1.5 Module Quiz

What is the binary form for the following decimal IP address? 131.9.202.111

10000011.00001001.11001010.01101111 Explanation 10000011.00001001.11001010.01101111 is the binary form of this address. To convert binary to decimal, remember the following numbers: 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. Each number represents the decimal value for a binary 1 in the corresponding position. For example, 10000000 is equal to 128, and 00010000 is equal to 16. To find the binary form of a decimal number, try to subtract each decimal value from the value in the octet. For example, for 131, you subtract 128. This leaves a remainder of 3. You can then subtract 2 and then 1. For each number you subtract, write a 1 in the address's binary position.

Match each decimal value on the left with the corresponding hexadecimal value on the right. Not all decimal values have a corresponding hexadecimal valu

11-17 B-11 D-13 F-15 C-12 10-16 Explanation Hexadecimal is a base-16 numbering system, which means that there are 16 possible characters for each number place. These characters go from 0 to 9, as decimal does. However, hexadecimal uses the letter A to represent the decimal number 10, B to represent 11, and so on, up to F (which represents 15). The easiest way to convert between decimal and hexadecimal is to memorize the corresponding values for each hexadecimal number using the following tables.

How many binary digits does it take to represent a decimal value up to 255?

8 binary digits

Which of the following layers are part of the four-layer hierarchy of the Internet model? (Select two.)

Application Layer Internet Layer

A network architect is reviewing a network where application services and resources are centrally provisioned, managed, and secured. What is this type of network called?

Client server Explanation A client-server network is one where some nodes, such as PCs, laptops, and smartphones, act mostly as clients. Application services and resources are centrally provisioned, managed, and secured. A peer-to-peer network is one where each end system acts as both client and server. A peer-to-peer network is a decentralized model where provision, management, and security of services and data distributes around the network. In the simplest type of topology, a single link gets established between two nodes. This is known as a point-to-point link. Small office/home office (SOHO) networks are business-oriented networks, possibly using a centralized server in addition to client devices and printers, but often still using a single Internet router/switch/access point.

Which function of the SOHO router is responsible for allocating a unique IP address to each host that connects to it?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

You are setting up a network for a small graphic design company that will have 10 workstations and a shared printer. The company's office is located in a single building. Which type of network is MOST suitable for this scenario?

LAN (Local Area Network)

A security engineer configures software-based port security on a hardware firewall. Which OSI model layer identifies the application ports to configure?

Layer 4

A communications engineer notices that every time it rains the signal becomes very degraded. Which layer of the OSI model is the engineer most likely troubleshooting?

Physical Explanation The physical layer (PHY) of the OSI model (layer 1) is responsible for the transmission and receipt of the signals that represent bits of data from one node to another node. Wireless is one medium. The data link layer (layer 2) is responsible for transferring data between nodes on the same logical segment. At the transport layer on the sending host, the system packages data from the upper layers as a series of layer 4 protocol data units (PDUs), referred to as segments. The application layer (layer 7) is at the top of the OSI stack. An application-layer protocol does not encapsulate any other protocols or provide services to any protocol.

Which of the following BEST describes network topology?

The physical or logical structure of a network in terms of nodes and links

Which OSI model layer is responsible for guaranteeing reliable message delivery?

Transport

A systems administrator wants to ensure that port numbers are being appropriately assigned for each type of network application. What layer of the OSI model should the administrator be reviewing to ensure these actions are taken?

Transport Explanation At the transport layer on the sending host, the system packages data from the upper layers as a series of layer 4 protocol data units (PDUs). It is critical at this layer that all types of network applications be assigned the correct port number. The network layer (layer 3) is responsible for moving data around a system of networks, known as an internetwork or the Internet. The session layer (layer 5) represents functions that administer the process of establishing a dialog, managing data transfer, and then ending (or tearing down) the session. The application layer (layer 7) is at the top of the OSI stack. An application-layer protocol does not encapsulate any other protocols or provide services to any protocol.

A newly deployed stack with servers, network switches, a KVM (Key, Video, Mouse), storage unit, and uninterruptible power supplies has just been fully cabled. After powering on the stack, there seems to be a network connectivity issue between the switch and servers. What is the best approach when trying to resolve this type of network issue?

