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Goldrick-Rab, S. (2016, September 1). Paying the Price: College Costs, Financial Aid, and the Betrayal of the American Dream. Retrieved October 29, 2019, from https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo24663096.html.

"78 percent of Pell Grant recipients indicated that they were having at least a little difficulty paying their bills, with 25 percent reporting having "a lot of difficulty." (119)

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"A 2014 analysis of 100 recent news stories about student debt found that the borrowers profiled had an average debt in excess of $85,000, nearly three times the average borrowing of college graduates with debt."(13)

Lyall, Katharine C., and Buck Mckeon. "Should federal law limit college tuition increases? In the last year, tuition and fees at four-year public colleges rose 14 percent. Congress is considering action." New York Times Upfront, 22 Mar. 2004,. Gale OneFile: Educator's Reference Complete, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A114629938/PROF?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=PROF&xid=3e6d3994.

"According to the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, cost prevents 48 percent of all college qualified, low income high school graduates from attending a four-year college, and 22 percent from attending any college." (21)

Kirp, David. "The College Dropout Scandal." The College Dropout Scandal, 26 July 2019, https://www-chronicle-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/interactives/20190726-dropout-scandal.

"According to the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center, fewer than 60 percent of college freshmen graduate in six years, two years beyond what is considered "on time," and that rate has barely changed during the past decade."

Ripley, Amanda. "Why Is College in America So Expensive?" The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 11 Sept. 2018.

"All told, including the contributions of individual families and the government (in the form of student loans, grants, and other assistance), Americans spend about $30,000 per student a year—nearly twice as much as the average developed country."

"Terminal degrees; Free exchange." The Economist, 20 July 2019, p. 64.Gale OneFile: Educator's Reference Complete, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A593705681/PROF?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=PROF&xid=85243

"An economic approach points in a similar direction. A post-secondary education represents an investment in a person's future earning power, thanks to the skills obtained in school, the connections and credentials gathered along the way, and the signal a tertiary degree provides to employers. Since students reap most of the benefit, they should bear the cost (borrowing against future earnings if need be), lest subsidies encourage people to spend years at university that might be better allocated elsewhere."

Johanson, Paula. "There Is a Student Debt Crisis." Student Loans and the Cost of College, Greenhaven Publishing, 2018.

"And even students whose lifetime return far exceeds their debt can have trouble with repayment at the start of their careers, when they are starting out and are not reaping the full earnings benefit of their additional education"

Bromley, Mary. "Why Is College Tuition Rising So Much? And What Can You Do?" Cornerstone University, 5 Mar. 2018, https://www.cornerstone.edu/blogs/lifelong-learning-matters/post/why-is-college-tuition-rising-so-much-and-what-can-you-do.

"As of 2017, an estimated 20 million people attend college in the US. That number could grow to over 22 million by 2026. For elite universities looking for elite students, the margins are far tighter. And to lure that top talent, the amenities schools offer have become as important as their degree plans."

Doti, James L. "In Praise of Federal Loans for College - The Chronicle of ..." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 21 July 2015, https://www.chronicle.com/article/In-Praise-of-Federal-Loans-for/231505.

"Because of this slow growth in median family income, families found it increasingly difficult to fund tuition payments. As a result, some students needed to borrow more to cover the potential shortfall in parental contributions. If median family income had simply kept pace with inflation, as measured by the CPI, this additional borrowing in Stafford loans would not have been required."

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"Before the early 1970s, high school graduates in the United States were guaranteed access to higher education through the provision of state sup-ported low- or zero-tuition public institutions."(75}

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"In other words, college-educated workers are paying more for college and not seeing significant increases in their earnings, but are avoiding the increasingly poor outcome of entering the labor market with only a high school diploma."(70)

Archibald, Robert B., and David H. Feldman. Why Does College Cost So Much?Oxford University Press, 2011.

"In the twenty-six years from 1980 to 2006, the real price of higher education grew 102.9 percent."

"Agreeing to disagree; University tuition fees." The Economist, 11 Dec. 2010, p. 69. Gale OneFile: Educator's Reference Complete, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A243895032/PROF?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=PROF&xid=94a4b261.

"The Economist went to press, the Lib Dem payroll vote and some market-minded backbenchers were set to vote for the bill. MPs aggrieved by the party's breach of its pre-election pledge to abolish tuition fees altogether stood ready to abstain from voting on the matter (as permitted on this one issue by the coalition agreement in May) or to vote against it."

Ripley, Amanda. "Why Is College in America So Expensive?" The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 11 Sept. 2018.

