2.0 now the newest Psychology notes for Jacary

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medulla

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane poteential

Hyperpolarization means that the ________.

membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Behaviors are __________, whereas mental processes are __________.

observable; not observable

The empirical method of study is based on

observation

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister. A. classical B. conditioning C. observational D. operant

observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. latent B. observational C. Pavlovian D. vicarious

observational

A negative correlation means

one variable decreases as the other increases

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A negative correlation means __________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

a negative correlation means

one variable decreases as the other increases

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.

openness

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

operant conditioning

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.

operant conditioning

A(n) __________ is a description of how researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.

parasympathetic nervous system

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

partial

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. A. cornea; pupil B. iris; pupil C. lens; retina D. pupil; cornea

A. cornea; pupil

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. A. depression B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Parkinson's disease D. schizophrenia

A. depression

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. A. endocrine; hormone B. endocrine; neurotransmitter C. neurological; hormone D. neurological; neurotransmitter

A. endocrine; hormone

Hertz is a measure of ________. A. frequency B. loudness C. pitch D. purity

A. frequency

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition? A. hearing a song on the radio B. petting a cat C. smelling lilacs D. tasting warm bread covered in pumpkin butter

A. hearing a song on the radio

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. A. higher; louder B. higher; quieter C. higher; weaker D. lower; louder

A. higher; louder

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? A. just noticeable B. signal detection C. subliminal D. top down

A. just noticeable

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. olfaction D. thermoception

A. kinesthesia

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment

This neurotransmitter enables muscle action, learning and memory. When this deteriorates it can cause Alzheimer's.

Acetycholine

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

Action Potential

is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals

Action Potential

__________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

Action potential

Which of the following events are presented in correct chronological order?

Action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion influx, exocytosis of neurotransmitter, binding of neurotransmitter to receptor

Where are the majority of psychologists located?

America

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

Amygalda

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?

An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:

As height increases, typically weight increases.

The pre-frontal cortex is responsible for:

Attention, self-control, planning, and self-awareness

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure

Terminal Buttons

Axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is the tendency to seek information that supports one's ideas or beliefs? A illusory correlation B confirmation bias C experimenter bias D sampling bias

B confirmation bias

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A letting participants know that participation is voluntary B explaining the hypothesis to the participants C reviewing that data is confidential D obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor

B explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Peer reviewers ________. A work for the authors of scientific articles B help ensure the quality of scientific findings C are similar to magazine and journal editors D publish scientific research findings

B help ensure the quality of scientific findings

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? A. meat and vegetable B. monosodium and glutamate C. umami and fat content D. umami and monosodium glutamate

C. umami and fat content

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?

Carl Rogers

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) _______ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

Case study

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

Cerebellum

What structures make up the hindbrain?

Cerebellum, medulla, pons

What structures make up the forebrain?

Cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

The scientific process is ____, involving both inductive and deductive

Circular

A(n) ____ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients

Clinical

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a _______study.

Double-blind

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

__________ is to electrical activity as __________ is to oxygen use.

EEG; fMRI

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. A. Edward C. Tolman B. Ivan Pavlov C. Little Albert D. Rosalie Rayner

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

Edward C. Tolman

__________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

Reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determin whether they produce the same results. This is called________.

Replication

_______are the most commonly used species for animal research.

Rodents

Green et al. used a ________from their ______of interest in order to make a_______.

Sample;population;generalization.

A ______ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

Scatterplot

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality

Sigmund Freud

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?

Sigmund Freud

A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.

Skinner box

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that us distinct from periods of rest while awake?

Sleep

Hypothalamus

Small brain structure beneath the thalamus that helps govern drives (hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression) and hormones

______ can be used to assess_____.

Statistical analyses;reliabilty

What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in?

Suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research

____, is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

Surveys

__________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

Surveys

The ----- nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

Sympathetic

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

Sympathic Nervous system

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

Synapse

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. A. The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant." B. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism." C. The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval." D. The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

Reuptake

involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into the axon terminal from which it was released.

theory

is a well developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena

Latoria is horseback riding when she falls and hits her head. After the accident, she has difficulty performing finely coordinated movements. Latoria has most likely damaged her

cerebellum

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

The __________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes and DNA

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

The---- rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian rhythm

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. Group of answer choices

circular

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. conditioning C. observational D. operant

classical

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. A. crest; trough B. top; bottom C. trough; crest D. trough; peak

crest; trough

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. a. a single gene b. different genes under different circumstances c. different parts of only a few different genes d. more than one gene

d. more than one gene

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ____. a. both visual fields b. neither visual field c. only the left visual field d. only the right visual field

d. only the right visual field

Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response? a. Adrenaline surges into the bloodstream b. heart rate and blood pressure increases c. pupils dilate d. running away

d. running away

The nervous system

is composed of two basic cell types: Glial cells (also know as glia) and neurons. Glial cells: outnumbers neurons ten to one, are traditionally through to play a supported role to neurons, both physically and metabolically Neurons: Serve as interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the task of the nervous system.

With a(n) __________, researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record the brain's electrical activity.

eletroencephalogram (EEG)

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

emotion can be a conditioned response

Scientific Method is _____

empirical

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

empirical studies

Sleep apnea is defined by

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The theory of ----- states that organism that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off

evolution by natural selection

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment

which of the following research designs will allow cause and effect conclusions

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

is large and randomly selected

A neurotransmitter is released and binds to a receptor. What will occur next?

it depends on the type of neurotransmitter and the type of receptor

A college dean is interested in measuring the research productivity of the seven members of the Psychology department. The dean obtains the number of publications for each faculty member. They are as follows: 5, 10, 15, 15, 20, 25, and 180. If the dean wants to describe these data, which measure of central tendency would paint a misleading picture of the research productivity of the department?

mean

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions B. instincts C. operants D. reflexes

instincts

myelin sheath

insulates the neuron and speeds neural transmission

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

inter-rater reliability

correlation

means that there is a relationship between two or more variables

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

learning

The right hemisphere gets information from the __________ side of the body and has better __________ abilities than the left hemisphere.

left; spatial

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

longitudinal

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

longitudinal research

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in __________.

introspection

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.

psychoanalytic theory

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

punishment

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________

random sampling/random group assignment

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

reflexes

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A. acquisition B. learning C. reinforcement D. shaping

shaping

If an explanation adheres to the rule of parsimony, it will be __________.

simple

The temporary hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of the action potential is caused by the

slower closing of the K+ channels.

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

smell

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

The ________ nervous system controls activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

Which nervous system is involved in allowing you to shoot a basketball, smell freshly baked bread, and push the keys on a piano?

somatic nervous system

________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person.

somatosensation

Sleepwalking is also referred to as

somnambulism

If the myelin sheathing on neurons is absent or removed in a given individual, he or she will exhibit difficulties in speaking, vision, and balance because without myelin the

speed of neural conduction along critical path will be too slow

The central nervous system consists of the brain and

spinal cord

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

Psychology is defined as

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

Designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is

Detailed information

What kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify

Developmental psychology

What is a PsyD?

Doctor of Psychology

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

Dopamine

is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior

Dopamine

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

Hormones

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

Human/obtaining informed consent

is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Humanism

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the __________ and __________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

Central Nervous System

(Brain and Spinal Cord)

Peripheral Nervous system

(Connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body).

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

-0.9

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?

1800s

Whereas psychology was historically dominated by males, females now earn more Ph.D.'s in the field. In fact, in 2010 females earned __________ of the Ph.D.'s in Psychology.

70

Medulla

: Hindbrain structure responsible for vital, automatic functions, such as respiration and heartbeat

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? A -0.5 B +0.7 C +0.4 D -0.2

A -0.5

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age. B Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D Longitudinal research is time consuming.

A Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A illusory correlation B experimental finding C fact D correlation

A illusory correlation

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing pain threshold differences between men and women. They recruit male and female participants and assign them to different experimental conditions to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. However, their primary independent variable (gender) is a subject variable. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. A quasi-experimental B correlational C case D experimental

A quasi-experimental

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A theory B hypothesis C operational definition D conclusion

A theory

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? A whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions B the abilities of non-human primates to use sign language C the reaction time for participants to indicate they heard a ball drop on a table D whether a baby is crying because he is sad, hungry, or in pain

A whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

What is the biggest limitation in correlation research?

A causal relationship cannot be inferred

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

A measure of reliability

Synapse

A small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate

A strong correlation

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false? A. Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth. B. Deaf individuals communicate using American Sign Language. C. Deaf individuals prefer to teach children to communicate in American Sign Language rather than teaching children to read lips. D. Deaf individuals primarily communicate through signing

A. Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? A. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. B. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. C. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. D. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold

A. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Valentina is engaged in naturalistic observation. In which of the following projects is she most likely engaged?

A. Observing interactions between subordinates and their supervisors in a large corporate office

Which of the following is false about sensation? A. Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. B. We have a sensory system that provides information about balance, called the vestibular sense. C. We have more than five senses. D. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred

A. Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system." A. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral." B. The word "central" should be changed to the word "middle." C. The word "neurons" should be changed to the word "protons." D. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "neurosympathetic."

A. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false? A. They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin. B. They are cells. C. They are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose. D. They have small, hair-like extensions

A. They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. A. a subliminal message B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

A. a subliminal message

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. A. adaptation B. formation C. regression D. revision

A. adaptation

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? A. afterimage B. blind spot C. preimage D. night blindness

A. afterimage

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? A. afterimage B. preimage C. fovea D. monocular

A. afterimage

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A. attention B. friendship C. habit D. mood

A. attention

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? A. audition B. pain C. touch D. vision

A. audition

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives. A. binocular B. cyclopean C. monocular D. trichromatic

A. binocular

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A. binocular disparity B. bottom processing C. monocular disparity D. top-down processing

A. binocular disparity

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

A. biology

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. A. blindness B. responsiveness C. sublimation D. transduction

A. blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." A. bottom-up B. sensory adaptation C. top-down D. vertical-horizontal

A. bottom-up

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex? A. breathing B. emotion C. memory D. reasoning

A. breathing the cerebral cortext is associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory.

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. A. can see B. can see only in the dark C. can't see D. can't see without sunlight

A. can see

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. A. cerebellum B. sensory cortex C. substantia nigra D. ventral tegmental area

A. cerebellum cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. The cerebellum is also thought to be an important area for processing some types of memories. In particular, procedural memory, or memory involved in learning and remembering how to perform tasks

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. A. chromosomes; DNA B. chromosomes; genes C. DNA; genes D. genes; DNA

A. chromosomes; DNA

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A. cones B. fovea C. lens D. rods

A. cones

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? A. congenital analgesia B. inherited numbness C. nociception D. Pacinian Syndrome

A. congenital analgesia

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to pose as daters at speed dating events and take notes on the behaviors of other participants. Which type of research method did they use? A experiment B naturalistic observation C case study D survey

B naturalistic observation

Which of the following refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result? A validity B reliability C generalizability D statistical significance

B reliability

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? A. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. B. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. C. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. D. Different sections of the cochlea are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

B. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

The most famous behaviorist was __________.

B. F. Skinner

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. biometric B. Gestalt C. Pacinian D. somatosensory

B. Gestalt

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons? A. He had encephalitis as a child. B. He had severe seizures. C. He was born with an extra area of cortex. D. He was part of a medical trial study.

B. He had severe seizures.

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? A. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. B. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. C. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. D. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

B. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? A. Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics. B. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt. C. Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body. D. Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology.

B. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The frequency theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron." A. The word "coded" should be changed to the word "encoded." B. The word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal." C. The word "neuron" should be changed to the word "proton." D. The word "pitch" should be changed to the word "wave."

B. The word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal."

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception? A. Subliminal priming is more effective than priming above the absolute threshold. B. Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures. C. Those who have a preexisting phobia will interpret innocuous patterns as threatening. D. Those who receive less auditory priming are more likely to hear things than those who receive more auditory priming.

B. Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not? A. The first sentence is encoded, and the second sentence is decoded. B. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word. C. We learn the first sentence subliminally which lets us translate the meaning of the second sentence quicker. D. We read the first sentence as practice and the second sentence as real.

B. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. A. acetylcholine B. beta-endorphin C. GABA D. norepinephrine

B. beta-endorphin Potential effect on behavior: Decreased anxiety, decreased tension

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. A. conductive B. congenital C. postnatal D. prenatal

B. congenital

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye. A. contracted B. dilated C. longer D. smaller

B. dilated

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A. fast; a short duration B. fast; long lasting C. slow; a short duration D. slow; long lasting

B. fast; long lasting

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? A. feel someone touching her hand B. groan and move her eyes C. hear someone talking to her D. speak in simple words

B. groan and move her eyes

________ is another term for the malleus. A. drum B. hammer C. nail D. percussive

B. hammer

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. A. condensed; sharp B. high; low C. low; high D. truncated; high

B. high; low

What is described by the concept of perception? A. how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts B. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced C. the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state D. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

B. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. A. bottom-up processing B. inattentional blindness C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

B. inattentional blindness

Which part of the eye holds eye color? A. cornea B. iris C. lens D. retina

B. iris

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space? A. dimensionality B. kinesthesia C. neurasthenia D. nociception

B. kinesthesia

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain. A. left; left B. left; right C. right; left D. right; right

B. left; right

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. A. intermediate wavelengths B. longer wavelengths C. shorter wavelengths D. wavelengths of indeterminate length

B. longer wavelengths

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________ can affect perception. A. attention B. motivation C. peripherals D. sensation

B. motivation

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. A. legal blindness B. night blindness C. night impairment D. night vision

B. night blindness

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. preconception D. thermoception

B. nociception

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

B. parasympathetic is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. perception; reception B. perception; sensation C. preception; postception D. sensation; perception

B. perception; sensation

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual. A. phenome B. pheromone C. proprioception D. thermoception

B. pheromone

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. A. adrenal B. pituitary C. testes D. thyroid

B. pituitary pituitary gland descends from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and acts in close association with it. The pituitary is often referred to as the "master gland" because its messenger hormones control all the other glands in the endocrine system, although it mostly carries out instructions from the the endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

Karen erroneously believes that her test grades are negatively correlated with the amount of time she studies for her tests. Research on illusory correlation suggests that she is especially likely to notice instances in which:

B. poor grades follow lengthy study and good grades follow brief study.

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat? A. gustation B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. thermoception

B. proprioception

In an experiment investigating the hypothesis that aerobic exercise improves concentration and memory, all the participants had an equal chance of being assigned to any of the three conditions in the study. The researchers have used _____ to minimize the possibility of bias when assigning participants to the different groups.