Bottom-to-top Explanation A bottom-to-top approach of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a methodical validation of network components starting from the bottom or layer 1 (Physical) and going up. This is most appropriate because cables have just been connected. A top-to-bottom approach of the OSI model is a methodical validation of network components starting from the top or layer 7 (Application) and going down. Systems are at default, so basic network connectivity should be available. Divide and conquer approach starts with the layer most likely to be causing the problem, then work either down or up depending on the test results. A plan of action occurs after a theory has been tested and a cause of the issue is determined.

As the IT support specialist for a small company, you are approached by an employee who complains that they can't connect to the Internet. Preliminary checks show that the issue is isolated to this single workstation. Other devices on the same network are connecting without any issues. You decide to employ the bottom-to-top OSI model approach to systematically troubleshoot and resolve the problem. Using the bottom-to-top OSI model approach, which of the following steps should you take first to troubleshoot the internet connectivity issue on the employee's workstation?

Check the Ethernet cable and the network interface card (NIC) for any physical damage or disconnection.

Which of the following BEST describes the primary function of a SOHO router?

A device that primarily forwards traffic between the Local Area Network (LAN) and the Wide Area Network (WAN), while also providing additional functionalities Explanation The primary function of a SOHO router is to forward traffic between the LAN and the WAN. This includes connecting devices within a small office or home office to the Internet (WAN) and facilitating communication between devices on the local network (LAN). In addition to routing, SOHO routers often provide additional functionalities such as firewall protection, wireless connectivity, and sometimes even VPN support. Managing internal storage solutions is not the primary function of a SOHO router. This description more closely aligns with the role of a Network-Attached Storage (NAS) device, which provides centralized data storage and file sharing within a network. While enhancing network security is an important function of many SOHO routers, it is not their sole purpose. SOHO routers are multifunctional devices that provide connectivity and network management features in addition to security measures. The primary role of a SOHO router is not to increase the range of wireless signals for MAN connections. SOHO routers are designed for smaller networks, typically within a single building or home office, and their main function is to manage traffic between these local networks and the wider Internet. Extending wireless signal range, especially in the context of a MAN, would require different or additional networking equipment.

You've implemented a network where hosts are assigned specific roles, such as file sharing and printing roles. Other hosts access those resources, but they don't host services of their own. Which type of network have you implemented?

Client-server Explanation In a client-server network, hosts have specific roles. For example, some hosts are assigned server roles, which allow them to provide network resources to other hosts. Other hosts are assigned client roles, which allow them to consume network resources. In a peer-to-peer network, each host can provide network resources to other hosts or access resources located on other hosts, and each host is in charge of controlling access to those resources. An intranet is a private network that uses internet technologies. Services on an intranet are only available to hosts that are connected to the private network. An extranet is a private network that uses internet technologies, but whose resources are made available to external (but trusted) users. For example, you might create a website on a private network that only users from a partner company can access.

You manage the IT infrastructure for a small office and have recently configured a SOHO router to enhance network security. You are aware that the office uses the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol extensively for file sharing within the local network. However, you want to ensure that these shared files are not accessible from the Internet for security reasons. Which of the following actions should you take on the SOHO router's firewall to achieve this goal?

Configure the firewall to block the SMB port on the WAN interface but allow it on the LAN and WLAN interfaces.

Which of the following tasks are associated with the "Establish a theory of probable cause" step in the CompTIA Network+ troubleshooting methodology? (Select three.)

Consider multiple approaches. Divide and conquer. Question the obvious. Explanation The following are tasks associated with the "Establish a theory of probable cause" step: Question the obvious. Questioning the obvious is a critical part of establishing a theory of probable cause. It involves considering the simplest explanations before moving on to more complex theories. Consider multiple approaches. Considering multiple approaches, such as analyzing the problem from the top of the OSI model to the bottom or vice versa, helps in systematically narrowing down the possible causes of the problem. Divide and conquer. The divide and conquer strategy involves breaking down the problem into smaller, more manageable parts to isolate the cause. This approach is part of establishing a theory of probable cause, as it helps in identifying the specific area or component that may be causing the issue. Documenting findings, actions, and outcomes is part of the final step in the troubleshooting methodology. It involves recording the problem, the solution implemented, and any lessons learned during the process, not establishing a theory of probable cause. Implementing preventive measures is a task associated with verifying full system functionality after a solution has been implemented. It is not part of establishing a theory of probable cause. Duplicating the problem is a task associated with the initial step of identifying the problem. It helps in understanding the conditions under which the problem occurs and is not part of establishing a theory of probable cause. Establishing a plan of action to resolve the problem is a subsequent step that comes after establishing a theory of probable cause. It involves deciding on the specific actions to be taken to address the identified cause of the problem.

How is the SOHO router typically described in the context of a network?

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Explanation The SOHO router is described as Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). This term refers to any termination and routing equipment placed at the customer's site, which can be owned or leased from the telecommunications company or owned by the customer. It connects the local network to the wider Internet. A Network Access Server is a device used by Internet Service Providers to provide access to the internet for remote clients. While it plays a crucial role in network access, it is not the term used to describe a SOHO router, which is located at the customer's premises. An ISP Gateway refers to the equipment used by an Internet Service Provider to connect users to the Internet. While it is essential for internet access, it is not the same as a SOHO router, which is owned or leased by the customer and located on their premises. Central Office Exchange Service refers to services offered by local exchange carriers from the central office. This term does not describe equipment like a SOHO router. The SOHO router, as CPE, is specifically the equipment at the customer's location, not a service or function provided by the central office.

Which OSI model layer is a switch associated with?

Data Link Explanation Switches are associated with the Data Link layer of the OSI model. Switches examine the device address within a packet and forward messages directly to that device.

A user reports that they can't connect to the Internet. After some investigation, you find that the wireless router has been misconfigured. You're responsible for managing and maintaining the wireless access point. What should you do next?

Determine what has changed. Explanation At this point, you have identified the symptoms and the scope of the problem. In this scenario, you have determined that the problem affects all users. The next step is to determine what might have changed that could have caused the problem. You have already identified the affected area because you know that the problem affects all users. Before you can choose a probable cause, do additional work to see what might have changed. After selecting a probable cause, determine if escalation is required. Then create an action plan and fix the problem.

Which of the following statements accurately describe characteristics of the decimal numbering system? (Select two.)

Each digit can have one of ten possible values. A digit positioned to the left of another has 10 times the value of the digit to the right. Explanation The following accurately describe characteristics of decimal numbering: A digit positioned to the left of another has 10 times the value of the digit to the right. This is a fundamental principle of the decimal system. For example, in the number 250, the 2 is in the hundreds place, making it worth 200 (or 2 times 10 times 10), which is 10 times the value of the 5 in the tens place. Each digit can have one of ten possible values. The decimal system is base 10, meaning each digit can have one of ten possible values (0 through 9). This is the defining characteristic of decimal numbering. Each digit can have one of two possible values describes binary (base 2) numbering, not decimal numbering. In binary, each digit can indeed have one of two possible values (0 or 1). Each digit represents a power of 2 is more applicable to binary numbering, where each digit's place value represents a power of 2. In decimal numbering, each place represents a power of 10. It is primarily used for representing binary data is misleading as it suggests the decimal system is primarily used for representing binary data, which is not accurate. The decimal system is a general-purpose numbering system used for a wide variety of applications, not specifically for representing binary data. Binary and hexadecimal systems are more directly used for representing binary data in computing contexts.

Which of the following networking terms refers to the nodes that send and receive data traffic?

End systems Explanation End systems, also referred to as hosts, are the nodes that send and receive data traffic in a network. They consume the services provided by servers in a client-server network. Intermediate nodes perform a forwarding function in a network. They help to route the data but do not send or receive data traffic themselves. Network links refer to the communication pathways between nodes in a network. They do not send or receive data traffic themselves. Network protocols are sets of rules that govern data communication over a network. They do not send or receive data traffic.

You are a help desk technician for a software company, and you receive a call from a customer who is experiencing issues with a third-party application that is not supported by your company. Despite explaining the situation and attempting to provide general advice, the customer becomes increasingly difficult and abusive, insisting that your company should resolve their issue. Your attempts to calm the situation and explain the limitations of your support have not been successful, and the customer's behavior is escalating. Considering your company's policies and the need to maintain a professional environment, what should be your next step?

Escalate the call to a manager or a customer success team who is trained to handle difficult situations.

A system administrator is reviewing an alert for the firewall. There was an alert that a piece of malware was downloaded to a computer on the network. The system administrator followed through by checking to make sure that the malware was downloaded. Which of the following steps should the sysadmin do next to help mitigate this in the future?

Establish a plan of action.

A system that contains custom applications routinely crashes. IT decides to upgrade the operating system after speaking with application support personnel, and testing the problem. What should IT do next to troubleshoot the issue?

