1800's and Industrial Revolution - Conway

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?

1. Agricultural Revolution 2. Large Population of Workers 3. Abundant Natural Resources 4. Economic Stability 5. Political Stability

What are the main points of the Communist Manifesto?

1. Bourgeoisie holds the money from the Proletariat 2. Rich grows richer, poor becomes poorer

What were the major problems in the New Italy?

1. Cultural Differences between northerners and southerners 2. A lack of leadership 3. Economic problems

What are the 5 Pillars of Capitalism?

1. Private Enterprise - People companies own 2. Competition - Leads to innovation and cheaper prices 3. Private Property 4. Profit Motive 5. Consumer Sovereignty - People Choose

What Natural Laws of Economics did Adam Smith create?

1. Supply and demand 2. Free Enterprise/Laissez-Faire 3. Competition

What were the positive effects of the industrial revolution?

1. Wealth of the nation increased 2. Technological advancements 3. Increased production of goods 4. Lots of jobs 5. Raised standard of living 6. Hope of improvement in life 7. Population increase 8. Better public education 9. Suffrage!

Who was Henry Bessemer?

A British engineer who invented a way to make steel from iron.

What was the spread of Industrialization to Europe like?

Although the rest of Europe was behind England due to the French Revolution, the Napoleonic wars, halted trade and communication, and inflation, Belgium led the way first. They copied the flying shuttle. Germany became industrialized quickly thereafter in 1835, becoming a industry and military giant.

What was the relationship between the classes like?

Although there was a constant, non-changing work conditions, more machines replaced people. Fewer jobs overall. Resentment between the classes grew due to unfair labor laws. The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer.

What was Austria's role in the German unification movement?

Although they were viewed as the traditional leader of Germany, they ruled a number of non-Germans, and had not developed its economy well enough. Eventually, they lose their placement in Germany, and the Germans unify

What was the birth of Capitalism?

As industry grew, owners needed large amounts of money, capital, to expand. Capitalism and market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution.

How did Nationalism play a role in the Italian Unification?

As nationalism developed in Italy, a movement began to unite Italy. They led to numerous revolutions in 1848, however these revolutions failed, alongside many others across Europe.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work.

What were some of the Textile Advancements of the Industrial Revolution?

Due to an increase in factories, more jobs came about because of it. Cheap labor was common. The Factory system was real. Factory owners employed workers to work in shifts to keep machines running. Slavery, although horrible, was used commonly in the American South, in which cotton would be sent back to England. Slaves would be forced to remove seeds from cotton.

What happened to people's health during the Industrial revolution?

Due to poor living conditions, sickness swept through the cities. The lifespan was 17 years compared to 38 in the rural areas. There was also a lot of environmental pollution. Eventually, vaccines and safer food practices were discovered and peoples lives were lengthened.

What did Political Stability do for the Industrial Revolution?

England fought wars on foreign soil. They had a successful military and government gave citizens a positive attitude. Parliament passed laws to help businesses.

What did abundant natural resources do for the Industrial Revolution?

England had lots of water power and coal to fuel the machines. They also had iron, rivers, and harbors.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England.

What was the success of Capitalism during the I.R. like?

Factories made products cheaper and generated lots of wealth. Middle class saw growth. Standard of living increased for some.

What were the problems of Capitalism during the I.R. like?

Factory work was hard, dangerous, and paid low wages. Unequal distribution of wealth. Class tensions rose.

What did Marx believe would happen?

He believed that the working class would start a revolution, where the proletariat would unite and overthrow the factory owners. They would establish a government based upon communism.

Who was Eli Whitney?

He created the cotton gin. In this, machines picked the seeds out of the cotton. Cotton production skyrocketed.

Who was Louis Pasteur?

He discovered bacteria, created the rabies vaccine, and discovered pasteurization in dairy products.

Who was Adam Smith?

He was a Scottish professor who wrote The Wealth of Capitalism, a defense of capitalism and focused on the creation of wealth. "Father of Modern Economics."

Who was Frederick Engels?

He was a german writer who co-wrote the Communist Manifesto.

Who was Edward Jenner?

He was a scientist who developed the smallpox vaccine.

Who was Karl Marx?

