1.5 Network Topologies, Types, IoT Technologies

Infrared (IR)

Used primarily to collect data through various sensors Wavelength just below human detection Created invisible radiation which is then detected by a sensors semiconductor, converts signals into electrical current Requires a nearly unobstructed line of sighe between the transmitter and receiver

RFID (radio frequency identification)

Uses electromagnetic fields to store data on a small chip in an RFID tage, has an antenna that can both transmit and receive ARPT (Active Reader Passive Tag) - when prompted by an active reader a passive tag pulls power from the reader's radio waves to power its transmission PRAT (Passive Reader Active Tag) - Battery powered tag actively transmits its credentials at regular intervalls ARAT (Active Reader Active Tag) - An active reader interacts with a battery-powered tag Used for inventory management

Wide Area Network (WAN)

provides access to other networks (interconnected LANs), large geographic area, involves telecommunications companies, internet, group of LANs that spread over a wide geographical area

Ring Topology

A LAN configuration in which all nodes are connected in a closed loop

Metro Area Network (MAN)

A large computer network usually spanning a city

Bus Topology

A network layout in which there is one main trunk, or backbone, that all the various computers and network devices are connected to.

Infrastructure Topology

A wireless topology that defines a wireless network composed of an access point connected to a wired LAN. Wireless devices communicate with the wired LAN through the access point (AP).

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

A wireless network designed to replace or supplement a wired local area network (LAN).

Star Topology

All devices on a network are connected to one central device, like a switch

Bluetooth

Allows electronic devices like cell phones and computers to exchange data over short distances using radio waves Defind by 802.15.1 specifications Unites separate entities, it unites mobile devices, PCs, and accessories under a single communications standard 2.4GHz to 2.4835 GHz Require close proximity to form a connection

ANT+

An ad-hoc wireless protocol operation at the 2.4 GHz Proprietary owned by Garmin, it is also open-source and used by many manufacturers Gathers and tracks information from sensors that are typically embedded in heart rate monitors, GPS devices, and other activity monitoring devices Can sync data from multiple devices for the same activity

Ad Hoc Topology

Defines a wireless network layout whereby devices communicate directly among themselves without using an access point. Sometimes called an unmanaged or peer-to-peer wireless topology.

NFC (Near Field Communication)

Form of RFID that transfers data wirelessly over very short distances (10cm or less) Tiny antenna embedded in the device sends its radio signal at a fixed frequency of 13.56 MHz Does not need its own power source...just relies on the receiving devices power field

Logical Topologies

Has to do with software, how access to the network is controlled, including how users and programs initially gain access to the network, and how specific resources, such as applications and databases, are shared on the network

Physical Topologies

Mostly refers to a network's hardware and how computers, other devices, and cables fit together to form the physical network

Mesh Topology

Network where every device is connected to each other via two or more routes. Redundancy.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Provide communication over a short distance that is intended for use with devices that are owned and operated by a single user

Mesh Topology (Wireless)

Several access points work as peer devices on the same network. Provides more fault-tolerant network access to clients

Z-Wave

Smart home protocol that provides two basic types of functions: signaling, to manage wireless connections, and control, to transmit data and commands between devices Network controller called a Hub get commands from a smartphone or computer and relays the commands to various smart devices on its network 100m per hope and can tolerate up to four hops through repeaters

802.11

A series of network standards that specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Connects a group of computers in close proximity, such as in an office building, school, or home

Storage Area Network (SAN)

a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers