next year saw her at the Julian Ashton Art School in the illustrious company of Elioth Gruner, Sydney Long and George Lambert, for whom she often posed and who (remained) her great friend until his death in 1930. Lambert's paintings and sketches of Proctor emphasize the elegance of her dress. A keen interest in fashion was just one (aspect) of her fascination with design, and she saw herself as an early style guru on a quest to rid Australian art of "its lack of imagination and inventive design". Skilled in watercolor and drawing. Proctor did not (limit) herself to paper, canvases or to her popular magazine illustrations; she designed theater sets and a restaurant interior and wrote on a range of subjects from flower arranging to the colors of cars. It made for a busy and (varied) life but, as she said, she was not the sort of person "who could sit at home and knit socks."
stressed
adj. [also stressed out]: [informal]: so worried and tired e.g. I always eat when I'm feeling stressed.
## 122- question: Help others (realpte)
There are many different ways to help other people. Perhaps the most common of these involves giving others (practical) help. In our society, there are many individuals who spontaneously help others in this way. Additionally, there are others who belong to organizations which have been set up to provide help to specific groups, such as the elderly, the disabled, and those with serious physical or (mental) health problems. Most importantly, there are many (occupations) such as nursing, occupational therapy and social work, which involve professionals who are trained to provide or organize practical help for others. (While) helping other people in a practical way, many volunteer and professional helpers also make use of some counseling. These skills can be very useful in enabling people to feel better as described in this book and our book, Counseling Skills in Everyday Life. However, it needs to be (recognized) that just being able to make use of some counseling skills does not qualify a person as counselor.
## 74- question: Economists and Ecologists (realpte)
There is a pointless argument between economists and ecologists over which (crisis) is more important - the ecosphere or the economy? The materialist (answer) is that their fates are interlinked. We know the natural world only by interacting with it and transforming it: nature (produced) us that way. Even if, as some supporters of 'deep ecology' (argue), the earth would be better off without us, it is to us that the task of saving it falls.
collaborative element
adj. [collaborative element/effort/work/project/ etc]: a job or piece of work that involves two or more people working together to achieve sth. - collaborate (v): to work together - collaboration (n) n. [element]: important part of a whole system, plan etc e.g. researcher are collaborating to develop the vaccine.
critical role
adj. [critical] : 1- criticizing / 2- crucial and important e.g. critical role e.g. it plays a critical role in sth.
## 118- question: Selfies (realpte)
To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers combed through 2.5 million selfie posts (on) Instagram to determine what kinds of identity statements people make by taking and sharing the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies, (fell into) the appearance category: pictures of people showing off their make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more popular than the other 14 categories combined. (After) appearances, social selfies with friends, loved ones, and pets were the most common [14 percent]. Then came ethnicity pics [13 percent], travel [7 percent], and health and fitness [5 percent]. The researchers (noted) that the prevalence of ethnicity selfies [selfies about a person's ethnicity, nationality or country of origin] is an indication that people are proud of their backgrounds. They also found that most selfies are solo pictures, rather than taken with a group. The data was gathered in the summer of 2015. The research team believes the study is the first large-scale empirical research on selfies. (Overall), an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram were posted by the 18 to 35 year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn't too surprising (considering) the demographics of the social media platform. The under-18 age group posted about 30 percent of selfies. The older crowd [35 plus] shared them far less frequently [13 percent]. Appearance was most popular among all age groups. Lead author Julia Deeb Swihart says selfies are an identity performance — meaning that users carefully craft the way they appear online and that selfies are an extension of that. This evokes William Shakespeare's famous line: "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players."