He was a writer who disagreed with the injustices of Capitalism. He co-wrote The Communist Manifesto and later wrote Das Kapital, a criticism of Capitalism.

Who was Guiseppe Garibaldi?

He was an Italian General who united southern Italy. He was a charismatic leader, and his "red shirt" army was successful in their liberation. He was aided by Cavour, who convinced him to let the Sardinia king, Emmanuel II to rule.

Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?

He was leader in the Italian nationalism movement. He formed the nationalist group known as Young Italy.

Who was Count Cavour?

He was the Prime Minister of Sardinia, who agreed with Italian Unification. He wanted his empire to take over the northern Italy, controlled by the Austrians. With their ally France, Sardinia successfully liberated the northern territories.

Who was Otto von Bismarck

He was the Prime minister of Prussia who led to a unified Germany. He ruled by Realpolitik.

Who was Robert Fulton?

He was the creator of the first steamboat: Clermont.

Who was William I?

He was the king of Prussia.

Who was Metternich?

He was the leader of Austria, created the Congress of Vienna.

Who was Emmanuel II?

He was, at first, the King of Sardinia. After the Italian Unification movement, he became the king of Italy. The country was ran by a constitutional monarchy, in which a parliament would have elected members.

Who was John Kay?

Inventor of the "Flying Shuttle"

Who was James Hargreaves?

Inventor of the Spinning Jenny

Who was James Watt?

Inventor of the steam engine

Who was James Cartwright?

Inventor of the water-powered loom.

Where did industrialization in the US begin?

It began in the textile industry. Women flocked to mills, especially Lowell Massachusetts. Lots of cotton grown in the south were sent to New England for textile mills.

What is a corporation?

It is a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. John D. Rockefeller with Standard oil, and Andrew Carnegie with steel are two examples of this.

What was Realpolitik?

It is a political theory that was used mainly by Otto von Bismarck. It suggests that tough, calculated moves are necessary to achieve power. Morality and idealism are less important; secondary.

What is Capitalism?

It is an economic and political theory based on the idea of an open market, in which competition is controlled by private owners and is free from government influence. Investment and innovation is encouraged. It prevailed in Europe in the early 1700's.

What is collective bargaining?

It is talks between labor and management about union demands.

What is Urbanization?

It is the growth of cities and the movement of people to cities. The reasons for it included the growth of the factory system. Cities were built near energy sources. London, for example, had 1 million people. This causes environmental pollution to both air and water.

What is Industrialization?

It is the process of producing goods by machines.

What is lobbying?

It is when people go to influence legislators or other public officials in favor of a specific cause. Labor Unions did this a lot.

What is supply and demand?

It is when price and profit depend on the amount of available goods and the demand for these goods.

What is Socialism?

It is when the government owns and operates certain industries. It's goal is to create economic equality.

What is a Labor Union?

It is when workers join together to gain more rights at work.

What is competition?

It is where companies need to make prices at the right level. If prices aren't low, profit will be low, if it is too low, then you will go bankrupt. Only the smartest win.

What is "Laissez-Faire"?

It translates to "let it be." It is a style of economy in which government should not meddle in business operations of economic forces.

What was the German Confederation?

It was a loose grouping of 39 states that was determined by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. They were dominated by Austrian and Prussian Empires.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

It was a period from the 1780's to 1900's when the manufacture of goods in factories began.

What was the Agricultural Revolution?

It was a period when new crops, machines and methods of farming increased food production.

What was the Franco-Prussian War?

It was a war between France and Prussia, in which the French were defeated horribly, and had to pay valuable territories. These territories were Alsace and Lorraine, which had coal deposits (annexed territories on map). The war began as a result of Bismarck creating a misleading account between an ambassador and the Prussian King, who made is appear that the two had insulted each other.

What was Italy like in the early 1800's?

It was divided into many different Kingdoms. Most of them were dominated by Austria in the north, and the southern ones were dominated by Spain.

What was Industrialization like overall in the US?

It was in very similar conditions to England that allowed for them to industrialize. However, England blockaded the U.S., forcing it to rely upon itself.

What was the 3rd Phase from Bismark?

It was joining in Southern Germany. Due to the fact that S. Germany was Catholic, they were reluctant to join in, After provoking the Franco-Prussian war, they were scared into submission.