"The biggest system by far is the public one, which includes two-year community colleges and four-year institutions. Three out of every four American college students attend a school in this public system, which is funded through state and local subsidies, along with students' tuition dollars and some federal aid."

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"The current default rate on student loans of 10 percent— representing 475,000 students in a single cohort who defaulted within only two years of entering repayment—is a national tragedy."(101)

TANABE, GEN. 1001 WAYS TO PAY FOR COLLEGE: Strategies to Maximize Financial Aid, Scholarships and Grants. SUPERCOLLEGE, 2019.

"The deadlines for turning in your financial aid applications vary by college. You want to turn in your FAFSA as soon as possible after January 1, which if you are applying for aid for the first time is of your senior year in high school. The reason is that colleges have a limited amount of financial aid. Most colleges use what is known as a "priority" deadline. While the deadline varies by school it is usually sometime in February or March. This date is when the school expects to run out of money. If you get your application turned in by this deadline you should be fine. However, if you application arrives late, or if it was somehow incomplete and you needed to provide more information that pushed you past this deadline, then even if you deserve aid you may not get it simply because the college ran out of money."(163)

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"The effects of loans are hard to measure accurately and comprehensively because they work through many channels—enabling students to access an education, decreasing borrowers' ability to buy other things while increasing their capacity for earnings and spending in the future, and increasing the funds that institutions spend in their local economies, to name just a few. Beyond those effects, debt may impact economic decision making in less direct ways."(86)

Archibald, Robert B., and David H. Feldman. Why Does College Cost So Much?Oxford University Press, 2011.

"The fact that higher education is a service is a good start to an answer to that question. The prices of almost all services rise more rapidly than the average of goods and services, and higher education is certainly a service."

Blumenstyk, Goldie. American Higher Education in Crisis?: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press, 2015.

"The federal government now offers four loan-repayment plans designed to ease the debt burden by allowing borrowers to pay off their loans through payments based on their income and, in some cases, have portions of those loans eventually forgiven. But the eligibility rules can be confusing, and only a small portion of borrowers use them."(65)

"The federal stake in this issue is tremendous, with over $70 billion in student aid provided by the federal government last year alone."(21)

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"The higher faculty salaries are, the easier it is for an institution to attract and retain high-quality faculty. So, other things being equal, central administrators want their faculty to be paid generously.Unfortunately, however,other things are not always equal. In particular, the number of faculty and staff and their salary levels are among the few items in the budget overwhich administrators have real discretion."(113)

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"This growth in enrollment coincides with the large recent increases in student loan debt. Total annual borrowing more than doubled from $54 billion in 2000 to its peak of $124 billion in 2010 before receding to the most recent estimate of $108 billion."(42)

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013.

"To many administrators, new technologies always offer the possibility of doing more for less. For example, universities often offer grants to faculty who can develop ways of using new technologies to make large lecture classes seem small. A recent example of a project that received major funding was the creation of a special type of remote control— "the clicker"— that students can use to participate in large classes. The idea here is that each student is assigned a clicker and a number, and periodically the professor stops the lecture and asks students to respond to a multiple- choice question. After the students answer by press-ing the appropriate button on their clicker, the results of the instant test are revealed on the big screen."(102)

Vedder, Richard. "Over Invested and Over Priced American Higher Education Today." Over Invested and Over Priced American Higher Education Today, Center for College Affordability and Productivity, Nov. 2007, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED536491.pdf.

"A closely related issue to ownership is governance. Who runs universities? Often decisions are made not by a strong chief executive but by committees, leading to vast resources going into decision-making and to cautious, non-innovative policies. Universities are about the only place where subordinates (e.g., faculty) often select their own bosses (e.g. deans or even university presidents). This leads to blurred lines of authority, divided leadership, and high administrative costs."

Kirp, David. "The College Dropout Scandal." The College Dropout Scandal, 26 July 2019, https://www-chronicle-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/interactives/20190726-dropout-scandal.

"A growing number of states have tied funding to graduation rates. Though this pressure tactic is tempting to politicians, such financial incentives are blunt policy instruments that may backfire, making it harder for needy students to get admitted to college because they are worse bets to graduate."

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013.

"A key aspect of this type of education is the recognition that standardized tests not only affect what and how students learn but also what and how instructors teach. When they must teach to the test, educators are motivated to provide instruction in an uncritical and rote manner that makes them set aside their passion for teaching and limits their ability to teach the whole student."(131)

Chamie, Joseph. "Student Debt Rising Worldwide | Yale Global Online." YaleGlobal Online, 18 May 2017, https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/student-debt-rising-worldwide.

"A notable exception to high college costs and student loan debt is Germany. The expected cost of an undergraduate degree in Germany is about $2,200, and student debtis approximately $2,400. However, German officials are raising muted concerns about rising governmental costs for higher education. Behind closed doors, many education ministers admit that phasing out tuition fees was a wrong move fiscally and foresee reintroduction by 2020."

Blumenstyk, Goldie. American Higher Education in Crisis?: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press, 2015.

"About four hundred colleges, mostly private, selective ones, use a different methodology to determine the EFC, which takes more of the family assets into account, making it a little harder for wealthier families to qualify for need-based aid from colleges. Although these alternative EFC calculations could in some circumstances appear to "punish" a family with a lot in savings, that would only be the case for the richest of families. The rest will be better off if they've been able to save, particularly because even coming up with the money to meet the EFC may tax some families."(59)

Ripley, Amanda. "Why Is College in America So Expensive?" The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 11 Sept. 2018.

"These costs add up to about $23,000 per student a year—more than twice what Finland, Sweden, or Germany spends on core services."

TANABE, GEN. 1001 WAYS TO PAY FOR COLLEGE: Strategies to Maximize Financial Aid, Scholarships and Grants. SUPERCOLLEGE, 2019.

"Before we introduce you to the rules, you need to understand one important philosophical principle about financial aid. It is that a college education is not an entitlement. In other words, unlike a high school education, the government does not guarantee anyone the right to an affordable college education. The government does believe that it is in the best interest of society at large to make college as accessible as possible to the most number of people. So it provides aid but only after you have exhausted nearly all of your own resources. Financial aid is not designed to help you spend less money on college but rather to help you afford to go to a college that you might not have been able to pay for on your own. You also have to keep in mind that since a college education is not an entitlement there is no guarantee that even if you meet every qualification that the government or college will automatically come to your aid."(152)

"Between 1994 and 2014, tuition fees at a four-year public university have risen 110%. Future projections are even bigger. .For a private school, four-year tuition in 2015 was $134,600. In 18 years, that could surge to $323,900.For a public education, it is much the same. A four-year, in-state school will see an increase from $39,400 to $94,000 and two-year community and private institutions will rise from $77,400 to $186,400 for that degree."

GOLDRICK-RAB, SARA, and NANCY KENDALL. "The Real Price of College - The Century Foundation." The Real Price of College, 3 Mar. 2016, https://tcf.org/content/report/the-real-price-of-college/?agreed=1.

"But even after grants are accounted for, the net price remains high for most students. About three in four Americans who attend a public university pay or borrow an amount equivalent to 20 percent or more of their annual family income to pay for a year of school. Even low-income students attending the nation's least expensive option, community college, face net prices upward of $8,000 per year."

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"But for the most part academic institutions operate under a system of governance that shares responsibility between trustees, administrators, faculty, staff, and, increasingly, students.Trustees have the fiduciary responsibility and final authority for all that goes on at the institution."(20)

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"But reducing interest rates on existing loans would provide a big handout to affluent borrowers and do close to nothing for truly struggling borrowers. Consider how different borrowers would be affected by an interest rate reduction from 6.8 percent, which prevailed on at least some federal loans from 2006 to 2011, to the 2015-16 undergraduate rate of 4.3 percent.7 The average household in the bottom fifth of the income distribution, with about $10,000 in debt, would see a $13 reduction in their monthly payment, from $119 to $106."(124)

"By helping people from low-income families move up the economic ladders via college attainment, we greatly reduce the likelihood they will need social welfare programs in the future." (235)

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"Claims about the effects of student loan debt largely rest on comparisons of individuals with and without student loan debt. The differences in observed outcomes—such as home ownership or mental health—are cited as evidence of an impact of student loan debt. For example, a 2014 Gallup poll of college graduates found that respondents who reported borrowing more for college reported lower levels of financial and physical well-being, on average."(88)

"College Affordability and Completion: Ensuring a Pathway to Opportunity." College Affordability and Completion: Ensuring a Pathway to Opportunity | U.S. Department of Education, https://www.ed.gov/college.

"College graduates with a bachelor's degree typically earn 66 percent more than those with only a high school diploma; and are also far less likely to face unemployment. Over the course of a lifetime, the average worker with a bachelor's degree will earn approximately $1 million more than a worker without a postsecondary education. By 2020, an estimated two-thirds of job openings will require postsecondary education or training."

"Even as a college degree or other postsecondary credential or certificate has never been more important, it has also never been more expensive. Over the past three decades, tuition at public four-year colleges has more than doubled, even after adjusting for inflation. Between 1992 and 2012, the average amount owed by a typical student loan borrower who graduated with a bachelor's degree more than doubled to a total of nearly $27,000."