Establish a plan of action. Explanation Establishing a plan of action, such as a maintenance window or scheduled downtime to fix an issue, is the best practice. Researching the impacts of any fixes should also be considered. While it is important to take enough time to identify the problem, IT has already identified the problem by speaking with support personnel, and they now need to establish a plan of action in order to resolve the issue. Determining if anything has changed is part of the testing process to see if the identified problem is consistently manifesting itself. IT has already completed this step in the troubleshooting process Verifying full system functionality is useful to identify the results and effects of a solution. It also includes ensuring that the problem is not repeatable and putting possible safeguards and restrictions in place to help prevent further issues. Once again, this is part of the testing process which has already been completed by IT.

A network engineer is configuring a point-to-point link between two routers on a WAN network. The link is intended to support a critical real-time application that requires continuous bidirectional data flow without any transmission delays. Which type of communication should the engineer configure on the point-to-point link to meet the application's requirements?

Full-duplex communication, as it supports simultaneous bidirectional data flow, which is essential for real-time applications. Explanation Full-duplex communication, as it supports simultaneous bidirectional data flow, which is essential for real-time applications is the correct answer. Full-duplex communication allows both routers to send and receive data simultaneously, which eliminates the transmission delays that can occur with half-duplex communication. This is critical for supporting real-time applications that require continuous bidirectional data flow. Half-duplex communication, because it allows for two-way communication with a guaranteed level of bandwidth is incorrect. While half-duplex allows for two-way communication, it does not support simultaneous transmission. This would introduce delays as the devices take turns to send and receive data, which is not suitable for real-time applications. Half-duplex communication with Quality of Service (QoS) prioritization to ensure real-time data is transmitted without delay is incorrect. Although QoS can prioritize certain types of traffic, it does not change the fundamental limitation of half-duplex communication, which is the inability to transmit and receive simultaneously. Full-duplex communication with multiple cables to increase the bandwidth and support the high data rate required by the application is incorrect. The use of multiple cables is not relevant to the distinction between half-duplex and full-duplex communication. Full-duplex communication does not inherently require multiple cables; it is defined by the ability to support simultaneous bidirectional data flow on the same link.

Which organization developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model?

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Explanation The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the organization that developed the OSI reference model. The OSI model was created as a framework to standardize the functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. The goal was to allow different systems to communicate with each other, promoting interoperability and standardization. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is incorrect because IEEE is known for developing standards for the electronics industry and various other technical areas, but it did not develop the OSI model. IEEE has developed numerous other standards, including the 802.11 Wi-Fi standards. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is incorrect because the IETF is responsible for the technical development of the Internet, including the development of Internet protocols like TCP/IP, but it did not develop the OSI model. The IETF focuses on the evolution of the Internet architecture and smooth operation of the Internet. ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is incorrect because the ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies. Although the ITU sets worldwide telecommunications standards, it was not the organization that developed the OSI model.

When troubleshooting, what is MOST likely to be a recommended action if the solution to a problem involves reverting to a known good configuration?

Implement the solution directly. Explanation Implementing the solution directly is most likely to be the recommended action. If the solution involves reverting to a known good configuration, such as resetting a system to its baseline due to unauthorized changes or disruptions, it is often possible to implement the solution directly without needing further approvals or steps. This approach is efficient and effective for quickly resolving issues. Escalation to more senior personnel is necessary when you do not have the authorization to implement a solution or if the problem is beyond your expertise. However, for reverting to a known good configuration, if you have the necessary permissions and knowledge, direct implementation is preferred. While scheduling a meeting to collaborate and discuss can be valuable in complex scenarios, the context provided indicates that the solution is already known (reverting to a known good configuration). Therefore, scheduling a meeting would unnecessarily delay the resolution of the problem. Waiting for complaints from users would not be the best course of action. Delaying action when there is a known and executable solution is not advisable.

Which of the following organizations are responsible for the development of the Internet and agreeing on common standards and protocols? (Select two.)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Explanation The following are organization responsible for the development and common standards of the Internet: IANA is responsible for the global coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other internet protocol resources. It plays a crucial role in the allocation of IP addresses and the maintenance of the top-level domain space, making it a key player in the development and functioning of the Internet. The IETF is a key organization in the development of the Internet, focusing on the technical development of internet protocols and standards. It publishes Requests for Comments (RFCs) which describe the specifications, protocols, and policies for how the Internet works, making it instrumental in the internet's development. While ITU plays a significant role in regulating and standardizing telecommunications technologies and services globally, it is not directly responsible for the development of the Internet or internet standards. ITU focuses more broadly on telecommunications rather than internet-specific standards. The GSM Association (GSMA) represents the interests of mobile operators worldwide and focuses on supporting the standardization and deployment of mobile telephony systems. While it influences the development of mobile internet access, it is not directly responsible for the development of the Internet or its standards. Although the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) plays a significant role in developing standards for the World Wide Web, such as HTML and CSS, its focus is more on web standards rather than the underlying internet infrastructure and protocols.