B. random assignment

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________. A. receptors; nothing, since they do not bind B. receptors; receptors C. receptors; the cell membrane D. the cell membrane; receptors

B. receptors; receptors Agonists: chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site and, thus, strengthen its effects. Antagonist: blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus? A. audition B. smell C. taste D. vision

B. smell thalamus is a major sensory relay center, All of our senses, with the exception of smell, are routed through the thalamus before being directed to other areas of the brain for processing

Dr. Martinez is studying the effects of diet on mental alertness. Each morning for two weeks, subjects in Dr. Martinez's study eat a breakfast that is either high in carbohydrates or high in protein. Dr. Martinez then measures the subjects' abilities at solving geometry problems. What is the dependent variable in this study?

B. the ability to solve geometry problems

Which of the following refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure? A reliability B operational definition C validity D generalizability

C validity

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ____ psychology

Developmental

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Why is psychology considered a social science?

Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

_________ is described as the scientific study of observable behavior.

Behaviorism

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.

Biology

Penelope's studies how the and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ____

Biopsychologist

According to the video, Things You Probably Didn't Know About Cute Bonobos, all of the following are true concerning bonobos EXCEPT

Bonobos but Not chimpanzees are our closest relative

Instead of conducting a study in the lab I might just search for information on the Internet, an example of __________ research.

Both archival and descriptive are correct

Which of the following areas is involved in speech production?

Broca's area

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Which of the following reviews research that is conducted with animal subjects? A IRB B NIMH C IACUC D NIH

C IACUC

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants. A Institutional Research Bureau B Institutional Research Board C Institutional Review Board D Institutional Review Bureau

C Institutional Review Board

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an effective hypothesis? A It can be tested using empirical methods. B It is falsifiable. C It is complex. D It is an if-then statement.

C It is complex.

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? A Gathering common opinions B Utilizing natural intuition C Using empirical studies D Developing a theory

C Using empirical studies

Which of the following terms describes a relationship between two or more variables? A replication B reliability C correlation D validity

C correlation

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable. A correlational B experimental C dependent D confounding

C dependent

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A control B pilot C double-blind D randomly assigned

C double-blind

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________. A data search B survey C experiment D study

C experiment

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A dependent; independent B experimental; control C independent; dependent D control; experimental

C independent; dependent

Which of the following involves assessing the consistency of observations by different observers? A attrition B the control group C inter-rater reliability D validity

C inter-rater reliability

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________. A only black men were invited to participate B the study was continued for approximately 40 years C participants were not allowed to seek available treatment D penicillin was not administered to the men's wives

C participants were not allowed to seek available treatment

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A blind group assignment; random sampling B blind sampling; random group assignment C random sampling; random group assignment D blind group assignment; blind sampling

C random sampling; random group assignment

Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson? A. Children described as thrill seekers are more likely to show taste preferences for intense sour flavors. B. Individuals who hold positive attitudes toward reduced-fat foods are more likely to rate foods labeled as reduced fat as tasting good. C. The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally. D. Vision is affected by cultural factors.

C. The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain." A. The word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction." B. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital." C. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory." D. The word "tissue" should be changed to the word "biological."

C. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we Breathe. B. They are unrelated to biological senses. C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. D. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body

C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of:

C. assuming that correlation proves causation.

In order to study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems working together; other participants were instructed to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.

C. control

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. A. cortex; forebrain B. fissures; folds C. folds; grooves D. grooves; folds

C. folds; grooves

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. A. behavior B. evolution C. genetics D. nurture

C. genetics

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory? A. detecting brain tumors B. improving the accuracy of military codebreakers C. improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips D. increasing typing speed for telephone operators

C. improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

The ________is also known as the anvil. A. cochlea B. hair cell C. incus D. malleus

C. incus

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D. playing the slot machine

C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. A. higher; lower B. longer; shorter C. lower; higher D. shorter; longer

C. lower; higher

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. A. distinguish the fat content of food B. feel pain C. maintain balance and body posture D. regulate body temperature

C. maintain balance and body posture

Professor Williams is investigating loneliness. Participants in the study complete the UCLA Loneliness Scale to measure their level of loneliness. They also answer questions on a survey about many aspects of their personal life. In analyzing the results of her study, Professor Williams finds that as the number of friends increases, the level of loneliness tends to decrease. This represents a _____ correlation.

C. negative

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A. emotional B. GABA C. neurotransmitter D. serotonin

C. neurotransmitter

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A. cornea B. linear C. optic D. photoreceptor

C. optic

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? A. feeling the warmth of the sun B. hearing an airplane fly overhead C. smelling cookies in the oven D. tasting white chocolate fudge

C. smelling cookies in the oven

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

C. somatic It is involved in the relay of sensory and motor information to and from the CNS; therefore, it consists of motor neurons and sensory neurons

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A. axons; terminal buttons B. dendrites; synaptic vesicles C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles D. terminal buttons; transport proteins

C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

What is amplitude? A. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity B. a sound's purity C. the height of a wave D. the lowest point of a wave

C. the height of a wave

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. A. bottom-down B. bottom-up C. top-down D. top-first

C. top-down

What is a binaural cue? A. single eye and a single ear triangulating distance B. two ears hearing different frequencies of the same sound C. two-eared cue to localize sound D. two-eyed cue to focus distant sight

C. two-eared cue to localize sound

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds tehat the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ______.

Confirmation bias

Dr. Roberts has two groups of mice, and she believes that vitamins improve spatial ability. She gives Group 1 multivitamins. Group 2 does not receive vitamins. The groups are treated the same in all other ways, The mice complete mazes and are timed. What is Group 1?

Control Group

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

Correlation

__________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

Correlation

Dr. Mattar wants to learn about the effects of brain injury to the occipital cortex, so she observes a few patients to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. Which type of research method is Dr. Mattar using? A Archival research B Cross-sectional research C Medical survey D Clinical study

D Clinical study

Researchers are concerned that their own beliefs and the beliefs of study participants may skew the results of an experiment. Which of the following would eliminate this problem? A Conducting a single-blind study B Forming a double-control group C Establishing operational definitions D Conducting a double-blind study

D Conducting a double-blind study

Joanna, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Ryan, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement? A They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support. B They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support. C They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. D They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

D They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. A perfectionistic B cyclical C unpredictable D circular

D circular

Research on ________ subjects typically involves ________. A human; a full debriefing B animal; a full debriefing C animal; obtaining informed consent D human; obtaining informed consent

D human; obtaining informed consent

Which of the following is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? A random assignment B control groups C operational definition D small sample size

D small sample size

Which of the following determines whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study? A correlation coefficient B scatterplot C validity assessment D statistical analysis

D statistical analysis

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A university experiments B archival research C case studies D surveys

D surveys

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. A the experiment B deductive reasoning C inductive reasoning D the scientific method

D the scientific method

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. A. Meissner B. Ménière C. Merkel D. Müller-Lyer

D. Müller-Lyer

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? A. Perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background. B. Perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate. C. Perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race. D. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

D. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false? A. Kinesthesia interacts with information provided by the vestibular system. B. Proprioception interacts with information provided by the vestibular system. C. The vestibular sense helps us maintain a sense of balance. D. The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.

D. The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. A. Merkel's theory B. the law of thermoception C. the principle of transduction D. Weber's law

D. Weber's Law change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of elementary school students is +0.85, this would indicate that:

D. better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among elementary school students.

Juanita participated in a psychology research project that involved answering a number of arithmetic problems. During the experiment, she was informed that her answers were incorrect. After the experiment was completed, a research assistant explained the purpose of the experiment. He told Juanita that she had actually answered all items correctly, and then explained why the experiment required that she be told that her answers were wrong. This stage of the research represents:

D. debriefing.

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. A. cornea; iris B. fovea; lens C. iris; retina D. lens; fovea

D. lens; fovea

Columbia University researcher Elizabeth Gershoff (2002) conducted a wide-ranging meta-analysis on parental use of corporal punishment. One finding that emerged was a relationship between parental socioeconomic status and use of corporal punishment. Put simply, as socioeconomic status declines, rates of parents' use of corporal punishment rise. This finding represents a:

D. negative correlation.

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes? A. fovea B. iris C. lens D. optic chiasm

D. optic chiasm

The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord. A. cerebellum B. corpus callosum C. medulla D. pons

D. pons Hindbrain structure involved in respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A. cones B. fovea C. iris D. rods

D. rods

Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response? A. adrenaline surges into the bloodstream B. heart rate and blood pressure increases C. pupils dilate D. running away

D. running away is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. A. absolute threshold B. just noticeable difference C. sensory adaptation D. signal detection

D. signal detection

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. A. as a result of disease B. as a result of old age C. due to deliberate damage D. since birth

D. since birth

________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person. A. audition B. gustation C. olfaction D. somatosensation

D. somatosensation

What is vertigo? A. fear of heights B. inability to see color C. noise phobia D. spinning sensation

D. spinning sensation

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

D. sympathetic is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities;

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance, randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. They then tested their reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

D. the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task.

According to Professor Zarkov's correlational data, there is a statistically significant relationship between the socioeconomic level of a family and how much time the parents spend talking to their children. To say that the results of this study are "statistically significant" means that:

D. the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________. A. their brain's inability to process pain medicine B. their high suicide rate C. their inability to tolerate the slightest change in pressure or temperature D. their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

D. their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. A. gustation B. olfaction C. somatosensation D. thermoception

D. thermoception

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? A. absolute threshold B. signal detection C. subliminal D. top-down

D. top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. just noticeable difference B. subliminal messaging C. top-down processing D. transduction

D. transduction

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. A. beta B. gamma C. infrared D. ultraviolet

D. ultraviolet

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. A. nociception B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. vestibular

D. vestibular

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to _____ in order to resolve the _____ in the study.