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"Faculty resources is a factor measured by average faculty salary levels, the fraction of faculty with Ph.D.'s, the fraction of faculty who are full-time, the student/faculty ratio, and the fractions of classes that have less than twenty students enrolled (high is good) and fifty or more students enrolled (high is bad)."(56)

Archibald, Robert B., and David H. Feldman. Why Does College Cost So Much?Oxford University Press, 2011.

"For the higher education industry new technologies are not transforming the industry in ways that allow significant reduction in input use, especially with highly educated labor, and the shift toward an ever-more-highly-skilled workforce has not led to any measured productivity gains for the sector as a whole. Costs must go up as a consequence."

"In fact, net tuition (tuition less college-funded discounts) at private, nonprofit colleges from 2007 to 2013 increased only 10.6 percent, from $15,694 to $17,363."

"For-profit educational entrepreneurs frequently complain that accreditation raises costs and impedes entry of new institutions. Accred- itation procedures can lead universities to act like cartels, agreeing to the rules of the game for operation, excluding newcomers with innovative ideas and sometimes a better product at a lower price. Schools do not engage in vigorous price competition for fear of offending old friends at rival institutions. Until forced to stop by the Justice Department, elite schools regularly met to discuss aid packages to individual students—a form of price-fixing that some university officials openly wish to restore."

U.S. Department of Education , Chronicle analysis. "Colleges' Revenue and Expenditures." Colleges' Revenue and Expenditures, 18 Aug. 2019, https://www-chronicle-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/article/Colleges-Revenue-and/246755

"For-profit institutions were by far the most tuition-dependent sector in the 2017 fiscal year, relying on that money for about 90 percent of overall revenue. Four-year private nonprofit institutions relied on tuition and fees for about 30 percent of their revenue, and four-year public institutions for under 22 percent. Public institutions spent more than $107 billion on instruction in the 2017 fiscal year, private nonprofit institutions spent more than $62 billion, and for-profit institutions spent nearly $3.9 billion. Two-year private nonprofit institutions were the only sector in which total expenses exceeded total revenue in the 2017 fiscal year."

"From 2007 to 2013, average student debt (federal and private loans) for graduating seniors who had taken on debt at private, nonprofit colleges increased from $27,700 to $34,900, an increase of 26 percent."

"From 2007 to 2013, median family income grew from $61,347 to $64,544, an increase of only 5.2 percent over the six-year period."

Chamie, Joseph. "Student Debt Rising Worldwide | Yale Global Online." YaleGlobal Online, 18 May 2017, https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/student-debt-rising-worldwide.

"Governments, businesses and non-governmental organizations around the world also recognize the many benefits of an educated population for societal well-being and economic prosperity. The international community of nations has emphasized on innumerable occasions that obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people's lives and sustainable development. Moreover, with the transformation of the world economy from physical capital to knowledge based, higher education becomes critical for national competitiveness. By and large, governments have concluded that more educated citizens contribute to economic development and stability. In addition to societal benefits, prospective students and their families continue to believe that a college degree is worth the expenditures and aspire to obtain the best education possible"

"Higher education, especially among low-income students, is a bridge to a better future and notes that the effects of higher education accrue across generations and pay substantial dividends to students, families, and their communities." (252)

"If a student's family cannot or will not pay the entire expected family contribution, the student must come up with the money, usually by taking out loans." (46)

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013.

"In 2008- 9, there were 6.4 million full- time- equivalent undergraduate students enrolled in public universities and 4.3 million enrolled in community colleges.2 In 2009- 10, the average cost of tuition, room, and board for undergraduates at public four- year institutions was $14,870; at two- year public colleges, it was $7,629."(116)

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"In May 1991, the Justice Department proceeded to charge the Ivy League institutions and MIT with violating anti-trust laws against price fixing."77)

"In October, I introduced the Affordability ha Higher Education Act, which would sanction colleges and universities that continually increase tuition mad fees at rates higher than inflation. Under the bill, schools that increase tuition and fees more than twice the rate of inflation over a three-year period could lose a portion of their federal money (but not direct aid to students)."(21)

Blumenstyk, Goldie. American Higher Education in Crisis?: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press, 2015.

"In an environment where higher education is sometimes thought of as a product to be delivered, it is efforts like that and others, which aim to reclaim the special nature of higher education, that show the sector's resilience. Meanwhile, income-based repayment programs for student loans, and perhaps soon even for tuition directly, could ease some students' concerns about college costs. And certainly the focus on cost containment and the attention to shifting population patterns is prompting more than a few colleges to think smarter about how they spend their administrative dollars and where they go to recruit students."(153)

Ripley, Amanda. "Why Is College in America So Expensive?" The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 11 Sept. 2018.