Which of the following security appliances operate at Layer 4 of the OSI model to enhance network security? (Select two.)

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) that analyze traffic for suspicious patterns Firewalls that perform stateful packet inspection Explanation The following security appliances operate at Layer 4 of the OSI model: Firewalls that perform stateful packet inspection. Stateful firewalls operate at Layer 4, the Transport layer, by monitoring the state of active connections and making decisions based on the context of the traffic (such as port numbers and session information). This allows them to permit or deny traffic with a higher degree of intelligence than simple packet filtering. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) that analyze traffic for suspicious patterns. Intrusion Detection Systems can operate at Layer 4 by analyzing traffic patterns and the state of connections to detect potential security breaches or attacks. They monitor for anomalies that may indicate malicious activity, such as unusual traffic on specific ports. Antivirus software typically operates at the Application layer (Layer 7) by scanning files and applications for malware. It does not function at the Transport layer. Routers operate at the Network layer (Layer 3) and make forwarding decisions based on IP addresses. They do not perform security functions at the Transport layer. Network switches primarily operate at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) to segment collision domains and manage traffic within a local area network. They do not provide security functions at the Transport layer.

Which of the following devices operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model?

Network interface cards (NICs) Switches Bridges Explanation Network interface cards (NICs), bridges, and switches all operate at the OSI Data Link layer. They use the physical device address (MAC address) to identify packets. Hubs and repeaters operate at the Physical layer. They simply repeat packets without regard to addresses. Routers and gateways function at the Network layer. They examine the logical device and network address to perform routing tasks.

Which of the following BEST describes a logical topology where all nodes can send traffic to one another using hardware addresses within the same segment?

Logical segment topology Explanation The correct answer is a logical segment topology. A logical segment topology refers to a network configuration at the Data Link layer where all nodes can send traffic to one another using hardware addresses, regardless of whether they share access to the same media. This is not necessarily tied to the physical layout of the network but rather to the logical organization of the network at layer 2. A star topology describes a physical topology, not a logical one. In a star topology, nodes are physically connected to a central hub, but this does not specify how they communicate at the Data Link layer using hardware addresses. A ring topology describes a physical topology. In a ring topology, each node is connected to exactly two other nodes, forming a ring. However, this does not address the concept of logical segments at the Data Link layer. A mesh topology is a physical topology where nodes are interconnected, often used to provide high availability. However, it does not specifically refer to the logical organization of nodes communicating using hardware addresses at the Data Link layer.

You want to implement a fault-tolerant topology as you connect routers on your wide area network. Which of the following topologies BEST meets your requirements? answer Ring

Mesh Explanation A mesh topology has multiple connections at each node, increasing connectivity fault tolerance. None of the other topologies have native fault tolerance built in.

You've implemented an ad hoc wireless network that doesn't employ a wireless access point. Every wireless network card can communicate directly with any other wireless network card on the network. Which type of physical network topology have you implemented in this network?

Mesh Explanation This type of network uses a physical mesh topology. A mesh topology has two key characteristics, which are that there's no central connecting point, and any host can communicate directly with any other host on the network. A mesh network is usually impractical on a wired network. Each host would require a separate dedicated network interface and cable. But you can implement a mesh topology with relative ease on a wireless network because wires aren't an issue. A ring topology connects neighboring nodes until they form a ring. Signals travel in one direction around the ring. A star topology uses a hub or switch to connect all network connections to a single physical location. A bus topology consists of a trunk cable with nodes either inserted directly into the trunk or tapped in with offshoot cables called drop cables.

Which of the following BEST describes the role of port numbers in the multiplexing of packets at the Transport layer?