Debrief participants; deception

The ____ variable measure effects of the independent variable.

Dependent

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose care breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (eg sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants responses. In this example, negative emotions are the_______.

Dependent variable

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

Depression

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Emotions can be a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Emotions can be a conditioned response

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts

Empirical studies

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

Empirical studies

__________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in mood and pain.

Endorphins

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia

________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.

Epigenetics

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusion?

Experimental

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions

Experimental

Myelin sheath

Fatty substance that insulates axons

William James was the

First American psychologist

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.

Five Factor

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in Psychology in the United States

Francis Cecil Sumner

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Controls planning, reasoning, movement, and some parts of speech.

Frontal Lobe

The largest of the four brain lobes.

Frontal Lobe

________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.

Genotype; phenotype

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt Psychology

Dr.Roberts has two groups of mice, and she believes that vitamins improve spatial ability. She gives Group 1 multivitamins. Group 2 does not receive vitamins. The groups are treated the same in all other ways. The mice complete mazes and are timed. What is the dependent variable?

Group 1

---- is the state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels

Homeostasis

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect? A. He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

71. Which of the following is false about John B. Watson? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

He is considered the founder of behaviorism

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? A. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. B. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. C. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

High,low

Cerebellum

Hindbrain structure responsible for coordinating fine muscle movement, balance, and some perception and cognition

Social psychologists' research interests were shaped, in large part, by the __________.

Holocaust

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

Homeostasis

The______ reviews research conducted using animal subjects.

IACUC

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?

Ida is charming.

The __________ is manipulated by the experimenter

Independent Variable

The _____is controlled by the experimenter.

Independent Variable

The ____ is controlled by the experimenter

Independent variable

IRB reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board

_______(IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board

A sample that ____ is most likely to yield generalizable results

Is large and randomly selected

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology

It ignores non genetic factors in determining human behavior

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis

It is complex

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex.

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about Evolution as the theory of evolution

It is deepest understanding that we have of that part of the natural world

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?

It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. A. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. B. John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert's mother. C. John B. Watson falsified most of his data. D. Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

______, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

John B. Watson

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

John Watson

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A. Fear is a conditioned response. B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. C. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Axon

Major extension of the soma

Upon reaching the threshold for an action potential, the next step in its generation is the opening of _______

Na+ channels

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

Neurotransmitter

Which linguist published a devastating critique of Skinner's theory of language development?

Noam Chomsky

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

A negative correlation means

One variable decreases as the other increases

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ____ in an attempt to modify Ralph's Behavior

Operant conditioning

---- is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

Parasomnia

Amygdala

Part of the limbic system that controls emotions, like aggression and fear, and the formation of emotional memory

______ are subjects of psychological research.

Participants

Peter is interested in pursuing a ____ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers

Post-doctoral

---- describes a mental operation and it implies the location of that operation is known

Process

Most dreams occur during:

REM sleep

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

Random Sampling

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

Temperature, touch, and pain

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

Temporal Lobe

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

Terminal Buttons; Synaptic Vesicles

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?

The cell membrane is semi-permeable

Why does the resting potential occur?

The inside of a neuron has a higher concentration of negative ions than the outside

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. A. The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura." B. The word "models" should be changed to the word "reinforcers." C. The words "live, verbal, and symbolic" should be changed to the words "primary, secondary, and tertiary." D. The words "social learning theory" should be changed to the words "classical conditioning."

The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

Scientific knowledge is Advanced through a process known as

The scientific method

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as_____.

The scientific method

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. A. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery." B. The word "extinguished" should be changed to the word "acquired." C. The word "response" should be changed to the word "stimulus." D. The word "spontaneous" should be changed to the word "planned."

The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. A. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." B. The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical." C. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never." D. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely."

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood

The word emotional should be changed to the word cognitive

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious Behavior

The word subconscious should be change to the word conscious

What do industrial and organizational psychology, Health psychology, Sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and Clinical Psychology all have in common?

They are all examples of Applied psychology

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?

They have higher attrition rates than other populations

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?

They have higher attrition rates than other populations.

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Occipital Lobes

Two lobes at the back of the brain responsible for vision (visual cortex) and visual perception

Frontal Lobes

Two lobes at the front of the brain governing motor control (motor cortex), speech production in left lobe (Broca's area), and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory

Parietal lobes

Two lobes at the top of the brain where bodily sensations are received and interpreted (somatosensory cortex)

Temporal Lobes

Two lobes on each side of the brain above the ears involved in audition (auditory cortex), language comprehension in the left lobe (Wernicke's area), memory, and some emotional control

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play cause a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study,____ is the independent variable and ____ is the control group.