"In fact, a third of developed countries offer college free of charge to their citizens. (And another third keep tuition very cheap—less than $2,400 a year.) The farther away you get from the United States, the more baffling it looks."

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013.

"In this boom- and- bust system, when schools bring in a lot of money through their investments, they spend lavishly on star faculty and highly compensated administrators, and these large compensation packages end up draining money from the core mission of instruction. Thus, even a good investment run can actually hurt instruction. However, as I am beginning to show here, a bad return on investments can also hurt the educational mission. In this situation, the only people who gain are the ones with the high salaries, who continue to earn big bucks whether their institution is losing or gaining money."(76)

Primary Research Group. College Benchmarks for Tuition Discounting and Financial Aid. Primary Research Group, 2015.

"In your view, what percentage of the college students who go to colleges similar to yours pay the actual sticker price for tuition?The mean was 26.7% with a median of 10% and a range of 0 to 10%. For public colleges the belief is that 60% paid the sticker price while for the private colleges, the mean was just 15.35% and the median just 5%. In general and as might be expected, the percentage paying the full price was much higher at the lower end of the tuition spectrum where a perceived 55.63% pay the full sticker price (at tuition levels less than $17,000) while only between 5% to 15.9% of students paying tuition of greater than $25,000 paid the full price. One interesting figure is the high percentage paying full price at research universities in the sample; a mean of 71.67%." (20)

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"Indeed, the use of expenditures per student in the USNWR ranking scheme places academic institutions in a very difficult position. On the one hand, the institutions would like to reduce their costs to keep tuition increases down. On the other hand, if any institution unilaterally did so, it would adversely affect its ranking because the ranking is based on how much it spends."(58)

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"Indirect costs are those research costs that the university incurs because itis a research university, but that cannot be easily assigned to any specific project. Included in indirect costs are expenses such as the cost of administering research incurred by the central university, the colleges, and the departments; depreciation on research equipment and the space in buildings used for research; the costs of maintenance and utilities for space used for sponsored research; and the portion of library costs that can be attributed to sponsored research on campus."(94)

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013.

"It is important to stress that we still need to support research and research universities because they play a central role in the development of knowledge, technology, and creativity throughout the world."(90)

Primary Research Group. College Benchmarks for Tuition Discounting and Financial Aid. Primary Research Group, 2015.

"It seems likely that public colleges, stressed to retain the best students, and often dealing with a poorer student base than the private colleges, use aid to improve the student skill base out of necessity. Also, the wealthier private colleges can afford to make such offers to improve their overall student skill base but middle level private colleges in the $17,000 to $25,000 tuition range are caught between these two worlds, unable to match the wealthier schools but also at a disadvantage with the public colleges who are able to offer less costly discounts given their lower tuition levels."(17)

TANABE, GEN. 1001 WAYS TO PAY FOR COLLEGE: Strategies to Maximize Financial Aid, Scholarships and Grants. SUPERCOLLEGE, 2019.

"Like Federal Work-Study some states have their own work-study programs. These programs subsidize your salary as you work either on campus or for a government or nonprofit agency. Through work-study you can earn thousands of extra dollars while you go to school."(185)

NEWFIELD, CHRISTOPHER. THE GREAT MISTAKE: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV Press, 2018.

"Meanwhile, public universities were stuck defending their costs without stellar educational products to excuse them, and endured cuts in state appropriations while claiming to be successful cost cutters. They were not funding improvements in educational quality that responded to the need for higher-order, flexible, creative capabilities in their graduates"

"More than 40 percent of first-time, full-time students who enroll in a bachelor's degree program don't graduate within 6 years. Low-income students, first-generation college students, and minority students, in particular, are being underserved by the current system. Just 9 percent of students from the lowest income quartile graduate with a bachelor's degree by age 24, compared to 77 percent for the top income quartile. Students from low-income families are also less likely to enroll in and complete college than their peers, even when academic ability is taken into consideration."

"More than 95 percent of the resources in higher education are spent at non-profit institutions. Where profits exist, they signal how resources should be allocated: when profits are high, resources move into an activity; when they are low, resources exit it. The critical signaling role of profits is absent from higher education, excepting the small but robust for-profit sector. Profits are enhanced by offering improved products at reduced costs, and higher profits mean higher income and wealth for owners and key employees. Profit maximization stimulates critical price competition and needed resource allocation, and it provides incentives for efficiency-enhancing activity."

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"On the one hand, they could allow faculty salaries to decline relative to salaries of individuals in other professions. On the other hand, they could raise tuition sufficiently to provide faculty salary increases in line with the raises other employees in the economy were receiving. The former strategy would make it difficult to attract and retain high-quality faculty, so invariably the latter strategy was pursued.." (6)

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"Once the economists from across the campus started talking to each other,they realized that there were some courses that were similar that were taught in more than one department. In some cases, a department eliminated a course, because of the availability of another department's course.This freed up faculty resources that could be used to teach other courses. In other cases, colleges gave students the option of taking either their own college's course or another college's course to satisfy a requirement. Often these alternative courses were taught at different times or on different days of the week. This variety greatly enhanced undergraduate students' ability to take the courses they wanted without running into scheduling conflicts." (165)

"Only 18 of every 100 students who enter high school have college degrees a decade later. A large percentage never make it through high school, another large percentage fail to enter college, and, most relevant here, over 40 percent of those who enter college do not graduate in a timely manner."

"Public attention to college prices tends to focus on growth in tuition and fees over time. Between 1975 and 2015, these costs, after accounting for inflation, grew by more than 220 percent at private, nonprofit, four-year colleges and universities; by 294 percent at public four-year colleges and universities; and by 218 percent at the nation's community colleges.17 But at the public institutions that most students attend, many of the costs of attending college do not come from tuition and fees. At the nation's community colleges, 80 percent of the average $16,833 sticker price comes from non-tuition expenses. At public four-year colleges and universities, those expenses make up 61 percent of the total costs.18 Key among these additional expenses are costs of living (room and board), which increased by just under 80 percent, inflation-adjusted, over that same forty-year period."

Kirp, David. "The College Dropout Scandal." The College Dropout Scandal, 26 July 2019, https://www-chronicle-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/interactives/20190726-dropout-scandal.

"Public universities graduate a little over half their students; roughly a quarter of those who enroll in for-profits earn a bachelor's degree. If these institutions were held to the same standard as our high schools, 85 percent of them would be branded dropout factories."

Primary Research Group. College Benchmarks for Tuition Discounting and Financial Aid. Primary Research Group, 2015.

"Public's capacity for absorbing further tuition increases is limited and that aid will have to continue to not just make up the difference but perhaps slightly more than in the past. For colleges charging more than $31,000 in annual tuition, 40% felt that the percentage of student paying full freight would decrease and only 20% felt it would increase while 40% felt it would remain the same."(21)

"Terminal degrees; Free exchange." The Economist, 20 July 2019, p. 64.Gale OneFile: Educator's Reference Complete, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A593705681/PROF?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=PROF&xid=85243

"Rising fees represent an evolution towards a means-tested approach to covering the rising cost of higher education, which has gone up steadily all around the world."

Kirp, David. "The College Dropout Scandal." The College Dropout Scandal, 26 July 2019, https://www-chronicle-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/interactives/20190726-dropout-scandal.

"Roughly a third of undergraduates are the first in their family to go to college. Unlike their middle-class classmates, there's no one they can rely on to explain how to cope with the stresses of college life. They would benefit greatly if their professors, counselors, and advisers were easy to reach, as they are at elite colleges, but on most campuses this kind of mentoring is a luxury."

TANABE, GEN. 1001 WAYS TO PAY FOR COLLEGE: Strategies to Maximize Financial Aid, Scholarships and Grants. SUPERCOLLEGE, 2019.

"Some states or state university systems have agreements with other states or specific universities in other states to let each other's residents attend at in-state rates. Paying in-state rates at another state's school can save you thousands of dollars. Often these agreements are made with neighboring states. Check with your state office of higher education listed in this chapter for more information."(185)

NEWFIELD, CHRISTOPHER. THE GREAT MISTAKE: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV Press, 2018.

"State governments are reluctant to appropriate large increases to universities even in the best times. In this context, large tuition hikes are a consistent temptation, since they moot the need to separate necessary from merely competitive or imitative improvements."

"Students who take out college loans but don't graduate are three times more likely to default than borrowers who complete. The median debt of borrowers who default is under $8,900, which is barely half of the median debt load for all students. States with the highest default rates for their four-year colleges tend to be near the bottom on completion rates too; and states with the lowest default rates tend to rank higher in four-year completion rates."

"That increase in tuition over the six-year period was much lower than the 26-percent increase in average student-debt levels. Not only that, but it was lower than the 12.4-percent increase in the Consumer Price Index, indicating that inflation-adjusted net tuition actually declined during those years."

Kirp, David. "The College Dropout Scandal." The College Dropout Scandal, 26 July 2019, https://www-chronicle-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/interactives/20190726-dropout-scandal.