Port numbers are used to identify the type of network application and facilitate the multiplexing of packets onto the same link. Explanation Port numbers are essential at the Transport layer for identifying the type of network application each packet is associated with. By assigning a port number to each segment, multiple communications, such as HTTP and email, can be multiplexed onto the same network link. This allows for efficient use of network resources and proper de-multiplexing at the receiving end. Routers operate at the Network layer and use IP addresses to determine the best path for forwarding packets. Port numbers are part of the Transport layer and are not used by routers for routing decisions. Encryption of data payloads is not the function of port numbers. Encryption is typically handled by protocols at higher layers, such as the Presentation layer or through specific security protocols like TLS/SSL. The Data Link layer is responsible for node-to-node data transfer and does not assign port numbers. Port numbers are assigned at the Transport layer, and prioritization at the Data Link layer is typically handled by Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms, not port numbers.

An application developer is attempting to troubleshoot issues with ASCII conversion for their application. At which layer of the OSI model are they troubleshooting?

Presentation Explanation The presentation layer of the OSI model transforms data between the format required for the network and the format required for the application. The application layer (layer 7) is at the top of the OSI stack. An application-layer protocol does not encapsulate any other protocols or provide services to any protocol. The session layer (layer 5) represents functions that administer the process of establishing a dialog, managing data transfer, and then ending (or tearing down) the session. The data link layer (layer 2) is responsible for transferring data between nodes on the same logical segment.

You are working as an IT support specialist for a large organization. One day, you receive a call from an employee in the marketing department who reports that their computer is experiencing several issues: it is unable to connect to the Internet, it is running significantly slower than usual, and it is not syncing with the network printer. After some initial troubleshooting, you confirm that these are indeed separate issues and not symptoms of a single underlying problem.

Prioritize the issues based on the impact on the employee's work and address them one by one, starting with the most critical. Explanation Prioritizing the issues based on the impact on the employee's work and addressing them one by one, starting with the most critical, is the correct answer. This approach ensures that each problem is given the attention it requires, starting with the one that most affects the employee's productivity. It allows for a systematic resolution process and ensures that all issues are addressed without assuming they are related. Attempting to solve the internet connectivity issue by restarting the router, assuming that this will also fix the slow performance and printer syncing problems, makes an unfounded assumption that all the issues are interconnected, which may not be the case. It could lead to neglecting the root causes of the other problems, delaying their resolution. Informing the employee that IT support can only handle one problem per call and asking them to call back for the other issues is unhelpful and can lead to frustration for the employee. It's important for IT support to provide comprehensive assistance, especially when multiple issues are affecting an employee's ability to work. Recommending a replacement without thorough investigation is premature and may not be necessary or cost-effective. It's important to diagnose and attempt to resolve each issue before considering such drastic measures.

When changing a system as part of implementing a troubleshooting solution, which of the following practices should be followed? (Select two.)

Record all changes made during the troubleshooting process. Test after each change to ensure the problem is resolved. Explanation The following are the practices you should follow: Test after each change to ensure the problem is resolved. Testing after each change is crucial in troubleshooting to verify that the solution has effectively resolved the problem without introducing new issues. It allows for a systematic approach to identifying the root cause and confirming the effectiveness of the solution. Record all changes made during the troubleshooting process. Keeping a record of all changes made during troubleshooting is essential for several reasons. It helps in understanding what has been tried, aids in the rollback process if a change worsens the situation, and contributes to knowledge sharing and documentation for future reference. Making changes without first ensuring that there is a recent backup of data and configuration settings is risky. If the changes result in unexpected issues, having a backup allows you to restore the system to its previous state, minimizing potential data loss and downtime. Implementing multiple solutions simultaneously can make it difficult to identify which change (if any) resolved the problem or, worse, which change might have caused additional issues. It's better to apply changes one at a time, testing and documenting the effects of each. Skipping the testing phase can lead to unresolved issues or new problems being introduced without detection. Testing is a critical step in ensuring that the implemented solution has effectively addressed the problem and that the system remains stable and functional.

As a networking consultant, you are helping a small business owner to set up a network for their office. The office has 10 employees, each with a computer, and they also have a centralized server, a printer, and an Internet router. Which type of network would be MOST suitable for this setup?

Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) network Explanation A Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) network is the correct answer. A SOHO network is a business-oriented network that can support a small number of users. It can use a centralized server in addition to client devices and printers, and often uses a single Internet router/switch/access point to provide connectivity. This is the most suitable type of network for a small business with 10 employees. Enterprise LANs are designed for larger networks with hundreds or thousands of servers and clients. They require multiple enterprise-class switch and router appliances to maintain performance levels, which is not necessary for a small business with 10 employees. Wide Area Networks (WANs) are typically used to connect multiple networks over long distances, such as connecting a main office site with multiple branch office sites, possibly in different countries. This is not the case for a small business with a single office. A data center is a network that hosts only servers and storage, not end user client devices. In this scenario, the office has end user client devices (the employees' computers), so a data center would not be appropriate.