Type of play; no play

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

A_____ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.

Veterinarian

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior

Watching footage obtained from camera setup unobtrusively on various streets

Just before the glee club performance at Regionals, Finn Hudson receives damage to his association cortex during a football game. At glee club practice, he sings "The baby is a fortitude. Ice is calling." Finn must have received damage to his

Wernicke's area

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in an _________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head

case study

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ---- and -----

central and peripheral

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

Whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions.

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ______.

Why empirical research is needed.

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist

Wilhelm Wundt

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Wilhelm Wundt

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.

Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ____ as objectively as possible

Your own conscious experience

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.

a person's unconscious

Psychoanalytic theory forces on ---- and early childhood experiences

a person's unconscious

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________.

a strong correlation

Dr. Smith has just finished her Ph.D. in Psychology. Statistically speaking, she will probably work in __________.

a university

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up? a. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene. b. It is unlikely that either will show aggressive tendencies. c. The chances of significant aggressive tendencies are about 50:50, so one of the twins will likely show these behaviors. d. The twins both have the gene, so they likely will be aggressive in some way.

a. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. a. amygdala b. corpus callosum c. hypothalamus d. pons

a. amygdala

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete? a. androgens b. dopamine c. endorphins d. estrogens

a. androgens

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. a. billions b. tens of thousands c. thousands d. millions

a. billions

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. a. biology b. neurology c. psychology d. physiology

a. biology

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. a. chromosomes; DNA b. chromosomes; genes c. DNA; genes d. genes; DNA

a. chromosomes; DNA

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain? a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal

a. frontal

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. a. homeostasis b. resting potential c. reuptake d. synergy

a. homeostasis

Julie believes that the society in which one grows up does not have an impact on psychological issues. Which approach BEST fits her view?

absolutism

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. neutral stimulate

acquisition

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A. acquisition B. extinction C. secondary conditioning D. stimulation

acquisition

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.

adrenal

The absolute refractory period refers to the brief period of time

after a neuron has fired an action potential during which the same neuron cannot fire another action potential.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

A(n) __________ is a drug that strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter.

agonist

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait.

agreeableness

The psychological dimensions of sound, loudness, and pitch are determined by the physical dimensions of sound waves, __________, and __________, respectively.

amplitude; frequency

After an accident, Stella was left with brain damage. Now Stella has trouble judging the emotions of others, even when she can see their facial expressions. Stella has most likely damaged her

amygdala

The ---- is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

amygdala

The ________ is involved in our experience of aggression and fear..

amygdala

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

The __________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?

amygdala

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?

androgens

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

another person's consciousness

Critical thinking is ________.

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

archival

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

archival research

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associational B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive

associational

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

attrition

reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

attrition

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

What sense is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition (hearing)

The __________ of a neuron carries messages from dendrites.

axon

A neuron cell body reaches threshold and depolarizes. The depolarization propagates down the length of the __________, is chemically transmitted across the __________, and directly affects the electrical potential in the __________ of the successive neuron.

axon; synapse; dendrites

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. a. acetylcholine b. beta-endorphin c. GABA d. norepinephrine

b. beta-endorphin

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. glutamate d. serotonin

b. dopamine

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. a. behavioral genetics b. evolution by natural selection c. genetic mutation d. survivalism

b. evolution by natural selection

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central and peripheral nervous systems

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. a. genotype; Bb b. genotype; bb c. phenotype; Bb d. phenotype; bb

b. genotype; bb

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

basic survival needs

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A. being conditioned not to laugh at hats B. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats C. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

between -1 and +1

A ligand of the acetylcholine receptor is a substance that

binds to it.

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.

biology

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

While daydreaming, Felix was staring at a yellow school bus. When he then looked at a white wall he saw the color __________. This is best explained by the __________ theory.

blue; opponent-process

Sympathetic activation is associated with ________.

both A and C -pupil dilation -increased heart rate

Dendrite

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is

btw -1 and +1

Dr. Wozniak is examining a cell from the nervous system of an animal. He notices that at one end of the cell body is a long, fibrous strand of tissue. He immediately recognizes this as an axon that is responsible for

carrying signals away from the cell body

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A. classical conditioning B. controlled conditioning C. physiological conditioning D. psychic conditioning

classical conditioning

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Transduction of auditory information takes place in the

cochlea

abetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

cognitive map

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

A ----- scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain

computerized tomography (CT) scan

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

computerized tomography (CT) scan

The advent of __________ in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the development of cognitive psychology.

computers

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

conditoned stimulus

If I was conducting a psychological study, I would __________ after formulating a theory and hypothesis.

conduct research

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

A(n) __________ is a variable that causes changes in both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding variable

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

continuous

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

means that there is a relationship between two or more variables

correlation

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?

counseling psychology

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Researchers might use ___________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses

deception

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

The four goals of psychology, in order, are to __________ behavior

describe, explain, predict, and control

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?