What was the 1st Phase from Bismark?

It was receiving the admiration and respect of fellow German states. He went to war with Denmark, and northern German states felt nationalism from this move.

What was the Factory System?

It was the transition from houses to factories. New technologies were bulky and expensive - they had to be in larger factories.

What was the Second Reich?

It was the unifies German Empire. William I of Prussia became the Kaiser of the new German Empire. Otto von Bismarck became the first Prime Minister. The German industry grew fast: they quickly got one of the strongest economies in the world.

What was the 2nd Phase from Bismark?

It was weakening Austria. In the 7 weeks war, through the use of a strong rail network, Bismarck defeated Austria, and withdrew from the German Confederation.

What was the Cottage Industry?

It was when textiles were made in an individuals house by the family. Usually each family did one task of the process. Thread was made on a spinning wheel. Fabric was woven on a hand loom. One person, the owner of the industry, would coordinate the manufacture of the fabric.

What was the Enclosure Movement?

It was when wealthy land owners brought up land from small farmers and enclosed it with fences, therefore increasing there acreage. As an effect of this, landowners experimented with new technology. Small farmers were forced to move to the cities.

What is communism?

It's a more extreme version of socialism. In communism, there is a classless society. No divisions based upon wealth, ethnicity, or religion. All land and industry is owned by the state. Wealth would be taken and redistributed equally.

What is Nationalism?

It's patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts.

What is the proletariat?

It's the working class.

What was the effect of a large population of workers on the Industrial Revolution in England?

Many farmers began to move to the city, where an increase in food production provided more food to cities. As an effect of that, cheap labor arose.

What did Economic Stability do for the Industrial Revolution?

Many investors existed as a result, as well as a highly developed banking system.

Who worked during the Industrial Revolution?

Men, young children, and women. Often, men wouldn't get jobs over children and women, who worked for cheaper. Owners of mines and factories exercised a lot of control over workers. Workers often lived in company towns/housing.

What were the effects of the advancements in Transportation?

The I.R. needed new materials from Asia, Africa, and Americas. Through these new methods of transportation, raw materials were moved faster. The new transportation was cheaper and led to lower prices. Worldwide markets led to more sales.

What part of the US industrialized first?

The Northeast had it happen to them first. Once railroads were created, the US industry spread westward.

What is the bourgeoisie?

The factory owning middle class who had the wealth.

What was the effect of the Railroad?

The first steam powered locomotives were created in 1804 and went 5 mph. However, England developed them fast, making them go 50 mph, and over 2000 miles of railroad track were created.

What did many people living in New Italy do?

The immigrated to the US and Argentina! Nearly 4 million of them did so as a result of numerous problems with Italy.

What were Industrial Revolution Social Classes like?

The nobility resented the rich middle class. The upper class was the rich factory owners. However, there was a growing middle-class: a social class of skilled workers, professionals, businessmen, wealthy farmers. Lower middle class were factory overseerers and skilled workers. The lower class were the overworked, underpaid larges class. Population continues to grow.

What happened to the environment during the Industrial Revolution?

There was a pollution issue in the air and water.

What were Working Conditions?

There was an average of 14 hrs/day 6 days/week. Low wages were common and work never changed. It was dangerous: poor lighting and ventilation, and machinery was always a threat. There was a common dissatisfaction with life and working conditions. Women and children were used as cheap labor.

What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on Slavery?

There was an increase in the demand for slave labor on American plantations. Less slaves needed to process cotton, but there were more fields planted on. Civil war was fought to keep the slaves. Britain, then the US, outlawed slavery.

What were living conditions like after the industrial revolution?

There was no sanitary codes or building codes. Cities lacked adequate housing, police force, education, sewage, plumbing. Families were crammed into tiny, dark, dirty rooms in crowded tenements.

Why are Labor Unions beneficial?

They fight for workers rights and collective bargaining between labor and management. Worker-organized strikes to increase wages were common.

What role did the Papal States play in the Italian Unification?

To begin, they covered a large area of land, owned by the Pope. Although the Pope didn't agree with the Unification Sentiment, Italy still took over the Papal states, and gave him the Vatican City. It was an independent state.