## 134- question: Icebergs made noise (realpte)
Twenty years ago, not so long before B-15 broke off from Antarctica, "we didn't even know that icebergs made noise," says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at NOAA who has studied these sounds. But in the past (few) years, scientists have started to learn to distinguish the eerie, haunting sounds of iceberg life—ice cracking, icebergs grinding against each other, an iceberg grounding on the seafloor—and measure the extent to (which) those sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While they're just now learning to listen, the sounds of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm (up).
holistic impression
adj. [holistic]: considering sth as a whole, rather than as a separate parts. - holistically (adv) n. [impression]: the opinion or feeling you have about sb or sth because of the way they seem. e.g. a holistic approach to design. e.g. what is your impression about Roger? e.g. I got the impression that she wasn't very happy with her job
## 58- question: Per capita income (apeuni)
To understand how many inhabitants of a country are poor, it is not enough to know a country's per capita (income).The number of poor people in a country and the (average) quality of life depend on how equally or unequally income is (distributed) across the population. In Brazil and Hungary, for (example) ,per capita income levels are quite comparable, but the (incidence) of poverty in Brazil is much higher.
## 4- question : Kashmiri (realpte)
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the (prospect) of the annual influx of (tourists). From May to October, the hyacinth-choked (waters) of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers (honed) their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual (accommodation). Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy (attacked) and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people (bolted), at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their (lives), proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
## 45- question : Under-nutrition (realpte-apeuni)
Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and 18 million people a year, the (majority) are children. At least 500 million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of massive suffering (amid) global plenty traces in (part) to widespread poverty, which denies access to food (even) where it piles high in village market.
## 96- question: Shanghai international studies university (realpte)
Upholding the motto of "Integrity, Vision and Academic Excellence", Shanghai International Studies University [SISU] is an internationally recognized, (prestigious) academic institution distinctive for its multidisciplinary and multicultural nature, committed to preparing innovative professionals and future global leaders for a wide range of international expertise to address the critical challenges of our times. Drawing on our strengths in multi-language programs and multi-disciplinary resources, while responding to national and regional strategies, we operate more than 70 research institutes and centers serving as academic think tanks to provide advisory services on language policies, diplomatic strategies and global public (opinion) of China. These academic entities have contributed landmark research and are also dedicated to promoting the development of social sciences in China. We have now (established) partnerships with more than 330 universities and institutions from 56 countries and regions, and have (maintained) close connection with international organizations, including the United Nations and the European Union.
## 151- question: Computer science (realpte)
What can computer science tell us about what biological systems do and how they do it? Can these chemical information-processing functions be (replicated) in digital computing systems? What are the (implications) of developments in computer science in understanding the nature of causality? Aaron Sloman, author of Computer Revolution in Philosophy (delves) into the world of connections between ideas developed in computer science, biology and philosophy, providing new (insights) into some fundamental questions about the nature of consciousness and free will.
preliminary exploration
adj. [preliminary]: introductory n. [exploration]: the act of finding out more about something by discussing or thinking. e.g. the preliminary stages of the competition e.g. an exploration into how an abused child becomes an abuser
prolific research career
adj. [prolific]: full of production - prolifically (adv) e.g. a prolific artist/writer/sports player : they produce many works of art, books etc.
## 163- question: Accounting and Finance (realpte)
While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial (reports) and records across the business world, finance uses this same information to project future growth and to (analyse) expenditure in order to strategize company finances. By studying this major you get to have a better insight on the market, with the right (knowledge) and skills acquired you should be able then when you graduate to advise others in making strong investments. This major will help you gain responsibility of predicting and (analyzing) the potential for profit and growth, assessing monetary resources, utilizing accounting statistics and reports, and also looking externally for future funding options.
## 61-question: Athens games (apeuni)
While the preparations for the Athens games were (marred) by construction delays and an epic race to complete (venues) before the opening ceremonies, the game's return to their historic home ended as a surprising success. Participation (records) were once again broken, with 201 nations and 10,625 athletes taking part in 301 different events. Nearly as (compelling) as the competitions were the historic sites used for the games.
## 39- question: Moths (realpte-apeuni)
Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One (solution) is the old glib explanation that the moths are trying to use the flame to navigate. (This) explanation does not tell us, however, why it is that in many species only males are thus attracted, and in a few, only females. What's (more), if moths need to navigate, they must be from a migrating species. Yet most of the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed most species do not migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation.
Totalitarian
adj. a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) - totalitarianism e.g. a totalitarian state/regime
absorbent
adj. a material having capacity or tendency to absorb liquid easily/ non-absorbent - absorber (n) - absorbing (adj) : enjoyable and interesting, and keeping your attention for a long time. e.g. absorbent kitchen paper e.g. an absorbing hobby
frothy
adj. 1- having lots of small bubbles on top. 2- enjoyable but not serious or important - frothily (adv) e.g. a mug of frothy coffee e.g. frothy bubbles e.g. a frothy book/film
concrete
adj. 1- made of concrete / 2-** definite and specific v. to cover sth with concrete e.g. a concrete floor e.g. the lack of any concrete evidence e.g. concrete jungle
responsive
adj. 1- reacting quickly, in a positive way / 2-eager to communicate with people, and to react to them in a positive way e.g. I tried to get him talking, but he wasn't very responsive e.g. a car with highly responsive steering e.g. we try to be responsive to the needs of the customer
Arctic
adj. 1- relating to the most northern part of the world. 2- extremely cold e.g. the Arctic island of Novaya Zemlya e.g. arctic conditions
progressive
adj. 1- supporting new or modern ideas /2- developing or happening gradually e.g. a progressive administration e.g. the progressive increase in population
biased
adj. 1- unfairly preferring one person or group over another /2- more interested in a particular thing than in another. e.g. of course I'm biased, but I thought my daughter's painting s were the best. e.g. the majority of children are biased towards being social rather than being antisocial. e.g. sex-biased hiring
pitiful
adj. 1-deserving or arousing pity 2- very small 3- very bad/awful - pitifully (adv) - pity (v) : to feel sorry for sb - pity (n) : 1- shame / 2- sympathy - pitying (adj) e.g. the refugees were a pitiful sight. e.g. the fee was pitiful- only about $60. e.g. his performance was pitiful. e.g. the dog was pitifully thin. e.g. It's a pity that he didn't accept the job. e.g. he looked exhausted, but Marie felt no pity for him. e.g. Ellen gave me a pitying look.
parasitic
adj. 1-living in or on another plant or animal and getting food from them 2- a parasitic person is lazy,does not work, and depends on other people - parasite (n) :a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or animal and gets food from it. - parasitically (adv) e.g. parasitic fungi (=plural of fungus) e.g. parasitic disease
corporate
adj. 1-relating to a large company or group e.g. corporate seminar 2- shared by or involving all the members of a group e.g. corporate responsibility 3- used to describe a group of organizations that form a single group. e.g. the university is a corporate body made up of several different colleges.
critical
adj. 1-very important;crucial/ 2-criticizing e.g. It'a absolutely critical for us to know the truth. e.g. foreign trade is of critical importance to the economy. e.g. he made some highly critical remarks.
unorthodox
adj. Contrary to what is usual, traditional, or accepted; not orthodox / orthodox (opp) e.g. her unorthodox views tend to attract controversy.
deposit
n. 1- a part of the cost of something you are buying that you pay some time before you pay the rest of it 2- a layer of a mineral, metal etc that is left in soil or rocks through a natural process v. to put sth down in a particular place. e.g. a deposit of 10% is required. e.g. rich deposits of gold in the hills. e.g. the female deposits her eggs directly into the water.
Vital ingredient
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a hippy parent
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accepted source
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active video games
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advanced industrial countries
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advanced industrialized countries
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alarming rates
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avenue-inspired invitation
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careless human exploitation
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casual observer
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coffee consumption
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conceptual understanding
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considerable flexibility
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construction delay
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core function
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definite break (from)
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design practice
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digital computing system
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direct contact
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disaster relief
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educational participation
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environmental impact
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evolving specialized face-recognition abilities
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extra income
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financial constraint
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financial pressure
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global demand
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key industry player
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multi-language program
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national basis
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non-government agencies
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non-native speakers of English
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particular growth corridor
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physical and mental health
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policy direction/process
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potential benefits (of)
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product of thinking
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provide examples
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religious organization
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remarkable natural gift
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varied history
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