A growing company has recently moved into a new office space. The company has 50 employees, each with their own workstation. The office also has multiple printers, a centralized server, and requires structured cabling for connectivity.

Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) network

When troubleshooting network issues using the CompTIA Network+ troubleshooting method, it's important to carry out tasks in a specific order. Drag each trouble shooting task on the left to the correct step on the right.

Step 1 Identify the problem. Step 2 Establish a theory of probable cause. Step 3 Test the theory to determine the cause. Step 4 Establish a plan of action Step 5 Implement the solution or escalate. Step 6 Verify full system functionality. Step 7 Document findings, actions, and outcomes.

Which of the following devices is used to create a physical star topology?

Switch Explanation A physical star topology uses a switch or a hub. Routers connect multiple subnets together. A firewall is a router that filters packets or other network communications. Use a bridge to connect two devices that use different network architectures.

Which of the following BEST describes a demarcation point in the context of telecommunications?

The point at which the telco's cabling enters the customer premises Explanation The demarcation point (often shortened to "demarc") is the point where the telecommunications company's (telco's) responsibility ends and the customer's responsibility begins; typically where the telco's cabling enters the building or premises. The maximum data transfer rate achievable by the ISP refers to the bandwidth or speed of an internet connection provided by an ISP, not to the physical or logical point of demarcation between the ISP's network and the customer's premises. The central hub where all ISPs connect and exchange data resembles an Internet Exchange Point (IXP), where ISPs interconnect and exchange internet traffic. The demarcation point, however, is specific to the boundary between the telecommunications provider's network and the customer's network. The protocol used for encrypting data over the internet refers to encryption protocols, such as SSL/TLS, used for securing data transmitted over the Internet. It has no relation to the concept of a demarcation point, which is about the physical boundary and responsibility between a telco's network and the customer's premises.

In the OSI model, what is the primary function of the Network layer?

The primary function of the Network layer is to move data around an internetwork using logical network and host IDs.

What should you do when you discover symptoms of more than one problem while investigating a user's system issue?

Treat each problem as a separate case, even if they seem related. Explanation When multiple problems are discovered, it's important to address each one individually. This approach ensures that each issue is thoroughly investigated and resolved, rather than assuming they are interconnected. Treating each problem separately also helps in documenting and tracking the resolution process more effectively. Focusing on the most complex problem first can lead to oversight of simpler issues that could be resolved quickly, and it assumes a relationship between the problems that may not exist. It's more efficient to evaluate and address each problem on its own merits. Encouraging users to report only the most severe problem can result in minor issues being overlooked, which may escalate into bigger problems over time. It's important for support teams to have a complete understanding of all issues to provide comprehensive solutions. Escalating all problems without initial investigation can overwhelm higher-level support teams and delay the resolution of issues that could have been solved at the first level. Initial investigation can often resolve some issues immediately and provide valuable information for more complex problems that do need escalation.

Which of the following are characteristics of a Wide Area Network (WAN)? (Select two.)

Typically uses leased network devices and links, operated and managed by a service provider Connects networks over long distances

As the IT manager for a small business, you've encountered an issue with an older model router that has been reliable until recently. The router has started to drop connections sporadically, causing disruptions in daily operations. After conducting an initial assessment, you've determined that the issue might be related to outdated firmware or a minor hardware malfunction. Given the limited IT budget and the critical need to maintain operations, you must decide whether to repair or replace the router. What is the MOST appropriate course of action?

Update the router's firmware and check for any loose internal connections that might be causing the issue. Explanation Updating the router's firmware and checking for any loose internal connections that might be causing the issue is the most appropriate course of action. This approach addresses potential software and minor hardware issues without significant expense. Updating firmware can resolve known bugs and performance issues, while checking for loose connections is a basic troubleshooting step for hardware malfunctions. This solution is cost-effective and aligns with the need to maintain operations within a limited budget. Allocating funds from the IT budget to purchase a state-of-the-art router with advanced features is not the most appropriate course of action. While a new router might offer improved performance and features, this option does not consider the limited IT budget and the possibility that the current issue can be resolved through repair. Allowing the router to fail completely before making a decision on whether to repair or replace it could lead to extended downtime and significant disruptions in daily operations, which is not advisable. Increasing the IT budget by reducing funds allocated to other departments to purchase several new routers as backups does not address the immediate issue with the router and unnecessarily reallocates funds from other departments without exploring the repair option first.

A network administrator notices that communication to a particular node in a star topology network consistently fails. The node is located at a significant distance from the central switch, further than any other node on the network. The administrator suspects that the distance may be causing signal degradation. What is the MOST appropriate solution to resolve this issue?

Use a repeater to strengthen the signal over the extended distance. Explanation Using a repeater is the most appropriate solution to overcome the distance limitation. Repeaters regenerate the signal, allowing it to travel further distances without degradation. This would likely resolve the communication failure to the distant node. Replacing the switch with a hub would not increase signal strength. Hubs are less sophisticated than switches and broadcast data to all nodes rather than directing data to the correct node. This would not solve the issue of signal degradation over distance. Implementing a mesh topology for the entire network is not necessary to address the issue with a single distant node. Mesh topologies are complex and involve creating multiple paths for redundancy, which would be an over-engineered solution for a problem that can be solved with a repeater. Increasing the bandwidth of the central switch may improve overall network performance but would not address the signal degradation issue caused by the distance to the node. Bandwidth refers to the volume of data that can be transmitted over a connection, not the strength or quality of the signal over long distances.

A multinational corporation with headquarters in New York and branches in London, Tokyo, and Sydney needs to ensure seamless data communication between all its offices for real-time collaboration and file sharing. Which type of network is MOST suitable for this scenario?

WAN (Wide Area Network) Explanation A WAN (Wide Area Network) is the correct answer because WANs are specifically designed to cover large geographic areas, connecting multiple LANs. This allows for communication and data sharing between the corporation's headquarters and its branches in different countries, making it the most suitable option for this scenario. LANs are designed for smaller geographic areas, such as a single building or office. This scenario involves connecting multiple offices across the globe, which requires a network that can cover much larger distances. LANs are designed for smaller geographic areas, such as a single building or office. This scenario involves connecting multiple offices across the globe, which requires a network that can cover much larger distances. SANs are used to provide access to consolidated, block-level data storage, primarily in data centers. While SANs are crucial for managing large volumes of data, they do not facilitate the kind of inter-office communication and collaboration described in the scenario.

Which of the following functions does a SOHO router implement at layer 2 to make use of its Physical layer adapters? (Select two.)

Wireless access point Ethernet switch Explanation The following are the functions that a SOHO router implements: Ethernet switch. The RJ-45 jacks on a SOHO router are connected internally by an Ethernet switch, allowing multiple wired devices to communicate within the same network segment. This is a key function at layer 2, facilitating the use of Physical layer adapters for wired connections. Wireless access point. A SOHO router includes a wireless access point, which uses radio antennas to implement a version of the Wi-Fi standard. This allows wireless devices such as PCs, tablets, smartphones, and printers to form a network. The access point is also connected to the Ethernet switch internally, bridging the wired and wireless segments into a single logical data link network. While a DHCP server is a common feature in SOHO routers, it operates at a higher layer (Layer 3 - Network Layer) by assigning IP addresses to devices on the network. It is not a function implemented at Layer 2, which deals with physical addressing and access to the media. A firewall is a network security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Firewalls operate at Layer 3 (Network Layer) and above, making decisions based on IP addresses and other higher-layer protocols, not at Layer 2. NAT is a method used to remap one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. This function is performed at the Network Layer (Layer 3), not at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2), as it involves the manipulation of IP addresses.

The marketing office reported issues regarding slow network connectivity to the Internet and inability to access the company's SharePoint site. All marketing users on the 7th floor offices are getting an "HTTP 404" warning. What is the BEST way the network administrator can approach this incident to identify the problem?

Work on the slow Internet connection first. Explanation The network admin must approach multiple problems individually and start by working on the slow Internet connection first. Although issues with the slow Internet and the "HTTP 404" error may seem the same, both may be caused by different factors. Questioning users will help with identifying the problem. However, questioning all users on the 7th floor is not an efficient use of time. A divide-and-conquer approach to an issue occurs when establishing a theory of the probable cause. Start with the layer of the OSI (open systems interconnection) model where the problem most likely resides, then go down or up the layers. This may be time-consuming. A plan of action would only occur after the cause of the issue has been confirmed through test(s).