131

The terms physics, physiology, and physician come from a term that proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes.

Aristottle

The most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by .

Galen

Who was a physician to the Roman gladiators, learned by dissection of animals, and saw science as a method of discovery?

Galen

The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called

Hypothesis

42. Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

43. Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion

Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus?

Sonography

Known as "the father of modern anatomy," was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body.

Vesalius

Most primates are , meaning they live in trees.

aboreal

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of variation among organisms.

anatomical

A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of .

anatomical variation

are the simplest body structures considered alive.

cells

Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the group.

control

The study of the structure and function of cells is called

cytology

Stereoscopic vision provides

depth perception

52. All of the following are human organ systems except .

epidermal

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called

evolution

The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of

evolution

established a code of ethics for physicians. He is considered the "father of medicine.

hippocrates

is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

holism

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called

homeostasis

39. The species of modern humans is called .

homo sapiens

An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n)

hypothesis

Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of

hyptheitco-deductive resoning

Metabolism is the sum of all change.

inrternal and chemical

The principal theory of how evolution works is called

natural selection

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body

negative feedback

26. The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure

objective and reliable results

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of .

negative feedback

An is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas are microscopic structures in a cell.

organ; organelles

Feeling structures with your fingertips is called , whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called .

palpation and percussionKnown as "the father of modern anatomy," was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body.

is a process that submits a scientist's ideas to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published.

peer review

A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. This is an example of .

physiological variation

A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n)

placebo

58. Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

positive feedback

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions becom

possitive ffedback

approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts.

reductionism

45. Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to thinking about human physiology.

reductionist

A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to

skeletal adapttion to bipedalism

Which of the following was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking?

spinal and pelvic anatomy

All of the following are organs except

the digestive system

Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge?

theory

60. Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?

these are all aspects taht can cuase phsio

A(n) is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function

tissue