"The American Institutes for Research calculates that the cost of dropping out, measured by lost earnings, is $3.8 billion, and that's just for a single year and a single class of students. But dollars-and-cents calculations tell only a fraction of the story. A college education gives students the intellectual capital to tackle high-skill jobs, as well as the social capital to make the connections and build the networks that can lead to success."

"The idea of federal limits on tuition may sound appealing, but the bill would penalize students for decisions that others make about tuition. This is especially true at public colleges and universities, where tuition increases have been driven by deep budget cuts by state governments. And it would punish students at public colleges and universities for tuition increases that may seem high in percentages but are low in actual dollars."(21)

Akers, Beth, and Matthew M. Chingos. Game of Loans: the Rhetoric and Reality of Student Debt. Princeton University Press, 2018.

"The increase in borrowing since the creation of the first major federal student loan program in the 1960s reflects the interaction of a series of policy choices with rising college prices and changes in the broader economy. Federal lawmakers have made debt available to a broader group of students over a time period when colleges were raising their prices. Put simply, there's more debt because more Americans have a need to borrow and because the federal government will lend to more of them without asking any questions."(41)

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013.

"The increase in undergraduate student debt has received a lot of attention, but many people do not know about the massive loans accumulated by graduate students. Not only are these students starting their careers with huge amounts of debt, but their employment prospects have been greatly reduced by the over reliance on graduate students and untenured faculty to teach the majority of undergraduate courses. This problem forces us to return to the theme of how the exploitive economic system of the university mirrors the systems outside of the university."(56)

Zahneis , Megan. "Why Parents Will Give Up Everything to Pay for Their Kids' College." Why Parents Will Give Up Everything to Pay for Their Kids' College, 29 Sept. 2019, https://www-chronicle-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/article/Why-Parents-Will-Give-Up/247225.

"The origin of that silence is deeply rooted in families' values around what higher education means to them. So the biggest thing that colleges can do is to lower the stress of sending children to higher education, and that means lowering the cost. Now, our most important lever for achieving this is by funding our public colleges well enough so that they don't have to rely as heavily on tuition dollars from families. So lowering costs has to come first."

Blumenstyk, Goldie. American Higher Education in Crisis?: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press, 2015.

"The pattern of that spending, however, was not steady. It was relatively flat from 1970 to 1985, flat again in the early 1990s, and declined by about 10 percent in the decade ending in 2010, at which point the per-student spending was about at the same level as it was in 1995. Some of the declines in per-student spending came because the overall spending did not keep up with the growth in enrollments."(68)

"The patterns she found — parents and students alike worrying about being a burden in the college-financing process, a financial-aid system founded on outdated models of nuclear families — led to an argument in Indebted that the financial, interpersonal, and moral repercussions of underwriting a college education are redefining familial relationships and socioeconomic boundaries."

Blumenstyk, Goldie. American Higher Education in Crisis?: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press, 2015.

"The rise in enrollments that has driven this growth is already beginning to reverse slightly, and a tapering is expected to continue for the next decade. Still, analysts project that from now to 2022, the revenues spent on higher education will increase by about 3 percent annually, growing to $650 billion a year."(43)

Blumenstyk, Goldie. American Higher Education in Crisis?: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press, 2015.

"The shrinking pool of high-school graduates will also include more students from low-income households and lower-performing high schools. That means more of the students heading to college will require more in financial aid to be able to afford it—and increasing competition among colleges for the students who can afford to pay more."(81)

Chamie, Joseph. "Student Debt Rising Worldwide | Yale Global Online." YaleGlobal Online, 18 May 2017, https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/student-debt-rising-worldwide.

"The standard US repayment plan is 10 years, but low incomes and poor job prospects force lenders to offer various repayment options, including extended repayment periods up to 25 years. The number of Americans aged 60 years and older with student loan debt borrowed largely for their children's education quadrupled between 2005 and 2015 - the average increasing from $12,000 to $23,500."

"The system fails to recognize families' struggles with poverty or near poverty status, income volatility, and the lack of available support from social programs." (162)

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

"The university is also concerned about maintaining control over the total number of enrolled undergraduate students each year, as well as over the distribution of these students across the different colleges in the university.The total number of enrolled students determines the tuition revenue avail-able to help fund the university's operations."(171)

"There is reason to think that until prices are reduced students from low-income families might be more successful in college if they were willing or able to borrow more." (94)

"Too many recent college graduates feel the weight of their student loan payments holding them back from fulfilling their full potential. And far too many prospective college students feel as though they are simply priced out of the education they need to set themselves up for future success. There is a significant opportunity gap as well. While half of Americans from high-income families hold a bachelor's degree by age 25, just 1 in 10 people from low-income families attain that level of education. Moreover, regardless of income status, high-school graduates who enroll in college too often fail to finish: barely half will complete their degree in a reasonable time at four-year institutions; and at two-year schools it's only about a third."

Chamie, Joseph. "Student Debt Rising Worldwide | Yale Global Online." YaleGlobal Online, 18 May 2017, https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/student-debt-rising-worldwide.

"Total student loan debt in the United Kingdom has reached nearly $100 billion. The average 2016 American college graduate has $37,000 in student loan debt, up 6 percent from the previous year, and total federal student loan debt now stands at $1.3 trillion, triple the level a decade ago."

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013.

"Ultimately, the debate over how to use technology to make university classes more effective and efficient is flawed because it does not look at all of the indirect and direct ways that new technologies draw money away from the instructional mission. In most cases, to set up a computer classroom or computerized lab, one needs to pay for staff, administrators, electricity, equipment, software licenses, and endless training sessions."(105)

Primary Research Group. College Benchmarks for Tuition Discounting and Financial Aid. Primary Research Group, 2015.

"We asked about the expected family contribution to tuition costs in the following years: 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15. The mean in 2012-13 was 45.28%; this dropped to 44.39% in 2013-14 and then rose to 46.08% in 2014-15. In general the public colleges expect a higher family contribution, a mean of 50.05% of the total actual cost of attending the college vs. 38.63% from students at public colleges in the same year."(17)

Primary Research Group. College Benchmarks for Tuition Discounting and Financial Aid. Primary Research Group, 2015.

"We asked which phrase best describes the college's net price calculator on the college website? We gave the organizations sampled four possible choices in this multiple choice question. The answers were: 1) We are not yet up to speed yet but hope to be in compliance soon 2) It is fairly basis but complies with Federal law 3) It is somewhat more elaborate than that which is required by Federal Law4) It is much more elaborate than that which is required by Federal law."(23)

TANABE, GEN. 1001 WAYS TO PAY FOR COLLEGE: Strategies to Maximize Financial Aid, Scholarships and Grants. SUPERCOLLEGE, 2019.

"We have never met a college or career counselor (and we have met thousands) who does not keep a list of local scholarships. Whether your counselor posts these scholarships on a bulletin board, lists them in a newsletter or updates them online, take the initiative to find out what they know. Whenever a new scholarship is created the organization will usually send a notice to counselors at nearby schools. Over the years counselors become familiar with dozens of local awards. Most can tell you what scholarships are offered by the clubs and organizations in your community. They can give you leads on tracking down scholarships offered by local businesses and even awards sponsored by alumni. Take advantage of the knowledge your counselors already have. It will save you valuable time that you can spend applying to more scholarships."(21)

Primary Research Group. College Benchmarks for Tuition Discounting and Financial Aid. Primary Research Group, 2015.

"What percentage of your tuition discount offers would you say are for purposes other than the maximization of revenue, and tend to reduce overall revenue, but enable the college to attract particularly desirable students?The mean was 42.28% and the finding was very broad based as the median was 41.5%. Public colleges were somewhat more likely than private ones to use tuition discounts for the purpose of attracting particularly desirable students, as 52.5% of their offers primarily had this end in mind, while the same figure for private colleges was 37.9%."(17)

Minsky, Adam S. Student Loan Debt 101: the Definitive Guide to Understanding and Managing Your Student Loans. Adam Minsky, 2014.

"Whether your loans are federal or private, in good standing or in default, this guide helps you determine the best way forward." (31)

Johanson, P. (2018). Student Loans and the Cost of College. New York: Greenhaven Publishing.

"With $864 billion in federal loans and $150 billion in private loans, student debt in America now exceeds $1 trillion."

TANABE, GEN. 1001 WAYS TO PAY FOR COLLEGE: Strategies to Maximize Financial Aid, Scholarships and Grants. SUPERCOLLEGE, 2019.

"Your state might sponsor valuable loan repayment programs depending on what you plan to study. Some states, for example, will help you pay back your loan if you enter specific career areas such as teaching, law enforcement, medicine, nursing or technology. As long as you work within those fields in the state after graduation, the state will help you pay back your student loans"(184)

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press, 2009.

1. The belief that it is important that the university provide high-quality training for the individuals who will go on to lead major American and international corporations, as well as to start their own new businesses. 2. The belief that the research being conducted at major business schools is of fundamental importance to our society. 3. The belief that graduates of these schools often turn out to be among the wealthiest alumni of universities and thus have the means to give future financial resources to the university. Their positions also enable them to be a source of internships for future students at the university and of career opportunities for future graduates."(64)

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