dissertation

Devin has been having trouble initiating movements lately and has also developed a tremor in his hands. He is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and put on medication. To help alleviate Devin's symptoms directly, the drugs would need to increase the effects of which of the following?

dopamine

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

In a ----- study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a __________ study.

double-blind

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning

extinction

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A. acquisition B. extinction C. recovery D. reflex

extinction

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.

extroversion

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

William James was the ________.

first American psychologist

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

fixed ratio

To see a very faint star at night, look slightly away from it because this will

focus

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.

glial cell

The myelin sheath consists of a(n)________

glial cell

The myelin sheath is made up of ______.

glial cells

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:

glucagon and insulin

Postsynaptic potentials are a type of

graded potential.

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

According to the video about Oilver Sacks, I Do Recognize My Friends, all of the following are true EXCEPT

he is able to recognize places like his house where he lived for a number of years

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. higher order B. initial C. primary D. secondary

higher order

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substance known as

hormones

Research on ---- subjects must always involve ------

human; obtaining informed consent

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

humanism

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

hypothesis

Random assignment is used in experiments because __________.

if it wasn't certain groups might be composed of only certain types of people

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

in a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. A. decreases B. depends on the CS-UCS relationship C. increases D. is not affected

increases

learning strategy is the___ & word retention is the ____ variable

independent and dependent

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

independent variable; dependent variable

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

instincts

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?

knowing your opinion is correct

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

latent

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping B. conditioning C. latent learning D. reinforcement

latent learning

Behaviors more influenced by one side of the brain are said to be __________.

lateralized

Behaviorists study

learned behavior

Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. A. instinct B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus

learning

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?

mid- and top-level management

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain

The "most frequent" measurement in a frequency distribution is the __________.

mode

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. A. cognition B. model C. response D. stimulus

model

One likely benefit of psychology becoming a more diverse field is that __________.

more minority individuals will seek therapy

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

more than one gene

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.

mutation

The insulating layer of fatty material that covers the axon of many neurons is called the __________.

myelin sheath

Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or inborn, a theory known as __________.

nativism

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

naturalistic observation

report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events and carefully take notes on behaviors of the daters.. is what type of research ?

naturalistic observation

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

negative reinforcement

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

neuroticism

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring __________ balance.

neurotransmitter

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B. neutral response and a conditioned response C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Dimitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

If a case study showed that a research participant thought it was funny that Kitty Genovese was murdered, the results of that case study would __________.

not generalize to most other individuals

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

partial

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________.

participants were not allowed to seek available treatment

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.

perceivable and measurable

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

Oscar likes to run at night. Even though it is dark, Oscar can see because his eyes have specialized cells that convert the low levels of light energy into neural activity. These cells are known as

photoreceptors

Descartes believed that the mind influences the body through the __________.

pituitary gland

In doing research on auditory processing, you find a relationship between the location on the basilar membrane that a sound wave has its biggest peak and the detection of pitch. This supports the __________ theory of hearing.

place

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

pons

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers.

postdoctoral

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities A. classical B. operant C. primary D. secondary

primary

Trephination is the ________.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________

replication

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

Systematic inquiry aimed at discovering new knowledge is defined as __________.

research

longitudinal

research studies the same group of participants over time

The process by which a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the terminal button of a neuron is termed __________.

reuptake

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

A __________ is a subset of individuals from a population.

sample

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus D. spontaneous recovery

spontaneous recovery

The statistic that describes the average distance between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution is the __________.

standard deviation

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________ A. conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

According to William James the purpose of psychology was to

study the function of behavior

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

study the function of behavior

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?

substantia nigra

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

survey

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between the two neurons is called the __________

synapse

The space between two neurons is called the

synapse

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day B. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores C. playing poker D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00pm

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response

taste aversion

Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? A. learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class B. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park C. your brother refusing to play with you D. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

temperature, touch, and pain

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing

temperature, touch, pain

Which of the following define hypothesis?

tentative explanation

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

tentative explanation

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons and synaptic vesciles

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

testable

The major limitation of case studies is ________.

the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

Behaviorists all focus on ________.

the internal motivation for action

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologist scientifically study

the mind and behavior

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

the mind and behavior

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for a psychologist to focus their attention on better understanding

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light.

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.

the use of reinforcement and punishment

________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement.

the ventral Tegmental Area

An ---- is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena

theory

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

theory of evolution by natural selection

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________.

thinking critically

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

threshold of excitation

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top--down

While walking outside, you notice the sun shining. Your ability to see the sunshine is related to visual processing of the light in your brain. The process by which physical energy (the sunshine) has been converted to neural activity in your brain is called

transduction

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

two

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus) A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

________refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

variable interval

ou call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? A. latent acquisition B. latent punishment C. vicarious punishment D. vicarious reinforcement

vicarious punishment

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior D. when a dog refuses to play dead

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions