1750-1900 APWH
Gran Colombia
"Great Colombia") is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. This short-lived republic included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana and northwest Brazil.
Guano
(via Spanish, ultimately from the Quechua wanu) is the excrement of seabirds, cave-dwelling bats, pinnipeds, or (in English usage) birds in general
Conservatism
A general preference for thr already existing order in society. Against the idea of dramatic changes in the political aspect. An example of this is the Congress of Vienna in 1815 during the Reformation in Europe. The government wanted to keep legitimacy which was the most important part of their political viewpoint. The conservatives wanted to make legislate a monarchy authority and have a hierarchy social structure.
Limited Liability Corporation
A limited liability company is the United States‑specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that combines the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation.
Maori
A member of the aboriginal people of New Zealand. The Polynesian language of the Maori.
Bill of Rights
After the Declaration of Independence in 1776 was signed, try Bill of Rights was written but wasn't essential at first glance. However, thr Bill of Rights was written to grant government power but also let the people keep their rights as well. In 1791, the Bill of Rights was officially apart of the US Constitution. There are 10 commandments that each citizen has a right to.
Factors of Production
An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
Boer War
Between the British Empire and the Dutch colonies known as the Boers in South Africa. A war in which Great Britain fought against the Transvaal and Orange Free State, 1899-1902. 2. a war between Great Britain and the Transvaal, 1880-81. British Dictionary definitions for Boer War Expand.
Raj
British sovereignty in India.
Domestic System
Domestic System. In the 18th Century the production of textiles was the most important industry in Britain. Most of the work was carried out in the home and was often combined with farming. There were three main stages to making cloth: carding, spinning and weaving.
Economic Liberalism
Economic liberalism is the ideological belief in organizing the economy on individualist lines, meaning that the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals and not by collective institutions or organizations. This means that thr people make the rules and not just the government alone. America, after gaining its independence in 1776, wrote the Constitution that stated that the people made the decisions the government went through.
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business or other organization. The entrepreneur develops a business model, acquires the human and other required resources, and is fully responsible for its success or failure.
Indiana National Congress
From its foundation on 28 December 1885 until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947, the Indian National Congress was the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement.
Declaration of Independence
In 1775, British and the British American colonies began to fight against each other for the right to tile under the British crown. King George III fought to kill the rebellion. In 1776, while the fighting was still going on, America colonies gathered thr five-man committee that included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and James Madison to write a statement of their intentions. Thomas Jefferson wrote most of thr Declaration of Independence which was signed in 1776.
Boxer Rebellion
In 1900, in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion (or the Boxer Uprising), a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.
Social Contract
In moral and political philosophy, the social contract or political contract is a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual
Transnational Company
In one definition, transnational is simply another word for a multinational corporation. A multinational is a business that is headquartered in one country but has subsidiaries in multiple other nations.
Spheres of Influence
In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it.
Berlin Conference
In the year1884-5 Africa split it's continent into many different pieces so all of the different powers of the world could have a piece of its land. The Berlin Conference was held to determine who gets what part and how much land a certain nation got. However, these systems were not very clean cut because many areas were cut off from east to west but were owned by the same country.
Queu
Is an example of a linear data structure, or more abstractly a sequential collection. Queues provide services in computer science, transport, and operations research where various entities such as data, objects, persons, or events are stored and held to be processed later.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.
Maroon Societies
Maroon Societies is a systematic study of the communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States.
Theory of Natural Selection
Natural selection is Darwin's most famous theory; it states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
Qing Dynasty
Qing dynasty the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu.
Quantum Physics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a fundamental branch of physics which deals with physical phenomena at nanoscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.
Revolutions of 1848
Revolutions of 1848, series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals.
Russo- Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War definition. A war fought in 1904-1905 between Russia and Japan over rival territorial claims. In winning the war, Japan emerged as a world power. Note: President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States was largely responsible for bringing the two sides together and working out a treaty.
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism, term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittes
Socialism
Socialism is a social and economic system characterised by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system.
Spanish-American War
Spanish-American War definition. A war between Spain and the United States, fought in 1898. The war began as an intervention by the United States on behalf of Cuba
Tanziment Reforms
Tanzimat, (Turkish: "Reorganization"), series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 under the reigns of the sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz.
Conscription
The Act of 1862. The drafting of young men in the armed forces at crucial times in a time of crisis. In WWII, many men were drafted into the army to fight for their country because with so much war, too many people were dying and they were running out of options to use.
Jamaica Letter
The Carta de Jamaica (Letter from Jamaica) was written by Simón Bolívar in response to a letter from Henry Cullen, in which he put forward the reasons that caused the fall of the Second Republic of Venezuela within the context of the independence of the nation.
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers. The second goal was to prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and maintain the status quo.
Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement was a push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing food, and change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it. Plantations were a good example of this because these lands were taken over for private areas for slaves to live and work.
Sino- Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War (1 August 1894 - 17 April 1895) was fought between Qing dynasty China and Meiji Japan, primarily over control of Korea.
Great Trek
The Great Trek was a movement of Dutch-speaking colonists up into the interior of southern Africa in search of land where they could establish their own homeland, independent of British rule.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 - 28 July 1794),[1] also known as The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris),[2] and another 25,000 in summary executions across France
Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I. It is considered to have begun with Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in mass production and the production line.
Self-Strengthening Movement
The Self-Strengthening Movement (Chinese: 洋務運動 or 自强運動), c 1861-1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.
Seven Years War
The Seven Years' War took place between 1754 and 1763 with the main conflict being in the seven-year period 1756-1763. It involved most of the great powers of the time and affected Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines.
Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion was a massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, against the ruling Manchu Qing dynasty. It was a millenarian movement led by Hong Xiuquan, who announced that he had received visions, in which he learned that he was the younger brother of Jesus.
Communism
The act of moving private investors and businesses to be looked over by the government. To have no private ownership of a company or business. This is done to equal out the social classes and not have one social class above any of the others.
Feminism
The belief that women should have equal rights as males.the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.
Bourgeoisie
The most populated of the social classes. The middle class has more than half of the population. It has social, political and economic power and the government mostly looks to this class for major changes and such.
Sepoy Rebellion
The rebellion is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Rebellion of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny.
Stock Market
The stock market lets investors participate in the financial achievements of the companies whose shares they hold. Stocks are traded through exchanges. The two biggest stock exchanges in the United States are the New York Stock Exchange, founded in 1792, and the Nasdaq, founded in 1971.
Radicalism
The term political radicalism (or simply, in political science, radicalism) denotes political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways.
Theory of Relativity
The theory of relativity, or simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include; Measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers. Spacetime: space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other. The speed of light is nonetheless invariant, the same for all observers. The term "theory of relativity" was based on the expression "relative theory" (German: Relativtheorie) used in 1906 by Max Planck, who emphasized how the theory uses the principle of relativity.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
This declaration was formed in France by Olympe de Gouge, who was one of the main women fighting for women rights. It was written in 1791 and it was almost a parody of the Declaration of the Rights of Men. Because the French Revolution brought no rights to women, this declaration spoke against it and stated that women should have equal rights.
Universal Male Suffrage
Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult males within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, "one man, one vote".
Economic Imperialism
When a government takes over another government or a nation taking over another nations territory often by force. This is also known as colonialism. An example of this is the colonization of the Americas. British colonies took over land from the indigenous population in the 18 century and began to build up factories and other resources for production.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Written in 1789 by the French, this movement was influenced by the belief that men wrongly influenced thr government. This declaration was written to state thr rights men had and their human rights. This was during the French Revolution ad was passed by the National Constituent Assembly.
Suez Canal
a canal in NE Egypt, cutting across the Isthmus of Suez and connecting the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. 107 miles (172 km) long.
Estates
a class or order regarded as forming part of the body politic, in particular (in Britain), one of the three groups constituting Parliament, now the Lords Spiritual (the heads of the Church), the Lords Temporal (the peerage), and the Commons. They are also known as the three estates.
Jacobins
a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4.
Young Turks
a member of a revolutionary party in the Ottoman Empire who carried out the revolution of 1908 and deposed the sultan Abdul Hamid II.
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Meiji Restoration
also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.
Sepoys
an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. (in South Asia) a police constable.
Separation of Powers
an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.
Pogrom
an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.
Romanticism
anticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
System of Checks and Balances
checks and balances definition. A fundamental principle of American government, guaranteed by the Constitution, whereby each branch of the government (executive, judicial, and legislative) has some measure of influence over the other branches and may choose to block procedures of the other branches.
Treaty of Nanking
formally called the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China, was signed on the 29 August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839-42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing dynasty of China. It was the first of the unequal treaties against the Chinese, as Britain had no obligations in return.
Zaibatsu
is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed control over significant parts of the Japanese economy from the Meiji period until the end of World War II.
Extraterritoriality
is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.
Natural Rights
natural rights definition. Rights that people supposedly have under natural law. The Declaration of Independence of the United States lists life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as natural rights.
Wahhabi Rebellion
religious movement or offshoot branch of Sunni Islam. It has been variously described as "orthodox", "ultraconservative", "austere", "fundamentalist", "puritanical" (or "puritan"); as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure monotheistic worship" (tawhid), by scholars and advocates and as an "extremist pseudo-Sunni movement" by opponents. Adherents often object to the term Wahhabi or Wahhabism as derogatory, and prefer to be called Salafi or muwahhid.
Code Napoleon
the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.
Capital
the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center. Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.
Gold Standard
the system by which the value of a currency was defined in terms of gold, for which the currency could be exchanged. The gold standard was generally abandoned in the Depression of the 1930s.
Opium War
two wars (1839-42; 1856-60) between China and Britain resulting from the Chinese refusal to allow the importation of opium from India. China ceded Hong Kong after the British victory in 1842. The British and French victory in the second war established free trade in Chinese ports and the legalization of the opium trade
Proletariat
workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).
