1306 History Final Exam Study Guide
Plessy v. Ferguson
"separate but equal"
Enforcement Acts
(1870-1871) Congress in response to the KKK and others, passed these acts to protect black voters. It created penalties on person who interfered with any citizen's right to vote. Outlaws the activities of the KKK gave president power to suspend habaeas( could be charged, and be held for 48 hours, if nor charged could be let go once the 48 hours passed)
department stores
aimed at upper class and new middle class with upper class aspirations designed in lavish style to attract customers off street customers could purchase goods on credit
Public v. private city
. Public City Want a healthy clean city Utilized urban professionals to urban engineers City planners city managers accountant Private city Profit motive determines city growth All that matters is making money Don't have zoning laws b/c it will not make money
14th Amendment
1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts
Homestead Act
1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. The government would give 160 arcs of land for free to anyone willing to cultivate the land for five years people receiving the land could purchase the land overnight once 6 months had passes for 25 cents per arc
Dawes Act
1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners ·Wanted Indians to stop living communally and became yeoman farmers 160 arcs to each head of the house hold land was held by the United states for 25 years
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. orginally the orgainzation was created when six young confederate veterans returning from the war came home and found their town in economic and emotional malaisethey began to play pranks on white and then started playing pranks on black
mass market
all possible customers in a market, regardless of the differences in their specific needs and wants
Crop lien system
A merchant will allow a farmer to buy goods with credit in exchange the framer signs a contract promising that once his crop comes in, he will have to pay back the merchant first before paying anyone else Result the farmer falls into more debt gets to the point they can't pay off their debt the merchant wants get payed back and instate of farming cash crops such as cotton years years of farming leads to the soil to be exushted debt and poverty
Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
New South
After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.
Andrew Carnegie and the Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.
John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil
Amazingly wealthy philanthropist and founder of the Standard Oil Company, which formed a monopoly on the oil market through horizontal and vertical integration.
Atlanta Compromise
Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.
Early 19th century labor relations
all were skilled workers, each made product from start to finish and each set their own work pace and focused on what they wanted to
Grandfather clause
allow poor white people to vote in order to not pay a tax or take an exam if one of their relatives voted
saloons
· Drink in a saloon, but could also dine · Cash a check · Public bathrooms · Job postings · Saloons grew from immigrant bachelors young man who are not married (married late) · Was not just for fun but it was also a place for a young immigrant women to go depending on the saloon · Was often a community for lower class and immigrants
professional sports
Baseball · In the early days you could hit the runner with the ball can't do that anymore · Banned spitball · Swearing in sports · Gambling the player are not allowed to gambling Boxing The in early day boxing was bare knuckle Kicking and biting allow The round end when someone was knocked out Very bloody and bruit That ended the round would rest for 30 sec Rules No more kicking and biting The rounds are now 3 min now coach 1 min break
-Henry Grady
Newspaper editor the idea of the Atlantic constitution in order attract northern investment dollars to the south b/c the south needed to jump start their economy gave speeches and pamphlets to convince the north
Consequences of the Compromise of 1877
· Hayes removed federal troops and the last of the Rep. govts collapsed (Freedmen were left to fend for themselves)
permanent immigrants and birds of passage
CAME TO THE UNITED STATES TO STAY USUALLY BRING THE WHOLE FAMILY WITH THEIR POSSESSIONS WITH THE OFTEN ESCAPE RELIGION OR POLITICAL PERSECUTION SOUGHT THE BEST JIBS AND HOUSING AVAILABLE
Literacy tests
Congress attempted to impose literacy tests as a standard for admission to the U.S three different presidents vetoed these literacy tests Congress finally passed a literacy test by overriding Woodrow Wilson's veto shortly before US entry into WWI. B/c WWI and the Russian Revolution increased American fear of foreigners
Madison Grant
Passing of the Great Race Thesis: race mixing would produce a hybrid race that would occupy the lowest rung of the racial scale
William Le Baron Jenney
Designed the first skyscraper with a steel frame Came up with the idea to start with the steal farm and build up with a lighter material such as brook, even glass in order to build the buildings taller
George A. Custer
Discovered gold in Black Hills of South Dakota, his seventh cavalry division was decimated by the Sioux at the battle of Little Big Horn Lt. General George A. Custer led the 7th Cavalry on expedition into Black Hills United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
Extremely lenite essentially gave whites in the South a free hand to establish new states government Provided no role for blacks in the news states government
trusts
Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. competing companies to turn over their stock to the board of trustees
Issues related to assimilation Second and third generations
IT IS THE CHILDREN WHO GO AMERICAN SCHOOL AND LEARN ENGLISH IT'S THE KIDS WHO ABSORB THE AMERICAN CULTURAL AND MOVE TO THE MIDDLE CLASS THEY GET BETTER JOBS
Sand Creek Massacre
In Colorado territory in 1864, U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict
Thomas Edison
Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations work ethic work hard and play hard believed in talent over in education
caveat emptor
Let the buyer beware meaning there are few laws protecting consumers Who benefits business and who suffers consumers
structural unemployment
Losing job when the nature of the work changes example losing the job to a machine
land grants to railroads
Millions of land were being giving away to build railroads it was incisive to the railroads to get them to build transonic line b/c it was expensive and dangerous to offer free railroads
Issues related to assimilation Mutual aid societies
ORGANIZATIONS FORMED BY IMMIGRANTS THAT WILL PROVIDE INSURANCE AND MEDICAL CARE THEY ARE ALSO SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants
Old: Northern European (English, Germans, Irish Catholics), assimilated easier, high skill level, often spoke English New: South/Eastern, wouldn't assimilate, close- knit community, uneducated, poor, unskilled laborers
Events Leading to Wounded Knee Massacre Wovoka
One day Wovoka was up in mountains cutting wood when he suddenly collapsed and died, he ended up going to heaven and spoke to god and god told him I have a message for you and then god brought him back to life and Wovoka stated I stand with you as Christ son
Events Leading to Wounded Knee Massacre -Battle of Little Big Horn
SITTING BULL HAD 10000 PEOPLE IN HIS PEOPLE INBEWTEEN 3,000 OT 4,0000 WERE WARRIORS ATTACKED THEM WITH 600 MAN VS 10,0000 WITHIN AN HOURS CUSTER AND 7TH CALVARY WERE KILLED
gangs
Political machines are part of gangs on election would send gangs to intimidate voters to vote several box's while also mashing box's Sometimes the win of the elections would depend on the gangs Bowery boys = gangs
consequences of the Military Reconstruction Act
Prior to the reconstruction Act of 1867 most southern government was the same as before the war whites and democratic Southern states government were now bi-racial and republican (temporary) southern states were mad b/c their government was now dominated by republicans although the south was predominantly democrat
Assembly line
Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks Benefits increased production used unskilled workers (payed less) then replaced them by using machines
13th Amendments
Prohibited slavery in the U.S (black codes did not protect blacks)
Events Leading to Wounded Knee Massacre Sitting Bull
REFUSED TO GO TO REVSERATION AND WHITE WAYS AND OTHER. INDIANS WHO DID NOT WANT TO GO TO REVARTSION BLOGGED THE SITTING BULL · SITTING BULL AND CRAZY HORSE REFUSED
National Origins Act
RESTRICTION FROM THE NATIONAL ORIGIN THEY WERE BORN (MEANING WHAT COUNTRY YOU WERE BORN IN) limited annual immigration to 2% of the number of people from a given country residing in US at time of 1890 census (LESS PEOPLE FROM Southern AND EASTERN EUROPE · act specifically excluded Latin America b/c B/C wanted Latin people to come from south America to do the agricultural work
Chinese Exclusion Act
Suspend the Chinese for 10 years and when the 10 years was up anther 10 years, they would suspend it when 10 years passed, they suspend it
Nativism Religious
THE NATIVE AMERICAN BORN DID NOT LIKE CATHOLIC B/C THE Catholics FOLLOW WHATEVER THE POPE SAYS THEY ARE BAD AMERICANS CAN'T THINK FOR THEMSELVES CONCERNED THAT THE POPE SECRET DREAM WAS TO TAKE OVER AMERICA SEVERAL OF CATHOLIC SCHOOLS OPENING WANTED GOV'T FUNDING BUT DID NOT WANT RELGATIONS CATHOLICS ARE DRINKERS, BUT protestant ARE NOT DRINKERS
Events Leading to Wounded Knee Massacre Lt. General George A. Custer
THEY ARE LOOKING TO SEE IF THERE IS GOLD IN BLACK HILLS WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE ZOO AND FIND GOLD o THE EXPEDITION WAS LARGE o ONCE WORD GETS OUT ABOUT GOLD BOOM TOWNS POPPED UP, AND PEOPLE WERE COMING o THE GOVERNMENT WANTS TO BUY THE BLACK HILL HOWEVER IT'S A RELIGIOUS
Issues related to assimilation Ethnic neighborhoods
THEY HAD BUSINESS BANK insurance COMPANIES HAD THEIR NEEDS DID NOT HAVE TO LEARN ENGLISH TO GET BY
Nativism Labor
THEY WORKED FOR LOW WAGES AND TERRIBLE WORKING CONDITIONS AND STANDARD LIVING CONDITIONS THEY WERE NOT INTERESTED IN JOINING UNIONS TO FIGHT FOR BETTER PAY DID NOT HAVE A CHOICE THEY WERE TRYING TO GET By B/C THEY WOULD GET FIRED IF THEY JINED UNIONS IMMIGRANTS WERE BLAMED FOR LOBER VIOLENCE NATIVE BORN WORKERS RESENTED IMMIGRANTS B/C THEY WERE NOT INTERESTED IN JOING THE UIONS
Issues related to assimilation Ellis Island
THEY WOULD GIVE THE FAMILY A NEW NAME
Lothrop Stoddard
The Rising Tide of Color Thesis: race mixing would produce a hybrid race that would occupy the lowest rung of the racial scale
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
Black Kettle's people at Sand Creek
The army wasn't sure that they could give supplies but still promised safety come to sand creek but I don't think we can give you food but go send your men to hunt ant that what they did
15th Amendment
The right of citizen of the U.S to vote shall not be denied
Indian schools
These places were created in order to forcibly assimilate Indian children to white culture. They cut their hair, converted them to Christianity, forced them to change their language and used various other ways to make Indian children act like white Americans.
Henry Ward Beecher
United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887)
vertical integration
When controlling all aspects of an industrial from raw materials to production to transportation to marking and retiling Benefits control of this and don't have to pay someone else for those services if you cut coast it increase profit invented by steel magnate Andrew Carnegie Carnegie disliked trusts and pools bought out weaker companies during economic downturns utilized vertical integration to control competition
cyclical unemployment
When losing your job during the downturn in the economy
Redemption/Redeemer Governments
When white democrats regained control of the south by launching a poilitcal campaigned based on white power and racism used violence charged republicans with corruption the poll tax's and exam which resulted to the democrats getting back power, the more violence and intimidation against blacks increased
middle management and the middle class
White collar jobs (office jobs) Blue collar jobs start from the bottom and go to the top rise of middle class b/c of these jobs
Events Leading to Wounded Knee Massacre expedition into the Black Hills
Whites start TO GO TO THE BLACK HIGH LOOKING FOR GOLD WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE ZOO NAD IF THE ZOO caught THEM, THEY WOULD KILL THEM
Plains Indians cultural differences with Americans
Whites the buffalo were not good tramped; crop telegraph, poles, steam speeding, of the buffalo can aerial a train whites felt buffalo were irrelevant to Indians buffalo province them with all these sources of life every part of the buffalo shelter clothing bags bow strings cups and tools buffalo dancers
Progressivism and Urban Reform
a reform movement in the early 20th century wanted city govts run by trained professionals believed people and politicians they elected did not know enough to run a city wanted to take politics and machine bosses out of city govt Progressives promoted the idea of the public city
company town
a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.
consolidation (mergers)
a weaker company will cause a higher company to come in and buyout the company in this type of merger, a brand new company is formed for the purpose of buy two companies and combining them under the new entity.
Nativism racial
anthropologie scientists PEOPLE LIKE THAT BIOLOGICAL ARE INFER THEN IMMIGRANTS STATED THAT IMMIGRANTS ARE INFERE
William Lawrence
argued that wealthy deserved riches the poor were responsible for their position in life and were probably guilty of some kind of sin
Characteristics of 19th and 20th-century cities transportation
cable cars- steam-powered, pulled by underground cables electric trolley- powered by electric cables that ran overhead
destruction of the buffalo
came very close to extinction over hunting whites get to the west and they begin to kill hunt buffalo for sport professional buffalo hunters intestinal
experience of leaving home and arriving in America in early versus late 19th centuries
challenges when leaving home they didn't know where they were going or how to get there They did not even have maps most of the time, so they had to ask people the direction to the seaport they had to walk to get to a port, which meant they might be on the road for several months They had to haggle with the ship captain over price, so they might end up paying a lot of money challenges upon arrival in America arriving in the US they didn't know where they going, didn't have a place to live and didn't have a job immigrants often fell victim to people trying to cheat and exploit them
Galveston hurricane of 1900
deadliest hurricane and natural disaster in the United States
graft
dishonest use of office to get money These political machines controlled jobs, appointments ( contract) license (beer), want one of these things need to bribe a city official Could also get a tax exemption for bribing a city official
Harrison Anti-Narcotic Control Act of 1914
established a list of controlled sub a doctor note was needed for any drug on the list
Frederick Law Olmsted
grounds of US Capitol, Stanford University, grounds of Chicago World's Fair, parks, subdivisions, railroad stations, etc. Central Park, New York City goal: to bring all classes together
mass production
growing urban population communication and transportation revolution growing middles class and income creating brand recognition standardized and easily recognized package
protective tariffs
high taxes on import items making them so expensive that people will buy American-made products instead
Nativism political
immigrants did not know enough to wisely participate in democracy b/c illiterate and accustomed to authoritarian systems in which they could not vote reality Many immigrants did not have experience voting in a democratic system. But in the end, they participated in politics, especially in urban areas. While many immigrants were illiterate and didn't speak the language, it was also true that many native-born Americans were illiterate and they voted.
Ethnocide
intentional effort to destroy Indian culture. make them more like whites
Rise of Corporations
issues/problems facing new giant corporations one man can run and organize a small company · as companies grew and became national in scope, it was too much for one person to oversee the entire operation corporations always looking to increase production they improved managerial techniques by organizing with different levels of responsibilities
Abraham Lincoln's Ten Per Cent Plan
it was a lenite plan he wanted to bring back the nation favored extending voting terms to educated blacks African Americans and former
Black Codes
law passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers State laws that kept blacks in a position as close to slavery
Emergency Quota Act
limited annual immigration to 3% of number of people from a given country that resided in US at time of 1910 census
Horatio Alger Myth
novelist who wrote short stories for boys rags to riches theme intended to inspire nation's youth story themes · young men from rags to riches or rags to middle class through hard work thrifting to save money and clean living anyone can succeed if you practice these · message success comes to those who work hard it not success you own fault
Charles Yerkes
operated 48 separate transit lines · That if you get in the L is will go by short distance and then get off again and again to move lines however, would pay again · Did not have enough cars and the trains would not run regular · Did not have the proper safety however, people had not choice · If injured in the train would take that person to the office promising not to sue
Laissez-Faire (Adam Smith)
principle that favors little/ no gov't interference w/ business or commerce
Plains Indians lifestyle
some were nomads who survived by hunting buffalo others were settled agrarians skilled horsemen had fought white encroachment for years nomadic life- clashed with the settlers, miners, railroad developers, cattle ranchers and farmers
Poll taxes
states passed laws requiring citizens to pay a tax to vote problem freedman had little money(whites)
Literacy exam
states passed laws requiring citizens to prove they could read and write before voting problem blacks were illiterate
pools
the other companies agree to follow Consequences consumers all the companies agree to follow the price that has been set the price will get higher problems for businesses informal so not binding if economy was good it worked if economy was bad companies broke away from agreements and undercut each other . utilized by RR industry to avoid rate wars like those of the 1870s and price wars were good for consumers but bad for business (John D. Rockefeller)
Characteristics of 19th and 20th-century cities urban growth
the rate of increase of urban populations
early movie theatres
were located in immigrant neighborhood very often in saloon (would have movie ) very dirty often referred as flee and fires were very common people would drink and talk back to the screen but for upper classes and middle would look down and would never go
Discrimination against Chinese at state level
· Chinese needed a special license to work in mining. Later they were banned form mining completely. · Chinese were banned from working on public works projects (like road building) · Corporations were banned from hiring the Chinese. · Chinese were restricted to loving in only certain parts of a city leading to the creation of Chinatowns. These areas of town were usually very overcrowded. · Overcrowding led to Cubic air ordinances which restricted the number of people that could live in an apartment or a building. This would enable officials to go in a clear out a building if they wanted to. · Sometimes Chinese were banned from living within the city limits completely. · Chinese could testify against whites in a court of law. This meant that if their business was vandalized by whites or if they were beaten by whites, there was nothing they could do about it
Five-Dollar-Day Plan
· Henry ford was the president of the henry ford motor company · Made an offer to pay his workers 5 dollars a day of wages but to get that you have to live what henry ford thinks it's an appetite life · How good was that offer several of people showed up but was not hiring purpose wanted immigrants to assimilate to America life . how it worked would teach them American values on what henry ford thought they should live would also send inviter to check if your house is clean speaking English at home, check bank book to see if you have money see if your kids are going to school talk to your next door neighbor to see if you're a drunk or have any problems ( if an investor comes should not eat foreign food BUT AMERICAN FOOD) would teach English
urban political machine how they operated
· Person who is working in the local level · In the neighborhood · Lower class the man of the people often him or his family are immigrants · Important thing he wants people to know that if there's a problem then the people should come to him. However, all he wants in return is that the people vote for his candidate
Characteristics of 19th and 20th-century cities police and crime
· Urban police appeared in the 1830 - 1840 · The reasonable for not just law enforcement but also sweeping · This time is known as police brutality · Easily bribed and corrupted · Most of the police owed their jobs to political machine · Useless during this time
parks
· social control · were worried that the working class people were drinking too much and getting in trouble · reformers believed that the parks would have in the effect on the working class · the idea here if you're a member of the working class come to take a stroll and take natural in · no baseball, or boxing the park is not meant to have fun your supposed to stroll in the park not have fun · no does not work
Events Leading to Wounded Knee Massacre Ghost Dance
· they start to dance to the point of exhaustion until they passed out. they would hullianate and dream when they wake up, they are more convinced
